Article I.

After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one
Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the
proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred
Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of
Representatives shall amount to two hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by
Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one
Representative for every fifty thousand persons.

Art. 2. No law varying the compensation to the members of Congress shall take effect, until an
election of representatives shall have intervened.

Art. 3. Congress shall make no law establishing religion, or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof, nor shall the rights of conscience be infringed.

Art, 4. The freedom of speech, and of the press, and the right of the people peaceably to
assemble and consult for their common good, and to apply to the government for redress of grievances,
shall not be infringed.

Art. 5. A well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, being the best security of
a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed, but no one religiously
scrupulous of bearing arms, shall be compelled to render military service in person.

Art. 6. No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the
owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner prescribed by law.

Art. 7. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue, but [partly
trimmed: upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, and par-] ticularly describing the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Art. 8. No person shall be subject, except in a case of impeachment, to more than one trial or
one punishment for the same offence, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case, to be a witness
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor shall private
property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Art. 9. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public
trial, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses
against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour, and to have the
assistance of counsel for his defence.

Art. 10. The trial of all crimes (except in cases of impeachment, and in cases arising in the land
or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger) shall be by an
impartial jury of the vicinage, with the requisite of unanimity for conviction; the right of challenge and
other accustomed requisites; and no person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment by a grand jury; but if a crime be committed in a place in
the possession of an enemy, or in which an insurrection may prevail, the indictment and trial may by
law be authorized in some other place within the same state.

Art. 11. No appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States shall be allowed, where the value
in controversy shall not amount to one thousand dollars; nor shall any fact triable by a jury according to
the course of common law, be otherwise re-examinable, than according to the rules of common law.

Art. 12. In suits at common law, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved.

Art. 13. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and
unusual punishments inflicted.

Art. 14. No state shall infringe the right of trial by jury in criminal cases, nor the rights of
conscience, nor the freedom of speech, or of the press.

Art. 15. The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people.

[Eleventh Amendment in the second draft: ratified as the Ninth Amendment]

Art. 16. The powers delegated by the constitution to the government of the United States, shall
be exercised as therein appropriated, so that the legislative shall never exercise the powers vested in the
executive or judicial; nor the executive the powers vested in the legislative or judicial; nor the judicial
the powers vested in the legislative or executive.

[Dropped in the second draft.]

Art. 17. The powers not delegated by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are
reserved to the states respectively.

Rules of construction
Section 1. The judicial decisions in every court of the United States and of every state shall be made
under the common law terms and rules of due process and construction in effect in the United States as
of 1787 that do not conflict with this Constitution or statutes enacted within its authority.
Section 2. If there is any significant doubt concerning whether an official has a power, or a person
has an immunity from the exercise of a power, the presumption shall be that the official does not have
the power, or conversely, that the person has the immunity.
Section 3. On all constitutional issues precedents may only be regarded as persuasive and never
binding, and binding stare decisis shall not be used as a rule of construction.
Section 4. Constitutional text shall be construed only on historical evidence of the meaning and
understanding of the terms for, first, their ratifiers, and second, their framers.
Section 5. Equity and prudential decisions shall not be regarded as precedents.
Section 6. The powers to tax, spend, promote, regulate, and prohibit (or punish), shall each be
construed as distinct, with none derivable from any of the others, and none shall be exercised as a way
to avoid the lack of a power to do one of the others.
Section 7. No power applicable to an object, or any necessary and proper power derived from it,
shall be extended to other objects with which it may be aggregated or causally connected, except to
separate the applicable objects from the others.

Neither the Federal Government nor any State shall subject any person to imprisonment for debt,
including the violation of a court order to pay money to or on behalf of any person.

All criminal penalties imposed by the Federal Government or by any State shall have a maximum
duration and amount fixed by law.
Neither the Federal Government nor any State shall impose an indeterminately long sentence, nor
impose a general or indefinite forfeiture of assets; nor may any forfeiture be ordered before conviction.
No person shall suffer sequestration or confiscation of property on account of a criminal accusation
before conviction; nor may any person be deprived of funds used to defend against a criminal charge\
Power to investigate
Congress has power to authorize itself or committees of itself to operate as a grand jury for the
investigation of public matters, including the issuance of subpoenas, and to authorize courts to enforce
its subpoenas and orders to provide information.

