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This article is about Modern Standard Hindi. For other uses, see Hindi (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Hindus or Sindhi.

Hindi
 Modern Standard Hindi

हिन्दी • Hindī

The word "Hindi" in Devanagari script

Pronunciation [ˈɦɪndiː]

Native to India

Region Western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi

(Hindi Belt)

Ethnicity Indians

Total speakers 615 million speakers of Hindi

and various related languages
who reported their language as
'Hindi' (incl. L2 speakers)
[1][2]
(2019)
Language family Indo-European

● Indo-Iranian
○ Indo-Arya
n
■ C
e
n
t
r
a
l
Early forms Shauraseni Prakrit

● Shauraseni
Apabhraṃśa
○ Old Hindi
■ H
i
n
d
u
s
t
a
n
i

Dialects ​ See Hindi languages

Writing system ​ Devanagari (official)

​ Kaithi (historical)
​ Mahajani (historical)
[4]
​ Laṇḍā (historical)
​ Latin (Hinglish,
[5]
unofficial )
​ Devanagari Braille

Signed forms Signed Hindi

Official status
Official language in [a]
India

Recognised [b][15]
South Africa
minority

[c][16]
language in United Arab Emirates

Regulated by [17]
Central Hindi Directorate

Language codes

ISO 639-1 hi

ISO 639-2 hin

ISO 639-3 hin

Linguist List hin-hin

Glottolog hind1269

Linguasphere 59-AAF-qf
 Distribution of L1 self-reported speakers of Hindi in India
as per the 2011 Census

Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी Mānak Hindī),[18] commonly referred

to as Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी,[d] Hindī), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in

North India, and serves as the lingua franca of the Hindi Belt region encompassing parts
of northern, central, eastern, and western India. Hindi has been described as a
standardised and Sanskritised register[19] of the Hindustani language, which itself is
based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and neighbouring areas of North
India.[20][21][22] Hindi, written in the Devanagari script, is one of the two official languages

of the Government of India, along with English.[23] It is an official language in nine states
and three union territories and an additional official language in three other
states.[24][25][26][27] Hindi is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of

India.[28]
Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi Belt. It is also spoken, to a lesser extent, in other
parts of India (usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or
Haflong Hindi).[24][25] Outside India, several other languages are recognised officially as
"Hindi" but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead
descend from other nearby languages, such as Awadhi language and Bhojpuri
language. Such languages include Fiji Hindi, which has an official status in Fiji,[29] and
Caribbean Hindustani, which is spoken in Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and
Guyana.[30][31][32][33] Apart from the script and formal vocabulary, standard Hindi is
mutually intelligible with standard Urdu, another recognised register of Hindustani as
both share a common colloquial base.[34]

Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, Spanish and
English.[35] If counted together with the mutually intelligible Urdu, it is the third

most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English.[36][37] According to

reports of Ethnologue (2022, 25th edition) Hindi is the third most-spoken language in
the world including first and second language speakers.[38]

Etymology

The term Hindī originally was used to refer to inhabitants of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It
was borrowed from Classical Persian ‫ هندی‬Hindī (Iranian Persian pronunciation: Hendi),
meaning "of or belonging to Hind (India)" (hence, "Indian").[39]

Another name Hindavī (हिन्दवी) or Hinduī (हिन्दई

ु ) (from Persian: ‫" هندوی‬of or belonging to
the Hindu/Indian people") was often used in the past, for example by Amir Khusrow in
his poetry.[40][41]
The terms "Hindi" and "Hindu" trace back to Old Persian which derived these names
from the Sanskrit name Sindhu (सिन्ध)ु , referring to the river Indus. The Greek cognates
of the same terms are "Indus" (for the river) and "India" (for the land of the river).[42][43]

History
Further information: History of Hindustani

Middle Indo-Aryan to Hindi

Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is a direct descendant of an early form of Vedic
Sanskrit, through Shauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa (from Sanskrit
apabhraṃśa "corrupt"), which emerged in the 7th century CE.[44]

