Langlover GRAMMAR OOK eniorTOPICS: 1. Plural nouns Gt) Crea Mem el ce Moa) lee cee) 2. Conditional sentences (1) 3. Gerund vs infinitive | —<- = 5 words which can be with either -ing form or to) 4. Modal verbs @ 5. It’s cD time ‘ 1 8. Reported speech 9 Conjunctions (7) 1. Would rather 12. Participle clausePlural nouns (collective nouns, words with only plural form) Cka>keTe Bu, a 4Oro Taka NerKa Tema Ha TAKOMy BUCOKOMy piBHi? A a cKka>ky BaM, WO TT 3iG6pani Ti npasuna, aki Ha MouaTKoBy piBHi BY 6u BuBUUs, ane 6 He 3anam’aTann, 60 Ha noYaTKOBOMy piBHi Bac YeKaNM TemN No cKNaAHiwWe, cbokyc niwos 6u Ha iHWi Temu i Bce OHO MoBenocb 6u posnosigaTu We pas, Tomy cnyxaiite: Mae anuwe @ plural form i BM He Mo>KeTe NocTaBuTN a/an a6o o number nepeg Hum: + Where exactly are the police headquarters? - le came sHaXoAMTbCA UiToS NoniLil'? esaki 3 Hux CKNagaoTbCA 3 ABOX YaCTMH (e.g. clothes) BUKOpucTOByIOTbCA 3 © pair of: * bought © pair of trousers and a jacket yesterday. - @ kynuB nopy wranie i Kyptky B4opa. CLOTHING jeans pyjamas tights trousers shorts pants IHW! IMEHHMKY, AKI 3AB)KQU MAIOTb PDOPMY MHOKMHK: belongings outskirts Plural nounsclothes premises (buildings) congratulations savings (money) earnings stairs goods surroundings likes/dislikes thanks + Please ensure that you take all your belongings with you as you leave the aircraft. - Byab nacka, nepekonairtecs, uo Bn GepeTe 3 CO60W0 BC C80! Pew, KONM BHXOAMTe 3 niTaKa. + They live on the outskirts of Frankfurt, almost in the countryside. - BOHM KUBYTb Ha ok on) @parkebypTa, mavnxe B cinbeeKint micuesocti. * My clothes are wet. I'll have to go upstairs and change. - Mit onsr MoKpuii. MeHi QoBegeTbca NigHaTucA Haropy i nepeogsrHyTuca. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Matotb nue cbopmy ogHuHn: + Knowledge is the key to the door of happiness. Shove - ye Knio4 Ao wacTsa. + Don't you think that your hair ‘s a bit too short? - Bam He 3qaeTBCA, Wo BAUe 8o/10CC% SAHAATO KOpoTKe? y TAKUX peYeHHAX BY BUKOpUcToByeTe MWe chopmy Aiecnosa-ogHunn: + The lead guitarist's luggage hasn't arrived yet so we can't start Plural nouns 4the rehearsals. - Barak ronosHoro ritapucta we He npu6ys, Tomy Mu He Mo>kemo nouaTn peneTHuil. BUKOPUMCTOBYIOTbCA 3 TAKMMM BUPG3SaMA AK: Sore, much, a piece of: + Last night there wos much traffic in the city centre last night because of a light show - Buopa egeuepi 8 UeHTpi Micta 6yno 6araTo saTopis uepes caitnoge Woy. 3aKinyyloTbCA Ha -S, i XOUd BOHN BUTNAAGIOTb AK IMCHHUKM Y MHO>KMHI, BOHM Hesni4yBaHi TO BXKUBGNWTbCA B ogHuni: news, physics, politics, statistics. COLLECTIVE NOUNS (GROUP WORDS) Aeski imeHHuku BkasytoTb Ha rpynu niogen (e.g. audience, committee, government, team). Ix iHogi HasuBatoTb 36ipHuMu iMeHHukamu. fleaki 36ipHi iMeHHuKU Mo>KyTb MATH B peYeHHi AiecnoBa B OAHUHI 4 B MHO>KUHI, 3aNeXKHO Big TOrO, UN POsrnaAatoTbCA BOHN AK eguHe Line uv AK HOGip inauBigiB: audience crew public committee enemy team company government Manchester United Nopisysnte: Plural nouns 5seen as a single unit The audience was larger than average and the concert was a success. The government is hoping that online voting will attract more young people to vote. Manchester United |= the world’s most famous football club. seen as individuals The audience were all cheering wildly. The government ore all very nervous about the report, which will be published tomorrow. Manchester United are looking forward to meeting Valencia in the final next week. PS Mos nopaga wWozo collective nouns: uum 6inbwe spo6uTe AOMAWKY, THM Kpale B/IOBUTeE uen MOMEHT, KOI“ rpyna mogen B>KUBGETbCA AK OGHe Yine, a Kon Ak OKpemi n10qu (cami no co6Gi). Plural nounsConditional sentences 1.2 Ha kypci Junior mu B>Ke O6roBopusmu ronoBHi MoMeHTH, aki cTocytoTbca conditional sentences, Tomy mu 3anuWwuMo Bigeo B KiIHWi TeMU ANA TUX, XTO XOTIB 6u OcBiXKUTU Le MaTepian. A MU NoroBopuMo KOpoTKO No ocHoBHili iHcpi i nepewQemo 0 HoBux nyHKTiB. Orxe, conditional sentences - ue yMoBHi peyeHHa, aki CKNaQatoTbCA 3 ronoBHoro peueHHa (main clause) Ta nigpaaHoi ymosu (if-clause), aka vacTo BUKOpucToByeTbca i3 Col0soM if. Taki peYeHHA BUKOPUCTOBYIOTbCA AIA ONMCy MOXKNUBUX G60 HespiCHEHHUX cutyauin i 6ysaroTb YoTUpbOx THniB. Zero: 3KOH Npupowy, sakoH