Disablement of rights
Congress shall not have power to disable a right or penalize any person on the basis of an
administrative or due process proceeding in another jurisdiction, or lack thereof, or an administrative or
due process proceeding in the same jurisdiction that does not explicitly disable the right as part of the
final order of the court, upon conviction by a jury for a crime or a unanimous jury verdict finding
dangerous incompetence.

Fully informed jury

In all trials in which there are mixed questions of law and fact, including all criminal jury trials, and
all jury trials in which government officials or agents, whether general, state, or local, shall be a party,
parties shall have the right not to have decisions by the bench on questions of law made before all
arguments can be made before the jury, excepting only arguments on defense motions in limine that
cannot be made without disclosing evidence properly excluded. Jurors shall receive copies of all
applicable constitutions, statutes, court precedents, and legal arguments, including those of intervenors
and amici curiae, and access to an adequate law library in which they can do research.
Access to grand jury, appointment of prosecutors
No person shall be unreasonably impeded from access to a randomly selected grand jury of 23, who,
if they should return an indictment or presentment, may appoint that person or any other to prosecute
the case, and shall decide which court, if any, has jurisdiction, and whether any person shall have
official immunity from suit.

Contumacy
Congress shall have power to prescribe the penalty for contumacy, but no judge shall have power to
punish by fine, imprisonment, or other penalty, other than by incarceration for a period not to exceed
ten days per court session, without conviction by a jury in a trial in which another judge shall preside.

Ceded parcels (?)

Parcels ceded to the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress by consent of a state legislature must be
specifically described by metes and bounds at the time of cession, and all state citizens of such parcel
shall remain citizens of the ceding state for all elections to offices of the state or the Union. The
boundaries of such parcels shall be clearly marked to give notice to any person entering or leaving
which jurisdiction he or she is in.

Impeachment of Vice-President
In a trial on impeachment of the Vice-President he shall not preside over the Senate.

Removal Power
 Congress shall have power to prescribe the terms of removal of individuals holding offices created
by specific statute, and requiring the consent of the Senate for appointments, including standards of
good behavior for judges, but the President or other executive officers shall have power to remove
officers they have the exclusive authority to appoint for positions for which there is no specific term of
service.

Initial terms of senators

Terms of admission of new states, agreed by Congress and the legislature of the new state, shall
provide for terms of six, four, or two years for the initial senators, to comply with staggered terms
according to Article I Section 3.

Enforcement of court orders

Congress shall have power to authorize officials of the United States to execute court orders.

Detaining of witnesses
It shall be a violation of due process to indefinitely detain a person who may be a witness.

Pollution
Congress shall have power to regulate or prohibit substances or actions which are likely to cause
resource degradation or depletion or injury to people across state, territorial, or national borders, but not
those confined within the borders of a state or territory.

Coastal waters and airspace(?)

Congress shall have exclusive legislative jurisdiction over coastal waters from the low tide mark out
to a distance of three miles, and over airspace at or above 1000 feet above terrain features, including
the power to regulate the movement of vessels through such territory. States shall have jurisdiction for
land above the low tide mark.

Broadcast bands
Congress shall have exclusive legislative jurisdiction over the allocation of broadcast bands for
transmissions in excess of 1 watt.

In rem forfeitures forbidden (?)

Any claim against a nonperson must specify an owner, even if it is initially an unknown owner, and
the last possessor shall be presumed the owner unless title to another is proved. No asset shall be
forfeited except to pay a lawful fine, imposed by verdict of a jury, by selling at public auction.

State secrets
Congress shall have power to punish for disclosure of state secrets properly so designated by a court
of competent jurisdiction, but it shall also have power to punish the concealment of official misconduct
under the guise of state secrecy.

Court opinions
Opinions of all courts, majority, concurring, or dissenting, shall be signed by each judicial officer
participating, and all decisions and opinions shall be published except for state secrets. The summary,
findings, orders, and commentary shall be clearly separated and labeled as such.
Firearm exclusion zones
Congress shall have power, on territory under its exclusive jurisdiction, and state legislatures, on
territory under their exclusive jurisdiction, to forbid weapons within penal facilities, courthouses, and
government offices, provided that they provide for a secure system for checking in weapons on entry,
and return on leaving, and guarantee the safety of persons within against all injury they might be able
to avoid by having the means to defend themselves or others.

Weapons of mass destruction

Congress shall have power, on territory under its exclusive jurisdiction, and state legislatures, on
territory under their exclusive jurisdiction, to forbid unsupervised possession of destructive devices or
weapons each discharge of which can produce the death or injury of more than 1000 individuals over a
space of 1000 square meters and a time of one hour.