The sound changes that characterised the transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to Hindi
are:[45]

● Compensatory lengthening of vowels preceding geminate consonants,

sometimes with spontaneous nasalisation: Skt. hasta "hand" > Pkt. hattha >
hāth
● Loss of all word-final vowels: rātri "night" > rattī > rāt
● Formation of nasalised long vowels from nasal consonants (-VNC- > -V̄̃C-):
bandha "bond" > bā̃dh
● Loss of unaccented or unstressed short vowels (reflected in schwa deletion):
susthira "firm" > sutthira > suthrā
● Collapsing of adjacent vowels (including separated by a hiatus: apara "other"
> avara > aur
● Final -m to -ṽ: grāma "village" > gāma > gāṽ
● Intervocalic -ḍ- to -ṛ- or -l-: taḍāga "pond" > talāv, naḍa "reed" > nal.
● v > b: vivāha "marriage" > byāh

Hindustani
During the period of Delhi Sultanate, which covered most of today's north India, eastern
Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh[46] and which resulted in the contact of Hindu
and Muslim cultures, the Sanskrit and Prakrit base of Old Hindi became enriched with
loanwords from Persian, evolving into the present form of Hindustani.[47][48][49][50][51][52]
The Hindustani vernacular became an expression of Indian national unity during the
Indian Independence movement,[53][54] and continues to be spoken as the common

language of the people of the northern Indian subcontinent,[55] which is reflected in the

Hindustani vocabulary of Bollywood films and songs.[56][57]

Modern Standard Hindi is based on the Delhi dialect,[44] the vernacular of Delhi and the
surrounding region, which came to replace earlier prestige languages such as Awadhi
and Braj. It has come out from the extraction of Persian and Arabic words from
Khariboli. Earliest examples could be found as Prēm Sāgar by Lallu Ji Lal, Batiyāl
Pachīsī of Sadal Misra and Rānī Kētakī Kī Kahānī of Insha Allah Khan which were
published in Devanagari script during early of the 19th centuries.[58]

Major Hindustani writers continued to refer to their tongue as Hindi or Hindavi till the
early of 19th century.[59]

As Mirza Galib says in his Qādir Nāma written in Nastaliq script:[60]

नेवला Nevla is rasu

रासू है (mongoose)
और and Taus is
ताऊस mor
मोर, (peacock),
कब्क को Kabk is
हिन्दी में uttered as
कहते हैं Chakor
चकोर (Ptarmigan)
in Hindi
John Gilchrist was principally known for his study of the Hindustani language, which
was adopted as the lingua franca of northern India (including what is now present-day
Pakistan) by British colonists and indigenous people. He compiled and authored An
English-Hindustani Dictionary, A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language, The Oriental
Linguist, and many more. His lexicon of Hindustani was published in the Perso-Arabic
script, Nāgarī script, and in Roman transliteration.In the late 19th century, a movement
to further develop Hindi as a standardised form of Hindustani separate from Urdu took
form.[61] In 1881, Bihar accepted Hindi as its sole official language, replacing Urdu, and

thus became the first state of India to adopt Hindi.[62] However, in 2014, Urdu was

accorded second official language status in the state.[63]

Independent India

After independence, the Government of India instituted the following conventions:[original

research?]

● standardisation of grammar: In 1954, the Government of India set up a

committee to prepare a grammar of Hindi; The committee's report was
released in 1958 as A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi.
● standardisation of the orthography, using the Devanagari script, by the
Central Hindi Directorate of the Ministry of Education and Culture to bring
about uniformity in writing, to improve the shape of some Devanagari
characters, and introducing diacritics to express sounds from other
languages.

