Table of Contents

PREFACE

CHAPTER 1.0

1.1 CELL STRUCTURE AND TYPES

1.2 PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUES

Problems

CHAPTER 2.0

2.1 MONOMERS AND POLYMERS

2.2 CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS

2.3 PROTEINS

Problems

CHAPTER 3.0

3.1 DIVERSITY OF PLANTS

3.2 KINGDOM FUNGI

3.3 MONOCOTS AND DICOTS

3.4 ARHROPODS AND CHORDATES CLASSES

Problems

CHAPTER 4.0
 4.1 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

4.2 STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND HYGIENE OF TEETH

4.3 DIGESTIVE ORGANS

4.4 PREVENTION OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES

Problems

CHAPTER 5.0

5.1 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

5.2 BLOOD AND ITS FUNCTIONS

5.3 BLOOD CELLS

5.4 IMMUNITY. HUMORAL AND CELL-MEDIATED

IMMUNITY

5.5 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

5.6 IMMUNITY, TYPES OF IMMUNITY

5.7 BLOOD TYPES

5.8 HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS

5.9 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM TYPES

5.10 PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND THE HEART

5.11 DISEASES OF HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Problems

CHAPTER 6.0
 6.1 GAS EXCHANGE

6.2 BREATHING

6.3 LUNG CAPACITY

Problems

CHAPTER 7.0

7.1 HUMAN URINARY SYSTEM

7.2 SKIN

7.3 SKIN DISEASES

Problems

CHAPTER 8.0

8.1 LOCOMOTION SYSTEM

8.2 BONE STRUCTURE

8.3 JOINTS

8.4 MOVABLE JOINTS

8.5 MUSCLES

8.6 HYPODYNAMIA

8.7 BIOMECHANICS OF MOVEMENT

Problems

CHAPTER 9.0
 9.1 EYE STRUCTURE

9.2 HEARING

9.3 RECEPTORS

9.4 ENDOCRINE GLANDS

9.5 DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

9.6 SKIN RECEPTORS

9.7 THERMOREGULATION

Problems

CHAPTER 10.0

10.1 CELL DIVISION TYPES

10.2 ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

10.3 LIFE CYCLES OF MOSSES AND FERNS LIFE CYCLE

OF THE FERN

10.4 LIFE CYCLES OF GYMNOSPERMS AND

ANGIOSPERMS

Problems

CHAPTER 11.0

11.1 EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

Problems

CHAPTER 12.0
 12.1 ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION IN
EVOLUTION

12.2 SELECTIVE BREEDING

12.3 ORIGIN CENTERS OF DOMESTIC PLANTS AND

ANIMALS

12.4 CROPS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS OF

KAZAKHSTAN

Problems

CHAPTER 13.0

13.1 ECOSYSTEM

13.3 INTERRELATION BETWEEN LIVING THINGS

Problems

CHAPTER 14.0

14.1 PRESERVING AND MAINTAINING BIODIVERSITY

14.2 ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF KAZAKHSTAN

Problems

ANSWERS

Glossary

Reference
PREFACE
Natural science is an exciting and very useful subject. This textbook will show you
all the beauty of it and will help you become true explorers. The main aim of this
book is to answer the fundamental question: “What is science and what is its
importance in our life?”

Starting from the first pages, you will realise that this textbook is completely
different from any other usual textbook full of theoretical passages and formulas.
Every chapter contains useful information, curious facts, tasks for individual and
group work. You will also learn how to conduct research and experiments
yourselves, search for information, make your own discoveries.

One more valuable feature of this textbook is the language. Every sentence has
been carefully chosen so that it is not difficult for you to understand science in
the English language. Each page contains translations of all the important
terms,both in Kazakh and Russian. This textbook will not only help you improve
your English, but it will also make you a part of a big international science
community.

Please pay attention to the structure of this textbook. Remember: a textbook is

no longer the only source of information in the modern world. With the help of
carefully selected tasks, you are going to learn such important skills as critical
thinking, problem solving, information analysis, creativity, imagination, teamwork,
digital literacy etc.

If you have any questions, suggestions or ideas regarding the contents of this
book, please feel free to contact us:

via email: admin@astanakitap.kz

via telegram app: @astanakitap

Best regards,

team of authors, “Астана-кітап”

CHAPTER 1.0 
Cell biology
1.1 CELL STRUCTURE AND
TYPES 
You will:
 compare structures of different types of cells.

Stimulating question
 A human body has an average of 75 trillion cells. More than
75 million bacteria are living in and on our body. How is this
possible that we have more bacterial cells than our own cells?

Key terms
Organelles are parts of the cell which has its own function;
Prokaryotic cell (pro-before, karyon-nucleus) is cell without a
nucleus; Eukaryotic cell (eu-true, karyon-nucleus) is a cell
with a nucleus.

Text
 A cell is a basic unit of life. All living organisms are made of
one or more cells.

 There are two types of cells: prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic

cell.

 Prokaryotic cells are bacterial cells. They have a cell wall, cell
membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome and genetic material in the
cytoplasm. The genetic material is not covered by a
membrane in prokaryotic cells, so they do not have a nucleus.

 Eukaryotic cells are protists, fungi, plant and animals cells.

Eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm with many
organelles and nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are 20-100 times
bigger than prokaryotic cells.
 Cell membrane covers the cell. It controls transport of
materials in or out of the cell. Plant, fungi and some protists
cells have a cell wall outside the cell membrane. It is hard and
protects the cell.

 Inside cell is filled with cytoplasm. Cytoplasm includes liquid

part and cell organelles. Every organelle has its own function.
Those organelles are: -Ribosomes: tiny organelles which
produce proteins; -Mitochondria: produce energy for the cell
activities; -Chloroplast: plant organelle which makes
photosynthesis; -Endoplasmic reticulum: makes and
transports materials like proteins and lipids within the cell;

Golgi apparatus: receives, modifies and packs materials

produced by endoplasmic reticulum; then these materials
are transported to the cytoplasm or outside of the cell;
 Lysosomes: small sack like organelles with digestive
enzymes inside, makes intracellular digestion;
Vacuole: storage organelle, covered by a thin membrane.

Activity
1. You are the mayor of the city called Cellorda (Cell Orda).
Tell us about your city and citizens!
2. Who lives in Cell Orda?
3. Some enemies want to attack Cell Orda. Soldiers protect
the city. Who are they?
4. Now you have problems with energy supply. Who will
find the energy needed for Cell Orda
5. Work in groups. Show your city’s life by roleplaying with
your group.

Literacy
1. Active cells or cells which need lots of energy have more
mitochondria in them. Write three human cells with large
numbers of mitochondria in them.
2. A chloroplast is a kind of plastid; some plant cells have
chloroplasts, some do not. Guess which plant cells do not
have chloroplast.

Career
Microbiologist

 Bacteria can be useful and harmful. Microbiologists study

these bacteria. They use good things from bacteria; they can
make food or pharmaceuticals. Some bacteria can cause
illnesses. Microbiologists study them and help people not to
be ill.
Facts
 “Sociable” cell is nerve cell, which can connect up to
10000 cells.
 The smallest Bacteria is Mycoplasma diameter of about
0.2-0.4µm (1mm=1000µm, micrometer).
 The longest is Blue whale’s nerve cell is 10-30 meter
long.

Terminology
cell membrane - жасуша мембранасы / клеточная
мембрана;
cell wall - жасуша қабықшасы / клеточная стенка;
chloroplast - хлоропласт
eukaryotic cell - эукариотты жасуша /
эукариотическая клетка;
genetic material - генетикалық материал /
генетический материал
mitochondria - митохондрия;
nucleus - ядро;
organelle - органелла;
prokaryotic cell - прокариотты жасуша /
прокариотическая клетка;
ribosome - рибосома;
vacuole - вакуоль.
1.2 PLANT AND ANIMAL
TISSUES 
You will:
be able to classify animals and plant tissues.

Key terms
 Cell - the smallest functional and structural unit of life; Tissue
- group of similar cells which do the same function;

 Microscope - a tool for observing small objects;

 Fixed slides - prepared microscope slides.

Text
 Cells with the same form and function make tissues. Animals
and plants have different types of tissues.

Plant tissues

Meristematic tissue - has rapidly dividing cells that help in

plant growth

Dermal tissue - covers and protects plant body

Mechanical tissue - gives hardness to plants and prevents

from breaking
Ground tissue - does photosynthesis, stores food and useful
materials

Vascular tissue - transports materials inside plant organism 

Secretory tissue - produces flower nectar, smell

Animal tissues

Epithelial tissue - covers and protects the body and internal

organs 

Connective tissue - connects organs, gives hardness and

protection, and helps in transportation of materials in the
animal body

Muscular tissue - movement of the animal body and body

organs

Nervous tissue - controls all body processes by nerve

impulses. It makes up brain and nerves.

Lab works
Structure of different tissues 

Pre-lab questions:

1.  There are many types of tissues. What makes them

similar to each other?
2.  Which of the plant and animal tissues do the same
work?
3.  Guess where muscular tissues work in the body.

Methods and Materials:

 Microscope, prepared fixed slides of plant and animal
tissues.

Procedures:

1. Observe fixed slides under low magnification 

2. Observe fixed slides under high magnification and draw
what you see.
3. Compare different tissues and discuss it with your
friends.

Results:

Safety precautions:

1.  Before using microscope read instructions.

2.  Call teacher if you break microscope slide, do not touch
it.

Post-lab questions:

1.  Explain the structure of the animal muscular tissue.

2.  Explain the structure of plant meristematic tissue.
3.  How is the structure of muscular tissue connected with
its functions? Explain your answers.

Maths in Biology
 To find how many times you magnified an object using a
microscope, use the following formula:

 Total magnification = ocular lens x objective lens

 Find the magnifications of an object with an ocular marked

10X and objectives marked 5X, 15X, 30X and 60X.

Facts
 Some tissues contain dead cells, But still these cells are very
useful: in plant tissues they transport water, in human skin
they protect cells from harmful ultraviolet lights.

Terminology
сonnective tissue - дәнекер ұлпа / соединительная
ткань;
dermal tissue - жабын ұлпа / покровная ткань;
epithelial tissue - эпителий ұлпасы / эпителиальная
ткань;
function - қызметі / функция;
ground tissue - негізгі ұлпа / основная ткань;
meristematic tissue - түзуші ұлпа / образовательная
ткань;
muscular tissue - бұлшықет ұлпасы / мышечная ткань;
nervous tissue - жүйке ұлпасы / нервная ткань;
secretory tissue - бөлуші ұлпа / выделительная ткань;
vascular tissue - өткізуші ұлпа / проводящая ткань;
to magnify - үлкейту / увеличивать.
Problems
Test questions with one right answer 

1. Which type of tissue makes photosynthesis and stores

materials?

A) Connective tissue

B) Mechanical tissue 

C) Muscular tissue 

D) Ground tissue 

E) Epithelial tissue

 2. Which type of tissue protects from harmful ultraviolet

light?

A) Nerve tissue 

B) Secretory tissue 

C) Muscular tissue 

D) Ground tissue 

E) Epithelial tissue

 3. Most organelles are found inside the cell membrane.

Which cell part is located outside of the cell membrane?

A) Cytoplasm

B) Cell wall
C) Nucleus 

D) Mitochondria

E) Plastids

 4. Not found in bacterial cells: 

A) Cell membrane 

B) Cell wall 

C) Nucleus 

D) Ribosome

E) Cytoplasm

Test questions with several (max 3) right answers

 1. Types of connective tissue: 

A) Brain 

B) Blood

C) Root 

D) Heart

E) Skeletal muscle

F) Tissue of bones 

G) Stem 

H) Leaves
 2. Tissues which have dead cells: 

A) Meristematic tissue 

B) Epithelial tissue 

C) Nervous tissue 

D) Connective tissue

E) Vascular tissue 

F) Muscular tissue 

G) Secretory tissue 

H) Dead tissue 

3. Organelles of a prokaryotic cell: 

A) Cell membrane 

B) Cell wall 

C) Plastids 

D) Vacuole

E) Mitochondria 

F) Ribosome

G) Nucleus 

H) Chloroplast

Matching
 1. Match tissues with function: 

  1. Meristematic tissue 

  2. Dermal tissue 

  3. Ground tissue 

A) Helps plant to grow.

B) Protects plant.

C) Produces nectar.

D) Makes photosynthesis.

E) Transports materials.

F) Stores food.

 2. Match organelles with function: 

1. Mitochondria  

2. Ribosomes

3. Plastids 

A) Transport materials

B) Make protein

C) Produce energy 

D) Store carbohydrates

E) Do photosynthesis

G) Control processes in the cell

 
 CHAPTER 2.0
Chemistry of life
2.1 MONOMERS AND
POLYMERS
You will:
 learn differences between monomers and polymers.

STQ 
When you eat qazi, your body cells use it to produce energy.
Food is bigger than a cell. How does it fit into a tiny cell?

Key terms
 Monomer (“mono” means one; “mer” means part) is a
molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to
form a polymer;

 Polymer (“poly” means many; “mer” means part) is a large

molecule or macromolecule composed of many repeated
parts or monomers;

 Organic compound is a compound which contains carbon (C

) and hydrogen (H).

TEXT
 Qazi (horse meat) and most food types in the world are
made of organic compounds. Large organic compounds are
called macromolecules. All living cells contain
macromolecules. There are four main classes of biological
molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

 Three of these biological molecules are called polymers.

They are carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Lipids
are not polymers. Polymers consist of smaller repeating
similar blocks, linked together. These small blocks are called
monomers. Some monomers, also have their own functions.

 Qazi is also made of polymers. These polymers break down

into monomers in digestive organs. Monomers are small
enough to enter the cell.

Facts
 Our body gets macromolecules from food. Fruits and
vegetables are rich in carbohydrates; egg and meat are rich
in proteins; liquid oils are rich in lipids.

Activity
1. Divide into groups of four students.
2. A teacher will give every group mixed collection of
different things: paperclips, beads, shirt buttons, etc.
 3. Find analogs for monomers from these things. Explain
your choice. How many different monomer analogs did
you find?
4. Construct polymer analogs from those monomers. You
can use any additional tool to bind monomers.
5. Explain your polymer analog.

Literacy
1.  Assume that train is a polymer, what will be its
monomer? How will these monomers be connected to
one another?
2.  What analogs of polymers can you give from daily life?
(For ex. A notebook is a polymer; pages are monomers).

Research time
 How monomers do link together or how polymers break
down? Interview your chemistry teacher. Ask questions about
building up and breaking down reactions. Write a short
conclusion.

Chemistry in Biology
Artificial polymer

 In daily life, we use plastic bags: polyethylene. It is also a

polymer of ethylene. Polyethylene is used for the packaging
of many products: all sorts of drinks, household chemical
goods, and cosmetic products. Polyethylene usage needs
recycling because decomposition of plastics takes minimum
700 years and it pollutes the environment.

Terminology
carbohydrate - көмірсу / углевод;
decomposition - ыдырау / разложение;
environment - қоршаған орта / окружающая среда;
lipid - липид;
nucleic acid - нуклеин қышқыл / нуклеиновая кислота.
to сonstruct - салу, құрау / строить;
2.2 CARBOHYDRATES AND
LIPIDS
You will:
 understand biological functions of carbohydrates and
lipids.

STQ
 Why carbohydrates and lipids are important for the human
body?

Key terms
 Carbohydrate is a macromolecule which consists of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms;

 Lipid is a biological molecule which does not dissolve in

water.

Facts
 Fats can be good or bad for our health. Good fats are useful
for your heart and clean blood vessels. Bad fats increase the
risk of heart stroke by blocking blood vessels with fat.

TEXT 
Carbohydrates
 The most common example of carbohydrate is glucose. It is
the main source of energy in cells.

 Sucrose is another example of carbohydrate. It is the

component of table sugar.

 Carbohydrates can store energy. Plant cells store energy in

the form of starch.

 Animal cells store energy in the form of glycogen.

 Some carbohydrates are components of cells. The cell wall

of plants is made of cellulose carbohydrate.

 Another example is chitin. It is a component of fungi cell wall

and arthropods exoskeleton. Cellulose and chitin give
hardness to cells.

 Sucrose is the main component oft able sugar.

Lipids

 Butter which you eat in the breakfast and sunflower oil used
to cook food are examples of lipids. Lipids are not polymers
and are not composed of repeating blocks.

Types of lipids:

 Phospholipids are the building blocks of a cell

membrane.
 Fats in animals and oils in plants are energy storages of
these organisms. We use these lipids as food. Sheep tail
fat and seed oils are examples.
 Under skin fat in animals is used to keep the body
warmth.
  Wax is a special lipid, it melts above 45o C. Honeycomb
of bees is made of beeswax, plants stop water loss using
leaf wax.

Research time
 To find or show starch in food iodine is used. Iodine’s color is
red-brown when it reacts with starch, iodine changes its
color. Take potato and apple, cut them into two pieces. Drop
few droplets of iodine onto the potato and the apple. Does
iodine change its color? Explain why.

Activity
 Do lipids dissolve in water? Test it:

1. Mix 50 ml of oil with 150 ml of cold water, do the same

with hot water. Wait 5 minutes and see changes.
2. Mix 50 ml of oil with 150 ml of alcohol. Wait 5 minutes
and see changes.
3. What differences did you see in 3 different mixtures?
Explain.

Literacy
1.  Give examples of carbohydrates in our daily life. Which
food contains more carbohydrates?
2.  Carbohydrates can be good or bad for our health. Which
do you think are good, or bad? Explain your answer.
3.  How is obesity related to lipids and carbohydrates?

Terminology
cellulose - жасұнық / целлюлоза; 
chitin - хитин;
to dissolve - еріту / растворять;
exoskeleton - сыртқы қаңқа / экзоскелет;
fat - май / жир;
fiber - талшық  / волокно;
obesity - семіздік / ожирение;
source - қайнар көз / источник;
starch - крахмал;
wax - балауыз / воск.
2.3 PROTEINS
You will:
 learn the biological functions of proteins.

STQ
 Newborn babies need to drink breast milk. They continue
drinking it for just a few months. Why is milk so important for
babies?

Key terms
 Amino acid is a monomer of proteins;

 Protein is a macromolecule made up of amino acids;

 Denaturation is the destruction of protein structure.

Facts
 Our muscles are mainly made of proteins; our hair and nails
are made of protein keratin; our skin colour, hair and eye
colours given by protein melanin.

Text 
 One of the components of milk is proteins. Proteins are large
polymers with vital importance for the body. Proteins consist
of monomers - amino acids. There are 20 different types of
amino acids, which make up thousands of different proteins.
 Proteins are polymers made of monomers amino acids.
Different amino acids are shown in different colours. 

Proteins in organisms have many functions: 

 Building blocks. Proteins are main components of cells. If

we take water out of the cell, 50% of remaining mass will
be proteins.
 Transport. Proteins transport molecules in an organism.
For example, hemoglobin protein transports oxygen in
the blood.
 Movement. Muscle cells have many proteins. They help
muscles to contract and relax.
 Regulation. Proteins can start or end different processes
in the cell. Some human hormones are made of proteins.
 Protection. Some proteins kill harmful bacteria and
viruses in the human body.
 Energy. Proteins sometimes are used as energy source.
They are only used when a person does not eat for a
long period, and organism runs out of carbohydrates and
lipids. This is very dangerous for human health.
 Pigment. Protein melanin gives human skin color, hair,
and eye color.
 As you see proteins have many functions, and they are very
important for human body.

 We mainly get proteins from meat, eggs, cheese, milk,

legumes and other food sources.

