M.Sc.

(Previous) Zoology
Paper Name of Papers Marks
I Non-Chordata: Structure and Function 75
II Cell Structure and Function & Biochemistry 75
III Genetics, Cytogenetics and Evolution 75
IV Endocrinology and Animal Behaviour 75
V Ecology, Biostatics & Instrumentation 75
VI Applied Biology, Parasitology, Histology & Histochemistry 75
450
PRACTICAL A 75
PRACTICAL B 75
TOTAL 600

M.Sc. (Final) Zoology

Paper Name of Papers Marks
I Chordata: Protochordata to Mammalia 75
II Mammalian Physiology & Immunology 75
III Developmental Biology & Bioinformatics 75
225
Special Paper (A/B/C)
FISH BIOLOGY 225
IV A Fish Taxonomy, morphology and capture Fisheries 75
V A Fish Physiology 75
VI A Applied Ichthyology 75

CELL BIOLOGY 225

IV B Cell Biology I 75
V B Cell Biology II 75
VI B Cell Biology III 75

ENDOCRINOLOGY 225
IV C General and Clinical endocrinology 75
VC Comparative Endocrinology of Non-mammalian 75
Vertebrates
VI C Molecular Endocrinology and Mammalian 75
Reproductive System

PRACTICAL GENERAL 75
PRACTICAL SPECIAL 75
TOTAL 600

1
 M.Sc. (Previous) Zoology

PAPER-I
(Non-Chordata: Structure and Function)

Unit-1

1. Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa

2. Organization of Coelom:
3.1. Acoelomates
3.2. Pseudocoelomates
3.3. Coelomates: Protostomia and Deuterostomia

Unit-2

4. Protozoa:
4.1. Nucleus and reproduction.
4.2. Colonial protozoans and theories of the origin of metazoans.
5. Porifera: canal system,
6. Cnidaria: Polymorphism in Siphonophora
7. Annelida:
7.1. Adaptive radiation in Polychaetes.
7.2. Trochophore larva: structure and significance

Unit-3

8. Mollusca: Torison and detorison.

9. Arthropoda:
9.1. Economic significance,
9.2. Crustacean larvae and their significance.
10. Echinodermata: larval forms and their significance.
11. Salient features and affinities of:
Sipuncula, Placozoa, Mesozoa, Rotifera and Phoronida.

Unit-4

12. Filter feeding in Polychaeta, Mollusca and Echinodermata

13. Organs of respiration: Gills, lungs and trachea
14. Organs of excretion: Coelomoducts, nephridia and malphigian tubules
15. Primitive nervous system-Coelenterate and echinodermata

2
 PAPER-II

(Cell Structure and Function & Biochemistry)

Unit-1

1. Structure of plasma membrane and function.

2. Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies,
lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes).
3. Cytoskeleton
3.1. Microfilaments: Structural organization, cell motility and cell shape
3.2. Microtubule: Structural and functional organization, cilia, flagella, centriole
3.3. Intermediate filaments
4. Regulation of cell cycle
Unit-2

5. Protein synthesis and processing:

5.1. Genetic code
5.2. Translational proof-reading
5.3. Translational inhibitors
5.4. Post-translational modification
6. Cell signaling:
6.1. G protein coupled receptors: signaling via cAMP, PKA, IP3, Ca2+/calmodulin, PKC.
6.2. Tyrosine kinase associated receptors: JAK-STAT signaling pathway
6.3. Signaling by nitric oxide
7. Cell death pathways and their significance
7.1. Necrosis
7.2. Apoptosis
Unit-3

8. Principles of biophysical chemistry:

9.1. pH and buffer,
9.2. Thermodynamics: enthalpy and entropy, colligative properties
9. Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary structure,).
10. Mechanism of ATP synthesis: Electron transport chain assemblies and functions
11. Enzymes
12.1 Enzyme kinetics: Determination and applications of Km
12.2 Mechanism of action: Active site, substrate binding and lowering of energy of activation
12.3 Regulation of enzyme activity: Feedback mechanism and Allosterism
12.4 Isozymes, ribozymes and abzymes.
12. Structure and function of Co-enzymes
Unit-4

13. Carbohydrates
14.1 Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
14.2 Glycogenolysis and glycogenesis
14. Lipids
15.1 β-oxidation of Fatty acid
15.2 Cholesterol synthesis and transport
15.3 Eicosanoids: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and lipoxanes
15. Amino acid catabolism: Trans-amination, de-amination, trans-deamination and oxidative
de-amination