chisuku, KON NpucyTHA norika B peyeHHi. First: KOM roBopumo npo PEAJIbHI aii, aki MorKyTb BIg6yTUCA B TenepiwHbomy a6o mai6yTHboMy. Second: Komu roBopumo npo HEpeanpbi aii, aki HE Mo>KyTb Big6yTuca B TenepilwHbomy G60 mMai6yTHbomy. ‘Third: KOAM MN BUparxkaeMo %*aNb AO Toro, WO MU spo6unM a6o He 3po6unu B MuHynoMy. | B>KE Hi4oro 3MiHUTU He MO>%KEMO. Ay>ke yacto syctpivato Takyto npo6nemy: He 3posymina pisHuua mixx second i third conditionals. Haye ogHakosi - Tomy gaBaite CbOrogHi npo ue i noroBopumo. PIZHULA MDK SECOND AND THIRD CONDITIONAL: Uj BapiaHtu Conditionals aye cxo>Ki Mixx Co6o10. Conditional sentences 1.2 7‘ixHa ronosxa BiAMiHHicTb y Tomy, Wo B Second Conditional TM BUCAOBNICEU 2KANb LOAD CboroMeHHA Un Mai6yTHbOrO, Hanpuknag: -A6 nonowir TOI, sKOu y MeHe 6yB 4ac - ane Yacy B MeHe Hemae. (TyT apoaymino, Wo MoAVHG WKoAyE, WYO He Moxe TOG AoNOMOrT/ cboroani un B Mai6yTHBOMy) A073 Third Conditional aKpas HaBnaku - TH BUcnoBnioew cBIN >kanb, HecxBaneHHa 60 Bsarani AyMKy WOA0 MUHynoro. Hanpuknag: - 9K6y ty He Sa6ye Ha poGoTi KnIOYi, Ty Sv SiaKpne aBepi. (To6TO, Aak6u TH 6yB (HaNpuKnGA BCPA) GinbUI yBq>KHUM, TH 6 He sabyB kniou i amir 61 BiakpuTn aBepi! Aki ke TH postana!) Tenep Ts0a uepra posi6patnee: © AK6W A >kuB y Napirxi, wis 6m KpyacaHH Ha cHiAAHOK, If | lived in Paris, | would eat croissants for breakfast. (Mononeub! Second conditional!) eo BiH 6 He OApy>KuBCA 3 Hel, AKON BOHG He roTyBana TAK 4yA0BO. He wouldn't have married her if she hadn't cooked so well. (3Bu4anHO Third conditional, ane mu TyT He BUCNOBNIOEMO Kab, a 6inbwe roBopumo cBOD AYMKy LOMO MuHynoro). Conditional sentences 1.2 8Gerund vs infinitive © (stop, forget, remember, regret - words which can be with either -ing form or to) Tako, Ha Kypci Junior mu npoxoaunu Lio Temy, Tomy 3anuuaemMo BiJe0-NOCMNGHHA Ha ronoBHi acnekTu uiei Temu. A Mu HQeMO. B 6inbw cknagHy rpamatuky, 60 noBuHHi NoroBopuTu npo cnoBa Ki MaloTb i repyHaiin, i iHCpiHiTHB. REMEMBER + GERUND Konu Bu sragyete Te, Wo CTanoca B MUHyNomy. Y Bac € sragKa npo ue, Hi6v BU MoxKeTe NoG6auNTU ChinbM Npo ue y CBOINM ronoBi. + | remember going to the beach when | was a child. - 9 nam'sTato, AK XOAMB Ha Nek, KONM 6yB ANTHHOIO. Ihave a memory of going to the beach. + He remembers closing the door. - Bid nam'atae, ak saunHue Bepi. REMEMBER + TO + INFINITIVE Konu Bu AymaeTe npo WoC, Lo BaM NOTpI6HO spo6uTu. (I 3a3Buuai Bu noTim Ye pobuTe) + | remembered to buy milk. - 9 aragana, (wo Tpe6a) kynuTu MonoxKa. Gerund vs infi| was walking home and the idea that | needed milk came into my head, so | bought some. * She remembered to send a card to her grandmother. - BoHa sragana, (uo Tpe6a) Bignpasutu 6abyci nuctieky. FORGET + GERUND Te came, wo 6yno y BunagKy 3 remember + repyHaii. Le Kon Tu sa6ysBaew Npo cnoragy, Te, Wo TH 3po6uB y MuHynoMy. + | told my brother that we'd spent Christmas at Granny's house in 1985, but he’d forgotten ooing there. - A ckasas cBoemy 6parosi, luo MU NpoBeny Pi3qB0 B 6yAnHKy 6abyci B 1985 poui, ane BiH sa6yB tyau nity. + | will never forget walling with you in Central Park. - @ ikon He sa6yay nporynaHky 3 To6o10 B LleHTpanbHomy napky. B ocTaHHbomy MgeTbca MoBG TaKO% Npo cnoraau (Tomy TO irepyHaii), ane B KoHTeKCTI Toro, WYO BM HikonM boro He sa6ynere. FORGET + TO + INFINITIVE Te came, wo 6yno y BunagKy 3 remember + to + infinitive. Lle kKonn XOYeL LOC 3po6uT, ane 3a6yBaew npo ue. * She keeps forgetting to 'ing his book back. - BoHa noctiiHo sa6ysae nosepHyTi Horo KHury. +1 forgot to call my mother. - 8 sa6ys nogaBoHuTu mami. her, | forgot. | was thinking about something else, and the idea Ps.) | wanted to call my mother, but when it was a good time to call to call my mother didn't come into my head. Gerund vs infinitive 10STOP + GERUND Konu mu stop doing something ye osHayae, Wo AiecnoBo B repyHail € TUM, Lo Mu NpunuHseMo. Lle MoxKe OsHaYaTH «3YNMHUTHCA HO3GB>KAN» a6 «3yNMHUTHCA B TO MOMeHT». + | stopped working when | was expecting a baby. - 8 nepectana NpawioBatn, Kon YeKana HapOm>KeHHA AMTHHN. Working is the thing | stopped. Moxxnuso i He Hasaa>kan. + My grandmother stopped «riving when she was 85. - Mos 6a6yca nepectana Boautu mauinny, Konn iit 6yno 85. STOP + TO + INFINITIVE y Takomy BunagKy, we stop something else