On 14 September 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted Hindi written in the
Devanagari script as the official language of the Republic of India replacing Urdu's
previous usage in the Indian Empire.[64][65][66] To this end, several stalwarts rallied and
lobbied pan-India in favour of Hindi, most notably Beohar Rajendra Simha along with
Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Kaka Kalelkar, Maithili Sharan Gupt and Seth Govind Das who
even debated in Parliament on this issue. As such, on the 50th birthday of Beohar
Rajendra Simha on 14 September 1949, the efforts came to fruition following the
adoption of Hindi as the official language.[67] Now, it is celebrated as Hindi Day.[68]

Official status

India

Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with the official language of the Indian
Commonwealth. Under Article 343, the official languages of the Union have been
prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English:

(1) The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of
numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form
of Indian numerals.[30]
(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for a period of fifteen years from the
commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall continue to be used for
all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before
such commencement: Provided that the President may, during the said period, by order
authorise the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the
Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for
any of the official purposes of the Union.[69]

Article 351 of the Indian constitution states:

It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop
it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite
culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its
genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages
of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or
desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages.

It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Union
Government by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351),[70] with state
governments being free to function in the language of their own choice. However,
widespread resistance to the imposition of Hindi on non-native speakers, especially in
South India (such as those in Tamil Nadu) led to the passage of the Official Languages
Act of 1963, which provided for the continued use of English indefinitely for all official
purposes, although the constitutional directive for the Union Government to encourage
the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced its policies.[71]

Article 344 (2b) stipulates that the official language commission shall be constituted
every ten years to recommend steps for progressive use of Hindi language and
imposing restrictions on the use of the English language by the union government. In
practice, the official language commissions are constantly endeavouring to promote
Hindi but not imposing restrictions on English in official use by the union government.

At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following Indian states: Bihar,
Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.[72] Hindi is an official language of Gujarat, along with

Gujarati.[73] It acts as an additional official language of West Bengal in blocks and

sub-divisions with more than 10% of the population speaking Hindi.[74][75][76] Similarly,
Hindi is accorded the status of official language in the following Union Territories: Delhi,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.

Although there is no specification of a national language in the constitution, it is a widely

held belief that Hindi is the national language of India. This is often a source of friction
and contentious debate.[77][78][79] In 2010, the Gujarat High Court clarified that Hindi is
not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as
such.[80][81] In 2021, in a Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act
case involving Gangam Sudhir Kumar Reddy, the Bombay High Court claimed Hindi is
the national language while refusing Reddy bail, after he argued against his statutory
rights being read in Hindi, despite being a native Telugu speaker. Reddy has filed a
Special Leave Petition before the Supreme Court, challenging the Bombay High Court's
observation, and contended that it failed to appreciate that Hindi is not the national
language in India.[82][83][84] In 2021, Indian food delivery company Zomato landed in
controversy when a customer care executive told an app user from Tamil Nadu, "For
your kind information Hindi is our national language." Zomato responded by firing the
employee, after which she was reprimanded and shortly reinstated.[85][86]

In 2018, The Supreme Court has stayed a judgment of Madhya Pradesh High Court that
held that the Hindi version of enactment will prevail if there is a variation in its Hindi
version and English version. The prominence thus attached to English over Hindi in the
judgement underlines the social significance of English over Hindi.[87]

Fiji

Outside Asia, the Awadhi language (an Eastern Hindi dialect) with influence from
Bhojpuri, Bihari languages, Fijian and English is spoken in Fiji.[88][89] It is an official

language in Fiji as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji,[90] where it referred to it as

"Hindustani"; however, in the 2013 Constitution of Fiji, it is simply called "Fiji Hindi" as
the official language.[91] It is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji.[88]

Nepal
Hindi is spoken as a first language by about 77,569 people in Nepal according to the
2011 Nepal census, and further by 1,225,950 people as a second language.[92] A Hindi
proponent, Indian-born Paramananda Jha, was elected vice-president of Nepal. He took
his oath of office in Hindi in July 2008. This created protests in the streets for 5 days;
students burnt his effigies; there was general strike in 22 districts. Nepal Supreme Court
ruled in 2009 that his oath in Hindi was invalid and he was kept "inactive" as
vice-president. An "angry" Jha said, "I cannot be compelled to take the oath now in
Nepali. I might rather take it in English."[93]