Activity
 You are a dietitian at the hospital. You have three patients
who need your advice on their diet:

1.  A swimmer who participates in the Olympics. He needs

a diet to make his muscles better.
2.  A woman wants to be slim. She needs a diet which
keeps her fit.
3.  By looking at staff member’s blood analysis, you
concluded that he has a high risk of heart attack. He also
needs a special diet.

 Suggest a healthy diet for each of your patients. Explain

your answer.

Literacy
1.  What do ribosomes need to make new proteins?
2.  Word “Protein” is derived from Greek word proteios,
which means “primary” or “holding the first place”. Why
is this term used for protein?
3.  Why using proteins as an energy source is dangerous for
our health?

Facts
 While you are reading this text, your eye muscles are moving
with the help of proteins actin and myosin. Another protein in
eyes is called rhodopsin. It helps to see this information.

Research time
 Denaturation is damage to protein structure. Denatured
protein cannot work properly. Do the following experiments
to observe denaturation of proteins:

 Ovalbumin is a protein of egg white.

 Take two eggs. Boil one of them. Then crack them into
different dishes. Are they same? Describe what happened
with egg white.

 Explain what happens in denaturation with your own words.

Terminology
amino acid - аминқышқылы / аминокислота;
to crack - жару, сындыру / расколоть;
denaturation - денатурация;
dietitian - диетолог;
heart attack - инфаркт, жүрек талмасы / инфаркт;
legume - бұршақтұқымдастар / бобовые;
protein - ақуыз / белок;
remaining - қалған / оставшееся;
to run out - біту / заканчиваться. 
Problems
Test questions with one right answer 

1. Glucose and galactose are examples of: 

A) Disaccharides 

B) Polysaccharides 

C) Monosaccharides 

D) Double sugars 

E) Lipids

 2. Monomer of protein is:

A) Triglyceride 

B) Amino acid 

C) Glucose

D) Carbohydrate

E) Lipid

 3. Quick energy source for animals is: 

A) Carbohydrates 

B) Lipids

C) Proteins 
D) Amino acids

E) Fats

 4. Plants like sugar beets store the energy source as the
simple sugars. Some plants as potato and grains store them
as complex sugar which is called?

A) Glycerol 

B) Glucose

C) Starch 

D) Amino acid

E) Fat

Test questions with several (max 3) right answers

 1. Which of the followings are carbohydrates?

A) Olive oil 

B) Glucose

C) Butter 

D) Lactose

E) Keratin 

F) Albumin

G) Glycogen 

H) Cholesterol
 2. Which of the followings contain lipids?

A) Table sugar 

B) Butter

C) Maltose 

D) Wax

E) Seed oil 

F) Albumin

G) Keratin 

H) Glycogen

 3. Which of the followings are monomers?

A) Glucose 

B) Fructose

C) Amino acid 

D) Sucrose

E) Keratin 

F) Albumin

G) Nucleic acid 

H) Lipid

Matching
 1. Substances are found in the structure of: 

1. Cellulose 

2. Chitin 

3. Myosin 

A) Muscles

B) Blood

C) Bone

D) Exoskeleton

E) Wood

F) Skin

 2. These proteins are found in: 

1. Ovalbumin

2. Casein 

3. Keratin 

A) Hair

B) Blood

C) Egg

D) Milk

E) Bone

F) Teeth
CHAPTER 3.0
Diversity of living things
3.1 DIVERSITY OF PLANTS
You will:
 be able to distinguish algae, mosses, ferns, angiosperms,
and gymnosperms from each other.

Key terms
Lower order plants are plants that do not have true roots,
stems, and leaves;

Higher order plants are plants that have true roots, stems,
and leaves;

Vascular plants are plants which have a specialized vascular

tissue;

Nonvascular plants are plants without vascular tissue.

Text
 Plants are very important in our daily life. We eat them; we
present them as a gift to people we love, we use them to
make different things like paper, wood, etc. They are
everywhere on the Earth, humans and other organisms
cannot live without plants.

 There are many different types of plants. They live in/on

water and land.

 Plants are divided into different groups by having or not

having some plant structures like tissues, organs, seeds, and
flower.

 Plants are divided into two major groups: higher and lower
order plants.

Facts
 You know that pine trees stay green all year round. Other
trees lose their leaves in autumn and stay without leaves in
winter. Pine trees also lose their spikes (leaves) as they grow,
but they replace them step by step all year around.

 Other evergreens are junipers which can be found in

Southern Kazakhstan.

 Junipers grow slowly and live up to 1000 years. They are

endangered species and are recorded in Red Data Book of
Kazakhstan. Junipers are preserved in AksuZhabagly reserve.

Lab works
Comparison of different plant groups 

Pre-lab questions:

1.  Why human beings and other organisms can’t live

without plants?
2.  What are the main differences between higher and lower
order plants?
3.  What are the main differences between gymnosperms
and angiosperms?

Methods and Materials:

 Herbarium of algae, mosses, ferns, angiosperms and

gymnosperms, magnifying glass, toothpick

Procedures:

1.  Observe given herbaria using a toothpick and

magnifying glass.
2.  Fill table below with your observations.

Safety precautions:

1.  Be careful with herbaria.

2.  Do not play with toothpicks.

Results:
Post-lab questions:

1.  Why do angiosperms need flowers?

2.  What is the function of each plant organ?
3.  Why are mosses not as big as other plants?

Terminology
algae - балдырлар / водоросли;
angiosperm - жабықтұқымды / покрытосеменное;
endangered - жойылу қауіпі бар / под угрозой
исчезновения;
fern - қырықжапырақ / папоротник;
gymnosperm - ашықтұқымды / голосеменное;
higher order plants - жоғары сатыдағы өсімдіктер /
высшие растения;
juniper - арша / можжевельник;
landscaping - көгалдандыру / озеленение;
lower ordered plants - төменгі сатыдағы өсімдііктер /
низшие растения;
moss - мүк / мох;
needle - ине / игла;
nonvascular - түтіксіз /несосудистое;
pine - қарағай / сосна;
to distinguish - ажырату / различать;
to preserve - сақтау / сохранять;
vascular - түтікті / cосудистое.
3.2 KINGDOM FUNGI
You will:
 learn characteristics of fungi.

STQ
Why were fungi originally classified as plants?

Key terms
 Fungi - eukaryotic organisms with properties of both plants
and animals;

 Heterotroph - an organism that feeds on ready food;

 Decomposer - an organism that breaks down dead

organisms.

Facts 
“Curse of the Pharaoh”

 Scientists died after opening a pharaoh’s tomb. Some people

believed that it was revenge of pharaoh. But in fact they died
of fungi Aspergillus spores that caused infection in their
lungs.

Text
 Amanita is a poisonous mushroom Fungi are eukaryotic
organisms which have properties of both plants and animals.
They do not move and never stop growing like plants. They
are heterotrophic and do not do photosynthesis like animals.
Fungal cell walls are made of polysaccharide chitin.

 Yeasts are unicellular microscopic fungi. They are used in

daily life in the production of bread. Yeasts are also used in
the production of alcohol.

 Molds are also microscopic fungi. They can be unicellular or

multicellular. They are decomposers, that means to feed on
dead organisms. There are many types of molds, and they
grow on different food, some even grow on walls. Molds
produce toxins; it is very dangerous to eat them. Examples:
Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor.

 Mushrooms are multicellular fungi. Most of the mushroom

body is actually under the ground. They have branched
structures. Like roots of plants. They take in water and other
nutrients. Only the reproductive structure is above the
ground.

 Some mushrooms we use as food, we call them edible

mushrooms. Some are poisonous, so it is dangerous to eat
them. They can cause death.

Activity
 Mushrooms can be edible or poisonous. Some of them are
very similar to each other. Research their differences. Find
out which of them are edible or poisonous
Literacy
1.  Draw a table and show which features do fungi have in
common with animals, and which features do fungi have
in common with plants.
2.  Why do we use yeasts in bread production?
3.  How can we protect/keep away bread and other food
from molds?

Research time
Grow your own mold.

1.  Take any slice of bread. Put it into a jar and close it. Wait
for one week and observe what happens to the bread.
 What is the color of mold? Does it change its color over
time?
2.  Write a 200-250 words essay about the importance of
mold in nature as decomposers.

 IMPORTANT: While and after doing research DO NOT OPEN

jar, later throw it. Mold produces toxins which are dangerous
to human health.

Facts
Nobel prized fungi

 Scientist Alexander Fleming saved a lot of people by

discovering antibiotic penicillin which is taken from
Penicillium mold. It stops many infections by killing bacteria.

Terminology
champignon - қозықұйрық / шампиньон;
chanterelle - түлкіжем / лисичка;
false chanterelle - жалған түлкіжем / ложная лисичка;
false honey agaric - жалған түбіртек / ложные опята;
death cap - боз арамқұлақ / бледная поганка;
decomposer - шірітуші, ыдыратушы / редуцент,
разлагатель;
honey agaric - түбіртек / опята;
mold - зең саңырауқұлақ / плесень;
revenge - кек алу / месть;
tomb - мола, қабір / могила;
toxin - токсин, у, уыт / токсин, яд.
3.3 MONOCOTS AND DICOTS
You will:
 differ monocot and dicot plants.

Key terms
 Flowers produce nectar and odor to attract insects. Later
seeds are formed in the flowers.

 Angiosperms are flowering plants;

 Cotyledon is a part of the seed that will grow into the leaves;
Dicot is a plant with two cotyledons;

 Monocot is a plant with one cotyledon.

STQ
 Banana and orange are fruits. Onion and carrot are
vegetables. However, from a biological point of view, banana
is closer to onion than to orange. How can this be explained?

TEXT
 Banana, onion, orange, and beet all are flowering plants or
Angiosperms. The flower is a beautiful and attractive organ
of these plants. The main function of a flower is the
reproduction. Insects flying from flower to flower carry
pollens and pollinate them. After pollination, reproduction
occurs. Flowers produce nectar and odor to attract insects.
Later seeds are formed in the flowers. 

Seeds of flowering plants are covered with structure, which

protects the seed and has nutrients for the seed. This
structure is known as fruit. Flowering plants are divided into
two groups: dicots and monocots. Their differences are
shown in the image. 

Facts
World’s oldest tree

 Old Tjikko is 9,550 years old spruce found in Sweden. Which

is named after the founder’s dog.

Lab works
Monocot and Dicot plants.

Pre-lab questions:

1.  Give three examples of Monocot and Dicot plants.

2.  Explain the importance of flower for the plant.
3.  What is the function of leaf venation?

Methods and Materials:

 magnifying glass, toothpicks, two plants.

Procedures:

1.  Observe your plants with the magnifying glass 

2.  Fill the table below.

Safety precautions:

1.  Be careful with magnifying glass. Do not break it.

2.  Do not play with toothpicks.

Results:
 

Post-lab questions:

1.  Did you see any difference in the form and structure of

stems of given plants? Explain your answer.
2.  Which of the plants is monocot? Explain your answer.
3.  Which of the plants is dicot? Explain your answer.

Facts
 Usually, people remove all seeds while eating. However, most
seeds of vegetables and fruits are edible and useful. For
example, watermelon seeds are effective in recovering health
after illness and sharpening the memory. Raw pumpkin seeds
help the brain activity. But be careful not to eat too much.

Research time
 Take any plant from home. Define if it is monocot or dicot by
observation its characteristics. Write a report about it.

Terminology
cotyledon - тұқым жарнақ / семядоля;
dicots - қосжарнақтылар / двудольные;
monocots - даражарнақтылар / однодольные;
pollen - тозаң / пыльца;
pollination - тозаңдану / опыление;
pumpkin - асқабақ / тыква;
recovering - қалпына келтіру /  восстановление;
spruce - шырша / ель
venation - жүйкелену / жилкование;
watermelon - қарбыз / арбуз.
3.4 ARHROPODS AND
CHORDATES CLASSES
You will:
learn differences between

Key terms
 Backbone is the bone on the back side of the body;

 Arthropods have segmented body, jointed limbs, and

exoskeleton;

 Chordates are any animal that has a spinal cord.

Facts
Desert dormouse

 This species was first found in Kazakhstan in Betpak-Dala

Desert and were given name Selevinia betpakdalaensis.

Text
Arthropod characteristics

 All insects, spiders, scorpions are members of phylum

Arthropoda. Their limbs are segmented. Limbs can be used
for swimming, walking, grabbing, etc.
 Arthropods do not have a backbone. Their body is covered
with a hard exoskeleton made of chitin. Their body can be
divided into several parts such as head, thorax, and
abdomen. In some different arthropods, head and thorax fuse
and form cephalothorax. Arthropods have different classes.

Lab works
Comparison of different Arthropoda classes.

Pre-lab questions:

1.  Give examples of Arthropods you are familiar with.

Methods and materials:

 Magnifying glass, toothpicks, gloves, different arthropod

examples, one for each class: Crustacea, Arachnida, Insecta.
Images of these organisms can be used instead of live or
dead organism.

Procedures:

1.  Look at three arthropods and observe them.

2.  Fill the table below.

Results:

 
Post-lab questions:

1.  Are body parts of arthropods related to their lifestyle?

Explain your answer.

Safety precautions:

1.  Be careful while working with different arthropods.

Text 
Chordate characteristics

 Animals such as horse, dog, fish, snake, and frog are

chordates. They have backbones. Their skin is not hard. The
skeleton is inside of the body. This type of skeleton is called
endoskeleton. There are different classes and types of
chordates.

Lab works
Pre-lab questions:
 1.  Give examples for Chordates which you see in daily life.

Methods and materials:

 Magnifying glass, toothpick, fish, bird, cat.

Procedures:

1.  Observe three organisms and compare them.

2.  Fill the table below.

Results:

Post-lab questions:

1.  Are body structures of chordates related to their

lifestyle? Explain how.

Facts
Molting
 The same way as we change the size of clothes when we
grow, arthropods change their exoskeleton too. Their
exoskeleton is hard and does not grow. When arthropods
grow, a new soft exoskeleton is formed under their old one.
Then they crack and leave old exoskeleton. This process is
known as molting.

Research time
 Draw the same table and fill information about amphibians
and reptiles. Find information about them from books and
internet.

Terminology
abdomen - құрсақ / брюшко;
segmented - бөлшектенген / сегментированный;
cephalothorax - баскөкірек / головогрудь;
limbs - қол-аяқ / конечности;
molting - түлеу / линька;
thorax - көкірек / грудь.
Problems
Test questions with one right answer 

1. What makes gymnosperm different from angiosperm?

A) lack of flower 

B) presence of flower 

C) lack of leaves

D) presence of root 

E) lack of root

 2. Which pair of following terms are suitable for next

sentence:

 Thin filaments which are called ___________ grow, branches

and form______________.

A) root, mycelium 

B) hyphae, mycelium 

C) mycelium, root 

D) mycelium, hyphae 

E) root, hyphae

 3. What is the function of fruit?

A) to give food and to protect seeds 

B) to protect leaves

C) transport of nutrients

D) transport of water

E) to store waste products

 4. Which part of dicots and monocots are different from

each other?

A) seed 

B) stem venation

C) root 

D) petals number

E) all of the above

Test questions with several (max 3) right answers 

1. Which of the following plants are members of

angiosperms?

A) pine-tree 

B) rose 

C) mosses 

D) ferns 

E) sunflower 

F) lily 
G) juniper 

H) spruce

 2. What are the main difference between chordates and

arthropods?

A) they have different skeleton structure 

B) arthropods lack digestive system 

C) arthropods are prokaryotes 

D) chordates are unicellular 

E) they have different limbs number

F) only chordates have circulatory system 

G) they have different sense organs 

H) they have different types of antennae 

3. Which one of the following organisms are members of

chordates?

A) butterfly 

B) crocodile 

C) fly 

D) mosquito 

E) fish 

F) human 

G) bee 
H) spider

Matching

 1. Match group of organisms with examples: 

1. fungi 

2. arthropod 

3. dicots 

A) ferns, mosses

B) champions, Penicillium

C) pine, fern

D) bee, crab

E) apple, orange

F) apple, lily

 2. Which of the followings are examples of classes of

arthropods?

1. Crustacea 

2. Arachnids

3. Insecta

A) scorpion

B) crab

C) shark
D) golden fish

E) snake

F) grasshopper
CHAPTER 4.0
Nutrition
4.1 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
You will:
 distinguish digestive systems of earthworm, cow and
human.

Key terms
 Digestion - breaking down food into small particles;

 Crop - an organ used for storing food;

 Gizzard - an organ used for grinding food;

 Stomach - saclike organ which stores and digests food.

STQ
 A human, a cow, and an earthworm have different digestive
systems. How do these differences affect their feeding style?

Facts
 If you swallow food and hang upside down the food will not
go back. Because of a wavelike process called peristalsis. The
muscles in your esophagus contract and relax by pushing the
food down to the stomach. Do not try to do this!

Text
 As we learned, food consists of different molecules. Some of
these molecules are too big to enter our cells. They break
down into small parts.

 This process is called digestion.

 In animals and humans, digestion occurs in several organs.

These organs together make digestive system. Digestive
organs differ in organisms.

 Earthworm lives in soil and eats dead organisms. It takes in

food with soil particles through the mouth. Food passes
through pharynx and esophagus to crop. In crop, it is stored
and moistened. Then food goes to gizzard, where it breaks
down into smaller parts by the help of soil. These small parts
are taken to cells in the intestine. Undigested food goes out
with soil particles into the soil.

 A cow eats plants that have cellulose in cells. Cellulose is

hard compound and takes a long time to digest. That’s why
cows have long digestive tract.

 It consists of 4 stomachs. Eaten food passes through an

esophagus and first enters two stomachs: rumen and
reticulum. Both have prokaryotes that help cow to digest
cellulose. Cow rechews food many times from these
stomachs.

 So, it looks like they are always chewing something even if

there isn’t any food. Later food is passed to next pair of
stomachs: omasum and abomasum and digested there.
Digested food is taken to cells in the small intestine.

 In human, digestion starts in the mouth. Then food goes

through the pharynx and pipe-like esophagus into the
stomach. Unlike cows, we have only one stomach. Then food
goes into small and large intestines.

 Food is digested in stomach and small intestine. Blood takes

digested materials in the small intestine.
Research time
 Construct the models of earthworm, cow and human
digestive systems. Present your models and explain parts of
the digestive systems to your classmates.

Activity
 Work in pairs!

1.  Make 30 cards. On 15 cards write “cow” 8 times and

“earthworm” 7 times. Put them into three columns on the
left side.
1.  Write the organs of cow and earthworm on 15 cards.
Put them into three columns on the right side.
2.  By taking cards from each side, match the organ
with its organism. If they match, keep taking next
cards. If they do not, give your turn to your
classmate.
2.  In next activity, put organs in the right order. Show it to
your teacher.

Literacy
1.  Why does human body not have four stomachs like
cows?
2.  Why earthworms eat food with soil particles?
3.  How do microorganisms help to digest food? 

Terminology
abomasum - ұлтабар/ сычуг; 
crop - жемсау / зоб;
earthworm - шұбалшаң / дождевой червь;
esophagus - өңеш / пищевод;
gizzard - бұлшықетті қарын (құстарда) / мускулистый
желудок (у птиц);
intestine - ішек / кишечник;
omasum - қатпаршақ/ книжка;
pharynx - жұтқыншақ / глотка;
to chew - шайнау / жевать;
reticulum - жұмыршақ/ сетка;
rumen - месқарын/ рубец;
stomach - асқазан / желудок;
to contract - жиырылу / сокращаться;
to swallow -  жұту / глотать.
4.2 STRUCTURE, FUNCTION
AND HYGIENE OF TEETH
You will:
 learn different teeth types and how to take care of your
teeth.

STQ
 Dentists tell you to brush your teeth twice a day. Why is it
important?