wo6 spo6uTu Biecnoso, ake CTOITb B iHdbiHiTuBi. * She keeps forgetting to ring his book back. - BoHa noctiiHo sa6ysae nosepHyti Horo KHury. +1 forgot to call my mother. - 9 sa6ys nogsBoHTH mami. | stopped something else, maybe working or studying, because I wanted to eat lunch. + She was shopping and she stopped to get a cup of coffee. - Bona xoguna no MarasvHax i 3ynuHnMnaca, WO6 BUNT YaWky KaBM. REGRET + GERUND Gerund vs infiKonu Bu WkogyeTe Npo WOCb, Wo 3po6unM B MNHynoMy, i Bam xotinocb 6u, Wo6 BU Liboro He po6unu. + Lregret ooing to bed so late. I'm really tired today. - 9 wkoayio, uo TAK NisHO NArNa cnaTu. A Ayx*e BTOMNeHG CboropHi. + She regrets |ecving school when she was sixteen. She wishes that she had studied more and then gone to university. - Bova wkoaye, Wo niwna si wkonn, Konn iti Gyno wictHaAUAT. BoHa xoTina 6, 1406 BoHa Ginbwe BuMnac~, a noTim BcTynMna AO yHiBepeuTery. 1 e).1 5 eee a a nah Mi BUKOpUcTOBYEMO LO KOHCTPYKUil0, KON NOBIZOMNAEMO KOMyCb NoraHi HOB, y BOCcUTb chopmanbuui cnoci6. Diecnoso mai>xe 3QB>KQU € YAMOCb Ha 3pasok: ‘say’, 'tell' a6o 'inform'. + regret ‘o ‘ell you that the train has been delayed. - Wkoga nosigomntu, ane noisn satpumasca. + The company regrets to inform employees that the London office will close next year. - Komnania 3 xanem nosigomnae criapobitHuKam, Wo NOHAOHCEKMA ocbic aaKpueTECA HacTynHoro poy. MOMAWKA N&3 Gerund vs infinitive 12Modal verbs (all) KWo BY NpoxoANnN KHury Junior, To BY Be OSHAOMMAUCh 3 TONOBHMMN NpaBUNaMu BCIX MofaNbHUX giecniB, ane ana THx xTO npusabys Mu sanuwuny B KiHUI TeMM NOCUNGHHA Ha BiAeO, Qe BU 3Mo>KeTe OCBDKUT IHCbOpMaLiito. CborogHi Mu NoroBopumo 3 BAMN Npo iHWi SHAYeHHA HAWMX MOganbHux viecnis. TpaauuiiHo nownHaeno 3 can. CAN / COULD (ane no cbakty ue ake 2-re npasino) Deduction/Supposition (npunyweHHs) (90-100%, sure NOT TRUE) * He can’t / couldn't be 18. - He Moxe 6yTH, Lo omy 18 pokiB. (p.s. Present meaning) * He can’t /couldn’t have been 18 at that time. - He moxxe 6yTu, uo omy 6yno 18 poxie Tosi. (p.s. Past meaning) * You can’t / couldn’t have seen John last night. He was in the hospital, - Bu He mornn 6a4unTH f>KOHG MMHyNO! HOMi, BiH Nexae y nikapri. P.S Komeutap: @ Could moxe 6yT samicte can, npocto B could Ginbula cTyninb cymniy. Ane BiH HE BPA)KAE past, Tomy Lo Ye npocto HepeanbHa cpopma. Modal verbs (all) 13Gna Toro Wo6 ckasaTH Lock y MuHynomy Bam NoTpi6eH: Present Perfect Simple, He past simple! © Ue npasuno nepegae cymis, BA Ha 100% BneBHeHi, LO Te LIO BAM ropopsTb HEnpasag, age Bu 3HaETe, WO CuTyauin CKNagaeTECA no-iHwomy. © * | could have won the game, but decided to let Sasha win. - 9 mir 6u Burpatu rpy, ane Bupiwue AosBoNuTH Le spo6uTu Cai. * He could have married any girl he wanted to. - BiH Mir oapyxkuTHcA 3 6yAb-AKOIO AiBUNHOIO, Aky xoTiB. (Ane He 3po6uB boro) Could exxuBaeTecA 8 sHaYeHHi “Mir 61 Lock spo6uTH - ane He spo6u8” + HOTKa >KaMNO. ) To6To, 8 ybomy npasuni suKopuctosyeTbes TIIbKM could i THIbK present perfect simple ana nosHayeHHa Munynoi aii. © MAY / MIGHT Deduction/Supposition (npunyuweHHa) (30-50%, maybe it’s TRUE) Modal verbs (all) 4PS o 8 + There is the doorbell, that must be Roger. - aBitok y agepi, ue WeNAWe 3a BCe Ye Pog>xep. + She must have some problems, she keeps crying. - Ckopiuie sa sce, y Hel akicb npo6nemn, BoHG BCe nnaye. # She must have had some problems, she kept crying. - Ckopiuie 3a Be, y Hei Gynn aKicb npoGnemn, BOHG Nnakana Ges nepecTaHky. + There is no one in the house, he must have left. - ¥ xati Hikoro Hemae, BiH, MoBipHo, niwos. Mu eukopuctosyemo must 8 Takomy BapiaHTi, Ans Toro, \W06 oKasaTn, Wo BU BNeBHEHi B TOMY, LUO KaDKeTe Ha 90/100%. Tak, nepeknag Moxe 6yTH «ma6yTb, HaNeBHO, Ckopiwe 3a Bce» (Have Bu B3sarani He BnesHeHi). Ane sHaitTe, uo MPaBMNbHO bye BXMBATH must. HanpuKknag, Nepwe peyeHHa: Lle Mae 6yTH Poa>Kep (B igeani nosuHeH 6yTu KOHTeKCT, Wo Poa>Kep NOASBOHMB BUM XBUAMHY Ha3sag i CKa3aB, LO A 3apas NOASBOHIO B ABISHOK G60 saiiay, | eu, nowysun Yepes xBUNMHY QaBIHOK y ABepi, CApasy Bpo3yMinu, L4O TO TOUHO Mae 6yTH Pog>xep). Tak camo suKkopuctosyemo Present Perfect Simple ana nosHayeHHa MuHynoi aii. SHOULD / OUGHT TO (ane no cbakty ue exe 2-re npasino) EmouiiiHi peueHa - Henpuitnatta i o6pasa. + Why should | do it? - Yomy