5G

4G Suvra Sekhar Das

GSSST, E&ECE
IIT Kharagpur

3G
2G
 D I S C L A I M E R …….

Many slides are from pictures taken during several Panel Discussions at
VTC Spring 2013 , Dresden and ICC 2013, Budapest.

Proper permission is not yet obtained from the creators of the original
slides

Intension:- To share knowledge acquired during these events.

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• Acknowledgement….

– Prof. Rajadatta and his team

– Prof. Saswat Chackrabarti, Head GSSST.

– Faculty members of E&ECE, …

– Students

– All Staff

– Participants
– …

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 4G Trial Video

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 Recapitulation of the past
• The Story from USA…..

– 1946 1st Mobile Telephone Call (Car Phone 150 MHz)

– 1971 (Dec) AT&T makes proposal to the FCC for a

Cellular System

– 1982 Advanced Mobile Phone Service

– AT&T Break up mandate
– Break up of Bell Labs

– 1983 First Commercial Cell Phone Call made

Call made from Chicago to the Great Grand son of
Alexander Graham Bell in Germany
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 Cont…
• 1986 The US Cellular Access Digital Network (CADN) (I554/IS 136)
Concept

• 1987 Indoor Digital Personal Wireless Communication for Personal

Communication Service (PCS)

• 1988 AMPS to Digital Cellular handoff

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 The European View

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Not Official: Need permission from TU-Dresden, Prof. Fetweiss for distribution and reproduction

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 The View from Europe…

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Not Official: Need permission from TU-Dresden, Prof. Fetweiss for distribution and reproduction11
Not Official:
24 August 2023 Need permission from TU-Dresden, Prof. Fetweiss for distribution and reproduction12
 2G : Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimator
Complexity  Grows Exponentially
Channel Delay

3G : Rake Receiver
Complexity  Grows Linearly with
Channel Delay

4G / LTE : OFDM
Complexity  Grows Logarithmically with Channel
Delay

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 The Ericsson View

8/24/2023 Kolaghat Engineering College June 2013 14

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 The Road to 5G

Networked Society .. . . .

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 Networked
Tactile Internet

Mobile Cloud

Cooperative Communication

Machine to Machine
Software Defined Network (SDN)

Millimeter Wave

GREEN COMMUNICATION

Small Cells (Het Net), SON

Synchronized
Massive MIMO

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 Possible Technologies for 5G
1. Tactile Internet : Fast Response Time, Agile / Flexible Air interface
2. M2M
3. Small Cells (Het Nets) : Self Organizing Networks
4. Mobile Cloud: Software Defined Networks
5. Cooperative Communication : Disaster, Crowd communication
6. Massive MIMO ,
7. Millimeter Wave Including Backhaul and NLOS
8. Green Network
9. Software Defined Network
10. . . . .

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 Europe’s focus on R&D

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 Technology platform
• Fast wireless Focus: Wireless communications
SoA: LTE

Gateway Data Air Base Data Air Terminal

channel station channel
Processing
Processing Delay 3 km Processing TTI 3 km
frame≥1 ≥0.5ms
≥1ms ≥1 ms ≥ 10 µs ≥0.5ms ≥ 10 µs
ms

Control plane: Idle to active ≥ 2.2 ms Control plane: Idle to active ≥ 5.5 ms

• Latency estimation (simplified, lower bound)

User plane – one way ~ 4ms
Control plane- terminal state idle active: ~ 7.5ms
• Reality: mode delay by scheduling, queuing, retransmission,……….
Typical LTE round trip time ≥ 50ms

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 PHY Requirement

Multicarrier Spectrum Agility

Short TTI e.g. 32 μs

oSymbols, e.g. 4 μs
oSubcarrier Spacing, e.g. 250 KHz
oFrequency Selectivity on Subcarriers

Cannot be OFDM in its classical way

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 Overview of Multicarrier Schemes

BFDM

G F
F OFDM B
D M
M C

UFMC

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

GFDM: Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing
BFDM: Bi-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
FBMC: Filtered Banks Multi Carrier
UFMC: Universal Filtered Multi Carrier

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 Latency target for wide-area wireless comm.
Physical limit
c= 3*108 m/s
30km in 0.1 ms