Constitutional authority for legislation(?)

No legislative act or provision thereof shall have the force of law unless the constitutional authority
for it is explicitly cited, verifiable by proving an unbroken chain of logical derivation.

Violation of the Constitution(?)

It shall be a capital offense for any official at any level of government to violate this Constitution.

Aboriginal American rights

Treaties with Native American tribes shall be honored, either with the original land taken from them
being returned to them, land of equivalent value deeded to them, or money equal in current value to the
land taken paid to them. Conveyance or payment shall be to a trust for each tribe controlled by that
tribe. Administrative supervision of tribes shall be terminated.

Power to punish fraud(?)

Congress shall have authority to criminally punish fraud only when committed on territory of the
United States over which it has exclusive jurisdiction.
Twentieth, That religion or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging it can
be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence, and therefore all men have an
equal, natural and unalienable right to the free exercise of religion according to the dictates of
conscience, and that no particular religious sect or society ought to be favored or established by Law in
preference to others.

Fourteenth, That every freeman has a right to be secure from all unreasonable searches and siezures of
his person, his papers and his property; all warrants, therefore, to search suspected places, or sieze any
freeman, his papers or property, without information upon Oath (or affirmation of a person religiously
scrupulous of taking an oath) of legal and sufficient cause, are grievous and oppressive; and all general
Warrants to search suspected places, or to apprehend any suspected person, without specially naming or
describing the place or person, are dangerous and ought not to be granted.

Fifteenth, That the people have a right peaceably to assemble together to consult for the common good,
or to instruct their Representatives; and that every freeman has a right to petition or apply to the
legislature for redress of grievances.

Sixteenth, That the people have a right to freedom of speech, and of writing and publishing their
Sentiments; but the freedom of the press is one of the greatest bulwarks of liberty and ought not to be
violated.

Seventh, That all power of suspending laws or the execution of laws by any authority, without the
consent of the representatives of the people in the legislature is injurious to their rights, and ought not
to be exercised.

Eighth, That in all capital and criminal prosecutions, a man hath a right to demand the cause and nature
of his accusation, to be confronted with the accusers and witnesses, to call for evidence and be allowed
counsel in his favor, and to a fair and speedy trial by an impartial Jury of his vicinage, without whose
unanimous consent he cannot be found guilty, (except in the government of the land and naval forces)
nor can he be compelled to give evidence against himself.

Ninth. That no freeman ought to be taken, imprisoned, or disseised of his freehold, liberties, privileges
or franchises, or outlawed or exiled, or in any manner destroyed or deprived of his life, liberty or
property but by the law of the land.

Third, That Government ought to be instituted for the common benefit, protection and security of the
People; and that the doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd slavish,
and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind.
Fifth, That the legislative, executive, and judiciary powers of Government should be seperate and
distinct, and that the members of the two first may be restrained from oppression by feeling and
participating the public burthens, they should, at fixt periods be reduced to a private station, return into
the mass of the people; and the vacancies be supplied by certain and regular elections; in which all or
any part of the former members to be elegible or ineligible, as the rules of the Constitution of
Government, and the laws shall direct.(?

That the People have a right to keep and bear Arms; that a well regulated Militia, including the body of
the People capable of bearing Arms, is the proper, natural and safe defence of a free State;

That in time of Peace no Soldier ought to be quartered in any House without the consent of the Owner,
and in time of War only by the Civil Magistrate in such manner as the Laws may direct.

That the trial by Jury in the extent that it obtains by the Common Law of England is one of the greatest
securities to the rights of a free People, and ought to remain inviolate.

That nothing contained in the said Constitution is to be construed to prevent the Legislature of any
State from passing Laws at its discretion from time to time to divide such State into convenient
Districts, and to apportion its Representatives to and amongst such Districts.

That the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States, or of any other Court to be instituted
by the Congress, is not in any case to be encreased enlarged or extended by any Fiction Collusion or
mere suggestion; And That no Treaty is to be construed so to operate as to alter the Constitution of any
State. (?)

16th That the people have a right to freedom of speech and of writing, and publishing their sentiments,
that freedom of the press is one of the greatest bulwarks of liberty, and ought not to be violated.