ue si Mato ue po6uTn? + Why shouldn’t you help your friend? - Yomy 6 8am He onomortu cBoemy apyrosi? Modal verbs (all) 15+1 don't know why we shouldn't meet? - 9 He sHalo, Yomy 6 HaM He aycrpitnca? + Why should | know it? - 38iakw 9 nosmHeH ue aHaTH? P.S Should suxopucrosyeteca B 3Ha4eHHi O6ypeHHa i nuwe B MMTANbHX peYeHHAX. MODAL VERBS MODAL VERBS re DOMALWWKA N84 ' Modal verbs (all) 16It’s (high) time Mo>ke Ham B>ke Yac saBepwyBaTu Yel Kypc, Ckasanu 6 BY AK6N B>ke 6ynu 3HaONi 3 Wielo KOHCTpyKuielo, Tomy noixann pos6upatueb. Mu BukopucToByeno it's time a6o it's high time 3 nigmMetom i past simple, u06 cKasatu, Wo WoCck mae 6yTn B>Ke 3po6NeHO 3apas 4 B Ma6yTHboMy. Konorpykui it’s (high) time + subject + past simple + It’s time you went to the doctor. - To6i sxe HacTaB Yac fo nikapa (= Came uac). * Lreally think (t's high time you made a decision. We can’t go on like this any longer. - 91 ailicHo Aymato, TO6i HacTaB 4ac npuiaHATH piweHHa. Tak gani He Moxe NpogoB>xKyBaTucE. Tako>K, MA MOo>KeMO BUKOPUCTOByBaTU: it's time to infinitive a6o it’s time for someone + to infinitive. + It’s time for you te go to the doctor. - To6i axe cami vac Han fo nikapa . + Iv’ time to make a decision. - To6i sxe Yac npuitHATH pilieHHA. PS ye 6yayTb OgHaKoBi peyeHHaA no cexcy, ane pisHi No BUKOpUCTaHHN, it's up to you what to choose. It’s (high) time 7Used to / be used to / get used to Ha kypcei Junior mu ropopunu npo BUKOpUcTGHHA Used toi would. Tomy na Toro, Wo6 NoBTopuTu - Mv 3anuWMMo BaM Bigeo B KiHUi uiel Temu, W06 BY WeYgeHbKO Npuragany, a Mu pyxaemocb sani Qo TAKUX CpopM AK be Used toi get used to. na noyatky Ba cnoBa npo used to/would. Lli KoHCcTpyKUjii MN BUKOPUCTOBYEMO AIA NOSHAYEHHA BALUUX 3B/4OK, aki Hapasi HeakTyaNbHi 48 Bac, a6o HaBnakuy - ski 6ynu He 6ynu akTyanbHi B MMHyNoMy, a sapa3 BU TaK po6urTe. A 00b be used toi get used to MM BUKOpUCTOByeMO ANA 3Bu4OK, Aiki 3ANMWAIOTBCA AKTYANbHUMY, AGO HeakTYANbHUMN HasaB>K AM. Uj KoHcTpyKuii BiQpisHAIOTbCA TUM, LLO BOHY MOXKYTb 6yTu B ycix Yacax: present, past, perfect, future. Ag>ke Baia 3B/uKa Mo>Ke 6yTH 3 MUHyNoro We, ane goci 6yTv 3 Bamn. TaKo>K BU MoxKeTe 6yTH B NpoLieci S3BUKGHHA QO Yorocb, a6o roBopuTe Npo Te, WO B MaGyTHbOMy S3BUKHeTE 0 Yoroct, i T.4. Tok, QaBaiite AeTanbHiwe npo KOxKHUI. BE USED TO V+ING No-nepwe, Be 3 Ha3Bu Bu GauuTe, Lo BiecnoBo nicna “be used to” 6yfe BKUBATNCb No iHWoMy: oTxe, nicna uiei KOHCTpyKuii AiecnoBo 3aB>Kan 6yfe 3 3aKiHYeHHAM -ing. Tako>k, Bawe “oe” 6yqe NocTiMHO 3MiHIOBaTNCb BiANOBIDHO Ao Toro xTO BUKOHYE Alito i B AKUX YACOBUX pamKax. Used to / be used to / get used to 18AKWO BU BUKOpUCTOByeTe be Used to something a6o be used to doing something, We O3sHaYae, LO BY AO boro 3BuKNN, SBUKGeTe G60 SBUKHETe. MO>rK/MBO, Le LYOCb HOBe, AUBHE un CKnagHe, ane BY B>ke 3azManuca UMM feAKun Yac, i Tenep Bu Ginbwe He BBO>KGETe Le HOBUM, QUBHUM 4M BODKKUM. A6o HaBNaky, BU B Npoweci 3BNKGHHA 40 Yorocb i BOHO Hikyan He sHukae. UA KOHCTpyKUiA Moke 6yTM BUKOpucTaHa AK y TenepilwHbomy, Tak i B MMHynomy Ta Maw6yTHboMy Yacax. * He told me he was used to the cold weather. - BiH ckasas, lO 3B Ao xonogHoi noroan. + ’ve been living in England for a short time and I’ still not used) ‘co driving on the left. - 9 kay B AHTnii oacim Hegosro i Zoci He 3Buk i3quTu niBopyy. P.S Hanpukaag 6 1 peyeuni: 3auk i garni npogosxye, Hivoro He 3MiHu0cb 419 HbOro. AG6o B 2 peyeHui: BY Aoci He 3BUKY i3qutuv 3nipa, ane Konn 3BuKHeTe - Ye 6yge 3 BaMN Ha NocTiNHin ocHosi, Hivoro He 3MiHuTbCA. TaKoxK, ak GauNTe, KOHCTpyKyiAa be used to BuKopucToByeTeca Tinbku 3 repyHgiem a6o iMeHHUKOM. GET USED TO V+ING HactynHa Howa KOHeTpyKuia, AKA TAK CAMO BUKOpUCTOByETbCA 3 giecnoBoM, ake Mae 3aKiHYeHHa -ing, a6o 3 iMeHHUKOM. | Tak camo, giecnogo get 6yfe smiHtoBaTuce. SAKUYO BU BUKOpucToByeTe get used to something or get used to doing something, To Bu M0 4orocb 3BuKaerTe, SBUKHeTe, 3BUKIMU. LIA KOHCTpy Kia MoxKe 6YTM BUKOpUCTAHa AK y TenepiWwHbomy, Tak i B MAHyNomy Ta Mav6yTHbomy Yacax. * I’ve just started my new job and I’m still getting used to waking up Used to / be used to / get used to 19so early. - 9 Tinbk-Ho nouas CBO! HoBY poboTy iBce Wye 3BNKaIO BCTOBATH Tak paHo. * Don’t worry, you will get used to your new schoo! soon. = He xBuniovioa, TH