South Africa

Hindi is a protected language in South Africa. According to the Constitution of South

Africa, the Pan South African Language Board must promote and ensure respect for
Hindi along with other languages.[15] According to a doctoral dissertation by Rajend
Mesthrie in 1985, although Hindi and other Indian languages have existed in South
Africa for the last 125 years, there are no academic studies of any of them – of their use
in South Africa, their evolution and current decline.[94]

United Arab Emirates

Hindi is adopted as the third official court language in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi.[e][16] As
a result of this status, the Indian workforce in UAE can file their complaints to the labour
courts in the country in their own mother-tongue.[95]

Geographical distribution
Hindi is the lingua franca of northern India (which contains the Hindi Belt), as well as an
official language of the Government of India, along with English.[69]

In Northeast India a pidgin known as Haflong Hindi has developed as a lingua franca for
the people living in Haflong, Assam who speak other languages natively.[96] In
Arunachal Pradesh, Hindi emerged as a lingua franca among locals who speak over 50
dialects natively.[97]

Hindi is quite easy to understand for many Pakistanis, who speak Urdu, which, like
Hindi, is a standard register of the Hindustani language; additionally, Indian media are
widely viewed in Pakistan.[98]

A sizeable population in Afghanistan, especially in Kabul, can also speak and

understand Hindi-Urdu due to the popularity and influence of Bollywood films, songs
and actors in the region.[99][100]

Hindi is also spoken by a large population of Madheshis (people having roots in

north-India but having migrated to Nepal over hundreds of years) of Nepal. Apart from
this, Hindi is spoken by the large Indian diaspora which hails from, or has its origin from
the "Hindi Belt" of India. A substantially large North Indian diaspora lives in countries
like the United States of America, the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates,
Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, South Africa, Fiji and Mauritius, where it is
natively spoken at home and among their own Hindustani-speaking communities.
Outside India, Hindi speakers are 8 million in Nepal; 863,077 in the United States of
America;[101][102] 450,170 in Mauritius; 380,000 in Fiji;[88] 250,292 in South Africa;

150,000 in Suriname;[103] 100,000 in Uganda; 45,800 in the United Kingdom;[104] 20,000

in New Zealand; 20,000 in Germany; 26,000 in Trinidad and Tobago;[103] 3,000 in

Singapore.
Comparison with Modern Standard Urdu
Main articles: Hindi–Urdu controversy, Hindustani phonology, and Hindustani grammar

Linguistically, Hindi and Urdu are two registers of the same language and are mutually
intelligible.[105] Both Hindi and Urdu share a core vocabulary of native Prakrit and

Sanskrit-derived words.[34][106][107] However, Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and

contains more Sanskrit-derived words than Urdu, whereas Urdu is written in the
Perso-Arabic script and uses more Arabic and Persian loanwords compared to
Hindi.[108] Because of this, as well as the fact that the two registers share an identical

grammar,[22][34][106] a consensus of linguists consider them to be two standardised forms

of the same language, Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu.[105][22][34][21] Hindi is the most commonly

used official language in India. Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of
Pakistan and is one of 22 official languages of India, also having official status in Uttar
Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Telangana,[109] Andhra Pradesh[110] and Bihar.[111]

Script
Main article: Devanagari

Hindi is written in the Devanagari script, an abugida. Devanagari consists of 11 vowels

and 33 consonants and is written from left to right. Unlike Sanskrit, Devanagari is not
entirely phonetic for Hindi, especially failing to mark schwa deletion in spoken Standard
Hindi.[112]

Romanization

Main article: Devanagari transliteration

The Government of India uses Hunterian transliteration as its official system of writing
Hindi in the Latin script. Various other systems also exist, such as IAST, ITRANS and
ISO 15919.