Key terms
 Milk teeth - temporary teeth of a young mammal which fall
out as the permanent teeth emerge;

 Permanent teeth - the second set of teeth in mammals that

grow as the milk teeth are shed.

Facts
  Unlike humans, sharks have 40 sets of teeth. Giraffe has
only lower teeth, and the largest mammal blue whale has no
teeth.

Text
 Digestion starts in our mouth where teeth cut and break
down food into smaller pieces.
A tooth is covered with enamel. It protects the teeth from
bacteria and damage. Enamel is the hardest material of the
human body. There is dentin under the enamel. Under dentin,
there is a pulp cavity. Pulp cavity has nerves and blood
vessels.

 Human has two sets of teeth. The first set is known as milk
teeth. They start growing one by one when the baby is six
months old. By 30 months most children have 20 milk teeth. 

The second set is permanent teeth. Milk teeth start to drop

from the age 7, and new teeth grow. By 8 years most people
have permanent teeth. By 17 years most people have full-
mouth of permanent teeth. An adult human has about 28-32
permanent teeth.

 In the adult human mouth, there are four different types of
teeth.

 a. Incisors bite and cut food.

 b. Canines rip and tear food apart. They are the sharpest.

 c. Premolars chew and grind food.

 d. Molars also chew and grind food.

Research time
 Teeth hygiene is important for our health and daily life. Food
and drinks may damage our teeth. To see their effect do the
following activity: 

1.  The shell of an egg has a structure similar to our teeth.

Take five eggs and different drinks (coffee, juice, tea,
water, coke) and five glasses.
2.  Put eggs and drinks into glasses. Observe them with
magnifying glass daily. Make observations for one week.
3.  Write a report about your observations.

Career
Dentist

 The dentist is a doctor who is specially trained to care for

and treat teeth.

Activity
 A cavity may form anywhere on teeth including surface
between them. Cleaning between teeth is called flossing. Do
the following activity to understand its importance!

1.  Take a glove and chocolate butter.

2.  Wear a glove on the one hand and add chocolate butter
to your fingers.
3.  Close your fingers tightly and brush them with water.
4.  Open fingers and look what is left between fingers. How
effective is the flossing? Discuss it.

Activity
1.  Take a bite of an apple. Which teeth did you use for
biting? What about for chewing?
2.  Take another bite and use your incisors (front teeth) for
chewing. How did you chew with your incisors?
3.  Bite the apple using only your molars. Can you take a
bite without incisors?
4.  Write in one sentence what you have learned in this
activity.

Literacy
1. Which type of teeth are well developed in predators?
2. What happens when we do not brush our teeth?
3. Why there are more permanent teeth than milk teeth?
Facts
Braces are used to treat jaw or tooth alignment problems.

Terminology
to bite - тістеу / кусать;
canines - сойдақ тістер / клыки;
dentine - дентин;
enamel - тіс кіреукесі / эмаль;
flossing - тіс арасын жіппен тазалау / чистка нитью
между зубов;
incisors - күрек тістер / резцы;
molars - үлкен азу тіс / большие коренные зубы;
premolars - кіші азу тістер / малые коренные зубы;
pulp cavity - пульпа қуысы / полость пульпы;
set - жиынтық / набор;
to emerge - шығу / появляться, выходить;
to shed - түсу / выпадать, сбрасывать.
4.3 DIGESTIVE ORGANS  
 You will:
 understand the structure and functions of digestive
system organs.

Key terms
Salivary glands - glands which produce saliva;

 Small intestine - narrow upper part of the intestine where

digestion of food ends and absorption starts;

 Large intestine - back part of the intestine that is wider and

shorter than the small intestine.

 Facts
 If we measure the area of small intestine it would be 0,6 m2.
But the inner wall of intestine is folded with fingerlike
structures called villi. When these villi are unfolded, actual
area is 250 m2, which is same with a tennis court. These
structures increase the surface area of small intestine to
absorb more food at one time.

STQ 
The food that you eat reaches all cells in your body. What
path does food take from the mouth to the cells?

Text
 Digestion starts in the oral cavity. There, teeth cut food into
smaller pieces; tongue helps in tasting and mixing food.
Salivary glands produce saliva. Saliva is a liquid. It starts
digesting carbohydrates. Also, it kills bacteria.

 Then, food goes to the pipelike esophagus. It does not

digest food. Esophagus only transfers food from mouth to
stomach.

 The stomach is a large organ. Glands of stomach produce

gastric juice. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid (HCl).
This acid kills bacteria. Also, gastric juice digests proteins.

 From stomach, food goes to small intestine. The small

intestine is a long organ. It digests proteins, carbohydrates,
and lipids. Also, it absorbs digested food. The liver helps
intestine to digest food. It secretes bile into the intestine. Bile
helps to digest lipids.

 Also, there is an organ called pancreas. It secretes

pancreatic juice into the intestine, which also helps in
digestion.

 From small intestine, food goes to large intestine. It does not

digest food but absorbs water.

 Undigested food is temporarily stored in the rectum and

removed from the organism.

 The inner lining of the small intestine has fingerlike

projections called microvilli.
Activity
 Work in pairs. Measure and cut knitting threads according to
the information in the table (length of digestive system
organs). Use different colored threads for different digestive
organs. Then connect them and explain how food travels
down digestive track.

Literacy
1. What is digested in the esophagus? Explain your answer.
2. The small intestine is longer than large intestine. Explain
how it is related to their functions
3. If a person has problems with liver, he or she is advised
not to eat fatty food. Explain why.

Career
Dietitian

 Dietitians are qualified health professionals that diagnose

and treat dietary and nutritional problems. Dietitians help
both healthy and sick people to choose food and meals
suitable for their lifestyles.

Research time
 Our stomach digests all food that we eat. The main
ingredient of gastric juice is hydrochloric acid. This ingredient
is highly acidic so that it can dissolve even metals. But how
this powerful acid doesn’t digest the stomach itself? How
does stomach stay undamaged from this acid? List at least
two reasons.

Terminology
acidic -  қышқылдық / кислый;
bile - өт / желчь;
fold - қатпар / складка;
gastric juice - қарын сөлі / желудочный сок;
large intestine - тоқ ішек / толстый кишечник;
liver - бауыр / печень;
micorvilli - ұсақбүрлер /микроворсинки;
pancreas - ұйқы безі / поджелудочная железа;
projection - өскін / вырост;
rectum - тік ішек / прямая кишка;
saliva - cілекей / слюна;
small intestine - аш ішек / тонкая кишка;
to transfer - тасымалдау / перевозить;
villi - бүрлер / ворсинки.
4.4 PREVENTION OF
GASTROINTESTINAL
DISEASES
You will:
learn causes of gastroenteric diseases.

Key terms
 Food poisoning - becoming ill after eating spoiled food;

 Nausea - sickness of the stomach, an involuntary impulse to

vomit;

 Diarrhea - an intestinal disorder that causes waste products

pass from your body frequently in a loose state.

Career
A gastroenterologist is a doctor who diagnoses and treats
diseases of the digestive system. Usually, they diagnose
diseases using endoscope. It is a thin tubular structure that is
used to look at digestive organs with its camera. Patients
swallow it, and doctors look inside to make the right
diagnosis.

STQ
 Why we don’t eat spoiled food?
Text
 Eating spoiled food can cause food poisoning. If you eat
spoiled food, you should take the food out. You should drink
warm water and try to vomit.

 If we do not wash fruits and vegetables before eating,

harmful microorganisms can enter our body (with the food).
These microorganisms can cause diseases like cholera,
typhoid, and dysentery.

 Also, if you do not wash your food properly, or if you eat raw
meat, parasitic worms can enter your body. These worms
cause stomachache and nausea.

 Gastroenteric diseases cause stomachache pain, headache,

fever, malaise, vomiting and diarrhea Regularly wash your
hands, dishes and food surfaces with warm water before and
after handling or preparing food. Remember to clean under
fingernails and use soap. Always wash raw foods like fruits
and vegetables.

 Cook food at a safe temperature. We can kill harmful

organisms in most foods by cooking food to the right
temperature.

 According to its type, food should be stored in a refrigerator

or a fridge. For example, risky foods such as milk, dairy
products, and fish should never be left at room temperature.

 Respect ‘Best before’ or ‘Use by’ dates. Some foods display

dates by which they should be used. When these dates have
passed the food are no longer fresh.

 Do not taste food if you are not sure. Even if it looks and
smells fine, it may not be safe to eat. Food left at room
temperature for too long may contain bacteria.

Activity
 According to the article below, a group of students had a
picnic in Mashat Canyon. They took salads and other food
from home but forgot to take drinking water. So they used
the water from the river. Students had a great time at the
canyon. But when they came back in the evening, most of the
students felt sick. They had pain in stomach with nausea or
vomit, headache, and fever. All of them went to the hospital
by ambulance. Now imagine that you are a doctor of those
patients and answer following questions:

1. What is their problem? What did cause that problem?

Show reasons for a problem related to water, fruits, and
food. How will you treat them?
2. Write your recommendations for picnic preparation.

Literacy
1.  It is advised to wash hands before and after a meal. Why
washing hands after the meal is necessary?
2.  Why is it advised to vomit after food poisoning?
3.  Why does human become weak during food poisoning?

Facts
 Bacteria spores survived on  poorly preserved, or canned
foods produce toxin. This toxin causes poisoning and muscle
paralysis. This illness is called botulism.

Research time
 Choose one gastroenteric disease (except food poisoning)
and make a poster. The poster should include causes,
symptoms, and treatments.

Terminology
cholera - тырысқақ / холера;
dysentery - қантышқақ / дизентерия;
fever - безгек, қалтырау / лихорадка;
gastroenteric diseases - асқазан-ішек аурулары /
желудочно-кишечные заболевания;
headache - бас ауру / головная боль;
nausea - лоқсу / тошнота;
raw meat - шикі ет / сырое мясо;
spoiled - бүлінген, бұзылған / испорченный;
to treat - емдеу / лечить;
typhoid - іш сүзегі / брюшной тиф;
vomit - құсу / рвота.
4.5 VITAMINS

You will
learn the importance of vitamins and healthy products.

Key terms
 Vitamin - organic molecule essential for body processes;
Avitaminosis - total deficiency of one or more vitamins;

 Hypovitaminosis - deficiency of one or more vitamins;

 Hypervitaminosis -excess amount of intake of one or more

vitamins.

STQ 
Why doctors recommend vegetables and fruits instead of
chocolate and candies?

Research time
 Choose one avitaminosis disease and find it’s picture of its
symptoms.

Bring picture to the class and ask your classmates to guess it.
Start like this “If you do not have a vitamin _____, you will
have following symptoms” and show the picture.

Text
 Vitamins are organic molecules. They are important for
human body processes. If there are not enough vitamins, a
human becomes ill.

 Our organism cannot produce most of the vitamins. People

take them with food. We name vitamins by alphabet letters:
A, B, C, D, etc. There are two classes of vitamins:

1.  Lipid-soluble vitamins do not dissolve in water.

Examples, A and D.
2.  Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water. Examples: B
and C.

 We need vitamins every day. When we do not take vitamins

for a long time, we have avitaminosis disease. When we have
less than normal amount of vitamins, we have
hypovitaminosis. Taking too many vitamins is also harmful. It
causes hypervitaminosis.

Labwork
Pre-lab questions:
 1.  What is the function of vitamin C?
2.  What kind of food products have high amount of
vitamin C?

Methods and materials:

 Water, test-tubes, test-tube rack, plastic pipettes (one for

each juice), 10 x 10 cm piece of white card as a background,
Iodine solution, starch, eye protection, fruit juices to test
(orange juice from a market, orange, lemon, etc.).

Procedures:

1.  To prepare starch solution put two teaspoons of starch

into a glass of cold water and mix.
2.  Add 10 ml of starch solution into a test tube.
3.  Add one drop of iodine solution. A blue-black color will
appear.
4.  Hold the white card behind the test-tube.
5.  Keep the white card in place - add the juice drop by
drop. COUNT THE DROP NUMBER.
6.  Stop after every fi ve drops to shake the tube.
7.  Keep adding juice until the blue-black color has gone.
COUNT THE DROP NUMBER.
8.  Keep the fi rst test-tube so you can compare with
others.
9.  Test all juices in the same way.

Results:

 1. Write experiment results into the table below.

Important info

1.  Iodine may react both with starch and vitamin C, but if

vitamin C and starch are found in the same solution
iodine reacts with vitamin C first and then with the
starch.

Post-lab questions:

1.  Which products have the highest and lowest amounts of

vitamin C? Explain your answer.
2.  Do your results match with the information on the juice
packaging?

Terminology
beriberi - бери бери ауруы / бери бери;
healthy gum - сау тіс жиегі / здоровые десны;
hypervitaminosis - витамин артықшылығы /
гипервитаминоз;
hypovitaminosis - витамин жетіспеушілігі /
гиповитаминоз;
lipid-soluble - майда еритін / жирорастворимый;
rickets - мешел ауруы / рахит;
scurvy - цинга;
water-soluble - суда еритін / водорастворимый.
Problems
Test questions with one right answer 

1. The process in which your esophagus muscles relax and

contract by pushing the food into your stomach.

A) digestion 

B) metabolism

C) peristalsis 

D) chewing

E) absorption

 2. Organ of the digestive system which is used for grinding

food:

A) stomach 

B) esophagus

C) intestine 

D) crop

E) gizzard

 3. Part of the tooth that protects it from the bacteria and
contain calcium:

A) pulp 

B) root canal
C) neck of the tooth 

D) gingiva 

E) enamel

 4. The tool of a gastroenterologist: 

A) endoscope 

B) hummer

C) blood pressure meter 

D) stethoscope 

E) thermometer

Test questions with several (max 3) right answers 

1. Choose food poisoning prevention rules: 

A) brushing teeth

B) washing hands before and after the meal 

C) taking the shower

D) cooking food in the safe temperature 

E) drinking any water

F) respect “best before” or “used by” dates 

G) keeping food in room temperature 

H) using one dish over and over without washing 

2. False about small intestine: 

A) digests carbohydrates

B) digests lipids

C) digests proteins

D) produces saliva

E) has villi

F) absorbs digested food

G) removes wates

H) produces HCl acid

 3. Digestive organs common for a cow, human and

earthworm:

A) intestine 

B) crop

C) esophagus

D) stomach

E) rumen 

F) pharynx

G) gizzard 

H) teeth

Matching
 1. Match organs with functions: 

1. large intestine 

2. teeth

3. esophagus

A) produce gastric juice

B) produce bile

C) absorb water 

D) breaks down large part of the food

E) digest carbohydrates

F) transport food into the stomach

 2. Match organism with unique digestive organs structure:

1. cow

2. earthworm

3. human

A) gizzard

B) intestine

C) canines

D) small intestine

E) 4 stomachs

F) teeth
 CHAPTER 5.0
Material transport
5.1 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
You will: 
describe the lymphatic system and the relationship
between the blood and tissue fluid and lymph.

Key terms
 Lymph - the fluid that circulates through lymphatic system;

 Lymphatic system - network of tissues and organs that help

the body to get rid of toxins, waste and other unwanted
materials; 

 Tissue fluid - fluid between cells.

Facts
 It is interesting to know that unlike blood circulatory system,
your lymphatic system does not possess any pumping organ
for the movement of lymph through its network of channels.

STQ
 Why is edema formed in our body?

Text
 The lymphatic system is closely associated with the
circulatory system. It has 3-basic functions:
 Transportation of excess body fl uid to the bloodstream; 
Protection of body against disease-causing agents; 
Absorption of fats from the small intestine.

 Like your circulatory system, the lymphatic system has a

network of vessels  that circulate fluids. It transports excess
fluid leaving from capillaries back to the bloodstream. So
lymphatic system prevents fluid accumulation in the Diseases
of the lymphatic system are tissues. very dangerous. Find
some examplesThe lymphatic system plays an important role
in the regulation of body of such diseases and write a
reportfluid homeostasis. If the lymphatic system does not
work, tissue fluids about them. Why are they so
dangeraccumulate in interstitial spaces. This condition is
called as edema. ous?

 The lymphatic pathway begins as lymphatic capillaries; these

microscopic close-ended tubes merge to form larger
lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins but
thinner. Like veins, they have valves that help prevent lymph
backflow. Large lymphatic vessels lead to specialized organs
called lymph nodes. Finally, larger vessels join with veins of
the circulatory system in the thorax.

 The lymphatic system is also home to pathogen-fighting

cells. Lymph nodes work like filters to remove pathogens that
could make you sick.

 Lymph nodes are located along the lymphatic pathway. They

have a large number of lymphocytes that fight invading
microbes. Normally, lymph nodes are small and round, and
you do not notice them. But when they’re active they get
larger (like tonsils located in the neck), it means your immune
system is working.
 After digestion of nutrients, their monomers are passed from
the small intestine into the capillary vessels. But the
pathways of lipid monomers are different; lymphatic
capillaries absorb them.
Activity
 Create a life-sized drawing of the lymphatic system. Start by
getting a large piece of bulletin board paper or butcher
paper in any light color. Lie down on the paper and have a
partner trace your body’s outline in pencil.

 Use a dark-colored marker, crayon or paint to draw in and

label the lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels located all over
the body. Note how lymph nodes vary in size.

Literacy
1. What is the function of lymph?
2. What is the difference between blood and lymph?
3. Which cells are present in the lymphatic system?

Facts
 A One Way Street Unlike blood, which the circulatory system
allows the flow through the body in a continuous loop, the
lymph fluid superhighway will only flow in one direction. It
flows upwards towards the neck within its own system.

Terminology
edema - ісіну / отёк;
absorption - сіңіру / всасывание, абсорбция;
lymph - лимфа;
valve - қақпақша / клапан;
backflow - кері ағын / обратное течение;
lymph nodes - лимфа түйіндері / лимфоузлы;
tonsil - көмегей безі / миндалина. 
5.2 BLOOD AND ITS
FUNCTIONS
You will:
understand the functions and structure of blood;

STQ
 Why doctors analyze the blood of a patient who has
symptoms like vomiting, stomachache, diarrhea, etc.?

Key terms
Blood is a body fluid which delivers needed substances to
organs; 

Plasma is the liquid part of blood, which contains water and

nutrients; 

Anemia is when a human has a low number of erythrocytes.

Facts
 Blood color depends on proteins it uses to carry oxygen.

 Red color - hemoglobin: human and the majority of

vertebrates.

 Blue - hemocyanin: spiders, crustaceans, some mollusks,

octopus, and squid.
 Green - Chlorocruorin: some segmented worms, some
leeches, some marine worms.

 Violet - haemerythrin: marine worms including peanut

worms and brachiopods

TEXT 
Blood is a fluid which flows in our body through vessels. In an
adult human body, there are about 5-5.5 liters of blood. Even
though blood looks like a liquid, it is not fully liquid. It is
composed of liquid part plasma and blood cells:
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. 45% of blood are
cells, 55% is plasma.

Blood has following functions: 

1. Transport: blood transports important substances in

human body.
 hemoglobin transports oxygen in erythrocytes;
carbon dioxide is transported mainly by plasma -
minerals and nutrients such as glucose, amino acids
and vitamins are transported from digestive organs
to all parts of the body - hormones that are secreted
by special organs in the body are transported to
target tissues and cells
 waste materials from cells are transported to
excretory organs 
2. Maintaining balance: blood helps maintain internal
balance by regulating pH, water, and temperature levels.
3. Defense: leucocytes destroy invading viruses, bacteria
and other foreign substances in the blood.