3
 PAPER-III

(Genetics, Cytogenetics and Evolution)

Unit-1

1. Human genetics: Inheritance patterns, Pedigree analysis, karyotypes

2. Gene mapping methods: Genetic mapping and physical mapping.
3. Mitochondrial DNA and cytoplasmic inheritance

Unit-2
4. Fine structure of gene (rII locus)
5. Regulation of gene activity in lac and trp operons of E. coli
6. Introduction to gene regulation in eukaryotes
6.1. Organization of a typical eukaryotic gene
6.2. Transcription factors, enhancers and silencers
6.3. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation
6.4. Non-coding DNA

Unit-3

10. Chromosomal proteins

10.1. Histones and their modifications,
10.2. Non-histone proteins, scaffold/matrix proteins
10.3. Centromere, kinetochore and telomere and its significance.
11. Mutation: Types and causes
12. DNA damage and repair: Endogenous and exogenous origins of DNA damage
13. Techniques in clinical cytogenetics (Banding, FISH)

Unit-4

14. Theories of evolution: Lamarckism, Darwinism and Modern Synthetic theories.

15. Population as unit of evolution:
3.1. Gene pool and Gene frequencies in Mendelian population
3.2. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
16. Elemental forces of evolution

4.1 Mutation
4.2 Selection
4.3 Random genetic drift
4.4 Migration
6. Isolating mechanisms
7. Molecular Evolution: Origin of new genes and proteins, molecular
divergence and molecular clocks;

4
 PAPER-IV
(Endocrinology and Animal Behaviour)

Unit-1

1. General principle of hormone action:

1.1. Protein hormones-Membrane receptors and signaling pathways (G-proteins-cAMP signaling
pathway)
1.2 Steroid hormones
2. Hypothalamo-hypophysial System:
2.1 General organization
2.2 Adenohypophysial hormones: Prolactin, FSH, LH,TSH and ACTH
2.3 Neurohypophysial hormones
3. Role of parathormone, calcitonin and cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) in calcium homeostasis
4. Role of insulin and glucagon in glucose homeostasis.

Unit-2

5. Biosynthesis and Secretion of hormones:

5.1. Biosynthesis of Steroid hormones (de novo)
5.2. Biosynthesis, physiological effects and regulation of thyroid hormones (T4,T3,rT3)
5.3. Biosynthesis of Catecholamines
6. Oestrous and menstrual cycles and their regulation by hormones

Unit-3

7. Introduction to behaviour:
8. Social behavior
10.1. Altruism and reciprocal altruism, group selection, kin selection, , inclusive fitness
10.2. Social organization in insects and primates.
10.3. Aggressive behavior
9. Reproductive behavior
11.1. Courtship behavior
11.2. Parental investment
11.3. Sexual selection

Unit-4

10. Biological clocks: Circadian, circannual rhythm and tidal rhythms.

11. Orientation and navigation
12. Migration of fishes, and birds
13. Communication: Chemical, visual, and acoustic
14. Role of Hormones and Pheromones in control of behavior

PAPER-V

(Ecology, Biostatics & Instrumentation)

5
 Unit-1

1. Ecosystem:
1.1. Energy flow and mineral cycling (CNP)
1.2. Nutrient cycling in different ecosystems
1.3. Energy flow in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
2. Population ecology:
2.1. Characteristics of a population and growth curve
2.2. Population regulation
3. Applied ecology:
3.1. Biodiversity-status
3.2. Monitoring and documentation
3.4. Biodiversity management approaches.
4. Concept of habitat and niche

Unit-2

5. Species interactions: Types of interactions

.
6. Ecological succession: Types; mechanisms, Concept of climax.
7. Community ecology:
7.1. Community structure and attributes
7.2. Levels of species diversity and its measurement
7.4. Edges and ecotones effects.
8. Concept of biodiversity Hotspots

Unit-3

9. Measures of central tendency

2.1. Arithmetic Mean
2.2. Median
2.3. Mode
10. Measures of dispersion
3.1. Variance
3.2. Standard deviation and Standard error
11. Correlation:
4.1. Types of correlation
4.2. Calculation of correlation in continuous data and ordinal data
12. Regression:
5.1. Linear regression
5.2. Regression coefficient
13. Analysis of variance (ANOVA): One way
14. Hypothesis testing
7.1. Parametric tests (Paired and unpaired t-test)
7.2. Non Parametric tests (Chi-square test)