4th That religion, or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be
directed only by reason and conviction, and not by force or violence, and therefore all men, have an
equal, natural and unalienable right to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of
conscience, and that no particular religious sect or society ought to be favoured, or established by law
in preference to others.
No treaty, ceding, contracting, or restraining or suspending the territorial rights or claims of the United
States, or any of them or their, or any of their rights or claims to fishing in the American seas, or
navigating the American rivers shall be made, but in cases of the most urgent and extreme necessity;
nor shall any such treaty be ratified without the concurrence of three-fourths of the whole number of
the members of both houses respectively.

. That each state, respectively, shall have the power to provide for organizing, arming and disciplining
its own militia whensoever Congress shall omit or neglect to provide for the same. That the militia shall
not be subject to martial law, except when in actual service in time of war, invasion or rebellion: And
when not in the actual service of the United States, shall be subject only to such fines, penalties, and
punishments as shall be directed or inflicted by the laws of its own state.
. That Congress shall not declare any state to be in rebellion without the consent of at least two-thirds
of all the members present of both houses.

XIV. That no person shall be capable of being president of the United States for more than eight years
in any term of sixteen years.

Fifthly That Congress shall erect no Company of Merchants with exclusive advantages of Commerce.-
(?)

Sixthly That no Person shall be Tryed for any Crime by which he may incur an Infamous Punishment,
or loss of Life, untill he first be indicted by a Grand Jury except in such Cases as may arise in the
Government and regulation of the Land & Naval Forces.-

That no standing Army shall be Kept up in time of Peace unless with the consent of three fourths of the
Members of each branch of Congress, nor shall Soldiers in Time of Peace be quartered upon private
Houses without the consent-of the Owners.- (?)

Eighthly In Civil Actions between Citizens of different States every Issue of Fact arising in Actions at
Common Law shall be Tryed by Jury, if the Parties, or either of them request it-

Ninthly-Congress shall at no Time consent that any Person holding an Office of Trust or profit under
the United States shall accept any Title of Nobility or any other Title or Office from any King, Prince,
or Foreign State.-

Tenth,

That no standing Army shall be Kept up in time of Peace unless with the consent of three fourths of the
Members of each branch of Congress, nor shall Soldiers in Time of Peace be quartered upon private
Houses without the consent-of the Owners.-

Eleventh

Congress shall make no Laws touching Religion, or to infringe the rights of Conscience-

Twelfth

Congress shall never disarm any Citizen unless such as are or have been in Actual Rebellion.-

Ninthly, Congress shall at no time consent that any person holding an office of trust or profit under the
United States shall accept of a title of Nobility or any other title or office from any King, prince or
Foreign State.

13th That no monies be borrowed on the credit of the United States without the assent of two thirds of
the Senators and Representatives present in each house.

14th That the Congress shall not declare war, without the concurrence of two thirds of the Senators and
Representatives present in each house.

18th That the State Legislatures have power to recall, when they think it expedient, their federal
senators, and to send others in their stead.

19th That Congress have power to establish a uniform rule of inhabitancy, or settlement of the poor of
the different States throughout the United States.

10th That the journals of the proceedings of the Senate and house of Representatives shall be published
as soon as conveniently may be, at least once in every year, except such parts thereof relating to
treaties, alliances or military operations, as in their judgment require secrecy.

1st The United States shall guarantee to each State its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and
every power, jurisdiction and right, which is not by this constitution expressly delegated to the United
States.

IV. That the members of the senate and house of representatives shall be ineligible to, and incapable of
holding any civil office under the authority of the United States, during the time for which they shall,
respectively, be elected.

VI. That a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be
published at least once in every year.
VII. That no commercial treaty shall be ratified without the concurrence of two-thirds of the whole
number of the members of the Senate: And no treaty, ceding, contracting, or restraining or suspending
the territorial rights or claims of the United States, or any of them or their, or any of their rights or
claims to fishing in the American seas, or navigating the American rivers shall be made, but in cases of
the most urgent and extreme necessity; nor shall any such treaty be ratified without the concurrence of
three-fourths of the whole number of the members of both houses respectively.

VIII. That no navigation law, or law regulating commerce shall be passed without the consent of two-
thirds of the members present in both houses.

IX That no standing army or regular troops shall be raised or kept up in time of peace, without the
consent of two thirds of the members present in both houses.

X. That no soldier shall be enlisted for any longer term than four years, except in time of war, and then
for no longer term than the continuance of the war

XI. That each state, respectively, shall have the power to provide for organizing, arming and
disciplining its own militia whensoever Congress shall omit or neglect to provide for the same. That the
militia shall not be subject to martial law, except when in actual service in time of war, invasion or
rebellion: And when not in the actual service of the United States, shall be subject only to such fines,
penalties, and punishments as shall be directed or inflicted by the laws of its own state.