CKOpo SBUKHEW M0 CBOE! HOBO! WKONH. P.S Oke, B 1 peYeHni: Mu B Npoweci 3BMKAHHA BCTABATU paHo Ha pobory, a B 2 peyenni: xTOcb Bac BTIWae, LO BM 3BMKHETe AO HoBo! wkosn. AK GaunTe, KOHCTpyKuiA get Used to BAKOpucToByeTBCa TINbKU 3 repyHgiem a6o imeHHUKom. USED TO / BE USED TO / | (===) GET USED TO Used to / be used to / get used to 20Suffixes / prefixes Barato pisHux cniB yTBOPeHO Came LAXOM JOAaBaHHA cydpikciB 0 imeHHukiB, giecnis i npuKmMeTHUKiB (a TAKO%* Npedbikcis). Cka>ky BIABepTO, AKUXOCb CYTTEBUX MPABM BU TyT He 3ycTpiHeTe i uyto Temy HeMo>xKnMBO BUBYUTU/3aNaM’ATATH Tak CAMO, AK HanpuKnag modal verbs un conditional sentences. TyT Taku npuHumn: uum 6inbwe po6uw saBgaHb Ha word formation, Tum Ginbwe chopmaui Bu 3HaETe + NpocTo UikaBUTMCb cbopmaujiamu, AKWO BY HanpuKnag 3sycTpinu cnoBo «rapHuii», a AK 6yfe Kpaca? A npuKpawatu/Haps>xKaTu ce6e? Ane gasaite Bce-Taku posrnsaHemMo, aki icHytoTb cycbikcn B iMeHHUKaX, BiecnoBaXx, NPUKMeTHUKax i NpucniBHUKAXx. DABAUTE NOFOBOPUMO MPO CY@IKCM IMEHHMKIB: © -ance/-ence, BUKOPUCTOBYETbCA OA YTBOPeHHA iMeHHUKiB BIA, NPUKMeTHUKiB -ant / -ent ending: * important - importance * violent - violence Suffixes / prefixes 2© -ion, BUKOPUCTOBYETbCA OA YTBOPeHHA iMeHHUKiB BIA, BiecniB: + decide - decision + imagine - imagination + inform - information © -ity: + stupid - stupidity © -ment: + develop - development © -ship: + relation - relationship + friend - friendship + space - spaceship He xsumontecp! A 3anuwy 6araTo nocunaHb Ha 3aB40HHA + QOmMaWKa TaKox 6yfe. GABAUTE NOFOBOPMMO MPO CY@IKCU AIECHIB: © -ate: + local - locate © -n, 3a3BNuai DoAGeTbCA AO NpUKMeTHUKiB Ta iIMeHHUKiB, NOB’ ASGHUX Suffixes / prefixes 22is BUMiptoBaHHaM: + deep - depth - deepen + long - length - lengthen © -ity: + simple - simplivy © -ise: + legal - legalise ABATE NOFOBOPMMO MPO CY@IKCU NPUKMETHUKIB: © -able: + comfort - comfortable © -ea: * amaze - amazed © -ing: + amaze - amazing NoacHenna pisHuui cycbikcis -ing and -ed 4 My neighbor is boring - every time | see her, | think where I should hide. 2. My neighbor is bored when we talk about cars. Suffixes / prefixes 23B nepwomy sunagky Bawa cyciaka HacTIAbKU HYQHG, LO KO>%KeH Pas BAM DOBOANTbCA 3HAXOAMTU MOKMUBICTb YHUKHYTU 3yCTpi4 3 Helo, 4 B Apyromy Bunagky - iA cKy4HO, 60 MaWNHY He BXOAATb B kono ii iHTepecis. © -ful: + colour - colour’! © -ess: * colour - colourless 3asBuyan cycpikcn -ful and -less BxXUBAIOTbCA AK GHTOHIMU. -ful 3a3Bu4an Mae NosuTMBHNH xapakTep (Hanp., useful), a -less Hasnaku HeraTuBHuii (Hanp., useless). * support - supportive @ -ous: + courage - courageous © -c: + energy - energetic + economy - economic © -a: + economy - economics! PisHuus mixx economic / economical: akuio Bam NoTpi6eH Suffixes / prefixes 24NPUKMETHUK, NOB’ASAHUM 3 EKOHOMIKOHO, BALE COBO - economic. AKWO BAM NOTPIGHO CNOBO, W406 ONUCATH Te, LO EKOHOMUTb rpoUii, AK-OT KYNIBNA BKUBAHMX Nigpy4Hukis, BAKOPUCTOByTe CNOBO economical. SABAUTE NOFOBOPMMO MPO CY@IKCM NPUCAIBHUKIB: Ow + strange - strangely 2 a KOM NPUKMeTHMK sakiHuyeTbCs Ha -le: + possible - possibly ° KOM NPUKMETHUK 3aKiH4yeTbCA Ha -y: ly, + heavy - heavily Kk Bu spoayminn, 8 aHrnifeKi Mosi npucniBHnKn p Ss. YTBOPIOEMO MM 3 NPUKMETHHKiB 3a GONOMoroIO AogaBGHHs cydpikca -ly. Oxpim: late, early, fast, hard Uji cnosa matoTb ogHakosy cbopmy i ak npucnisHuk, i ak npuKkmeTHuK. To6To hardy - ue He «Ba>xKO». + It was really hard to convince her to go with us. - «sqxko Suffixes / prefixes 25nepekonatu». * It was really hard work that’s why we are so exhausted. - «Baxka po6ora». Ane Bu cKa>xete, cnoso "hardly” icy’ B3arani-to. | a cKa>Ky: TAK, ane nepeknag B Hux pisHui. Hardly o3Hayae negse, HaBpag un (a Ham noTpi6Ha 6yno TpaHccbopmauia cnoBa «Ba>kKKUii» ). | ocTaHHe, MM NoroBopumo Npo npecbikcn. Mpecpikcu un-, in-, im-, il, Ir, dis» BoMatoTbCa Jo NPUKMeTHUKiB ANA TOFO, LOG nokasarn NpoTMnexkHe S3HAYEHHA C/IOBd. Hanpuknag, 3Haiomun - ir - unfamiliar. * familiar - unfamiliar 8 HavuacTiwe BoQGeTbCA 10 NPUKMeTHUKIB, L4O MOUMHAIOTBCA Ha p, bim: * balanced - imbalanced + mature - immature + polite - impolite Suffixes / prefixes 263) HaiyacTiwe GoAGeTbcA Ao NpUKMeTHUKiB, LLO MOUNHAHOTCA Ha Fr: ‘ir, + responsible - irresponsible oO + HamyacTiwe GOQGeTbCA 40 NPUKMeTHUKIB, LO