Unit-4

15. Centrifugation
1.1. Principle
15.2. High speed and ultracentrifuge
16. Spectrophotometry
16.1. Types of spectrophotometer
16.2. Beer-Lambert's law
16.3. Applications
6
17. Electrophoresis: Principle, Agarose and polyacrylamide gel
18. Detection of proteins: Western blotting
19. Recombinant DNA techniques
7.1. Southern and Northern hybridizations
7.2. Polymerase chain reaction: principle and applications
20. Types of microscope and their biological applications
20.1. Phase contrast microscope
20.2. Fluorescence microscope
20.3. Transmission and scanning electron microscope

PAPER-VI

(Applied Biology, Parasitology, Histology & Histochemistry)

Unit-1

1. Transgenic animals
2. Biosensors.
3. Bioremediation
4. Genomics and its application to health
5. Tissue and cell culture methods for animals.

Unit-2

6. Host parasite interaction:

7.1. Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal host cells
7.2. virus-induced cell transformation
7.3. Cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells.
7. Parasites and parasitism
8.1. Types of parasites
8.2. Types of host
8.3. Vectors
8. Protozoan and Helminth parasites:
9.1. Leishmania donovani
9.2. Echinococcus granulosus
9.3. General characters, organization and larval forms of Platyhelminths and Nemathelminths

Unit-3

9. Fixation and tissue processing

9.1. Types of fixatives and their chemistry
9.2. Dehydration
9.3. Clearing and embedding
10. Microtomy
11.1. Types of microtomes and sectioning
11. Staining of paraffin sections
11.1. Principle and methods of staining

Unit-4

7
12. Principles and methods of histochemical localization and identification of the following
12.1. Carbohydrate moieties
13.1.1 Glycogen and glycoproteins with oxidizable vicinal diols by periodic acid Schiff method
13.1.2 Glycoproteins with carboxyl groups and/or O-sulphate esters by alcian blue methods
12.2. Protein end groups
12.2.1 –NH2 groups by ninhydrin-Schiff method
12.2.3 – SS- groups by performic acid –Schiff and performic acid- alcian blue methods
13.3. Lipids moieties
13.3.1. Sudan black B method
13.3.2. Sudan III and Sudan IV methods
13.3.3. Differentiation of neutral lipids from acidic lipids by Nile blue sulphate method
13.4. Nucleic acids
13.4.1. Methyl green pyronin-Y for DNA and RNA

M.Sc. (Final) Zoology

PAPER-I
(Chordata: Protochordata to Mammalia)

Unit-1

1. Basic concepts of biosystematics and taxonomy

1.1 Chemotaxonomy
1.2 Cytotaxonomy
1.3 Molecular taxonomy
2. Procedure keys in taxonomy, ICZN its principles and applications.

Unit-2
2. Characteristic features and affinities of:
1.1. Hemichordata
1.2. Urochordata
1.3. Cephalochordata
1.4. Cyclostomes.
3. Transition from agnatha to gnathostomata
4. Origin of vertebrates

Unit-3

4. Adaptive radiation in vertebrates: theories and types.

5. Parental care in amphibians
5. Oviparity in mammals
6. General plan of circulation in chordates

8
 Unit-4
7. Respiratory system in chordates
9. Skeletal system in chordates
10. Organs of olfaction and taste
11. Lateral line system
12. Adaptation in flightless birds

PAPER-II

(Mammalian Physiology & Immunology)

Unit-1

1. Blood and circulation:

1.1. Blood corpuscles, Haemopoiesis, blood groups, haemoglobin and haemostasis
1.2. Origin and conduction of cardiac impulse
1.3. ECG-its principle and significance
2. Respiration:
2.1. Exchange and transport of gases
2.2. Neural and chemical regulation of respiration
2.3. Respiratory adaptation to low oxygen tension
3. Excretion:
3.1. Urine formation
3.2. Regulation of water balance
3.3. Electrolyte balance
3.4. Acid-base balance

Unit-2

4. Digestion:
5.1. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
5.2. Hormonal and neural regulation of gastrointestinal function
5. Muscle: Mechanism of muscle contraction
6. Nervous system:
6.1. Membrane potential and action potential
6.2. Transmission of nerve impulse
6.3. Types of synapses
7. Thermoregulation