Romanized Hindi, also called Hinglish, is the dominant form of Hindi online. In an
analysis of YouTube comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments
were in Romanized Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in Devanagari Hindi.[5]

Phonology
Main article: Hindustani phonology

Vocabulary
Further information: Hindustani etymology and List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in
Hindi

Traditionally, Hindi words are divided into five principal categories according to their
etymology:

● Tatsam (तत्सम transl. "same as that") words: These are words which are
spelled the same in Hindi as in Sanskrit (except for the absence of final case
inflections).[113] They include words inherited from Sanskrit via Prakrit which
have survived without modification (e.g. Hindi नाम nām / Sanskrit नाम nāma,
"name"; Hindi कर्म karm / Sanskrit कर्म karma, "deed, action; karma"),[114] as
well as forms borrowed directly from Sanskrit in more modern times (e.g.
प्रार्थना prārthanā, "prayer").[115] Pronunciation, however, conforms to Hindi
norms and may differ from that of classical Sanskrit. Amongst nouns, the
tatsam word could be the Sanskrit non-inflected word-stem, or it could be the
nominative singular form in the Sanskrit nominal declension.
● Ardhatatsam (अर्धतत्सम transl. "semi-tatsama") words: Such words are
typically earlier loanwords from Sanskrit which have undergone sound
 changes subsequent to being borrowed. (e.g. Hindi सरू ज sūraj from Sanskrit
सर्य
ू sūrya)
● Tadbhav (तद्भव transl. "born of that") words: These are native Hindi words
derived from Sanskrit after undergoing phonological rules (e.g. Sanskrit कर्म
karma, "deed" becomes Shauraseni Prakrit कम्म kamma, and eventually
Hindi काम kām, "work") and are spelled differently from Sanskrit.[113]
● Deshaj (दे शज transl. "of the country") words: These are words that were not
borrowings but do not derive from attested Indo-Aryan words either.
Belonging to this category are onomatopoetic words or ones borrowed from
local non-Indo-Aryan languages.
● Videshī (विदे शी transl. "foreign") words: These include all loanwords from
non-indigenous languages. The most frequent source languages in this
category are Persian, Arabic, English and Portuguese. Examples are क़िला
qila "fort" from Persian, कमेटी kameṭī from English committee and साबन ु sābun
"soap" from Arabic.

Hindi also makes extensive use of loan translation (calqueing) and occasionally
phono-semantic matching of English.[116]

Prakrit

Hindi has naturally inherited a large portion of its vocabulary from Shauraseni Prakrit, in
the form of tadbhava words. This process usually involves compensatory lengthening of
vowels preceding consonant clusters in Prakrit, e.g. Sanskrit tīkṣṇa > Prakrit tikkha >
Hindi tīkhā.

Sanskrit

Much of Modern Standard Hindi's vocabulary is borrowed from Sanskrit as tatsam

borrowings, especially in technical and academic fields. The formal Hindi standard, from
which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been replaced by
neologisms compounding tatsam words, is called Śuddh Hindi (pure Hindi), and is
viewed as a more prestigious dialect over other more colloquial forms of Hindi.
Excessive use of tatsam words sometimes creates problems for native speakers. They
may have Sanskrit consonant clusters which do not exist in native Hindi, causing
difficulties in pronunciation.[117]

As a part of the process of Sanskritization, new words are coined using Sanskrit
components to be used as replacements for supposedly foreign vocabulary. Usually
these neologisms are calques of English words already adopted into spoken Hindi.
Some terms such as dūrbhāṣ "telephone", literally "far-speech" and dūrdarśan
"television", literally "far-sight" have even gained some currency in formal Hindi in the
place of the English borrowings (ṭeli)fon and ṭīvī.[118]