MOUWHaIOTECA Ha I: * legal - illegal © -dis: (Tinbku ui 2 cnoBa) + respectful - «isrespectful * honest - «shonest © -n: * sensitive Suffixes / prefixes 278 Suffixes / prefixesReported speech (Imperatives and questions) na tux, xTo npowwos kype Junior - 3Haomi 3 OcHOBHOIO iHcbopmauieto, ane ana Boix iHwux Mv 3anuwuny B KiHUi TemMn NOCMNGHHA Ha BigZeO ANA Toro, WO6 OCBiaKUTH NpaBuNa, a Mu 3apas npoipemocb No ronoBHUXx NYHKTAX: 0 Reported speech = ye Henpama mosa. Mu 3a3Bu4a0n BUKOpucToByeMo Taki cbpasu AK: «XTOCb Cka3aB, WO... ©} Baurnitieexwi mosi sHosy sce ssoquTeca go vacis, BaM nocTiiHO TpeGa 6yTH HTH B MMHYAMK Hac (KO>KeH pas B Ginbu MMHYAMiA Yac Hbk y Bac 6ys y npamii mosi). Hanpuknaa: - “I don’t want to stay here.” - Valya said that she didn’t want to stay there. B npamii Moi | BukopucTana Present Simple, a ocb B HenpaMmin mosi - Past Simple, Tomy uo 6inbw MuHyAMm Yac Hi>k Present Simple - ye akpas Past Simple. | Tak gani npofoB»Kyemo 3a CXeMOlO. eo Takok, nepernaHbTe Ta6nulo-nepeTBopeHHA”, i BCe sraqaeTe weupeHbKo! Mpsama mosa Henpsma mosa (Direct Speech) (Indirect Speech) Present simple Past Simple He said, «I go to bed». He said (that) he went to bed. BiH ka>ke: "A Hay cnatu". BiH ckasaB, Wo Age cnatu. Reported speech 29Present Continuous Mark said, «| am doing my homework». Mapk Kapke: "A po6to Molo OMAWHIO poboty". Past Simple She said, «| moce a cake», - BoHa ckasana: "9 npurotysana TopT". Present Perfect Anexc ckasas: "A 6yB y JOHAOHi". Past Continuous They said, «We were playing football». Boxn ckasann: "Mv rpann y cpyt6on". Present Perfect Continuous She said, «I have been watching this film for 2 hours». BoHa ckasana: "A aneunaca uel chinbm npotsrom ABox roavH". Alex said, «| have been to London». Past Continuous Mark said (that) he wos Going his homework. Mapx ckasas, Wo po6ute CBOIO HOMAUIHIO poGoTy. Past Perfect She said (that) she had made a cake. Bona cKxasana, lo npurotysana TopT. Past Perfect Alex said (that) he had been to London. Anexe ckasas, wo Bit 6y8 y Noxgoui. Past Perfect Continuous They said (that) they hoc been playing football. Bonu ckasann, Wo rpann y cbyt6on. Past Perfect Continuous She said (that) she hoc been wotching that film for 2 hours. Boxa ckasana, Wo AvBunacsa TOM chinbm ynpogoB>« AB0x roan. Reported speech 30Future Simple He said, «I will buy a car». BiH ckasae: Past Perfect ‘A Kyninio Many". Future Simple in the Past He said (that) he woul buy a car. BiH ckasae, Wo KynuMTb MaWnHy. HE 3MIHIOETBCA James said, «! hod bulls my house». A>xelime ckasas: "@ no6yaysas 6ynVHOK". James said (that) he hac built his house. &ketime casas, lo 36ynysas 6yqNHOK. Past Perfect Continuous She said, «I hod been reading for 3 hours». Bona ckasana: "A untana NpoTsrom Tpbox roguH". HE 3MIHIOETBCA She said (that) she hoc! been reading for 3 hours. Boxa ckasana, Wo YuTana NpoTArom Tpbox roguH. A Tenep nepeiigemo 6esnocepemHbo go Hawi Temu: questions and imperatives B Temi reported speech. QUESTIONS Uo6 noBigomutu npo nuTaHHs, Mu BUKOpUCTOByEeMo iecnoBO ask Ta BHOcUMo Ti Cami 3MiHY, WO 1 y CTBepa~>KyBaNbHOMy peyeHui (yacn, 3a/MeHHUKH, BUpasH Yacy, cNoBa, LO CTOCYIOTbCA MICLib TOLYO). a Konu mu noBigomnsemo npo nutaHHa: yes/no, Mu BAKOpucToByemMo if a6o whether: Reported speech 31+ 'Has Darina answered all the questions?’ —> Jan asked me iflwhether Darina had answered all the questions. *'Do you often watch TV?! —> | asked her if/whether she often watched TV. Konu mu noBigomnaemo npo wh- questions, mv 3anuuidaemo nutanbHe cnoso (e.g. what, who, how, where, when): + 'How old are you?! > The policeman asked the boy how old he was. + 'When did John and Mary split up?! -> Sam asked us when John and Mary had split up. IMPERATIVES L06 nosigomutu imnepatus (Haka3sHuii), MU BAKOpUCTOByemMO. @iecnosa ask a6o tell, 06’ekT (IMEHHUK 4 3aMMeHHUK) i TAKOK (not) to + infinitive: + 'Please stop talking!" —> The director asked us to stop talking. + "Don't take any photos of me!" -> Darina told the reporter not to take any photos of her. To6To, cxo>xi sminv, AK 6ynu B CTBeEpA>*KYBANbHUX PeYeHHAX, ane B NUTaNbHMx 3'ABAAIOTECA CeuiianbHi Cnoza, a B imnepaTuBi inebiniTue. REPORTED SPEECH —s) REPORTED SPEECH ' J = )| fOmMAWKA Nes Reported speech 320 Conjunctions 