Unit-3

8. Concept of Immunity:
9
 8.1. Innate and adaptive immunity
8.2. Immune cells: Activation and differentiation of B and T cells.
9. Innate Immunity
10.1. Toll-like receptors
10.2. Complement system
10. Humoral immunity
10.1. Antigen and hapten
10.2. Antibody: types, structure and functions
10.3. Generation of antibody diversity
11. Cell mediated immunity
12.1. T cell receptors
12.2. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
12.3. Antigen: processing and presentation

Unit-4

12. Proteins in immune system:

12.1. Monoclonal antibodies
12.2. Interferons
13. Inflammation, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity
14. Vaccination
15. Basic concept of cancer.

PAPER-III

(Developmental Biology & Bioinformatics)

Unit- 1

1. Gametogenesis:
1.1. Spermatogenesis - formation of spermatids and spermiogenesis;
1.2. Oogenesis- oocyte growth, maturation and vitellogenesis,
2. Types of eggs
3. Ovulation and ovum transport in mammals.
4. Regeneration
5. Stem Cells

Unit- 2

6. Fertilization:
6.1. Molecular events during pre- and post-fertilization
6.2. Prevention of polyspermy and egg activation,
6.3. IVF
7. Extra-embryonic membranes.
8. Cleavage- patterns and mechanisms;
9. Reorganization of embryonic cells-gastrulation and fate of germinal layers.
10. General concept of potency and induction

10
 Unit- 3

11. Morphogenesis, cell aggregation and differentiation in Dictyostellium.

12. Axes and pattern formation in Drosophila, amphibia and chick
13. Formation of neural tube in vertebrates
14. Development of limb in vertebrates: role of HOX and other pattern-forming genes

Unit-4

1. Basic concept of bioinformatics:

1.1. Concept of digital laboratory
1.2. Basics of information technology for biologist
2. Basic features and management systems of following
2.1. Nucleic acid sequences databases
2.2. Protein sequence, structures and interacting proteins databases
3. Basic knowledge of data archiving systems (FASTA format, Accession and GI-Number)
4. Introduction to data retrieval systems
4.1. Search engines
4.2. Entrez, protein identification resource

SPECIAL-I
PAPER-IV A

Fish Taxonomy, morphology and capture Fisheries

Unit-1

Classification of fish up to orders as proposed by L.S. Berg (1940).

Taxonomic study of marine and freshwater fishes with special reference to identification of local forms.

Unit-2

Integument: general organization of skin, barbles, types of scales and skin.

Specialized organs: nervous and lateral line system, sense organs and Specialized organs (electric organs,
poison glands, sound producing organs and light producing organs and sense organs) Swim bladder and
Weberian ossicle: morphology and function.

Unit-3

11
Inland capture fishery resources of India:

Riverine fisheries: river systems, resources, exploitation, regulation and effect of river pollution.

Cold water fishery: fishery resources, management and development.

Estuarine fisheries: resources and problems of brackish water.

Marine fisheries: resources, exploitation and management.

Pollutants affecting fishery waters with special reference to oil spills, domestic pollutants, industrial water,
radioactive wastes.

Unit-4

Crafts and Gears : Important traditional and modern crafts used for fish catch in inland and marine water,
Conventional and unconventional fishing methods used in inland and marine sector Age and growth
determination

Common enemies and symptoms, etiology and treatment of diseases of food fishes

SPECIAL-II
PAPER-V A

Fish Physiology

Unit-1

Nutrition: Alimentary canal and its modifications in relation to food and feeding habits associated glands,

digestion and energy utilization.

Circulatory system: heart structure and blood vessels, composition of blood.

Unit-2

Respiration: Structure and function of gills gill rackers and their uses, counter current mechanism, gas

exchange. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Accessory respiratory organ and physiological adaptation in air breathing fishes. Swim bladder.

12
 Unit-3

Excretion: Kidney structure and modifications, nitrogenous excretory products ,urine formation.

Osmo regulation: Osmoregulation in fresh water and marine fishes. Osmoregulation in migratory fishes.
Unit-4

Endocrine glands: Pineal, hypophysis, thyroid, adrenal, ultimobranchial body, corpuscles of stannous and

urophysis

Reproduction: gonad structure spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and endocrine control of reproduction.