Persian

Hindi also features significant Persian influence, standardised from spoken

Hindustani.[108][119][page needed] Early borrowings, beginning in the mid-12th century, were
specific to Islam (e.g. Muhammad, islām) and so Persian was simply an intermediary for
Arabic. Later, under the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, Persian became the
primary administrative language in the Hindi heartland. Persian borrowings reached a
heyday in the 17th century, pervading all aspects of life. Even grammatical constructs,
namely the izafat, were assimilated into Hindi.[120]

The status of Persian language then and thus its influence, is also visible in Hindi
proverbs:

हाथ What is mirror

कंगन को to a hand with
आरसी bangles,
क्या, What is
पढ़े लिखे Persian to a
को literate.
 फ़ारसी
क्या ।

After Partition the Indian government advocated for a policy of Sanskritization leading to
a marginalisation of the Persian element in Hindi. However, many Persian words (e.g.
muśkil "difficult", bas "enough", havā "air", x(a)yāl "thought", kitab "Book", khud "Self")
have remained entrenched in Modern Standard Hindi, and a larger amount are still used
in Urdu poetry written in the Devanagari script.

Arabic

Arabic also shows influence in Hindi, often via Persian but sometimes directly.[121]

Arabic Hindi word Gloss

word

(Devanagari)

‫ وقت‬waqt वक़्त vaqt time

‫ قميص‬qamīṣ क़मीस qamīz shirt

‫ كتاب‬kitāb किताब kitāb book

‫ نصيب‬naṣīb नसीब nasīb destiny

‫ كرسي‬kursiyy कुर्सी kursī chair

‫ حساب‬ḥisāb हिसाब hisāb calculation

‫ قانون‬qānūn क़ानन
ू qānūn law

‫ خبر‬ḵabar ख़बर xabar news

‫ دنيا‬dunyā दनि
ु या duniyā world

Portuguese

Many Hindustani words were derived from Portuguese due to interaction with colonists
and missionaries:

Hindi Meaning Portuguese

anānās pineapple ananás

(अनानास)

pādrī (पाद्री) priest padre

bālṭī (बाल्टी) bucket balde

čābī (चाबी) key chave

girjā (गिर्जा) church igreja

almārī (अलमारी) cupboard armário

botal (बोतल) bottle botelha

aspatāl hospital Hospital

(अस्पताल)

olandez Dutch holandês

(ओलंदेज़)

Media

Literature

Main article: Hindi literature

Hindi literature is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles, being Bhakti
(devotional – Kabir, Raskhan); Śṛṇgār (beauty – Keshav, Bihari); Vīgāthā (epic); and
Ādhunik (modern).

Medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of Bhakti movement and the
composition of long, epic poems. It was primarily written in other varieties of Hindi,
particularly Avadhi and Braj Bhasha, but to a degree also in Delhavi, the basis for
Modern Standard Hindi. During the British Raj, Hindustani became the prestige dialect.
Chandrakanta, written by Devaki Nandan Khatri in 1888, is considered the first
authentic work of prose in modern Hindi.[123] The person who brought realism in Hindi
prose literature was Munshi Premchand, who is considered the most revered figure in
the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement. Literary, or Sāhityik, Hindi was
popularised by the writings of Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Bhartendu Harishchandra
and others. The rising numbers of newspapers and magazines made Hindustani
popular with educated people.[citation needed]

The Dvivedī Yug ("Age of Dwivedi") in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918. It is
named after Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, who played a major role in establishing Modern
Standard Hindi in poetry and broadening the acceptable subjects of Hindi poetry from
the traditional ones of religion and romantic love.

In the 20th century, Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge. This is known as Chāyāvād
(shadow-ism) and the literary figures belonging to this school are known as Chāyāvādī.
Jaishankar Prasad, Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Mahadevi Varma and Sumitranandan
Pant, are the four major Chāyāvādī poets.

Uttar Ādhunik is the post-modernist period of Hindi literature, marked by a questioning

of early trends that copied the West as well as the excessive ornamentation of the
Chāyāvādī movement, and by a return to simple language and natural themes.