Clotting: during injury, blood loss is prevented due to the

platelets. Blood has clotting capability.
Activity
 Imagine you are a doctor. Almas comes to you and says he
feels sick. He has weakness and pale skin. You tell him to test
his blood. On the picture, you have his blood analysis. What
do you think of his problem? Explain your answer.
Research time
 When we have a low number of erythrocytes, it is called
anemia. It causes problems with oxygen transportation.
Because of this, we feel weak and dizzy. Also, our skin
becomes pale. Every third person in Kazakhstan has anemia.
Think about how anemia might be cured.

Literacy
1.  If there is not enough iron element in your food, what
will happen to your body? Explain your answer.
2.  Imagine you work in a hospital. You take a blood analysis
report of a patient. How can you understand if he is sick?
Explain your answer.
3.  You ate an apple today. Which part of blood carries
nutrients to your organs? Explain your answer.
Terminology
anemia – қаназдық / анемия;
erythrocyte – эритроцит;
hemoglobin – гемоглобин;
homeostasis – гомеостаз;
leukocyte – лейкоцит;
nutrients – қоректік заттар / питательные вещества;
plasma – плазма;
platelet – тромбоцит;
range – диапазон, көлем / диапазон, область.
5.3  BLOOD CELLS
You will:
 investigate features of blood cells of different organisms.

Key terms
 Erythrocytes -are red blood cells, which carry oxygen;

 Leukocytes - are white blood cells, which protect the

organism; Platelets - are blood cells, which stop bleeding.

Facts
 Human blood contains metalic atoms including iron,
chromium, manganese, zinc, lead, and copper. You may also
be surprised to know that blood contains small amounts of
gold. The human body has about 0.2 milligrams of gold that
is mostly found in the blood.

Text
 There are three types of blood cells in human body. They are
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

 Erythrocytes are red blood cells. They have flat round shape
(disk shape). There are approximately 5 million erythrocytes
in 1 mm3 (1 ml) of blood. They contain a protein called
hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from lungs to the organs.
 Leukocytes are white blood cells. They have an irregular
shape. Leukocytes protect the body from pathogens and
infectious diseases. Some leukocytes of a healthy adult are
between 4500 and 11000 in 1 mm3. This number changes
during the day.

 Platelets are also known as thrombocytes. They are blood

cells, which help stop bleeding by blood clotting. In 1 mm3 of
blood, there are approximately 250000 platelets.

Lab works
Blood cell forms

Pre-lab questions:

1.  What is the function of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and

platelets?
2.  What is the difference in structure between human and
frog blood cells?

Methods and Materials:

 Micro preparations of human and frog blood cells,

microscope.

Procedures:

1.  Observe the cells under the microscope.

2.  Draw pictures of human and frog blood cells into the
table below and compare them.

Results:
Post-lab questions:
1. What is the difference in forms between erythrocytes,
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets platelets, and
leukocytes?
2. What is the difference in forms between human and frog
blood cells?
3. Why are blood cells of human and frog different?

Facts
 Unlike other types of cells in the body, mature red blood
cells do not contain a nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes.
The absence of these cell structures leaves room for the
hundreds of millions of hemoglobin molecules found in red
blood cells.

Research time
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets have different forms.
Use play dough and construct blood cells. Show your cells on
the next lesson and explain how their forms help to do their
functions.
Terminology
to bleed - қансырау, қанау / кровоточить;
blood clotting - қан ұюы / свертывание крови;
iron - темір / железо;
lead - қорғасын / свинец;
mature - жетілген / зрелый;
pathogen - ауру туғызатын / возбудитель болезни;
5.4  IMMUNITY. HUMORAL
AND CELL-MEDIATED
IMMUNITY
You will:
characterize the functions of different types of
leukocytes; - compare humoral and cellular immunity.

Key terms
Phagocytes are leukocytes, which digest viruses and
bacteria; 

B cells are leukocytes that provide humoral immunity;

T cells are leukocytes that provide cell-mediated immunity.

Facts
 An allergy is the immune system getting things wrong. An
allergy is caused when the body overreacts to an allergen
that it really should ignore. The immune system goes into
overdrive when exposed to allergens, such as pollen, nuts or
animal fur and produces the side effects of watery eyes,
headaches, and swelling.

STQ
 How does your body protect itself against infections? Have
you ever wondered how your body protects itself from
getting sick?

TEXT 
As you know, every country, such as Kazakhstan, has security
forces (army and police) to defend their people against
external and internal enemies. In the same way, your body
has special defense mechanism called immune system. This
defense system attacks and destroys pathogens. A pathogen
is a disease-causing agent, such as bacteria and virus.

 The immune system is a team of organs, tissues, and cells

that work together to keep your body healthy. It works
better; if you eat healthy food and do exercises.

 White blood cells, also called leukocytes are part of this

defense system.

 There are several types of fighting cells. The main two types
are: 

1. Phagocytes which digest invading pathogens Bacteria

2. Lymphocytes which allow the body to remember and
recognize pathogens. There are two types of
lymphocytes which are named as B lymphocytes and T
lymphocytes.
 B Lymphocytes produce enormous numbers of
special proteins called antibodies that are carried by
body fluid. They specifically react with a foreign
antigen. This type of response is called antibody-
mediated immunity or humoral immunity.
 T lymphocytes directly attach to kill the foreign
invader, such as bacteria. This direct cell-to-cell
contact is named cell-mediated immunity
Leukocytes are found in lots of places in your body, including
your spleen, an organ in your belly that filters blood and
helps fight infections. Like other 51 blood cells, leukocytes are
produced in the red bone marrow.

Research time
 You have a sniffle and cough. It seems like you are becoming
ill. You seem to be short on white blood cells.

 Write a help wanted ad on the paper, so you can hire some

more leukocytes to help you healthy.

 Take a look at some ads from a newspaper or the Internet to

get ideas.

 Job description (what white blood cells have to do the

job)
 Qualifications (skills that white blood cells need to have)
 Benefits (what cells will get for doing a good job)

Facts
 Your Immune System Can Be Sel fDestructive. This happens
when you develop autoimmune disorders. Crohn’s disease
and rheumatoid arthritis are two common autoimmune
disorders in which the immune system destroys its healthy
tissues. This happens when white blood cells fail to make a
difference between disease-causing pathogens and the
body’s normal cells.

Activity

 Work in groups. Each group should show a sketch of

functions of different leukocytes. Notice the differences
between different leukocytes and try to guess which group is
showing.

Literacy
1.  What is the difference between B cells and T cells?
2.  What should we do to increase immunity?
3.  What is the function of phagocytes?

Terminology
bone marrow - сүйек кемігі / костный мозг;
humoral immunity - гуморальдық иммунитет /
гуморальный иммунитет;
to invade - басып кіру / вторгаться;
lymphocyte - лимфоцит;
phagocyte -  фагоцит;
to recognise - тану / распознавать;
spleen - қөкбауыр / селезенка;
cell-mediated immunity - жасушалық иммунитет /
клеточный иммунитет.
5.5 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
You will:
 learn the features of infectious diseases;
 understand the prevention and treatment of infectious
diseases.

STQ
 Why do doctors suggest wearing a mask to prevent the
spreading of flu?

Key terms
Infectious disease - a disease which spreads quickly between
organisms.

Text
 Many diseases of human, animals, and plants are caused by
microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, virus or protists.
Microorganisms can infect vital organs and lead to problems
in body functions. Diseases become infectious when they
spread quickly among organisms. It is important to learn
ways of their prevention to avoid getting infected with them.
Some diseases caused by microorganisms.
Facts
 African trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by microscopic
Trypanosoma parasites. It is transmitted by the tsetse fly
which is mostly found in subSaharan Africa. It gets its
nickname ‘sleeping sickness’ because symptoms can include
a disturbed sleep pattern. Sleeping sickness is curable with
medication but is fatal if left untreated.
Facts
 Canker sores develop in the mouth as small white or yellow
wounds with a red border. It can be found on the tongue,
inside cheek areas, lips, gum line and throat area.

 This inflamed tissue is caused by bacteria and gives

discomfort or pain while talking, brushing your teeth, or
eating. Regularly brushing and flossing teeth can help to
prevent canker sore.

Activity
 Imagine that you are a microorganism detective. Choose one
disease from the table, and make a poster about it. In the
poster give information about microorganism causing this
disease. What can be done to prevent the spreading of this
disease? Make a prevention strategy and present it to the
class.

Literacy
1.  Is there any relationship between hygiene and
preventing infectious diseases? Explain your answer with
examples.
2.  Which of the illnesses have you studied in this chapter is
the most common in your country?
3.  Why is it advised to change your medical face mask
every 2 hours?

Terminology
abdominal - құрсақ, қарын / брюшной;
canker sore - жара, ойық жара / язвенная болезнь;
cholera - тырысқақ / холера;
contaminated - кiрленген / загрязненный;
cough - жөтел / кашель;
diphtheria - күл ауруы / дифтерия;
fever - безгек/ лихорадка;
late blight - фитофтороз;
rot - гнить/ шіру;
skin ulcers - тері жарасы/ язва кожи;
spleen - көкбауыр/ селезенка;
spread - тарау / распространяться.
5.6 IMMUNITY, TYPES OF
IMMUNITY
You will:
assess the role of vaccination in the prevention of
diseases.

STQ
 How does your body gain immunity?

Key terms
 Active immunity is immunity in an organism resulting from
its own production of antibody or lymphocytes;

 Passive immunity is immunity resulting from the injection of

antibodies or lymphocytes from another organism.

Facts
 There is no cure for HIV/AIDS; antiretroviral drugs can only
improve and strengthen the patient’s immune system, not
cure the disease.

Text
 Your body gains immunity by two main ways:
Active immunity

 In active immunity, the body produces its own antibodies

against pathogen or antigens. Your body uses two ways for
the developing of active immunity: -naturally: when a person
is infected with a pathogen, the immune system fights
against pathogen and produces antibodies; -artificially: when
the person is vaccinated.

Passive immunity

 In passive immunity, the body does not produce its own
antibodies. Ready antibodies can be taken from a person
who recovered from the illness or passed from mother to
baby through the milk during breastfeeding.

Vaccine

 A vaccine is a substance made up of weakened, dead, or

some incomplete parts of pathogens. When injected, the
vaccine causes an immune response, so body acts like it is
infected and produces antibodies.

Types of vaccines

 Different processes make vaccines. Vaccines may contain: 

Weakened live viruses which cannot make illness.

Killed microorganisms or viruses 
Inactivated toxic substances 
Small parts of a pathogens 

Research time
 Write a report about which immunity is more effective active
or passive.

Facts
 In the past 60 years, vaccines helped eradicate one disease
(smallpox) and close to eradicating another (polio).

Activity
 Think about advantages and disadvantages of mass
vaccination. Divide into groups and prepare for a debate.

Literacy
1. What is the difference between passive and active
immunity?
2. What is artificial and natural immunity?
3. Which cells play a major role in immunity?

Terminology
injection - егу / инъекция
artificial - жасанды / искусственный
natural - табиғи / естественный
breastfeeding - емізу / грудное вскармливание
to recover - қалпына келтіру / восстанавливать
to acquire - алу, иелену / приобретать
collapses - жаппай күйреу / коллапс, разрушение
to erаdicate - түбінен жою / искоренять
5.7 BLOOD TYPES
You will: 
explain the mechanism of agglutination and rhesus
conflict.

STQ
 What makes our blood different from others?

Key terms
 Blood type is a class of human blood based on presence or
absence of specific antigens; Rh factor is a specific antigen
present on the surface of red blood cells;

 Agglutination - clumping of red blood cells.

Facts
 After needing 13 liters of blood for surgery at the age of 13, a
man named James Harrison pledged to donate blood once
he turned 18. It was discovered that his blood contained a
rare antigen which cured Rhesus disease. He has donated
blood a record 1,000 times and saved 2,000,000 lives.

Text 
ABO system blood types
 What makes one blood type different from another? A
secret is hiding in the microscopic markers (also called
antigens) on the surface of red blood cells (RBC).

 Our body uses these antigens (special proteins and sugars)

to know if the blood cells are from our own system or not.

 After a blood transfusion, our body decides to accept or

reject the new blood by examining these microscopic
markers.

 Based on the type of markers, there are four main blood

groups: Type A Blood. This blood type has a marker known
as “A”; Type B Blood. This blood type has a marker known as
“B”; Type AB Blood. The blood cells of this type have both A
and B markers; Type O Blood. This blood type has neither A
or B markers.
Rh factor:

 Some people have another marker (marker D or Rh factor)

on the RBC in their blood. People who have the Rh factor are
Rh-positive. Those who do not have the Rh factor are Rh-
negative.

 Finally, the different markers found in blood make up eight

possible blood types: A Rh+, A Rh-, B Rh+, B Rh-, AB Rh+, AB
Rh-. O Rh+, O Rh-.

Blood transfusion.

 If a patient with A blood type is given B blood, the patient

immune system will recognize B blood as an enemy and
produce antibodies against B antigens on RBC. This process
causes agglutination or clumping, of red blood cells.
Agglutination can block small blood vessels, and this leads to
organ damage and death. 

Activity
 Needed materials: 4 plastic cups, droppers, slides, red and
blue food coloring, water.
 Take four plastic cups and mark them as “O,”“A,”“B” and
“AB”. Then put a few drops of red food coloring in the cup
“A,” a few drops of blue food coloring in the cup “B,” and a
few drops of each red and blue in the cup “AB.” Do not put
any food coloring in the cup “O.” Fill cups about halfway with
water. Now you have four different blood types.

 Next, add a drop of one blood type to the clean slide. This
will be the recipient’s blood, then put another blood type on
that slide. This will be the donor’s blood. If the color in the
slide does not change recipient can receive the blood from
the donor. Do this for all blood types and fill the donor-
recipient compatibility table.

Literacy
1. Who can be a universal donor or recipient?
2. Why is it dangerous to give wrong blood type to a
person?
3. What is your blood type? Which blood types can be
given to you?

Research time
 Work in groups. Each of the students in the group should
find their blood types by asking a school nurse. Then
construct a chart using a table above who can donate blood
to whom. Explain your answer.

Terminology
agglutination - агглютинация;
antibody - антидене / антитело;
antigen - антиген;
clumping - жабысу / слипание;
compatibility - үйлесімділік / совместимость;
donor - донор;
recipient - қан алушы / реципиент.
5.8 HEART AND BLOOD
VESSELS
You will:
describe the structure of the heart and blood vessels in
animals;
establish the relationship between the structures of the
walls of blood vessels and their functions.

Key terms
Heart is a muscular organ, which pumps the blood;

Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the

heart; Capillaries are blood vessels that connect arteries and
veins;

Veins are blood vessels that transport blood to the heart.

Text
 The human circulatory system consists of heart and blood
vessels. The heart pumps the blood and blood moves to
organs through vessels.

 The human heart is a muscular organ, which is located in the

thoracic cavity of the organism. Human heart consists of four
chambers: two ventricles and two atria. Valves divide
ventricles and atria. These valves prevent blood from going
back. Blood from atria moves to ventricles.
 Ventricles pump blood out of the heart into organs. That is
why ventricle walls are much stronger than atria walls.

 From the heart, blood goes to blood vessels. There are three
main types of blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, and veins.

 Vessels coming from the heart are called arteries, and those
that come to the heart are called veins. The small network of
capillaries connects arteries and veins.

 Arteries have dense, smooth and elastic walls, an essential

part of which are smooth muscles. The structure of the walls
allows the arteries to withstand a great deal of pressure,
under which blood goes out of the heart.

 In the capillaries an exchange of gases and substances

between the blood and tissues takes place. Walls of
capillaries are very thin. It helps oxygen and nutrients enter
the tissues and wastes go out of the tissues into the
capillaries.

 Capillaries merge into larger veins, the largest of which flow

into the heart.

 The walls of the veins are thinner than the walls of the
arteries and the blood pressure in them is small. Veins
contain valves, which prevent blood from going in opposite
direction.
Earthworm circulatory system.

 An earthworm has a very small body. So, it does not have a
heart. Instead of the heart earthworm has small blood vessels
at the posterior end of the body. These vessels pump the
blood through the body. Blood passes through two main
blood vessels: dorsal and ventral. Crosspieces link them.

Mollusks circulatory system

 Mollusks are bigger than earthworms. So, they have a heart.

It consists of one ventricle and one or two atria. Blood
vessels pour blood into a body cavity, where blood interacts
with organs and tissues. Then blood is collected into vessels
again.

Arthropods circulatory system 

Arthropods have a tubular heart on their back. Their blood,
also, does not always move through vessels. Vessels open
into the body cavity, and blood interacts directly with organs
and tissues. Then blood is collected into vessels again.

Activity
 Compare circulatory organs of Annelida, Mollusca,
Arthropoda, and Mammals. Construct and fill a comparison
table.

Facts
 The heartbeat of a person changes during his life (bpm –
beats per minute):

 Newborn (0 to 11 months): 70 to 160 bpm

 One to four years: 80 to 120 bpm Five to nine years: 75 to

110 bpm Children 10 years and up and adults (non-athletes):
60 to 100 bpm Adults (athletes): 40 to 60 bpm 

Research time
 Compare blood structure of Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda,
and Mammals. What is similar and different in their blood?
Why are they different? Find the answers and write a report.
Literacy
1. Why circulatory systems of earthworm, mollusks,
arthropods and human are different?
2. Tell the path of the blood from your right leg to the
lungs.
3. What would happen, if there were no valves?

Terminology
artery - күретамыр / артерия;
atria - жүрекше / предсердие;
capillary - қылтамыр / капилляр;
chamber - камера;
to establish - орнату / устанавливать;
vein - көктамыр / вена;
ventricle - қарынша / желудочек;
vessel - тамыр / сосуд.
5.9 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
TYPES
You will: 
describe circulatory system types of animals.

STQ 
 What is the path of an oxygen molecule from lungs to a
brain cell?

Key terms
 Open circulatory system - blood is not enclosed in the blood
vessels, but is pumped into a cavity;

 Closed circulatory system - blood always moves inside blood

vessels;

 Pulmonary circulation - the movement of deoxygenated

blood from the heart to lungs, and oxygenated back to the
heart; Systemic circulation - the movement of oxygenated
blood from the heart to all organs, and deoxygenated blood
back to the heart.

Facts
 Entire trip of blood around your body takes about 20
seconds only.
Text
 Circulatory system carries needed materials such as oxygen
and nutrients and waste materials such as carbon dioxide
and urea in animals.

 A true circulatory system has heart, blood and blood vessels.

 In animals, there are two types of circulatory system: open

circulatory system and closed circulatory system.

Open circulatory system (OCS).

 An open circulatory system consists of a pump (heart),

arteries and veins. In organisms with an OCS, such as
arthropods and mollusks, blood is pumped into an artery,
from the artery to the body cavity, then to veins (after a
material exchange between the blood and body cells), and
back to the heart.

Closed circulatory system (CCS) 

In the closed circulatory system, there are capillaries between

arteries and veins. Capillaries are very tiny blood vessels.
They are the site of material exchange. Blood never leaves
the blood vessels. Organisms with closed circulatory systems
are segmented worms, cephalopods, and all vertebrates.

Blood circulation in human.

 A human circulatory system includes two circulations:

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

Pulmonary circulation occurs between heart and lungs.

Deoxygenated blood leaves right ventricle, by pulmonary
arteries goes to lungs, in lung capillaries gas exchange
occurs, by pulmonary veins oxygenated blood returns to
heart (left atrium).
Systemic circulation occurs between the heart and other
body organs.

 Oxygenated blood leaves left ventricle to aorta, aorta

divides into arteries and blood goes to all parts of the body
except lungs. Gas exchange occurs in capillaries of organs;
deoxygenated blood is carried back to the heart by veins.
Vena cava pours deoxygenated blood into the right atrium.
Research time
 Research closed and open circulatory systems. Write
advantages and disadvantages of both circulatory systems.