SPECIAL-III
PAPER-VI A

Applied Ichthyology

Unit-1

Fish Farming: Type of fish farming,

Fish ponds: construction and lay out of different types ponds, physico-chemical and biological
characteristics of ponds, control of weed and predators.

Planktons in relation to fish production.

Predatory and weed fishes and their eradication.

Unit-2

Fertilization and management of fishery pond: spawning, hatcheries, rearing, stocking, transport, and
mortality of fish fry.

Fish culture systems: composite culture, cage culture, sewage culture, pen culture, beel culture and paddy
culture

Unit-3

Principal and importance of fish preservation: traditional and advanced methods of fish preservation –
sun drying, salt-wring, pickling smoking, chilling, frying and canning etc. Processing and preservation of
fish production and by products like oil, fish sauce, fish glue etc.

Breeding Techniques: Induced breeding, Spawning habits, factors affecting spawning, spawning seasons

and frequency.

Unit-4

Application of genetics in aquaculture:

13
 Sex manipulation, chromosomal manipulation, gene engineering.
Transgenic fishes

Production of monosex and sterile fishes and their significance in aquaculture.

Cell Biology (SPECIAL PAPER)

SPECIAL-I
PAPER-IV B

Cell Biology I
UNIT I

Molecular organization of eukaryotic chromosomes; Chromosome compaction (Nucleosome, solenoid);

Organisation and significance of heterochromatin; Specialized chromosomes: Structural organization and
functional significance of polytene chromosomes in cells of dipterans, lampbrush chromosomes of vertebrate
oocytes and salivary gland of Drosophila.

UNIT II

Cell signaling: Signaling through membranes receptors (G protein coupled receptors, Receptor Tyrosine kinase)
; intracellular receptors (signaling of steroid molecules)

UNIT III

Communication between cells and their environment: Interaction of cells with extracellular matrix and other
cells; Integrin, selectins and cadherins, cellular junction.

UNIT IV

Cytoskeleton: structure and dynamics of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules.

Cell cycle and its regulation; Cell aging

SPECIAL-II
14
 PAPER-V B

Cell Biology II
UNIT I

Bioenergetics: Laws of energy changes (concept of entropy, free energy), Free radicals and redox couples,
coupled reactions.

UNIT II

Special cell function: Immunecompetent cells; Differentiation of B lymphocytes and humoral immune response,
Differentiation of T lymphocytes and cellular immune response; Antigen Processing and Presentation, Antigen
presenting cells, Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), MHC Restriction of Lymphocytes.

UNIT III

Polyclonal antibody, Types, structure and function; antibody diversity

UNIT IV

Monoclonal antibody, hybridomas; Function of monoclonal antibody. Cancer: Cytological characteristics of

transformed cells, cancer causing agents. Molecular Biology of cancer: tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes

SPECIAL-III
PAPER-VI B

Cell Biology III

UNIT I

Tools and Techniques of cell Biology Microscopy Principles of light and electron microscopy Tissue
preparation: Fixation of tissue for paraffin and cryocut sectioning and electron microscopy: Tissue embedding
(Paraffin and epoxy resin) Tissue sectioning (Rotary and semi-ultra microtome)

UNIT II

Histochemical techniques for detection of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, Techniques for detection of special
cells: Neuronal staining: Cresyl violet and Silver Impregnation staining (Golgi Cox)

UNIT III

Autoradiography: Uses of radioisotopes as tracers in cell Immunocytochemistry/ Immunohistochemistry, in situ

hybridization, Light microscopic immunocytochemistry

UNIT IV

15
Immunoelectron microscopy: Nano-gold immunoprobe and Protein A-gold immunocytochemistry Applications
of Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry: Detection of histopathology of diseases. Study of histogenesis
and cytogenesis. Cell culture: Cell death, Detection of apoptotic and necrotic cells (AO/EB staining) Direct and
Indirect Method Fluorescence and Enzymatic Method

ENDOCRINOLOGY (SPECIAL PAPER)

SPECIAL-I
PAPER-IV C

General and Clinical endocrinology

Unit-I
1. Aims and scope of endocrinology
2. Pineal gland
2.1 Biosynthesis of Melatonin
2.2 Sleep disorders, and jet lag
3. Pituitary gland