Internet

Hindi literature, music, and film have all been disseminated via the internet. In 2015,
Google reported a 94% increase in Hindi-content consumption year-on-year, adding that
21% of users in India prefer content in Hindi.[124] Many Hindi newspapers also offer
digital editions.
Sample text
See also: Urdu § Sample text

The following is a sample text in High Hindi, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (by the United Nations):

Hindi in Devanagari Script

अनच्
ु छे द 1(एक): सभी मनष्ु य जन्म से स्वतन्त्र तथा मर्यादा और अधिकारों में समान होते हैं। वे
तर्क और विवेक से सम्पन्न हैं तथा उन्हें भ्रातत्ृ व की भावना से परस्पर के प्रति कार्य करना चाहिए।

Transliteration (ISO)

Anucchēd 1 (ēk): Sabhī manuṣya janma sē svatantra tathā maryādā aur adhikārō̃
mē̃ samān hōtē haĩ. Vē tark aur vivēk sē sampanna haĩ tathā unhē̃ bhrātr̥tva kī
bhāvanā sē paraspar kē pratī kārya karnā cāhiē.

Transcription (IPA)

[ənʊtːʃʰeːd eːk | səbʰiː mənʊʂjə dʒənmə seː sʋət̪ ənt̪ ɾə t̪ ətʰaː məɾjaːd̪aː ɔːɾ əd̪ʰɪkaːɾõː
mẽː səmaːn hoːteː hɛː̃ ‖ ʋeː t̪ əɾk ɔːɾ ʋɪʋeːk seː səmpənːə hɛː̃ t̪ ətʰaː ʊnʰẽː bʰɾaːtɾɪt̪ ʋə kiː
bʰaːʋənaː seː pəɾəspəɾ keː pɾət̪ iː kaːɾjə kəɾnaː tʃaːhɪeː‖]

Gloss (word-to-word)

Article 1 (one) – All humans birth from independent and dignity and rights in equal
are. They logic and conscience from endowed are and they fraternity in the spirit of
each other towards work should.

Translation (grammatical)
 Article 1 – All humans are born independent and equal in dignity and rights. They
are endowed with logic and conscience and they should work towards each other in
the spirit of fraternity.

See also

● Hindi Belt
● Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)
● Hindi Divas – the official day to celebrate Hindi as a language.
● Languages of India
● Languages with official status in India
● Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages
● List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin
● List of Hindi channels in Europe (by type)
● List of languages by number of native speakers in India
● List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in Hindi
● World Hindi Secretariat

Portals:

​ India

​ Languages

​ Writing

​ Linguistics

Notes

● ^ In the Constitution as one of the official languages of the Union, and by some states as official
[6][7] [8][7] [9][7] [10][7]
languages, including Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya
[11][7] [12][7] [13][7] [14][7] [7]
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
● ^ As protected language
● ^ As third official court language
● ^ Also written as हिंदी
 ● ^ (third official court language)

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proper that represents the basic Khari Boli with vocabulary holding a balance between Urdu
and High Hindi.
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Sanskritized registers many of these words are replaced by tatsama forms from Sanskrit. The
Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic
administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British
rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic loan
elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one
another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated
through Persian, as a result of which a thorough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements
took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words.
Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian,
and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian
loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.
● ^ Javaid, Arfa (23 June 2021) [18 June 2021]. "List of Official Languages of Indian States and
Union Territories". jagranjosh.com.
 ● ^ "Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed". The Hindu. 23 March 2022. ISSN
0971-751X. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
● ^ Ahmed, Farzand. "Decision to make Urdu second official language in Bihar provokes furore
from Maithil Brahmins". India Today. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
● ^ Bhatia, Tej K. (1987). A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition: Hindi-Hindustani
Grammar, Grammarians, History and Problems. Brill. ISBN 9789004079243.
● ^
● Jump up to:
ab
● Masica, p. 65
● ^ Masica, p. 66
● ^ Masica, p. 67
● ^ Arnold, David; Robb, Peter (2013). Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader.
Routledge. p. 79. ISBN 9781136102349.
● ^ Ohala, Manjari (1983). Aspects of Hindi Phonology. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 38.
ISBN 9780895816702.
● ^ Arnold, David; Robb, Peter (2013). Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader.
Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 9781136102349.
● ^ Kachru, Yamuna (2006). Hindi. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027238122.
● ^ Bhatia, Tej K.; Ritchie, William C. (2006). The Handbook of Bilingualism. John Wiley and
Sons. p. 789. ISBN 9780631227359.
● ^ D., S. (10 February 2011). "Arabic and Hindi". The Economist. Archived from the original on
22 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
● ^ Khalife, Leyal (25 December 2016). "9 Hindi words that sound just like Arabic". Stepfeed.com.
Retrieved 16 December 2022.
● ^ "Stop outraging over Marathi – Hindi and English chauvinism is much worse in India". 18
September 2015. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015.
● ^ "Hindi content consumption on internet growing at 94%: Google". The Economic Times. 18
August 2015. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.