Tactile Internet / Fast wireless

≤ 1ms How to Get There
• Small Cells / TTIs

• Fast Hardware

• Realtime Protocol & RRM

• Real Time Operating System

• Optimized routing
LTE ≥ 50ms

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 10 ms to 1ms impact
Software
EcoSystem

M M
O O Network
Sensor/ Embedded D D Hosted Config.
Actuator Computing E E Computing Manager
M M (SoN)

0.2 ms
Latency
Goals: Air Interface
0.3 ms 0.5 ms

Terminal Base Station

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 How to decrease latency
• Shorter TTI (transition time interval) = data frame (1ms 0.1ms ?)
• Decrease processing time by faster HW (e.g., 14/28 nm CMOS)
• Low latency protocols
• Optimized localized com., find next and fastest gateway, minimum no of
routers
• RT data traffic mgmt and QoS priority lanes for RT apps with low data
rates
• Adaptivity: latency vs data rate
• Pattern recognition and forecast for optimal conditions if many users
• Reduction of latency in operating system and apps SW.

a. Exploit existing 4-G standards as good as possible

b. Contribute to 5-G standards

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 Communication Monitoring Control

Communication
Speed > 10 Gbps

Monitoring
> 10 years, 10 b/s (1 Ah)

Control
Response < 10 ms
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 Motivation: Cellular Roadmap

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 Operator pain points of today’s mobile networks
• Mobile data access is what matters
Video is major traffic source
– Mobile video accounts for 48.5 % in 2010
– With growing tendency (70% exp in 2016 – 7EB per month
Powerful mobile devices
– Data hungry applications Data-rich More
content frequency
– High resolution displays
usage
– High bandwidth radio
Traffic peaks
Disaster events Increase of New types of
Low revenues smart phone terminals/dev
– New services run over users
-the-top (OTT) Fast ices
and becomes “front-end” to customers traffic
increase

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 State of The Art in Mobile Carrier Networks
Service/
Data Cloud
Content

Data
Center INET

Centralized
GGSN P-GW Mobile
MME Operator
Core
Network
SGSN
Hierarchical
SGSN S-GW S-GW

Backhau
l

RNC RNC
Radio
Access
Network
LTE LTE
P-GW: Packet Data Network
3G 3G Gateway
3G S-GW : Serving Gateway
MME: Mobility Management
 Current strategies and trends
• Add capacity / Resources (High CAPEX) Revenue?
• Traffic offload and mobile core decentralization
– Core network offload local mobility gateways and services e.g.,
Content Distribution Networks (CDN)
– Macro-cellular offload: offload to trusted / untrusted non-cellular
technology

• Network function virtualization

– Move from dedicated network equipment to common network node
platform
– Network Functional Virtualization and SDN as enabling technologies
for Network Elasticity and Abstraction

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 Opportunity: Virtualization and SDN
Adaptation of the Cloud
Paradigm Interface

Host 3rd party

Enable EPS as a
services in Carrier
Service (EPSaaS)
Cloud

VoD
CGN P-GW IMS CGN P-GW
MME MME
Backbone Network
Datacenter

CGN P-GW
MME
Offer added value for
3rd party services
 Adaption of cloud paradigm – Network view
Datacenter
Mobile Cloud Network Cloud Service
Datacenter Service Provider Provider
Server

Control and Management

Server
PGW VoD
Cloud network MME MME VM VM
infrastructure provider VM VM

VMM VMM

HARDWARE HARDWARE

Private Network Infrastructure

Public network
infrastructure provider
Datacenter Data center network
infrastructure provider
Cloud RAN

Mobile cloud
service provider

Mobile connectivity
service provider
Mobile service
user
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 Conclusion
• Network function visualization– a promising technology to address mobile
operators key pain points
• Mobile carrier cloud as enabling technologies for XaaS
• Get operators into the value chain

Mobile operators
pain points

Network function
visualization
Mobile cloud
networking

Problem Opportunity

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 Usage Permission due from Prof. Frank Fitzek, Aalborg University
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 Cooperative Communications

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Not Official: Need permission from Ericsson for distribution and reproduction
 FIRST…

1 year mobile
subscription (all included)

1-2 hours
car travel
Only tailpipe CO2

8/24/2023 Courtesy Ericsson 60

 Energy Efficiency : key challenges

• 1st challenge: Efficiency when transmitting data

• Current systems are very good on this!

• 2nd challenge: Efficiency when not transmitting data

• Large potential for energy savings!