Activity
 Using colored threads construct models of open and closed
circulatory system. Glue it to the paper and write all of the
parts of circulatory systems.

Literacy
1. Blood is entering arm artery. How many capillary beds
(networks) will this blood pass until it reaches the left
ventricle?
2. How nutrients reach cells if blood never leaves the
vessels?
 3. What is the difference between oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood?

Terminology
aorta - қолқа тамыр / аорта;
arthropod - буынаяқты / членистоногое;
deoxygenated - веналық қан / венозная кровь;
mollusk - ұлу / моллюск;
oxygenated - артериялық қан / артериальная кровь;
pulmonarу - өкпелік, өкпеге тән / легочная;
pulmonary circulation - кіші қанайналым жүйесі /
малый круг кровообращения;
pump - сорғы / насос;
systemic - үлкен қанайналым жүйесі / большой круг
кровообращения;
urea - несепнар / мочевина;
vena cava - қуыс вена / полая вена.
5.10 PHYSICAL EXERCISES
AND THE HEART
You will:
study the effect of physical exercises on the work of the
heart and its recovery.

Key terms
 Pulse is a rhythmic beating in the arteries caused by the
beating of the heart.

Facts
 On the 70th day of complete immobility, the size of the
heart decreases by 13-18%.

Text
 Normal work of the heart is promoted by physical exercises
and work.

 During physical work, the amount of blood flowing through

the heart muscle increases, the supply of oxygen and
nutrients improves. This helps to strengthen the heart muscle
and improves it. With a decrease in physical activity, the
heart muscle weakens.

 Physical exercises and sports games, which get complicated

with age, train the muscles of the body. At the same time, the
heart muscle grows, develops and trains. In children, the
growth of the network of blood vessels is slower than the
growth of the heart. So the heart makes extra efforts to push
blood through the vessels. In this period, you need physical
activity, but within the limits of each child’s abilities.

Lab works
The influence of physical activity on heart 

Pre-lab questions:

1.  What is a pulse?
2.  What is the function of the heart?

Methods and Materials:

 Stopwatch, or timer.

Procedures:

1. Place your first two fingers on the opposite wrist and try
to find your pulse.
2. Measure your pulse for 6 seconds. Multiply the result by
10 and write the number in the table below.
3. Do any physical activity for 15 minutes.
4. Measure your pulse for 6 seconds after 1, 5, 10 and 15
minutes of physical activity.
5. Multiply your results by 10 and write the numbers into
the table below.

Results:

 
Post-lab questions:

1. How did your pulse rate change after physical activity?

Explain why.
2. Why athletes have a stronger heart?
3. What will happen if you do physical activities every day?

Research time
 Repeat the labwork you did in class at home using different
physical activities. Fill in the same table. Compare two tables
and write a report. Post a picture of you doing the exercise at
home in social networks using hashtag #strongheart.

Terminology
ability - қабілет / способность
effort - күш салу / усилие
flow - ағу, ағын / течь, поток
immobility - әрекетсіздік, қимылсыздық /
неподвижность
to increase - арттыру / увеличить
influence - әсер ету / влияние
physical exercise - дене жаттығуы / физическое
упражнение
to promote - жоғарылату, дамыту / продвигать
pulse - пульс, тамыр ырғағы / пульс
stopwatch - секундомер
timer - таймер
wrist - білек / запястье
5.11 DISEASES OF HUMAN
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
You will:
describe the causes and symptoms of circulatory system
diseases.

Key terms
 Hypertension - high blood pressure;

 Heart attack - blocking of heart arteries which bring to

death of heart muscles;

 Stroke - the death of brain tissue occurred as a result of

artery blockage.

STQ
 Many of the elder people in Kazakhstan are suffering from
hypertension. Why?

Text
Normal functioning of the circulatory system is important. If
the heart stops working we die. There are many circulatory
diseases which affect the functioning of the heart and other
organs.
Facts
While heart beats, it produces small amounts of electricity.
Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is the process of
recording the electrical activity of the heart over a period
using electrodes placed on the skin.

Activity
 First aid during the stroke is very important. Getting help
fast can prevent disability and death from stroke. On the
image, you can see how to learn if a person has the stroke.

1. Discuss stroke signs and symptoms with your partner.

2. Build special methods on how to recognize a stroke.
3. Try this out with your partner, and let your partner try it
on you.
4. What to do to prevent stroke? What advice can you give
to your classmates, relatives, and parents?

Literacy
1. Learn first aid actions to do during a heart attack.
2. How can energy drinks affect the circulatory system?
3. Men over 40-45 years, women over 50-55 years tend to
have more circulatory problems. Why in men do these
problems occur much earlier than in women?

Research time
 Some common factors can affect the formation of
circulatory system diseases. These factors are: 

Genetic factor
Poor diet
Lack of physical activity
Using some chemicals or drugs 
Divide into four groups; every group must prepare a project
on how one of the factors can affect the circulatory system.
Make the list of advice for your parents, relatives, and
classmates.

Terminology
arteriosclerosis - атеросклероз;
cardiac ischemia - жүректің ишемиялық ауруы /
ишемическая болезнь сердца;
confusion - білместік, түсінбестік / путаница;
dizziness - бас айналуы / головокружение;
fatigue - шаршау / усталость;
fever - дене қызуының көтерілуі / жар;
headache - бас ауруы / головная боль;
heart rate - жүректің соғу жиілігі / ритм сердцебиения;
nausea - жүрек айну / тошнота;
nosebleed - мұрынның қанауы / носовое
кровотечение;
obesity - семіру / ожирение;
tachycardia - тахикардия.
Problems
Test questions with one right answer 

1. Blood cells are produced by: 

A) Brain 

B) Heart

C) Stomach 

D) Bone marrow

E) Kidney

 2. 55% of blood is/are:

A) Erythrocytes 

B) Leukocytes 

C) Platelets 

D) Plasma

E) Water

 3. Type of immunity of newborn baby: 

A) passive artificial 

B) passive natural 

C) active artificial 
D) active natural 

E) no immunity

 4. The secretion of antibodies by B lymphocytes provide:

A) humoral immunity

B) passive artificial

C) cell-mediated immunity

D) passive natural

E) active artificial

Test questions with several (max 3) right answers 

1. Contain valves:

A) Artery 

B) Lymphatic vessels 

C) Tonsil 

D) Heart

E) Spleen 

F) Vein

G) Lymph nodes 

H) Capillary

 2. Show animals with open circulatory system: 

A) Octopus

B) Fish

C) Bee 

D) Bird

E) Crab 

F) Lizard

G) Oyster 

H) Bear

 3. Organs that help immune system: 

A) Spleen 

B) Blood vessel

C) Intestine 

D) Thymus

E) Brain 

F) Heart

G) Lung 

H) Lymph nodes

Matching

 1. Match blood cells with their functions: 

 1. Phagocytes 

2. T cells 

3. B cells

A) Blood clotting

B) Destroy antibodies

C) Ingest harmful pathogens

D) Kill invaders

E) Transport oxygen

F) Make antibodies

 2. Match blood groups with antibodies: 

1. O 

  2. AB 

3. B 

A) anti-B

B) anti-A anti-B

C) A antigen

D) none of them

E) anti-A

F) B antigen
CHAPTER 6.0
Respiration
6.1 GAS EXCHANGE
You will:
 understand mechanisms of gas exchange.

STQ
 How does air move into your lungs?

Key terms
 Gas exchange - transfer of gases between the organism and
environment;

 Lungs -respiratory organ in the thorax used to breathe air;

 Alveoli - tiny air sacs within the lungs where the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

Facts
 In both lungs of an adult, there are about 300 million alveoli.

Text
 Air comes in our body through the respiratory system.
Starting from the nasal cavity, it passes through trachea and
bronchus into lungs. Lungs consist of small bubbles called
alveoles.
 Many capillaries cover alveoli. There, exchange of gases
between blood and inhaled air occurs. Lung capillaries have
less oxygen than air. So, oxygen passes from air into alveoli
into the blood. There it links with hemoglobin. Then it passes
to organs by blood. Organs have less oxygen than blood.

 Oxygen passes from the blood into organs easily. Organs

use oxygen to produce energy and carbon dioxide.

 There is less carbon dioxide in blood than in organs. That is

why carbon dioxide can pass into blood easily. Then blood
transports carbon dioxide into lungs. Lung alveoles have less
carbon dioxide than blood. So, carbon dioxide passes from
the blood into alveoli. Then it is exhaled into the atmosphere.
Activity
Why do we need alveoli?

 Take three terminology dishes from your teacher filled with

terminology inside. Also, you need two tubes with diameters
of 2 and 4 mm, food dye and a pipette.

1.  Use the tube with 4 mm diameter and make seven holes

in the first dish evenly.
2.  Then use the tube with 2 mm diameter and make 14
holes in the second dish.
 NOTE: you can make those tubes yourself using
carton paper.
3.  Do not make any holes in the last dish.
4.  Make a solution of food dye and water. Using a pipette
fill holes of the first dish with the solution. Count how
many droplets you put into holes.

 Put the same amount of solution into other dishes. Observe

results after 15 minutes.

 The holes in jelly express alveoli in lungs. The colored

solution is like oxygen in alveoli. Using observation’s results
explain what happens to oxygen in the lungs?

 As you know, the volume of solution in the first dish is the
same as in second and third. Use results and explain why it is
better to have smaller holes in the lung than big holes.

Facts
Breathing through the mouth can, over time, create a
shrinking of the jaw, resulting in crooked teeth. It is also the
biggest cause for children developing a lisp when they talk.
Research time
 When airplanes face dangerous situations, emergency masks
drop down. How do the masks work and what are they
needed for? Do research and write 200-250 words essay
about it.

Literacy
1. What would be if alveoli were as big as lungs? Explain
your answer.
2. Anemia is the disease when a human does not have
enough hemoglobin in the blood. Explain why do people
become weak during anemia?
3. What happens in our lungs when we hold breath
underwater?

Terminology
alveoli - альвеолалар (өкпе көпіршіктері) / альвеолы;
trachea - кеңірдек / трахея;
bronchi - бронх;
lisp - сақау / шепелявый;
exhale - дем шығару / выдох;
gills - желбезек / жабры;
gas exchange - газ алмасу / газообмен;
inhale - демді ішке алу / вдох;
to respire - тыныс алу / дышать.
6.2 BREATHING
You will: 
understand mechanisms of breathing.

STQ
 Put your hand on your chest. Breathe slowly. Why is your
hand (or your chest) moving?

Key terms
 Breathing mechanism - the process of inhalation and
exhalation;

 Diaphragm - dome-shaped muscle which helps respiration

by separating thoracic and abdominal cavities;

 Intercostal muscles - muscle groups that are located

between the ribs.

Facts
 Inhaling other people’s smoke is called passive (second-
hand) smoking. It is about four times more toxic than active
smoking.

 Tobacco smoke contains more than 7,000 chemicals, and 70

of them cause respiratory cancers. So try to stay away from
the smoking area.
Text
 Human needs to breathe. Breathing is taking air in and out of
the lungs.

 Taking air in is called inhale. Taking the air out is called

exhale. Two types of muscles work during breathing:
intercostal muscles and diaphragm.

 When we inhale, intercostal muscles move your chest

upward. Diaphragm goes down. This helps to make our lungs’
volumes bigger. Also, the pressure in lungs decreases and air
comes into the lungs.

 When we exhale, intercostal muscles go down. Diaphragm

goes up. This makes your lungs’ volume smaller. The pressure
in lungs increases and air goes out of the lungs.

Facts
 In babies, lungs fi ll the thorax, and a large number of lungs
are found in midback while babies are laying on their backs.
So when they breathe, their lungs can expand only into the
abdomen.

Research time
 Respiration rate is the number of breaths taken per minute
(a breath is one inhalation and one exhalation). Count breath
made per minute and record results.

Activity
How does diaphragm help us to breath?

1. Take a balloon and slide its neck to vent slot of a bottle.

Also, left parts of the balloon should be hanging inside of
the bottle.
2. Cut the bottom of the plastic bottle and another balloon.
Then stretch balloon sheet over the bottom of the bottle.
Using sellotape, stick balloon sheet there. Tie balloon’s
neck.
3. Now gently pull the balloon down that covers the bottom
of the bottle. Observe what happens and record results.
Then bring it back to the previous position. What
happens now?

Show following structures on your model:

lung
diaphragm
thorax cavity
Literacy
1. Why do we start to breath faster during physical
activities?
2. Using plastic bottle lung model describe what happens
when we inhale.
3. What is the percent of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
inhaled air? Is it different from the exhaled air?

Terminology
chest cavity - кеуде қуысы / грудная полость;
diaphragm - көкет / диафрагма;
sellotape - жабысқақ қағаз / скотч;
sternum - төссүйек / грудинка;
intercostal muscles - қабырғаралық; бұлшықеттер /
межреберные мышцы;
pressure - қысым / давление;
respiratory cancer - тыныс алу жолдарының обыры /
рак дыхательных путей;
respiration rate - тыныс алу жиілігі / частота дыхания.
6.3 LUNG CAPACITY
You will:
 calculate vital lung capacity and respiratory minute
volume.

Key terms
 Tidal volume - the volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in each
respiration, during normal, regular breathing;

 Vital capacity - the greatest amount of air that can be forced

from the lungs after maximum inhalation.

Facts 
The left lung is slightly smaller than the right lung to allow
the place of the heart.

Text
 An average person can take in 500 cm3 air by calm inhale.
The same amount of air goes out of the lungs by calm exhale.
This amount of air is called tidal volume of lungs.

 Vital capacity is the amount of volume breathed out after

the deepest inhale. It differs between women and men. Also,
it differs between ages and physically stronger and weaker
people. An average person’s vital capacity is 3500 cm3.
 Another important number is respiratory minute volume. It is
the volume of air inhaled or exhaled per minute.

Lab works
Lung capacity measurement

Pre-lab questions:

1. Why physically trained people have high vital capacity?

2. What is the difference of vital capacity between different
ages? Explain why.
3. Which muscles participate in breathing process?

Methods and Materials:

 balloon, ruler.

Procedures:

1.  Measuring tidal volume: press the balloon so that it does

not have any air in it. First normally inhale air, then exhale
it into the balloon. Hold the end of the balloon. Do not let
any air out! Measure the diameter of the balloon. Do the
same for three times. Using the formula below, calculate
the volume of the balloon:
 r - radius of the balloon;
p - constant number (p =3.14).
2. Measuring the vital capacity: repeat the procedure, but
this time inhale as much air as you can, and exhale as
much as you can. Do it  three times. Calculate the volume
using the same formula.
3. Measuring respiratory minute volume: use the formula
below: 

 V - tidal volume;
 f - frequency number of inhales per minute.
4. Sit down and stand up 10 times. Jump 10 times. Now
measure tidal volume, vital capacity and respiratory
minute volume.
5. Calculate average values and fill the table.

Results
Post-lab questions:

1. Why there was the difference in volumes before and after

exercise? Explain your answer.
2. Why did you measure the balloon by ruler three times?
Explain.
3. Why is there the difference between tidal volume and
vital capacity?

Facts
 A healthy lung is pink, smooth and shiny while smoking lung
is black, bumpy and dull. Smoking damages alveoli by fi lling
with toxins and narrows air passageways so that it is more
diffi cult to get air in and out of the chest. All of these reduce
the vital capacity of the lungs. It occurs even in young people
who have only been smoking for a short time.

Research time
 Find two adults, one who smokes and one who doesn’t.
Measure their vital volume capacity and compare. Draw the
same table for these adults. Write conclusion about your
observations.

Terminology
bumpy -  кедір-бұдыр / неровный;
capacity - сыйымдылық / вместимость;
dull - күңгірт, солғын түсті / тусклый;
frequency - жиілік / частота;
respiratory minute volume - минуттық тыныс алу көлемі
/ минутный объем дыхания;
smooth - тегіс / гладкий;
tidal volume - тыныс алу көлемі / дыхательный объем;
trial - сынақ / попытка;
vital capacity - тіршілік сыйымдылығы / жизненная
емкость.
Problems
Test questions with one correct answer 

1. The smallest part of the respiratory system: 

A) Lung 

B) Bronchi

C) Trachea 

D) Bronchiole

E) Alveoli

 2. Which organ is NOT related to respiratory system?

A) Gills

B) Lungs

C) Stomach 

D) Bronchi

E) Air sacs

 3. Amount of volume breathed out after the deepest inhale:

A) Tidal volume

B) Respiratory minute volume 

C) Respiration
D) Exhale

E) Vital capacity

 4. In which part of the respiratory system hemoglobin takes

oxygen?

A) Bronchi 

B) Bronchiole

C) Trachea 

D) Alveoli

E) Nasal cavity

Test questions with several (max 3) correct answers

 1. What can affect the vital capacity volume of lungs?

A) Gender 

B) Size of foot

C) Age 

D) Colour of skin

E) Bones 

F) Weight

G) Height 

H) Mass
 2. What happens when diaphragm contracts (becomes
straight)?

A) Lung volume decreases

B) Lung volume increases

C) Pressure in lungs increases 

D) Pressure in lungs decreases 

E) Air goes out of the lungs 

F) Air comes into the lungs

G) Intercostal muscles contract 

H) Intercostal muscles relax 

3. NOT part of respiratory system: 

A) Esophagus 

B) Mouth

C) Nose 

D) Trachea

E) Lungs 

F) Diaphragm

G) Liver 

H) Bronchi

Matching
 1. Match following animals suitable respiratory structures:

1. Amphibians

2. Mammals

3. Birds

A) Gills

B) Trachea

C) Lungs

D) Lungs and air sacs

E) Skin

F) Tube like structure

 2. Match following terms with the definition: 

1. Exhale

2. Inhale

3. Gas exchange

A) Holding the breath in lungs 

B) Taking the air out of the body 

C) Taking water to lung

D) Taking air into the body

E) Occurs between nephrons and blood 

F) Occurs between alveoli and blood Answer following
questions
CHAPTER 7.0
Excretion
7.1 HUMAN URINARY SYSTEM
You will:
learn the structure of human urinary organs.

STQ 
 Why do some people need to use dialysis machine?

Key terms
 Kidneys - the pair of the beanshaped organ which filters
blood and makes urine;

 Excretion - the process of elimination of wastes from the

body;

 Urine -liquid waste excreted by the kidneys, in humans being

a yellowish, slightly acid.

Text
 Human excretory system organs Kidneys weight only 1
percent of the total body weight, but they The excretory
system is a system that removes excess water and consume
25 percent of its energy. unnecessary products. The human
urinary system consists of kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder,
and urethra.
 Kidneys are a pair of organs. It consists of two layers: outer
renal cortex and inner renal medulla. The main structural unit
of the kidney is nephron.

 The nephron consists of tubules. Nephron filters blood and

forms urine. Then this urine passes through
Activity
 Working kidney model

1. Take 2 bottles and cut them in halves. Make a hole on cap

and place tubes into it. Then stick bottles with tubes
going to funnel on board like shown on the picture. Fill
the bottles with filter papers.
2. Take red colored water with some beads in it. Pour water
into each bottle and observe what happens. Do all
materials in water leave the bottle? Why is it important?
 If here red colored water with beads is blood with blood
cells, show kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder in your
model.

Career
Nephrologist

 Nephrologists are kidney doctors. They care and treat kidney

diseases. Some treatments for kidneys are dialysis machine
and kidney transplantation.

Research time
 Dialysis is the process of cleaning the blood when the
kidneys no longer function. Do research how this machine
works. How frequently patients need to clean their blood by
dialysis? Can dialysis replace kidneys at all?

Literacy

1. Some people live with only one

kidney. How does this affect their
lifestyles?
2. How are waste materials and water
transported to kidneys?
3. Why do doctors ask for the urine test
if you are ill?