Bibliography

● Bhatia, Tej K. (11 September 2002). Colloquial Hindi: The Complete Course for Beginners. Taylor &
Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-83534-8. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
● Grierson, G. A. Linguistic Survey of India Vol I-XI, Calcutta, 1928, ISBN 81-85395-27-6 (searchable
database).
● Koul, Omkar N. (2008). Modern Hindi grammar (PDF). Springfield, VA: Dunwoody Press. ISBN
978-1-931546-06-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
● McGregor, R.S. (1995). Outline of Hindi grammar: With exercises (3. ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Pr.
ISBN 978-0-19-870008-1. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
● Frawley, William (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE-Esparanto. Vol.1. Oxford
University Press. p. 481. ISBN 978-0-195-13977-8.
● Parthasarathy, R.; Kumar, Swargesh (2012). Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect. Concept
Publishing Company. p. 120. ISBN 978-8-180-69799-9.
● Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN
978-0-521-29944-2.
● Ohala, Manjari (1999). "Hindi". In International Phonetic Association (ed.). Handbook of the
International Phonetic Association: a Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–103. ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0.
 ● Sadana, Rashmi (2012). English Heart, Hindi Heartland: the Political Life of Literature in India.
University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26957-6. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
● Shapiro, Michael C. (2001). "Hindi". In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (eds.). An encyclopedia of the
world's major languages, past and present. New England Publishing Associates. pp. 305–309.
● Shapiro, Michael C. (2003). "Hindi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). The Indo-Aryan
Languages. Routledge. pp. 250–285. ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.
● Snell, Rupert; Weightman, Simon (1989). Teach Yourself Hindi (2003 ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN
978-0-07-142012-9.
● Taj, Afroz (2002) A door into Hindi. Retrieved 8 November 2005.
● Tiwari, Bholanath ([1966] 2004) हिन्दी भाषा (Hindī Bhasha), Kitab Pustika, Allahabad, ISBN
81-225-0017-X.

Dictionaries

● McGregor, R.S. (1993), Oxford Hindi–English Dictionary (2004 ed.), Oxford University Press, USA.
● Hardev Bahri (1989), Learners' Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: Rajapala
● Mahendra Caturvedi (1970), A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House
● Academic Room Hindi Dictionary Mobile App developed in the Harvard Innovation Lab (iOS,
Android and Blackberry)
● John Thompson Platts (1884), A dictionary of Urdū, classical Hindī, and English (reprint ed.),
LONDON: H. Milford, p. 1259, retrieved 6 July 2011

Further reading

● Bangha, Imre (2018). "Hindi". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
● Bhatia, Tej K. A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition. Leiden, Netherlands & New York, NY:
E.J. Brill, 1987. ISBN 90-04-07924-6

External links

Hindi edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Look up Category:Hindi language in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

 Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Hindi.

● Hindi at Curlie
● The Union: Official Language
● Official Unicode Chart for Devanagari (PDF)

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