Remember ….. Always On ….. Always Connected…..

Anything….Anywhere…..Anytime….

8/24/2023 Courtesy: Ericsson 61

Not Official: Need permission from Ericsson for distribution and reproduction
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Not Official: Need permission from Ericsson for distribution and reproduction

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 Massive MIMO
 Why ?
 Energy

 Data rates Distributed

 Reduced Interference

 EE Related Issues
Rectangular

 BB-Processing Energy

 Data Protocol Design

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 Exploiting and Coordinating Interference
Transmitter cooperation involve substantial information sharing
• Coordination: transmitters exchange CSIT
 Coordinated beamforming (CoMP in LTE-A), interference alignment,
coordinated scheduling, coordinated power control...
• Exploitation: transmitters exchange CSIT and user data
 Network (multicell) MIMO, Joint Processing CoMP
• Rejection: Simple per-terminal per cell processing, little info
exchange

Some Questions:
Are such methods scalable?
Do distributed implementation exist?
 Software Defined Wireless Network
 Self-Organizing Network (SoN)

 Open and Programmable Controllers

 Vendor-agnostic interoperable hardware

 Ability to tailor network performance to applications

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 SDWN Architecture

Video Security Vehicular App Layer Health

Networks

Freq. Power Self- ICIC QoS SW Layer CS

Allocation Control Healing Opt. Threshold

Commodity HW
WiFi AP Femto Cell Pico Cell Cognitive
Radio

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 Rethinking “Cells” in Cellular

How Should Cellular System

Relay
Be designed

DAS Will gains in practice be big or

incremental; in capacity or
DAS
DAS coverage ?

 Traditional Cellular Design “Interference Limited”

 MIMO/Multiuser detection can remove interference
 Cooperating BSs from MIMO array: what is cell?
 Relays change cell shape and boundary
 Distributed antennas move BS towards boundary
 Small cells create a cell within a cell

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 The Future Cellular Network:Hierarchical
Today’s Architecture
3M Macro cells Serving 5 Billion Users

10x Lower Near

Hardware 100%
Cost Coverage

10x More
Capacity

Macro Cell Pico Cell Femto Cell Managing Interference

Radius:2000 m Radius:200 m Radius:10 m
Transmit Power:40 W Transmit Power: 2W Transmit Power: 0.1W
Between Cells is Hard

8/24/2023 69
 Femtocells

Benefits for users:

• Provides better coverage
• Provides high data rate

Benefits for operators:

• Increased network capacity
• Reduced traffic in macro cell
• Lower CAPEX & OPEX

Technical issues:
• Co-Channel Interference (CCI)
(between macro and femto layer)
• Access control
(Open and closed access issues)
• Frequent hand over

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 Millimeter Wave Cellular
A Road to 5G

Prof. Theodore.S.Rappaport

Polytechnic Institute of New York University (NYU-Poly)

June 11, 2013, IEEE ICC Plenary Presentation

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8/24/2023 Courtesy ProfPlanery Talk., ICC, Amitabha Ghosh 73
24 August 2023 Courtesy ProfPlanery Talk., ICC, Prof. Rappaport 74
 Courtesy ProfPlanery Talk., ICC, Prof. Rappaport

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 Millimeter Wave Communications..
• Advantages
– Millimeter-wave spectrum can potentially provide the bandwidth required for mobile
broadband applications for the next few decades and beyond
– Small size (λ/2 dipoles) and separation (also around λ/2) of millimeter-wave antennas allow
a large number of antennas and thus achieve high beam-forming gain in a relative small
area.
– Due to the narrow beam width of MM the interference is lot smaller than traditional
cellular systems

• Challenges
- Challenge with millimeter-wave is the low efficiency of RF devices such as power
amplifiers and multi-antenna arrays with current technology
- Millimeter-wave transmissions can experience significant attenuations in the presence
of heavy rain. Raindrops are roughly the same size as the radio wavelengths
(millimeters) and therefore cause scattering of the radio signal.

20/06/13 77
WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGY
TODAY… AND IN THE FUTURE

Courtesy Ericsson
 FUTURE WIRELESS ACCESS KEY CHALLENGES
• Massive Growth in Traffic Volume (“1000x and beyond”)

• Massive Growth in Connected Devices

• Wide range of requirements and characteristics

– Data rates
– Latency
– Reliability
– Device Energy consumption
– Device Cost

• It should be affordable and sustainable.