Terminology
dialysis - диализ;
kidney - бүйрек / почка;
kidney stones - бүйрек тастары / почечные камни;
nephrologist - нефролог;
unnecessary - қажетсіз / ненужный;
ureter - несепағар / мочеточник;
urethra - зәр шығару өзегі / мочеиспускательный
канал;
urinary bladder - қуық / мочевой пузырь.
7.2 SKIN
You will:
understand the structure and functions of the skin.

Key terms
Epidermis - the outermost layer of the skin;

 Dermis - thick layer of skin under epidermis;

 Hypodermis - the deepest part of the skin which contains fat

.ells.

Facts
Melanin the colour code

 Human skin color is different because of melanin. It is a

protein produced by the skin. When you go out in sunny
weather, your body makes more melanin to protect you from
the Sun rays, making your skin darker. Some people lack
melanin. It is a genetic disorder called albinism.

STQ
 Why do people with light skin suffer from sunlight more than
people with dark skin?

Text
 Skin is an outer cover of the body. It consists of three layers:
epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

 The epidermis is an outer layer of the skin. It consists of

dead cells and protects the body from bacteria and viruses.
Also, it keeps water inside the body.

 Under the epidermis, there is a layer called dermis. It has

receptors, cells which feel the pain, temperature, pressure,
etc. Also, dermis has sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
Sweat glands produce sweat. Sebaceous glands produce oil.
The dermis has blood and lymph vessels. They transport
nutrients into the skin.

 The deepest part of the skin is hypodermis. It consists of fat

cells. They store energy. Also, fat cells keep heat inside the
body.

 Skin protects other tissues from damage. Also, skin excretes

excess water and salt by sweat.
Activity
 Our skin produces a natural oil that leaves prints behind
when your fingers touch a surface. They are called
fingerprints. There are no two people who have same
fingerprints. So, forensics help police to find criminals by
their fingerprints left at the crime scene. To collect
fingerprints, you need baby powder and a paint brush.

 Spread a small amount of powder over fingerprint left on the

glass and remove carefully excess powder using the brush. To
take powdered fingerprint using sellotape, stick sellotape to
fingerprint and pull it off.

 Then wrap tape back to save your fingerprint.

 Take four volunteers and ask them to rub a small amount of

hand cream.

 Wear rubber gloves and give them one object to hold.

However, nobody should see who touched particular object.
Then give that objects to 4 groups. Moreover, they should
find who have touched them. To make more interesting you
can make your own crime story and give roles to classmates.

Research time
 Look at your body. Have you noticed that skin is much
thicker on soles than on eyelids? Why should it be much
thicker on soles than in other parts of the body?

 Then look at the skin around elbows and knees. You will see
that it is much looser than the skin on arms or legs!

 Can you guess why is it so?

 Finally, skin on your palm is much firmer than on the back of

your hand.

 Do you know why is it so? Write a conclusion.

Facts
 Skin is the largest organ in the body. Skin occupies
approximately 1.73 square meters to cover our flesh and
bones.
Literacy
1. Why do people living in a hot climate have darker skin?
2. Why does epidermis not need blood supply?
3. What do kidneys and the skin have in common?

Terminology
albinism - альбинизм;
collagen fibers - коллаген талшықтары / волокна
коллагена;
excess - артық / лишний;
firmir - қатты / твёрдый;
fingerprint - саусақ ізі / отпечаток пальца;
forensics - криминалистика;
receptor -  рецептор;
sebaceous gland - май бездері / сальные железы;
sweat glands - тер бездері / потовые железы.
7.3 SKIN DISEASES
You will: 
understand the symptoms and treatment of skin
diseases.

Key terms
Scabies - skin disease with itching and small raised red spots,
caused by the itch mite;

 Tetter - any of various eruptive skin diseases;

 Acne - an infl ammatory disease of the sebaceous glands.

STQ
Suppose your skin became rough. Its color changed into red
and brown. What happened to your skin?

Research time
 It is important to wash your face every morning and before
sleep. Research this topic and discuss it with your friends.
Suppose your skin became rough. Its color changed into red
and brown. What happened to your skin?

Text
Scabies
Causes

Itch-mite causes scabies. It can pass from person to person

after physical contact.

Symptoms

The main symptom is itching, especially during the night and

after a shower. Also, red dots appear on the skin. It starts
from fingers, elbows, etc.

Treatment

To cure scabies, people use cream and lotions. These lotions

kill the itch-mite. People who contacted sick person should
also take treatment from scabies.

Acne

Causes

The main cause is hormonal change during puberty. It causes

sebaceous glands to produce more oil. As a result, pores are
blocked with dead skin and oil.

Symptoms

Pimples and clogged pores on the face. 

Treatment

People use products to clean their skin. These products may

include benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid. These chemicals
reduce the production of oil by sebaceous glands.
Tetter

Causes

Infection caused by different microorganisms. Depending on

the microorganism, there are different types of tetter.

Symptoms

Areas of red or brown color with itching appear on the body.

Skin becomes rough.

Treatment

Different types of tetter need different treatments. If the

cause of the tetter is a virus, then you need to take antiviral
medications. If fungi cause it, then take antifungal
medications, etc.

Dark spots

Causes

The main cause of dark spots is excess doses of ultraviolet

light. Ultraviolet light activates production of melanin.
Melanin gathers in certain areas of the skin

Symptoms

Symptoms are dark spots on the skin.

Treatment
People use creams to cure dark spots. These creams fade the
effect of melanin.

Activity
Work in groups of 4 students. Imagine that you are a doctor.
Study 4 diseases given in the text and write
recommendations with your team to prevent each type of
skin disease.

Facts
 You might be surprised to know that you have acne
treatments right in your kitchen. An amazing feature of
plants is that they can cure several diseases.

 Rub acne with raw garlic several times a day; it helps in

relieving the pain and also heals acne fast. 

Clean your skin and apply lemon juice with a cotton ball. The
acid in lemon helps to flush out the pores and keeps the skin
to look beautiful.

Career
Dermatologist

 A dermatologist is a doctor who treats diseases of the skin.

Literacy 
1. Why is it recommended to wash and iron bedclothes
once a week?
 2. Why do doctors suggest us to sleep in pajamas? Explain
your answer.
3. What is not recommended during scabies disease?

Terminology
bedclothes - төсек орын жабыны / постельное белье. 
dark spots - қара дақтар / темные пятна;
dermatology - дерматология;
eruptive - бөрітпелі / сопровождаемый сыпью;
inflammation - қабыну / воспаление;
itch-mite - қышыма кенесі / чесоточный зудень;
puberty - жыныстық жетілу / половое созревание;
tetter - теміреткі / парша;
rough - кедір-бүдір / грубый;
scabies - қышыма / чесотка;
Problems
Test questions with one right answer 

1. An organ that stores urine: 

A) kidney 

B) urinary bladder 

C) urethra 

D) ureter 

E) skin

 2. Main function of the urinary system: 

A) crystallize salts and soil 

B) keep waste in the body

C) remove excess water and waste products 

D) get oxygen to body cells

E) protect the body from bacteria 

3. Which one of the followings can help if a person has acne?

A) grape 

B) lemon

C) aloe 
E) cucumber

D) garlic

 4. Function of kidney:

A) Takes in oxygen 

B) Filters blood 

C) Produces sweat 

D) Produces hormones 

E) Digests food

Test questions with several (max 3) right answers 

1. Show skin layers:

A) dedermis 

B) dermis

C) endodermis 

D) epidermis

E) mesodermis 

F) ectodermis

G) hypodermis 

H) hyperdermis 

2. Nephron:
A) is a unit of lungs 

B) is found in kidneys 

C) oxygenate blood 

D) makes urinary bladder

E) is found in lungs 

F) consists of tubules 

G) consists of alveoli 

H) filtrates the blood 

3. True about melanin:

A) Gives colour to skin

B) Secretes sweat

C) Produced by leukocytes

D) Amount determines the skin colour 

E) Helps to feel pain

F) Stores fat

G) Protects body from UV lights 

H) Produces hair cells

Matching

 1. Match skin functions with suitable explanations: 

 1. Barrier 

2. Protects

3. Removes

A) body temperature

B) nutrients

C) against microbes 

D) from ultraviolet light

E) waste products

F) against darkness

 2. Match given definitions with terms: 

1. The process of cleaning blood when kidneys are not

functioning

2. Consists of two layers: outer renal cortex and inner

renal medulla

3. Long tubular structure

A) Renal pelvis 

B) Dialysis 

C) Bladder 

D) Kidney 

E) Ureter 

F) Urethra
CHAPTER 8.0
Movement
8.1 LOCOMOTION SYSTEM
You will:
learn the functions of locomotion system;
learn the parts of the human skeleton.

STQ
 How does our skeleton move?

Key terms 
Bone - the hard and calcified connective tissue forming the
skeleton of most vertebrates; Muscle - a body tissue that can
contract and produce movement; Axial - situated in or on an
imaginary line about which a body rotates;

Appendicular - related to arms and legs.

Facts
 Babies have 300 bones while an adult human has 206. At
birth, some of the bones are made partly of flexible cartilage
to allow fewer bone breaks while growing and learning to
crawl, walk and run. One good example is the ‘soft spot’ on
baby’s head. Baby’s skull stays soft and flexible allowing five
bones to overlap each other during the birth.

Text
 Locomotion system consists of bones and skeletal muscles.
Bones link together and make a skeleton. Muscles are
attached to bones and provide movement.

 The functions of locomotion system are:

 Movement: Muscles contract and relax to produce force.

This force is applied on to the skeleton so that skeleton
moves.
 Protection of internal organs: Rib cage protects heart
and lungs. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord,
and another structure, the skull protect the brain
 Support: The bones of the spine, pelvis, and legs enable
people to stand upright, supporting the weight of the
entire body.
 Production of blood cells: Red blood cells and white
blood cells and platelets are produced by red bone
marrow which is found in bones.
 Storage of minerals: The skeleton stores some minerals,
such as calcium and phosphorus. These minerals give a
certain strength to the skeleton and also are used in
many metabolic activities, as needed. Of the human
body’s calcium, 99% is stored in the bones.

 In an adult human skeleton, there are 206 bones. The

skeleton is composed of bone and cartilage developed from
connective tissue.

 The skeleton is divided into two main parts: the appendicular

skeleton and the axial skeleton.

 The axial skeleton consists of the skull, backbone, ribs,

and sternum.
 The appendicular skeleton: consists of the bones of the
arms and legs and the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
 Human locomotion system consists of bones and skeletal
muscles

Research time
 Use one of the materials like pasta and toothpick. Then
construct your skeleton as shown below. Label bones and
answer following question:

 What are the longest and strongest bones in your body?

Why? Explain your answer.
Activity
 Take a picture of the human skeleton. Cut it into pieces. Then
take small labeling papers and write the names of bones on
those papers, now you can try to reassemble parts of
skeleton together. Finally, label the bones with their names
which you have written into small labeling papers.

Terminology
bone - сүйек/ кость;
cartilage - шеміршек/ хрящ;
girdle - белдеу / пояс
muscle - бұлшықет/ мыщца;
pasta - макарон;
pelvic girdle - жамбас белдеуі / тазовый пояс
to provide - қамтамасыз ету/ обеспечивать;
to reassemble - қайта жинау/ собрать;
red bone marrow - қызыл сүйек кемігі/ красный
костный мозг;
rib - қабырға/ ребро;
skeleton - қаңқа/ скелет;
skull - бассүйек/ череп;
shoulder girdle - иық белдеуі / плечевой пояс
spinal cord - жұлын/ спинной мозг;
spine - омыртқа/ позвоночник;
sternum - төссүйек/ грудная кость;
strength - беріктік/ прочность;
toothpick - тіс тазалағыш/ зубочистка.
8.2 BONE STRUCTURE  
You will:
study the chemical composition, macro- and microscopic
structure of the bone.

Key terms
Spongy substance -dense part of the bone, which provides
the strength of bones;

 Periosteum -a thin, dense connective tissue with which the

bone grows together.

Facts
Rethink your drink

 Many of fizzy drinks contain phosphoric acid which

decreases the absorption of calcium in the body. Defi ciency
of calcium make bone weak, so it breaks easily. So rethink
your choice the next time you buy a fi zzy drink.

STQ
What can be found inside our bones?

Text
 Bone consists of connective tissue. The composition of bone
tissue includes inorganic and organic substances. Inorganic
substances include calcium and potassium salts; Organic
substances are mainly proteins.

 Organic substances provide elasticity of the bone (its

flexibility and elasticity).

 The strength of the bone is provided by combining the

hardness of its inorganic compounds with the elasticity of
the organic. The bones of a growing organism are flexible,
and the bones of an adult (but not old) are strong.

 A dense spongy substance forms the heads of the tubular

bones. The spongy substance is formed by bone crossbars,
crossing in the directions by which the bones experience the
greatest stretching or compression. This structure of spongy
substance also provides strength and lightness of bones.

 The space between the bars in the spongy substance of the

heads of the tubular bones is filled with a red bone marrow,
which is a hemopoietic organ - blood cells are formed in it.

 Short bones are formed mainly by a spongy substance. The

same structure has flat bones, of which such parts of the
skeleton are composed of scapula, ribs.

 The bone along the entire length, up to the head, is covered

with a periosteum - a thin, dense connective tissue with
which the bone grows together. The nerves and blood
vessels pass through the periosteum. The head of the bone is
covered with articular cartilage and has no periosteum.
Lab works
Pre-lab questions:

1. Why are bones hard and elastic at the same time?

Explain your answer.
2. Give examples how bones protect our inner organs.

Methods and Materials:

 Gloves, three bones: one normal raw bone, one previously

fried bone (in the oven for 1 hour), one bone previously put in
vinegar overnight. A teacher prepares bones.

Procedures:

1. Observe three bones and compare their characteristics.

Results:

Safety precautions:

1. Be careful with vinegar. It is very dangerous! Do not try

the lab-work at home.

 Post-lab questions:

1. Which of these three bones do have less organic

molecules? Explain your choice.
2. Which one does have less inorganic molecules? Explain
your choice.
3. Explain the importance of balance between organic and
inorganic molecules in bone?

Research time
Arthritis is a disease, which causes painful inflammation and
stiffness of the joints. It is very common to elder people. Find
causes of arthritis and how to prevent it. Present a poster to
your friends.

Career
Archeologist

 An archaeologist is a scientist who studies human history

digging up their remains. Using skeleton bones, he identifies
a period of life, gender, culture, and age.

 In 1970, Kemel Akishev studied Saka pyramids in Issyk

kurgan. He found Golden Warrior in golden armor. The armor
has 4000 golden decorations on it.

Terminology
dense - тығыз/ плотный;
to digging up - қазбалау/ раскапывать;
elasticity - серпімділік/ эластичность;
fragility - сынғыштық/ хрупкость;
fried - қуырылған/ жареное;
remains - қалдықтар/ останки; 
scapula - жауырын/ лопатка;
spongy - кеуекті/ губчатый;
stiffness - қаттылық/ жесткость;
tubular - түтікшелі/ трубчатый;
vinegar - сірке су/ уксус.
8.3 JOINTS
You will: 
compare the type of joint between bones.

STQ
 Why can your shoulder move more than your fingers or
jaws?

Key terms
 Joint - the area where two bones are attached to permit
body parts to move;

 Fixed joint- joint between two bones that do not move;

 Semi movable joints - joints between bones where motion is

limited.

Facts
 The hyoid is a horseshoe-shaped bone in the throat, situated
between the chin and the thyroid cartilage.

Text 
It’s also the only bone in the human body not connected to
another bone.

 Joint connect bones. There are different types of joints.

 Joints between bones in our cranium cannot move. These
bones are bound tightly. This joint is called a fixed joint.

 Some joints can move, but they do not move freely. These
joints are called semi-movable joints. Example of the semi-
movable joint is joint between bones of our vertebra.

 The third type of joint is movable joint. For example, joints in

our hands or legs. You can move your hand freely in any
direction.

Activity
 Take an egg tray and cut its ten segments separately. Then
make two holes from lateral sides of them. Use cotton discs
with a hole in the center. These disks should have equal sizes
with segments of egg tray.

 Then using thick thread go through holes of egg tray

segments and disks.
 Disks should be found between egg tray segments. Finally
tie thread.

 Also, now you have a model of the vertebral column.

Segments are vertebra, and cotton disks between them are
intervertebral discs. Try to make some movements with it:
bend, turn to sides.

1. The vertebral column consists of 33 bones. Find out each

part (different colors) joint type.
2. What would happen, if vertebrae had movable joints?
3. How do you think why intervertebral disks are found
between vertebrae?
4. Suppose what kind of movement could be done if there
was only one long bone instead of 33?

Literacy
1. Why do we need immovable joints?
2. Give three examples of movable joints in the human
body.
3. Which movable joint can rotate 360 degrees in your
body?

Facts
Regular physical activity increases the strength of your joints.
It decreases the chance of injuries to your ankles, knees, and
hips.

Research time 
One of the traditional games of Kazakh people is asyk. Asyk
is a bone taken from domesticated animals like sheep, goat,
and cow. This game was and is still popular among young
children and had an important educational role. By
playing this game, children improve qualities like sharp-
sightedness, courage, and accuracy. From which part of
skeleton asyk is taken? What is the role of this bone in
animals? What are the rules of the asyk game? Find asyk and
play with your friends.

Terminology
courage - батылдық / мужество;
cranial - бас сүйек / череп;
to crawl - еңбектеу / ползать;
direction - бағыт / направление;
joint - буын / сустав;
lateral - бүйiр жақ / боковой;
movable - қозғалатын / подвижный;
to overlap - жабу / перекрывать;
to reduce - азайту / уменьшать;
to rotate - айналдыру / вращать.
8.4 MOVABLE JOINTS
You will: 
learn the structure of movable joints.

STQ
 Why don’t the bones of a movable joint hit each other when
you walk?

Key terms
 Ball and socket joint - a joint that allows rotary movement in
every direction;

 Hinge joint - a joint between bones that allows movement

along one axis to flex;

 Pivot joint - a joint in which bones rotate around a single

axis.

Facts
 Be in tune with your body.

 Do you want to jump higher, run faster, and be able to move
without pain? You can reach it by doing regular exercises.
Inactivity, illness, and injury cause joints to stiff which leads
to chronic pain.
 Staying active and stretching regularly help to prevent this.
Here are some exercises.

Text 
The most common type of joint in the body is movable joint.
It allows free movement of limbs and head. Cartilage covers
each bone tip in the movable joint. It is very smooth and
elastic. It saves joint from friction. Also, movable joint
contains a fluid called synovial fluid. It also decreases friction.
In order not to lose synovial fluid, the movable joint is
covered and protected by a joint capsule.

 There are different types of movable joints: 

1. Ball and socket joint is a joint which can move in any

direction. Your shoulder is an example. You can raise your
hand up, put them down, move them forward and
backward.
2. The hinge joint is a joint which can move only in one
direction. For example your jaw. You can move it only up
and down, but can not move it right or left.
3. Pivot joint allows rotation. For example, you can move
your head from side to side. You can rotate it to a
different direction.
Research time
Immovable challenge

 Take a breathtaking challenge with your friends! This

challenge will show that you cannot survive a long time
without movable joints! Find any stick and tie it along with
your arms. Then try to do the following activities with your
friend and record results on the checklist:

brush your teeth;

wash your face;
comb hairs;
wear clothes;
write message;
hug someone.
 Then change it to your legs and try to do the next:

walk;
pick something up from the ground; 
sit down on a chair;
run away from the dog;
play football.

 Record the results.

Activity
 A teacher prepares Movable Joints card with listed activities.