1.2 Ha kypci Junior mv Tako>k B>Ke NOYANM O6roBoploBaTu Lio TeMy, ane cborogHi Mu BCe CTpykTypoBaHo posginumo i noropopumo 6inbw QeTAaNbHoO BxKe. Mu noginsemo Hawi conjunctions Ha: © Clauses of contrast © Clauses of purpose ©) Clauses of reason Clauses of result CLAUSES OF CONTRA: B uo rpynky Bxogste: although, even though, despite, in spite of, however © although Although/even though osHaude “nonpy Te, Wo” 4 “ HesBa>Katoun Ha” y peyeHHi. Moke 6yTM BUKOpUCcTaHe AK Ha nouaTky, TAK iB CepeANHI peYeHHA. AKLWO %* although Age B CepeguHi peyeHna i npoTunexkHe Jo NonepegHboro BUCMOBMOBAHHA, TO Nepeg «!thouch 6yme Koma. Byabte o6epe>kHi, Mu HE CTaBumo Kony nica olthough. Konetpykuia: although + cyG’ecr + giecnone. + Although/Even though we had a bad game, we won. - Hessaxkaioun Ha Te, Wo y Hac 6yna noraHa rpa, Mu nepemornn. Conjunctions 1.2 33+I passed the exam, although | hadn't studied. - 9 cknana icnut, HesBa>KalouN Ha Te, WO # He BuNNaCA. e Despite/in spite of Despite spite of osHayaioTb “HesBa>Kaloun Ha” y peyeHHi. Nicna despite i in spite of ak npasuno, cnigytoTb iMeHHUK a6o giecnoso is 3aKinyeHHaM -ing. BOHN MoxyTb CTOATH Ha noyaTky a6o0 B cepeauHi peyeHHa. Koncotpykuia: 1. despite / ins 2. despite / ins e of + piecnozo + ing. eof + mennimic. + Despite / In spite of the rain, we went to the concert. - Hespa>kaiouv Ha Qoul, Mu niwav Ha KOHUepT. * They arrived despite/in spite of leaving very early. - BoHM npwixann, HesBa>katoun Ha Te, Lo noixann Aye paHo. Mu TaKo>k MoxKeMO BUKOpUCTOByBaTH TaKy cpopmy: despite/in spite of + the fact that. * We went out despite/in spite of the fact thet it was raining. - Mu BAN NorynaTu, HesBo>KaloUN Ha Te, LUO MWOB ZOU. © However However 6yge nepeknagaetpca ak “npote/xoua”, MU BUKOpNCTOByeMo Horo, AK “ane” y peYyeHHi. BukopucTosyetbca Ha nouaTKy peyeHHa i BuginaeTbCcA KOoMaMM. Sassuuan, however, 6yge Togi, Konu Bam Tpe6a 3anepeunTn nonepegHe peyeuua, Haye CKasaTH Ha NpoTMBary. * We didn’t like the hotel. owever, he had a good time. - Ham He cnogo6asca rotenb. OgHak BiH NpoBiB rapHo 4ac. Conjunctions 1.2 34CLAUSES OF PURPOSE B ulo rpynky Bxogste: to, in order to, so as to, so that, for, in case @ to Haiinowupexiwum cnoco6om Bupa>KeHHA MeTH B GHrilcpKiN MoBi € to + incpinitus. +The student worked hard to pass the test. - CtygeHT Hanonernvso npaujosae, Wo cknacTu ienut. ©) in order to/so as to In order to ABO so as to Nepeknagaertees ak “Ana Toro WW06 /uww06”. Yactiwe syctpivatoteca B ocpiuiMHin aHrniiceKin MoBi (ane sapas Taki TeHaeHuii, Lo Mu AY>Ke YaCTO 4yemo Ui cbopmun B general english). 3anepeuyBanbHi cpopmu: in order not to iso as not to + in¢pinitus. Koxnctpykuia: in order to / so as to + Siccnoso. + We were asked to stay in order to / so as to finish the project. - Hac nonpocwnn sannuintucs, ans Toro, ob sasepuNTH npoekT. + He left home early in order not to / so as not to be late. - BiH nimios 3 Bomy pare, wo6 He cnishuTuca. © So that Nepexnagaeteca ak “ana Toro Wo6 / W06”. Mu TaKo>% Mox%KemMO BUKOpUCTOByBOaTH So that + subject + verb ana Bupa>keHHA MeTH. KoxeTpykuia: so that + cyO ckT + giccnono. Conjunctions 1.2 36+ We left early so thot we could park near the center. - Mn Buixann paiwe, wWo6 npunapkysatnes Gina ueHTpy. + He made some flashcards so thot it would be easier for his mum to remember the instructions. - BiH apo6ue Aekinbka KapTOK, ana Toro W406 Mami 6yno neruie sanaM’aTaTn iXcTpyKUil. oe For Miu TAKO>K MOXKEMO BUKOPUCTOBYBATH fo! + IMEHHUK uo6 noKasaTu meTy. KoxncTpykui: : for + cy6’exT. + We went to the bar for « drink. - Mu nium 8 6ap Bunutu. (ane nepeknag ace ofHo 3 ankopuctaHHsM Aiccnosa, a He imeHHIKa) + Would you like to go to the park for « run? - Xouew nitn 8 napK no6iratu? Mu sBukopuctosyeno for + giecnoso 3 -ing (samicTb to + infil Konetpykui: : for + niecnoBo + ing. * This knife is (used) for cutting plastic. - Wet Hix (suKkopucrosyeTeca) ana pisaHHA nnactiky. * Schools are for educating, not for entertaining. - Wkonn npvsHauexi Ana HaBUGHHA, a He ana possarn. eo In case In case nepeknagaeteca sk “y Bunagky / B pasi”. UWlo6 BucnoBuTu MeTy, MU TaKO>% MO>%KeEMO BUKOPUCTOByBaTU in case + subject + verb. Mu BukopucToByeMo Lito chopmy, wW06 roBopuTu npo sano6bKHi saxoqu, Konu Mu po6umo WOcb, Tomy UO