XIV. That no person shall be capable of being president of the United States for more than eight years
in any term of sixteen years.

XX. That some tribunal, other than the senate, be provided for trying impeachments of senators.

XXI That the salary of a judge shall not be increased or diminished during his continuance in once,
otherwise than by general regulations of salary which may take place, on a revision of the subject at
stated periods of not less than seven years, to commence from the time such salaries shall be first
ascertained by Congress.

XXIII. That no treaties which shall be directly opposed to the existing laws of the United States in
Congress assembled, shall be valid until such laws shall be repealed, or made conformable to such
Meaty; nor shall any Meaty be valid which is contradictory to the constitution of the United States.

XXVI That Congress shall not introduce foreign troops into the United States without the consent of
two-thirds of the members present of both houses.

Sixth.-No person who shall hereafter be naturalized, shall be eligible as a member of the Senate or
House of Representatives of the United States, nor capable of holding any civil office under the
authority of the United States.

Seventh.-The same person shall not be elected President of the United States a second time; nor shall
the President be elected from the same State two terms in succession.
That the Right of the Congress to exercise exclusive Legislation over such District, not exceeding ten
Miles square, as may by cession of a particular State, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat
of the Government of the United States, shall not be so exercised, as to exempt the Inhabitants of such
District from paying the like Taxes Imposts Duties and Excises, as shall be imposed on the other
Inhabitants of the State in which such District may be; and that no person shall be privileged within the
said District from Arrest for Crimes committed, or Debts contracted out of the said District.

That the Journals of the Congress shall be published at least once a year, with the exception of such
parts relating to Treaties or Military operations, as in the Judgment of either House shall require
Secrecy; and that both Houses of Congress shall always keep their Doors open during their Sessions,
unless the Business may in their Opinion requires Secrecy. That the yeas & nays shall be entered on the
Journals whenever two Members in either House may require it.

That the Senators and Representatives and all Executive and Judicial Officers of the United States shall
be bound by Oath or Affirmation not to infringe or violate the Constitutions or Rights of the respective
States.

That the Legislatures of the respective States may make Provision by Law, that the Electors of the
Election Districts to be by them appointed shall chuse a Citizen of the United States who shall have
been an Inhabitant of such District for the Term of one year immediately proceeding the time of his
Election, for one of the Representatives of such State.

That the Militia of any State shall not be compelled to serve without the limits of the State for a longer
term than six weeks, without the Consent of the Legislature thereof.

That the Journals of the Congress shall be published at least once a year, with the exception of such
parts relating to Treaties or Military operations, as in the Judgment of either House shall require
Secrecy; and that both Houses of Congress shall always keep their Doors open during their Sessions,
unless the Business may in their Opinion requires Secrecy. That the yeas & nays shall be entered on the
Journals whenever two Members in either House may require it.

That the Privilege of the Habeas Corpus shall not by any Law be suspended for a longer term than six
Months, or until twenty days after the Meeting of the Congress next following the passing of the Act
for such suspension.

That the Right of the Congress to exercise exclusive Legislation over such District, not exceeding ten
Miles square, as may by cession of a particular State, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat
of the Government of the United States, shall not be so exercised, as to exempt the Inhabitants of such
District from paying the like Taxes Imposts Duties and Excises, as shall be imposed on the other
Inhabitants of the State in which such District may be; and that no person shall be privileged within the
said District from Arrest for Crimes committed, or Debts contracted out of the said District.
That the Right of exclusive Legislation with respect to such places as may be purchased for the
Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dockyards and other needful Buildings, shall not authorize the
Congress to make any Law to prevent the Laws of the States respectively in which they may be, from
extending to such places in ail civil and Criminal Matters except as to such Persons as shall be in the
Service of the United States; nor to them witl respect to Crimes committed without such Places. (?
)

That the Militia should not be subject to Martial Law except in time of War, Rebellion or Insurrection.

That the People have an equal, natural and unalienable right, freely and peaceably to Exercise their
Religion according to the dictates of Conscience, and that no Religious Sect or Society ought to be
favoured or established by Law in preference of others.

Section 1. The Congress shall have power to limit, regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons under
eighteen years of age.