 - Throw a ball;

 - Play basketball;

 - Do illustrate;

 - Kick a ball;

 - Do push-ups;

 - Dance a flash mob;

 - Hop on one leg;

 - On a jump rope.

 You can add your own activities. Then group into three
teams and take Movable Joints cards to demonstrateActivity
on in it. Other two teams should guess it correctly. Then team
list at least three bones and two joints used to do theActivity.

Literacy
 1. Elbow has two joints. Name those joints and give their
functions (bending and rotating).

 2. Explain how it would affect our movement if we had hinge

joint instead of pivot joint in the neck?

 3. WhatProblems may occur if the joint capsule is damaged

and synovial fluid runs out?

Terminology
aid - көмектесу / помощь

backward - артқа / назад

to flex - бүгу / сгибать

forward - алға / вперед

friction - үйкеліс / трение

joint capsule - буын қапшығы / суставная капсула

rotation - айналу / вращение

stretching - созылу / растягивание

synovial fluid - синовиаль сұйықтығы / синовиальная

жидкость
8.5 MUSCLES
You will:
 – learn different types of muscles.

Key terms
 Myocytes (muscle fiber) - the type of cell found in muscle
tissue;

 Cardiac muscle - muscle found only in heart;

 Smooth muscle -involuntary muscle tissue in the walls of

internal organs;

 Skeletal (striated) muscle - a muscle that is connected to

bones.

Career
Massage therapist

 Massage therapist helps people with pain, stress and

physical diseases by massaging muscles.

 He knows how the body muscles interact with one another
and perform specialized techniques that help to relax and
manipulate muscles.

STQ 
Can you control your stomach muscle?

Text 
Muscles are part of locomotion system. Their main function is
movement.

 Muscles consist of cells called myocytes, or muscle fibers.

They are long fibers. Myocytes combine and make muscular
tissue. There are three types of muscular tissue: smooth,
skeletal and cardiac.

 Skeletal muscles are muscles we move with. We can control

them. For example, muscles of legs, hands or head. Skeletal
muscles consist of a bunch of muscles bound together -
fibers. Muscle fibers of skeletal muscles are striated.
Connective tissue covers the muscle. Muscle binds to bone
with the tendon.

 Cardiac muscle is a muscle of our heart. We cannot control

cardiac muscles. It moves fast and does not stop. Cardiac
muscles are also striated.

 However, muscle fibers of cardiac muscle are closely

connected to each other. Sometimes they form branches.

 Smooth muscles are muscles in our interior organs, such as

the stomach, vessels, etc. We cannot control them. They
move independently. Smooth muscles are not striated. They
move slowly.
Lab works
Pre-lab questions:

 1. Why do we not feel the movement of our stomach?

 2. Why do muscles need lots of blood supply? Explain.

Methods and materials:

 microscope, fixed slides of muscle cells.

Procedures:

 1. Observe fixed slides under low magnification.

 2. Observe fixed slides under high magnification and draw

what you see.

 3. Compare different tissues and discuss it with your friends.

Results:

Safety precautions:

 1. Before using microscope read instructions.

 2. Call teacher if you break microscope slide, do not touch it.

Post-lab questions:

 1. Match numbers with muscle types. Explain your answer.

 2. Why do skeletal muscle fibers have many nuclei?

Facts
 Our face includes 60 muscles. When you smile, you use 17
muscles in your face but 43 muscles when you frown. So it is
better and easier to smile than frown.

 Qajymuqan Munaytpasuly was very strong, and he is the fi

rst professional wrestler in Kazakh history. He won 58 medals
and became World Champion in 1910.

Research time
#TrainMuscleChallenge

 Doing muscle exercises prevents many diseases. Choose one

exercise and do it with all your classmates. Shoot it on video
and post to Instagram with #TrainMuscleChallenge.
Challenge others

Terminology
smooth - тегіс / гладкий;

skeletal - қаңқалық / скелетный;

cardiac - жүрекке қатысты / сердечный;

striated - көлденең-жолақты / поперечно-полосатый;

tendon - сіңір / сухожилие;

frown - тұнжырау / хмуриться;

straw - шырын түтікшелері / соломинка;

twine - тоқыма жібі / бечевка;

knot - түйін / узел;

to fuse - қосылу / сливаться.
8.6 HYPODYNAMIA
You will: 
- understand the result of lack of exercise.

Key terms
Hypodynamia - decrease in strength or power;

 Metabolism - the sum of all chemical reactions in our body.

STQ
  What are the benefits of physical exercise for your body?

Career
Physical trainer

 A physical trainer helps people of all ages to live a healthy

lifestyle. They safely improve people’s physical condition
through exercises and proper diet.

Text 
 Physical exercise is good for our body. When you do,
physical exercise muscles need more nutrients than usual.
Blood brings these nutrients. Regular physical work makes
muscle fibers grow. If people exercise a lot, they become
stronger.
 Muscles need systematic training. It affects many other
organs, such as heart, lungs, etc. Physical exercises accelerate
blood flow. Nutrients go faster to organs and tissues.
Metabolism occurs faster. Toxins go out of the organism
faster.

 Lack of physical training brings to a hypodynamia.

Nowadays everything is computerized. People do not need
to work much. Computers and machines do most of the
work. Heart, lungs, and vessels become weak. Immunity
weakens. A human can become ill easier. Other psychological
and physical diseases develop in the organism.

Facts
 How to treat flat feet?

 1. Wear shoes with a suitable arch that support your feet.

 2. Wear orthotics.

 3. Watch your weight and lose weight if necessary.

 4. Massage and straighten your feet.

Research time
 Do you have flat feet?

 Flatfeet is a deformation of bones of feet that completely

contact with the ground. So feet cannot properly support the
body. If flat feet are not treated, you may even need surgery
to fix it. What factors make your feet flat? Moreover, what
kind of consequences does it cause? Make a report about it.
Activity
Good posture challenge

 Sit up straight! Stop slouching! We all have heard it a billion

times by now.

 You have right posture when you keep your bones and joint
in the right alignment. So it helps you to use your muscles
efficiently, preventing strain and overuse of bone and
muscles. Discuss with classmates in groups, theProblems
resulting from the wrong posture.

 When you are standing with the right posture, you should be
able to draw an imaginary straight line from your earlobe
through your shoulder, hip, knee and the middle of your
ankle.

 Enter a posture competition with your classmates. Try to

spend time at school with good posture. Student loses the
competition when forgets to walk with right posture. The last
left student will be the winner! However, do not make it just a
challenge, make it a lifestyle!

 Color your feet with the watercolor set. Put your colored
foot down to paper and take a footprint. Find out if you have
flatfeet looking at the picture below.

Literacy 
1. Why is it important to wear comfortable shoes?

 2. Is training enough to avoid obesity? Explain your answer.

 3. How does modern technology affect our physicalActivity?

Terminology
accelerate - жеделдету / ускорение;

consequences - салдары / последствие;

curvature - қисықтық / искривление;

flatfeet - майтабан / плокостопие;

posture - денені түзу ұстау / осанка;

proper - дұрыс / правильный;

rehabilitation - оңалту / реабилитация;

to strain - керу / напрягать.

8.7 BIOMECHANICS OF
MOVEMENT  
You will:
- learn biomechanical features of human movement.

STQ
 How can people walk on two legs and keep balance?

Key terms
 Bipedalism - using two feet of standing and walking;

 Lordosis - an inward curving of spine;

 Kyphosis - an outward curving of the spine.

Facts

 To take one step, we use 200 muscles. Here are primary
muscle groups involved in walking.

 -The quadriceps raise and push forward thighs and legs and
leg.

 -The hamstrings move your legs backward.

 -The gluteal muscles complete the backward movement of

the step.
 -The calf muscles are small but are very important in taking
a step.

Text

 Human walk on two legs. It is called bipedalism. Human

skeleton and muscles structure allows human to walk on two
legs.

 There are features of the skeletal system for bipedalism: 

 1. The human vertebral column is S-shaped. It has curves:

two lordosis and two kyphosis. These curves act like spring
during the walk. It softens walking.

 2. Mass of lower vertebras is greater than the mass of higher

vertebra. It is because of most of the weight loads on these
parts of the vertebral column.

 3. Bones of upper limbs are smaller and lighter than lower
limbs. It decreases the load. Also, lower limbs give more
support to the body.

 Our body uses physical laws to hold different positions. One

of them is a lever. Mass of the body or an object is the force.
Center of mass is a pivot.

 Muscles make an effort to balance and hold the body. There

are three different lever types. All of them are used in our
body.

 1. First Class Lever: the pivot is between the force and the
load. An example is our head.

 2. Second Class Lever: the load is between the pivot and the
force. An example is our feet.
 3. Third Class Lever: the force is between the pivot and the
load. An example is our arm.

Career
Bioengineer

 A bioengineer is a scientist who uses knowledge of

engineering and uses it in health care. He makes medical
devices, artificial body parts, and organs.

Activity
 Using the information above make body levers using a ruler,
an eraser as load and a pyramid. Use your hand as force and
see how body levers work. Place all materials as shown
below.
 Place pyramid below in the middle of the ruler. Then put an
eraser on one end of the ruler. Loaded with eraser the end
lays down. However, if you use your hand’s force, both ends
will be equal. This body levers hold our head from falling in
front.

 Now make other types of body levers.

Literacy
 1. Why a person gets shorter during the day?

 2. What are the differences between human and cat

skeleton?

 3. What are the benefits of bipedalism?

Research time
 You are About 1 Centimeter Taller in the Morning than in the
Evening!

 During the day, cartilage in some body parts compresses a

little. However, when we sleep, cartilage renews back.
Measure your height early in the morning and in the evening,
then record. Compare results. Which of your body parts are
affected?

Terminology
application - қолдану / употребление;

calf muscles - балтыр бұлшықеттері / икроножные мышцы;

to compress - қысу, сығу / компресс, сжимать, сдавливать;

gluteal muscles - жамбас бұлшықеттері / ягодичные
мышцы;

hamstrings - тізе асты сіңірлер /подколенные сухожилия;

levers - шығырлар/ рычаги;

load - жүк / нагрузка;

quadriceps  - төртбасты бұлшықет / четырехглавая

мышца;

vertebral column - омыртқа жотасы / позвоночник.

Problems
Test questions with one right answer 

1. Red bone marrow produces: 

A) lipid 

B) blood cells

C) bone cells 

D) nerve cells 

E) muscle cells

 2. Type of joint that connects vertebrae: 

A) semi movable 

B) fixed

C) moveable 

D) ultra movable 

E) None of the above

 3. Show heart muscle:

A) skeletal 

B) fiber 

C) cardiac 
D) smooth 

E) striated

 4. Newborn babies have about _____ bones.

A) 100 

B) 206 

C) 300 

D) 500 

E) 600

Test questions with several (max 3) right answers 

1. Locomotion system functions: 

A) protects inner organs

B) helps in movement

C) produces hormones

D) controls body activities

E) protects the body from microbes 

F) responsible for reflexes

G) forms blood cells

H) removes undigested food

 2. Difference between baby bones and adult bones: 

A) Some baby bones are partly made of cartilage 

B) Babies have more bones than adults 

C) Baby bones are more fragile than adult bones 

D) As babies grow their bones separate from one another

E) Adults have soft spots on their heads 

F) Old people bones have more elastic fibers than baby

bones

G) Adults have more elastic bones than babies 

H) As babies grow, their bones fuse together 

3. Parts of movable joint:

A) ligament 

B) tendon

C) muscle 

D) synovial fluid

E) red bone marrow 

F) joint capsule 

G) cartilage 

H) yellow bone marrow

Matching

 1. How are these bones connected to each other?

 1. Skull bones

2. Ribs to the sternum (chest) 

3. Humerus to the scapula (shoulder) 

A) Immovable joint

B) Slightly movable joint

C) Tendon joint

D) Movable joint

E) Ligament joint

F) Cartilage joint

2. Find movable joint type for following examples:

�A) Hinge 

B) Condyloid 

C) Plane
D) Saddle 

E) Ball and socket 

F) Pivot
 CHAPTER 9.0
Coordination and regulation
9.1 EYE STRUCTURE
You will:
 – explore the features of visual perception.

Key terms
 Sclera - white and the outermost layer of the eye;

 Cornea - transparent part of the eye that covers iris;

 Retina - the innermost layer of the eye containing light-

sensitive receptors.

Facts
 Be careful with to your eyes 

1. Avoid eye strain by 20-20-20 rule. Every 20 minutes, look

at something 20 feet (6 meters) away for 20 seconds

 2. Wear sunglasses to protect your eyes from harmful UV

rays.

 3. Make sure that your eyes are level with the screen. Work in
welllit areas and limit your time looking at electronic.

 4. Visiting an eye doctor regularly helps to protect your sight

and lets you see better.

 5. Eat useful food like carrots and fish to keep eyes healthy.
 6. Often blink to prevent drying of eyes.

 7. Regularly do exercises as shown in the picture to prevent

eyeProblems.

Text
Vision helps human to analyze the world. We see things,
colors, processes using eyes. An eye is a complicated organ.
It consists of three layers: inner, outer and middle.

 The outer layer consists of sclera and cornea. The sclera is a

white layer. It protects eyes from damage. The cornea is a
transparent layer.

 The middle layer consists of three parts: iris, ciliary body, and
choroid. The ciliary body holds the lens of an eye. The lens
focuses incoming light. Iris has eye coloring pigments. In the
middle of the iris, there is an opening called pupil. Light is
entering through this opening. Choroid has blood vessels.
They bring nutrients to the eye.

 The inner layer is a retina. It has cells called receptors. They

receive information from outside and transfers it to our brain.
Facts
 Newborns do not produce tears. They make crying sounds,
but the tears do not start flowing until they are about 4-13
weeks old.

Lab works
Eyesight

Pre-lab questions:

 1. What is the importance of eye and why we should take

care of it?

 2. Which eye structure determines a person’s eye color?

 3. What are similarities between eyes and camera?

Methods and materials: 

Sivtsev table, tape-measure.

Procedures:

 1. Print Sivtsev table on three A4 papers on landscape

orientation.

 2. Put it on the wall. 10th line of the table should be on the
level of your eyes.

 3. Illuminate the table with the lamp.

 4. Stand 5 meters away from the table.

 5. Close one eye and read the letters.

 6. If you do not see the letter, come closer to 0.5 meters.
Repeat until you see the letter.

 7. Measure your eyesight using the formula: V=d/D

 where,

 V - eyesight;

 d - distance, when you see the letter; 

D - distance, where you started the measurement.

Results:
Post-lab questions:

 1. Describe the path of light passing through the eye to

retina?

 2. How do eyes take nutrients?

 3. Why does human have two eyes?

Career
Ophthalmologist

 An ophthalmologist is a medically trained doctor who is an

expert in diagnosing, treating and preventing eye diseases.

Terminology
pupil - қарашық / зрачок

lens - көз бұршағы / хрусталик

iris - нұрлы қабық / радужная оболочка

complicated - күрделі / сложный

transparent - мөлдір / прозрачный

to blink - жыпылықтау / моргать

well-lit - жақсы  жарықтандырылған / хорошо

освещенный

retina - торлы қабық / сетчатка

sclera - ақ қабықша / склера, белковая оболочка

outermost - ең сыртқы / самый внешний

contagious - жұқпалы / заразительный

to determine - анықтау, белгілеу / определять

9.2 HEARING
You will:
 -explore the characteristics of auditory perception.

Key terms 
Outer ear - collects and transmits sound waves to middle ear;

Middle ear - makes sound signals stronger;

Inner ear - responsible for hearing and maintaining balance.

Facts
 Ears help to keep balance. The inner ear has three fluid-filled
tubes called semicircular canals.

When you move your head, the liquid in tubes moves too and
sends signals to the brain about your position. The brain
sends a message to muscles to keep balance. Find
semicircular canals in ear structure picture.

Text
 People use sounds to communicate. Also, humans need to
hear sounds to be aware of the danger. We hear with our
ears. The ear consists of three parts: the outer ear, middle ear,
and inner ear.
 The outer ear consists of the external pinna and the ear
canal collects the waves and sends them to the ear canal.
There, sound waves hit the eardrum.

 In the middle ear, there are three bones. They accept
vibrations from the eardrum and send to the inner ear. Also,
middle ear has a eustachian tube.

 It connects ear and pharynx. This tube equalizes the

pressure inside and outside of the eardrum.

 The inner ear consists of the cochlea and semicircular canals.

There are special receptors in the cochlea. They send
information from sound vibrations to the brain.

Facts
 Your ears never shut down, not even while you are sleeping.
They still hear sounds, but these sounds do not register with
your brain. This would explain why sometimes you will
suddenly wake up whenever you hear a slight sound.

Lab works
Hearing

Pre-lab questions:

 1. Why does ear produce earwax?

 2. What is the role of the pinna in hearing?

 3. What is the role of eustachian tube?

 4. What parts are located in the inner ear?

Methods and materials:

 ticking watch, ruler.

Procedures:

 1. Before starting the experiment class should keep total

silence.

 2. Put watch to your left ear.

 3. Close your right ear.

 4. Move away from the watch from your left ear.

 5. Stop when you do not hear the ticking sound.

 6. Measure the distance from your ear to the watches.

 7. Do the same procedure with the second ear.

Results:

NOTE: The normal hearing the distance between 10-15 cm.

Post-lab questions:

 1. Describe the pathway of sound waves passing through the

ear to the brain?

 2. How is the shape of pinna related to hearing?

 3. Which part of the ear takes sound waves and turns them
into vibrations?

Facts
 Take care of your hearing

Literacy 
1. Loud sounds can damage the ear and lead to hearing loss.
The sound level must not exceed 85 decibels (dB).

 2. Do not insert objects into the ears. They may injure the ear
canal or eardrum also can cause ear infections. Earwax is the
ear’s mechanism for self-cleaning.
 3. If you haveProblems with your hearing or ear pain visit an
otolaryngologist.

Career
 An otolaryngologist is a doctor who examines conditions,
diagnoses and treats diseases of ear, nose, and throat.
Hearing loss is an important health issue. It is the third most
common disease after cancer and heart disease. The
otolaryngologist may suggest hearing aid for people with
this problem.

Terminology
cochlea - ұлулы дене / улитка;

ear canal - сыртқы есту жолы / слуховой канал;

eardrum - дабыл жарғағы / барабанная перепонка;

earwax - құлық / ушной воск;

eustachian tube - Естахиев түтігі / Евстахиева труба;

pinna - құлақ қалқаны / ушная раковина;

semicircular canals - жартыдөнгелекше өзектер /

полукружные канальца;

to injure - зақымдау / повредить

9.3 RECEPTORS
You will:
 - learn structures of visual and hearing receptors.

STQ
 How does our body receive information from outside world?

Key terms
 Receptor - cell able to respond to light, heat, or other
external stimulus and transmit signals to sensory nerves;

 Photoreceptor -receptor sensitive to light;

 Hair cell - receptor sensitive to sound vibration.

Research time
 Colour blind person cannot distinguish between certain
colours, usually between greens and reds, and sometimes
blues. In very rare cases people see only in black and white.

In order to check colour blindness Ishihara’s colour blind

plates are used. Visit website below and test yourself for
colour blindness:

 http://www.colour-blindness.com/ ishihara-38-plates-cvd-
test/
Text 
Receptors are cells which receive information from outside
and send it to the brain. They are found in all parts of human
body, mostly in sensory organs. 

There are different receptors in different organs. Their

structures are different because they accept different
information.

 Receptors that accept light are photoreceptors. They are

rods and cons.

 Rods are sensitive to light. They do not distinguish color.

They work mostly during the night. Cones give us color
vision. They are most active during the day. There are three
types of cones. Each type of cone is sensitive to different
colors: red, green, blue.