Courtesy Ericsson
DATA RATES ?

How much is enough ??? What do u really want ???

A few 100
Mbps

Massive
Download Cloud
Storage
HQ video
in real
time

No Upper Limit !!! Essentially everywhere !!!

A few 10 Gbps in specific scenarios A few 100 Mbps generally available

Courtesy Ericsson
 COMMUNICATING MACHINES
Wide range of requirements and characteristics
• Very low latency … in some cases
• Very high reliability… in some cases
• Very small payloads … in some cases
• Very good coverage… in some cases
• Very low device cost … in some cases
• Very long battery life … in some cases

Very large number of devices!!!

Courtesy Ericsson
 TRAFFIC CAPACITY

Traffic Capacity = Available Spectrum * (Network Density*Spectrum Efficiency)

Where System efficiency = Network Density*Spectrum Efficiency
Units: Traffic Capacity in [Mbps/km2].

• More spectrum, preferably of high quality

• More dense network infrastructure (including more antennas)
• Smart cooperation between network nodes
Courtesy Ericsson
 NEW WAYS OF USING SPECTRUM
• Cellular: Highly coordinated licensed dedicated spectrum
Guaranteed availability but potentially inefficient at low load
• Wi-Fi: Shared nlicensed spectrum with no coordination/control
Efficient at low load but unreliable/in-efficient at high load

Future: Consider a range of spectrum-access means

 Licensed but shared
 ...
Complement to dedicated licensed spectrum

Courtesy Ericsson
 DENSE NETWORKS

Integrated Operation

 Must Ensure simple low-cost deployment

 Must ensure backhaul availability
Courtesy Ericsson
 WHAT IS 5G?

Courtesy Ericsson
 WHAT IS 5G?

Courtesy Ericsson
 WHAT IS 5G?

Courtesy Ericsson
 WHAT IS 5G?

Courtesy Ericsson
 Future Radio Access-5G

• A set of radio access technologies jointly enabling the

networked society Evolution of existing Future radio access technologies
technologies

Wi-Fi

3G

4G
New Complementary
technologies

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Courtesy Ericsson
20/06/13 89
 Future Radio Access-5G

• Multi- hop Communications

• Device to Device Communications
• Ultra reliable communications
• Massive machine communications
• Inter-vehicular/ vehicular to road communications
• Ultra dense employment

Courtesy Ericsson
20/06/13 90
 Future Wireless Access
• A key challenge for networked society
• Key challenges
- continuing traffic growth
- massive machine communication with wide range of
requirements and characteristics
- cost and energy consumption
• Evolution of existing technologies
• New complementary technologies

Courtesy Ericsson
20/06/13 91
 Why Mm-wave for 5G enhanced Local Area Network?
• Abundance of Spectrum @ 70-90 GHz band
• 10 Gbps of Peak Rate and > 100 Mbps Cell Edge Rate
– Utilize 2 GHz BW, Low Latency, Simple Air-Interface
• Spectrum well suited for deploying Pico/Femto cells
– 100-150 meters ISD
– Noise Limited Scenario
– Dynamic TDD
• Massive Antenna Arrays
– Antenna Geometries at Chip Scale
• Integrated Access and Backhaul

Courtesy Ericsson
24 August 2023 92
 SOME RESEARCH AREAS
• Flexible and scalable network architecture
• Cooperation/ coordination between network nodes
• Energy efficient air interface
• Power management techniques
• Cross layer optimization
• Novel network topologies
• Centralized processing
• Wireless optical convergence
• Interference handling
• Multi-system coexistence
• Infra structure/resource handling
• New frequency bands
• Cooperative spectrum sharing
• Novel antenna technologies
• Network control mechanism
• Broadcast/broadband integration
Courtesy Ericsson
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 D2D
SoN Small cells
Millimeter
Cellular Roadmap
wave
OFDMA
Wireless
Broadband 5G
2020
WCDMA
10Gbps
Digital
Voice +
Data 4G 2000 -
today
TDMA /
CDMA
100’s of Mbps
Digital
FDMA Voice 3G 1990 - 2000

Analog 10’s of Mbps

Voice
2G
1980 - 90
1G Few Kbps
1970 - 80

Very low rate

98
 Thank you for your attention

Are you interested ?

Questions please….

8/24/2023 99
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