MoxKe CTATUCA WWOCb He6a>kaHe. Konctpykuia: in case + cyG’ekr + giccnoso. Conjunctions 1.2 36+ Take the umbrella in) cose it rains. - Bisbmits napaconky Ha Bunagek Aouly. + I won’t tell Ann in cose she tells everyone else. - 9 He cka>ky EHH, KUO BOHG posnosicte ycim. CLAUSES OF REASON B uo rpynky Bxogstb: because, because of, as, since, due to, owing to Konu mu xouemo NoscHUTM NpuunHy, YomMy Wocb Tpanunoca a6o0 YoMy XTOCb Loch spo6uB, MU BUKOpUCTOByeMo peYeHHA npuuuun. © Because Mu Bukopuctosyemo because, Kon XxoueMo NoACHMTH NPUUNnHy Toro, Wo Bia6yBaeTbCA, Nepeknag Liboro cnoBa b6yzfe “Tomy LO”. KoueTpykuia: because + cyG’ext + giecnone. + We had to cancel the concert because it was raining. - MM noBvHHi Byrn CKaCyBATH KOHUepT, 60 HiwoB AOU. +1 didn’t call you because I didn’t want to worry you. - # He NOASBOHMB TOI, Tomy LYO He xoTiB Tebe Typ6yBaTu. e Because of because ibecause of MaloTb O@HaKOBe 3HaYeHHA, xo¥a MM BUKOpUCTOByemo ix 3 pisHumMU KOHCTpyKUiAMU. AKWO because akomnaHysann cy6’ekT i AiecnoBO, TO because of cynpoBog>kyBaTumeTbca iMeHHUKOM. BKa3ye Ha npuuuy, ane Haiyactiwe 6yge nepeknagatuca Ak “Yepes WyOCb”. Conjunctions 1.2 37Kouetpykuia: because of + imennun. * We had to cancel the concert because of the rain. - MA NOBMHHi 6ynn cKacyBaTn KOHLepT Yepes AOU. + Many shops had to close because of the economic situation. - 6araro marasnuia amywexi 6ynv sakpuTica Yepes eKOHOMIMHY curyauito. © Asisince Mu BuKkopuctoByemo os and since B Takum xe cnoci6 uo i because. Nien Hux AayTb nigmet + npucysoK i MorKyTb BUKOpMCTOByBaTHCA Ha NoUaTKy G60 B KiHUi PeYeHHA. Oanak asi since € 6inbw cbopmanbHumu Bupasamy Ta 6Ginbw nowupeHumy B nvcbMoBIN, Hi>K B PO3MOBHIN GHrNiAcbKiN MoBi. Koxetpykuia: as / since + cy6’ekt + miecnoso. + The government urged people to stay indoors since / os more rain is forecast for the entire weekend. - Ypag saknukas mone SaNMUIGTHCA BAOMG, OcKinbKH Ha Yi BHXIaHi nporHosyeTeCA 36inbWeHHA WoUy. * As | Since the roads were blocked, the victims had to be rescued by helicopter. - Ockinbkn aoporn 6ynu sa6noKoBaHi, noctpaxkaannx oBenoca patysam renikontepom. © due to / owing to Mu BuKkopucToByemo uc to/owing to nepeg imeHHuKom. Ue Te came wo i ‘because of’, ane matoTb 6Ginbu cbopmanbHe BUKOpCTaHHA. Konetpykuia: due to/owing to * cyG’eKr. + The event was cancelled cue to / owing to lack of interest. - 3axig ckacoBaHo Yepes BiacyTHicTe iHTepecy. (To6TO, He 6yno uikaBo) Conjunctions 1.2 38+1 couldn't enjoy the meal due to / owing to their constant arguing. - A He mir HaconoauTnca ixketo Yepes ixHi nocTi”iHi CBapKM. CLAUSES OF RESULT B uo rpynky Bxogstb: so, for this reason, as a result, consequently, therefore @ so Mu Mo>xKeMO BUKOPUCTOBYBATH so + Subject + verb B KiHUi peueHua, LW06 ckasaTv «Tomy». KoHcTpykui 3: SO + Cy6’eKT + DiecnoBo. * We didn’t have anything to do, so we decided to rent a film. - Ham He 6yno 4HM saliHATHCA, Tomy MM BHPIWMNM BIATH cbinbM HanpoKar. + | worked very hard today, so I'm exhausted. - Cborogui a aye 6araTo npayioBas, TOMY A BUCHa>KeHMiA. ©) For this reason SasBuuai BUKOpUCTOByEMO for this reason Ha noyaTKy peyeHHa. Nicna Hboro cTaBumo Komy. Nepeknagaeteca ak “3 Yiel Npu4NHH / Tomy”. Koxctpykuis: for this reason + cy ext + siccnoso. + Rent is very expensive in Boston. For this reason, we decided to move to Ohio. - OpeHaa 8 Boctoui ayxke Aopora. 3 yiei npMuNHH, Mu eupiinn nepeixatn qo Oraio. + He threatened to commit suicide. -or this reason, kept him under surveillance. - BiH norpo>kyeae NoKiN4MTH KUTA CaMory6cTBOM. Conjunctions 1.2 393 uiei npuuuHn, Horo Tpumanu Horo nig Harnagom. 8 As a result / consequently / therefore As aresult, consequently | therefore e 6inbuy cbopmanbHumu Ta 6inbw NownpeHumu B NucbMoBii MoBi. Bonu 3a3sBuuai BUKOPUCTOByIOTbCA Ha NowaTKy peYyeHHa, nica Kou. Nepeknagawreca ak “B pesynbTati / Tomy”. KonctTpykuis: for this reason + cyO cx? + giccnoso. + The flight was delayed due to the storm. As o result, many passengers complained. - Peiic satpumann vepes wropm. Yepes ue 6araTo nacaxkupis ckapunuca. + Animals were his only and true passion, Therefore/ Consequently, he decided to study biology. - Tsapnuu 6ynu hore enuHoIo i cnpas>xHboto npucTpactic. Tomy BiH supine BuBYaTH Gionorito. Conjunctions 1.2 40