3.1 General organization

3.2 Hormones and their functions
3.3 Diseases and disorders related to Pituitary gland

Unit-II
4. Thyroid gland

4.1 General organization

4.2 Hormones and their functions
4.3 Diseases and disorders related to Thyroid gland
5. Parathyroid gland

5.1 General organization

5.2 Hormones and their functions
5.3 Diseases: osteoporosis and tetany
Unit-III
6. Endocrine pancreas

6.1 General organization

6.2 Hormones and their functions
6.3 Disease: diabetes mellitus (type I and type II)
7. Adrenal gland

7.1 General organization

7.2 Hormones and their functions
7.3 Diseases and disorders related to Adrenal gland

Unit-IV
8. Testis

8.1 General organization of testes, Sertoli Cell and Leydig Cell

16
 8.2 Biosynthesis and functions of hormones
8.3 Male infertility
8.4 Cryptorchidism
9. Ovary

9.1 General organization

9.2 Biosynthesis and functions of hormones
9.3 Female infertility:
9.3.1 Polycystic ovary disease, hirsutism, and hyperandrogenism
10. GI Hormones:
10.1 Types
10.2 Functions

SPECIAL-II
PAPER-V C

Comparative Endocrinology of Non-mammalian Vertebrates

Unit-I
1. Basic concept of neurosecretion.
1.1 Neurosecretory system in invertebrates with special reference to insects.
1.2 Comparative anatomy and functions of hypothalamic neurosecretory centers in different
groups of vertebrates (fish to birds).
1.3 Comparative anatomy of neurohypophysis and its hormones in different groups of
vertebrates (fish to birds)
1.4 Median eminence: structure and functions in different groups of vertebrates (fish to birds)
2. Structure and functions of adenohypophysis
2.1 General organization in different groups of vertebrates (fish to birds)
2.2 Cell types and functions (fish to birds)

Unit-II
3. Functions of pars intermedia in non-mammalian vertebrates
4. Comparative aspects of the Epiphysial Complex (fish to birds)
5. Comparative anatomy, cellular characteristics and functions of thyroid gland in different groups of
vertebrates emphasizing the role of thyroid hormones in amphibian metamorphosis.

Unit-III
6. Cellular organisation and functions of parathyroid hormones.
7. Cellular organisation and functions of endocrine pancreas.
8. Comparative anatomy, histology and functions of adrenal glands (interregnal/cortex and chromaffin
tissue/medulla) in different groups of vertebrates (fish to birds).
Unit-IV
9. Gonad as endocrine organ
9.1. Anatomical and histological organisation of testis and ovary (from fish to birds)
17
 9.2. Functions of testicular and ovarian hormones.
10. Endocrine control of osmoregulation in vertebrates with special reference to fish
11. Nonapeptides: localization and regulation of secretion, mechanism of action

SPECIAL-III
PAPER-VI C

Molecular Endocrinology and Mammalian Reproductive System

Unit-I
1. Classification of hormones on the basis of chemical nature
2. Mechanism of hormone actions
2.1 Action of peptide and glycol-peptide hormones
2.1.1 Classification of Membrane receptors
2.1.2 G-proteins mediated hormonal actions
2.1.3 Cyclic AMP signaling cascade
2.1.4 PKC signaling pathway
3. Mechanism of actions of steroid hormones (genomic and nongenomic pathways)

Unit-II
4. Control of hormone secretion
4.1 Synthesis, processing, and sorting of pre-prohormone precursor
4.2 Regulation of secretory pathway with reference to thyroxine
5. Feedback regulation: General Concept

Unit- III
6. Testis
6.1 Spermatogenesis and it hormonal regulation
7. Male sterility
7.1 Parameters of male sterility
7.2 Origin and cause of male sterility
7.2.1 Azoospermia
7.2.2 Oligozoospermia
8. Reproductive pheromones
8.1 Pheromones in regulation of estrous cycle, puberty and pregnancy
8.2 Human reproductive pheromones

18
 Unit-IV
9. Reproductive cycles
9.1 Estrus and Menstrual cycle
9.2 Control of seasonal reproductive cycle by environmental cues (photoperiod and temperature)
10. Regulation of ovarian function
10.1 Ovarian steroids in regulation of
10.1.1 Pre-ovulatory condition
10.1.2 Oocyte maturation
10.1.3 Corpus luteum
10.1.4 Follicular atresia
11. Hormonal control of pregnancy and implantation

19