Section 2. The power of the several States is unimpaired by this article except that the operation of
State laws shall be suspended to the extent necessary to give effect to legislation enacted by the
Congress.[1]

Section 1. A provision of a treaty which denies or abridges any right enumerated in this Constitution
shall not be of any force or effect.
Section 2. No treaty shall authorize or permit any foreign power or any international organization to
supervise, control, or adjudicate rights of citizens of the United States within the United States
enumerated in this Constitution or any other matter essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of the
United States.
Section 3. A treaty shall become effective as internal law in the United States only through the
enactment of appropriate legislation by the Congress.
Section 4. All executive or other agreements between the President and any international
organization, foreign power, or official thereof shall be made only in the manner and to the extent to be
prescribed by law. Such agreements shall be subject to the limitations imposed on treaties, or the
making of treaties, by this article.
Section 5. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.(?)

Section 1. A provision of a treaty or other international agreement which conflicts with this
Constitution shall not be of any force or effect.
Section 2. An international agreement other than a treaty shall become effective as internal law in the
United States only by an act of the Congress. (?)
The Congress and the States shall have power to prohibit the act of desecration of the flag of the United
States and to set criminal penalties for that act. (?)

SECTION 1. The English language shall be the official language of the United States. As the official
language, the English language shall be used for all public acts including every order, resolution, vote,
and election, and for all records and judicial proceedings of the Government of the United States and
the governments of the several States.

Section 2 Prohibits violating the right of the people to preserve, foster, and promote their respective
historic linguistic and cultural origins. Prohibits a person from being denied equal protection of the
laws because of culture or language.

SECTION 3. The Congress and the States shall enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

To secure the people's right to acknowledge God according to the dictates of conscience: Neither the
United States nor any State shall establish any official religion, but the people's right to pray and to
recognize their religious beliefs, heritage, or traditions on public property, including schools, shall not
be infringed. Neither the United States nor any State shall require any person to join in prayer or other
religious activity, prescribe school prayers, discriminate against religion, or deny equal access to a
benefit on account of religion.

The power to regulate the circumstances under which pregnancy may be terminated is reserved to the
states.

The right of the people to keep and bear small arms, shall not be infringed. To maintain freedom from
tyranny, and to instate an insurgency in a time of war, the right of the people to take up arms, shall not
be infringed.

SECTION 1
The liberty of parents to direct the upbringing, education, and care of their children is a fundamental
right.

SECTION 2
The parental right to direct education includes the right to choose, as an alternative to public education,
private, religious, or home schools, and the right to make reasonable choices within public schools for
one's child.

SECTION 3
Neither the United States nor any State shall infringe these rights without demonstrating that its
governmental interest as applied to the person is of the highest order and not otherwise served.
SECTION 4
The parental rights guaranteed by this article shall not be denied or abridged on account of disability.

SECTION 5
This article shall not be construed to apply to a parental action or decision that would end life.

SECTION 6
No treaty may be adopted nor shall any source of international law be employed to supersede, modify,
interpret, or apply to the rights guaranteed by this article.

Congress shall have power to protect migratory birds and prohibit and regulate the killing thereof.

“SEC. 2. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article ...

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.[1]

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof,
are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce
any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any
State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person
within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their
respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed.
But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of
the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the
members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being
twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for
participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the
proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens
twenty-one years of age in such State.

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and

Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who,
having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a
member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the
Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or
given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House,
remove such disability.

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts
incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion,
shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or
obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss
or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of
this article.[1]

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
jurisdiction.

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.[1]

Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States
for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the
Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years
from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for
President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or
Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason
of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
 Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice
President shall become President.

Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall
nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses
of Congress.

Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the
powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such
powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.

Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the
executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President
pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration
that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall
immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.

Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker
of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the
powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers
of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within
four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives
their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office.
Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not
in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if
Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines
by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his
office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the
President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.[3]

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.

Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.[1]
 Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of
January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in
which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their
successors shall then begin.

Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at
noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall
have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen
before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify,
then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the
Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect
shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act
shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have
qualified.

Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from
whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have
devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may
choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.

Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of
this article.

Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the
Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date
of its submission.

The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President,
one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in
their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-
President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and all persons voted
for as Vice-President and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and
transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the
Senate.

The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open
all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted.
 The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number
be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then
from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as
President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in
choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one
vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states,
and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall
not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of
March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other
constitutional disability of the President.[Note 1]

The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if
such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a
majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a
quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of
the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office
of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.[1]