 Sound waves travel through 2 types of matter: gas and solid.

Sound travels through the air in ear canal till eardrum. This is
called air conduction. After eardrum, sound waves travel
through ear bones as solid. This is called solid conduction.
Ear bones vibrate with sound waves and send this vibration
into the cochlea.

 There are special hearing receptors in cochlea called hair

cells. They accept information about vibrations inside the
cochlea. Then hair cells send these information to the brain.

Lab works
Finding blind spot

Methods and materials: 

blind spot papers, three flashlights, cellophane tapes of three

different colors: red, green and blue, scotch tape, ping-pong
ball, 3 A5 sized cardboards.

Procedures:

 1. Hold image with the right hand. Close your left eye and
look at the square with your right eye.

 2. Slowly bring the page closer to you. At a certain distance,

the red dot will disappear.
Post-lab questions:

 1. Why don’t we notice disappearing objects in the blind

spot?

Mixing colors

Procedures:

 1. Wrap red cellophane tape to the first flashlight so that it

can produce red light. Use scotch tape if necessary. Do the
same with other cellophane tapes and flashlights.

 2. Put flashlights (a) as on scheme, turn them on and close

them with cardboards (b). Then put ping-pong ball (c) in
about 20 cm away from flashlights.

 3. Open cardboards one by one and observe the change of

colors on pingpong ball shadow. Try mixing colors.

Post-lab questions:

 1. How to produce white color by mixing red-blue-green

colors?

Air and solid conduction

Procedures:

 1. Work in pairs. Ask your partner to tap slightly on a desk

and listen to it. Then, lay your ear on a desk and ask to tap
again.

 2. Later ask your partner to make heavy taps and listen to
both positions.
 3. Record your observations on table below.

Results:

Post-lab questions

 1. Whales can hear one another from 1500 km away. How is
this possible?

Physics in biology
The sound is a mechanical wave. It can travel through any
gas, liquid or solid matter. In human, sound waves enter the
ear and turn into vibration. The range of human hearing is
between 20Hz and 20,000Hz (hertz).

Terminology
rods - таяқша тәрізді жасушалар / палочки;

cons - колба тәрізді жасушалар / колбочки;

hair cells - түкті жасушалар / волосковые клетки;

colour blindness - дальтонизм;

blind spot - соқыр дақ / слепое пятно;

conduction - өткізгіштік / проводимость;

hertz - герц;

vibration - діріл, тербеліс / вибрация;

wave - толқын / волна;

stimulus - тітіркендіруші / раздражитель.

9.4 ENDOCRINE GLANDS
You will:
– determine the location of the endocrine, exocrine and
mixed glands;

 – explain main functions of glands.

Key terms
Hormone - chemical messenger produced by glands that
regulate theActivity of target organ; Endocrine gland - organ
that secretes hormones into the blood; Exocrine gland -
organ that secretes molecules into or out of body cavities;

 Mixed gland - secretes substances into blood and body

cavity.

STQ
Sultan Köse is the tallest man in the world. His height is 251
cm. Chandra Bahadur Dangi is the shortest man in the world.
His height is 54.6 cm. Why do these two people have
different heights?

Text
 Glands are organs that synthesize different molecules and
secrete them outside. There are two main types of glands:
exocrine and endocrine.
 Exocrine glands secrete molecules into body cavities or out
of the body. Glands inside our mouth, stomach, and intestine
secrete enzymes. These enzymes neutralize pathogens and
help to digest food. Lacrimal glands secrete tears. Tears
clean eyes and kill bacteria. Sweat glands produce sweat.
Sweat cools the body in hot temperatures. Also, excess salt
and water are removed from the organism.

 Endocrine glands secrete molecules called hormones into

the blood. Hormones regulate body organs. They go through
blood to organs they regulate. Then they start and end
different processes done by the organs. Organs regulated by
hormones are known as target organs.

 There are some glands, which are both endocrine and

exocrine. These glands are called mixed glands. For example,
pancreas. It secretes hormones insulin and glucagon into the
blood. These hormones regulate the concentration of glucose
in the blood. Pancreas also produces enzymes into the
intestine. These enzymes help in food digestion.

 Though stomach is not a part of the endocrine system, it

releases the hormones ghrelin and gastrin, where the first
one induces hunger, and the second one stimulates the
secretion of gastric juice.
Activity
Make word cards by words given above. Students take cards
randomly. Then they show their cards and divide into a group
of hormones, organs, and glands. Glands should find their
hormones. Once pair matches, hormone student walk into
the classroom to find its organ. Organs stand frozen in
different place of the classroom. Then, organ tells what
happens to him when that hormone comes. Remember that
thisActivity should be done fast! After that, you can change
cards and repeat theActivity.

Literacy
 1. How does the endocrine system work with other body
systems?

 2. When does insulin level increase in blood?

 3. Testes produce sperm cells and testosterone. What type

of gland is this? Explain your answer.

Facts
 Increase your hormones of happiness

 1. Serotonin controls mood. It flows when you feel important

and absent when you feel lonely. Take gratitude by helping
people, because it helps you to feel important.
 2. Endorphin is released in response to pain and stress, to
help lighten worry and depression. Laughter is one of the
easiest ways to produce endorphin.

Research time
 When you see a snake outdoors, usually you will run away so
fast that nobody can catch you. This is our common reaction
to danger. It is called fight or flight response. This response
helps us to protect ourselves from danger. What changes
occur in our body when we are scared? Which hormone is
responsible for this? Write about your memories of flight and
fight response.

Terminology
adrenal glands - бүйрек үсті безі / надпочечники;

lacrimal gland - көз жасы безі / слезная железа;

ovary - аналық бездері / яичники;

pituitary gland - гипофиз;

to release -  бөліп шығару / выделять;

to synthesize - синтездеу / синтезировать;

testes - ұрық бездері / семенники;

thyroid gland - қалқанша безі / щитовидная железа.

9.5 DISEASES OF THE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
You will:
 – learn the diseases of pancreas and thyroid gland.

Key terms 
Myxedema - a disease caused by the deficiency of thyroxine;
Grave’s disease - a disease caused by overproduction of
thyroid hormone;

Diabetes - a disease caused by the deficiency of insulin.

STQ
What is diabetes and how is it treated?

Text
 Hormones regulate organism. If they do not work properly,
the human gets ill. Hormones sometimes may not work
properly or may overwork.

 When thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroxine, it is

myxedema disease. People with myxedema have lower
metabolism rate, lower body temperature, blood pressure,
etc. The human face becomes pale.
 Thyroid gland overworks it is called Grave’s disease. Human
eyes become large. Blood pressure and heart rate increase.
The human becomes anxious and gets tired fast. People with
Grave’s disease eat a lot but do not gain weight. To cure this
disease, doctors cut part of the thyroid gland.

 The pancreas secretes hormones insulin and glucagon.

Insulin decreases the amount of glucose in the blood. If
insulin does not work properly, the concentration of glucose
in blood increases. This disease is called diabetes. People
with diabetes want to drink much. Also, they lose weight.
Doctors give insulin for patients to cure diabetes.

  Most people with diabetes need to check their blood sugar

levels regularly. Meters are devices that test your blood sugar.
A small, sharp needle used to take a drop of blood from the
fingertip. Patient drips the blood on the test strip.

 Then, the patient puts the test strip into a meter that shows
blood sugar levels. An average blood sugar level before the
meal is min 4 mmol/L and max six mmol/L. After the meal, it
can be under 7.8 mmol/L.

Activity
Take any endocrine disorder. Divide into groups by 2-3
students and prepare a poster. Keep in mind that poster
should have information about the disease as shown below:

 • discovery in short

 • photos

 • symptoms

 • treatment

 On the next lesson make a gallery with all posters of the
class. Use sticking papers to stick to the best posters.
Remember that one student can give his or her choice to
only one poster. A poster that collects the most stickers will
be the winner.

 Work in pairs, where one student is a doctor; one is a

patient. The patient takes a card from the teacher where the
certain endocrine disease is written. Without telling the name
of the disease, the patient should tell and show symptoms of
the disease. The doctor should find the disease and suggest
treatment for it.

Literacy
 1. Why does myxedema disease occur?

 2. WhatProblems can be caused by overproduction of

hormones?

 3. In markets, we can see special products for diabetic

people. What are the common characteristics of these
products?
Career
Endocrinologist

 An endocrinologist is a doctor who has specialized in the

endocrine system. They diagnose and treat hormone-related
diagnose and imbalances caused by endocrine glands.

Research time
 Iodine is an important element for thyroid gland function. If
babies or pregnant women do not get enough iodine, it will
result in mental retardation. This disease is called cretinism.
Make a prediction what amount of iodine can lead to mental
retardation or other health issues.

 Make a list of food products that have iodine.

Terminology
anxious - мазасыз / беспокойный, тревожный

overproduction - керек мөлшерден артық шығару /

перепроизводство

sharp - өткір / острый

discovery - жаңалық ашу / открытие

to drip - тамшылау / капать

mental retardation - ақыл-ес кемтарлығы / умственная

отсталость

to secrete - бөліп шығару / выделять

to diagnose - тексеру, диагностикалау / диагностировать.
9.6 SKIN RECEPTORS
You will:
 – explore the sensitivity of the skin.

Key terms
 Thermoreceptors -receptors respond to changes in
temperature;

 Mechanoreceptors - receptors respond to vibration,

pressure, or other mechanical stimuli;

 Nociceptors - receptors respond to pain.

STQ 
What happens if we do not have pain receptors?

Text
 We can feel everything with our hands. It is because our skin
has receptors.

 Receptors are cells which take information from outside and

send signals about it to the brain. There are three types of
receptors in the skin: thermoreceptors: they accept
information about temperature (cold or hot);
mechanoreceptors: they accept information about pressure
and touch nociceptors: they accept information about pain.
 Skin receptors help people detect form and size of an
object. Also, nociceptors help humans to be safe. You always
take your hand away if you feel pain.

Lab works
Sensitivity

Pre-lab questions:

 1. What if we do not have receptors in the skin?

 2. Can you feel moisture with your skin? Explain your answer.

 3. Is it good not to feel pain? Explain your answer.

Methods and materials:

 Pair of dividers, ruler.

Precautions:

 1. Be careful with dividers. Do not push too hard.

Procedures:

 1. Work in pairs. The first student closes both eyes.

 2. The second student should bring two legs of dividers as

close as possible and touch the outer side of the palm of the
first student.

 3. The second student then should increase the distance

between the legs of the dividers to 1 mm and touch the outer
side of the palm again.

 4. The second student should continue increasing the

difference between the legs of the dividers until the first
student senses two touches.

 5. Repeat the experiment with the inner side of the palm.

 6. Repeat the experiment with an elbow.

Results:
Post-lab questions:

 1. Why do you feel it as one object when the dividers tips are
close to each other?

 2. Which region of observed skin is most sensitive? Explain

your answer.

 3. Why do we also feel pain when we pour something hot on

our skin?

Facts
 The first sense developed in human embryo is touch. You
have 5 million touch receptors in the skin, and 3000 of them
are found in fingertips. These touch receptors in fingertips
play a very important role for blind people.

 They use these receptors even for reading and writing. There
is a special alphabet called Braille. It is a system of touch
reading and writing by raised dots.

Research time
 Work in pairs. Ask your partner to turn his back to you.
Touch his back using your some fingers in different areas of
the back. Ask how many fingers there are. You can do that
with different numbers of fingers. Can he find them
correctly?

 After asking him to close his eyes. Touch his palm with your
fingers and ask how many fingers there are. Compare the
results and explain the reasons.

Terminology
back - арқа / задняя часть;

blindfold - көзін байлау / повязка на глаза;

to detect - табу / найти;

divider - циркуль;

dot - нүкте / точка;

fingertip - саусақ ұшы / кончик пальца;

moisture - ылғал / влажность;

palm - алақан / ладонь;

sensitivity - сезгіштік / чувствительность.

9.7 THERMOREGULATION
You will: 
– describe skin role in maintaining a constant temperature of
warm; – describe blooded animals.

STQ
 The body temperature of polar bears is 37C. How do they
maintain this temperature at North pole?

Key terms
Thermoregulation - regulation of temperature when
environment changes;

 Cold-blooded animals - animals with unstable temperature;

 Warm-blooded animals - animals with constant temperature.

Facts
 Why do we shiver?

 When you feel cold, the receptors in your skin send

messages to your brain telling you to need to warm up. Your
brain sends messages to your muscles to contract fast.

 This causes shaky limbs and jaws muscles twitch making

your teeth chatter. This shaking produces heat.
Text
 The temperature of the animal body depends on the
temperature of the environment and internal bodyActivity.
Animals feel temperature by special cells in the skin called
thermoreceptors. They accept information about the
temperature outside and send the information to the brain.
There are two types of animals:

 1. Cold-blooded animals: The temperature of these animals

depends on outside temperature. They cannot control their
temperature. For example fish, amphibia and reptiles.

 2. Warm-blooded animals: The temperature of these animals

is constant and does not depend on outside temperature.
They control their temperature. For example birds and
mammals.

 Thermoregulation is the process that helps warm-blooded

animals control their temperature and keep it constant. Many
organs play a role in thermoregulation, but the main organ is
skin.

 During hot weather, the body needs to cool itself. So, blood
vessels of skin expand, and more blood goes through them.
This releases energy out of the body. That is why your skin
becomes red in hot weather. Also, the skin produces sweat
during hot weather. Sweat contains water, which cools the
body. These processes help the organism to decrease the
temperature and avoid overheating.

 During cold weather, the organism needs to produce more

heat. First of all, it is done by movement: rubbing hands,
stamping feet. Also, blood vessels of skin become smaller.
Less blood goes through them, and less heat is released
outside. Skin becomes pale.
Activity
 Adaptation is a loss of receptor sensitivity as the result of
long-term exposure. For example, if you take a hot shower, at
the first you have a strong sense of hot water. However, after
a while, you do not sense it so hard, because your skin
adapts to that temperature. To see that, try the following
experiment.

 The most sensitive heat receptors are found in the elbows,

nose, and fi ngertips, while cold receptors are found on the
chest, chin, nose, fi ngers, and the upper lip.

 Take three dishes with water that have different

temperatures (10, 25, 40O.). First, put your hands into dishes
with 10 and 40O. Wait for a little and record the changes on
your skin. How do both hands change their color? Why?
Explain your answer. How much time does it take for you not
to sense cold or hot?

 Then put both of your hands into the water with 250.
temperature. Was there any change in temperature
perception? Explain.

Research time
Living organisms have different strategies for thermoregulation. Make a
research and fill the table. One example for behavioral strategies is how
elephants make water spray to cool down on a hot day.

Literacy
 1. Why do we drink more water during hot weather?

 2. How do penguins control their temperature in the

Antarctic?

 3. Warm blooded-animals eat more than cold blooded-

animals. Explain why.

Terminology
behavior - мінез-құлық / поведение

cold-blooded - суыққанды / холоднокровный

exposure - ұшырату / воздействие

goosebump - түршігу / мурашки

to shiver - қалтырау / дрожать

to stamp - жер тебіну / топать

thermoregulation - терморегуляция

twitch - жұлқу / подергивание

warm-blooded - жылықанды / теплокровный.

Problems
Test questions with one right answer 

1. During conjunctivitis, white of the eye becomes: 

A) Yellow 

B) Purple 

C) Blue

 D) White 

E) Red

 2. Pinna is part of:

A) Tongue

B) Ear 

C) Eye

D) Skin 

E) Nose

 3. Rods and cones are located in: 

A) Cochlea 

B) Retina 

C) Sclera 
D) Iris 

E) Choroid

 4. Organ of the endocrine system: 

A) Heart 

B) Gland 

C) Stomach 

D) Kidney 

E) Lung

Test questions with several (max 3) right answers 

1. TRUE about ears:

A) Cone cells receive audio waves 

B) Have photoreceptor cells

C) Receive sound waves

D) Have smallest bones of the human body

E) Can detect chemicals in the air 

F) Can detect chemicals in food 

G) Protects the body from microbes 

H) Has got three main parts

 2. True about sensory receptors: 

A) Receive information and send to heart 

B) All receptors have the same structure 

C) All receptors receive the same information 

D) Rods and cones are photoreceptors 

E) Skin has got thermoreceptors 

F) Tongue has got chemoreceptors 

G) Nose receptors control body balance 

H) Mechanoreceptors of eyes located on the retina 

3. Hormones:

 A) neutralize microbes 

B) clean eyes 

C) filtrate the blood 

D) stimulate growth 

E) accelerate heart rate 

F) fight with germs 

G) give colour to skin 

H) receive information

Matching

 1. Match actions with suitable receptors: 

 1. Choosing deodorant

2. Listening to music

3. Choosing green cup for tea 

A) Thermoreceptors

B) Mechanoreceptors

C) Cones

D) Rods

E) Chemoreceptors

F) Pain receptors

 2. Label parts of the eye with it functions: 

A) Focuses on object

B) Contains receptor cells

C) Contains blood vessels

D) Controls the size of the pupil 

E) Light passes through it

F) Pain receptors
CHAPTER 10.0
Reproduction
10.1 CELL DIVISION TYPES 
You will:
 – explain the importance of mitosis and meiosis for growth
and development of plants and animals.

STQ
 Imagine you cut your skin. After some time this wound is
healed. What happens during this healing process?

Key terms
 Mitosis - a division of the cell into two identical cells, each
containing the same number of the chromosome;

 Meiosis - a division of the cell, resulting in four cells, each

containing half number of chromosome.

Text
 Cell division is the process of formation of new cells. Before
cell division, a cell grows, prepares needed materials and
stores energy. There are two types of cell division: mitosis
and meiosis. Mitosis is a process when one diploid cell (2n)
divides and forms two identical diploid cells (2n). Newly
formed cells are known as daughter cells. Mitosis occurs in
body cells. By mitosis, organisms grow, repair body parts,
and reproduce asexually. two times and forms four haploid
cells. Two divisions are meiosis I and meiosis II. By meiosis
sperm and egg cells are produced.
 Chromosomes are structures inside the nucleus, which
contain genetic information. Body cells have two times more
chromosomes than reproductive cells. Reproductive cells
have n, or haploid, number of chromosomes. Body cells have
a 2n, or diploid, number chromosomes. In human skin cell
there are 46 (2n) chromosomes, sperm cell 23 (n); in dog
liver cell there are 78 (2n) chromosomes, egg cell 39 (n).

Meiosis occurs only in reproductive cells. During meiosis

diploid cell divides Sperm and egg cells are produced by
meiosis.

Activity
LET’S PLAY DICES!

 1. Use a paper to make cubes shown below. Write words on

the paper and fold it.

 2. Now throw dices and do the action on cube-1 to explain

word on cube-2 that falls to you.

Research time
 Research scientific materials and write a 150-200 words
essay on the topic: “What would be if there wasn’t any
mitosis in life?”

Maths in Biology
 If a cell fully divides in 30 minutes, how many cells will be
produced from one cell in 12 hours?

Literacy
 1. What occurs if reproductive cells are formed by mitosis?
Explain.

 2. Why is regeneration not done by meiosis?

 3. Cells formed by mitosis are known as daughter cells.

Explain why?

Terminology
genetic information - генетикалық ақпарат / генетическая
информация;

cancer cell - рак жасушасы / раковая клетка;

injury - жарақат / травма;

diploid - диплоидты / диплоидный;

haploid - гаплоидты / гаплоидный;

sperm cell - аталық жыныс жасушасы / сперматозоид;

egg cell - аналық жыныс жасушасы / яйцеклетка.

10.2 ANIMAL
REPRODUCTION 
You will:
 – compare reproduction types of animals.

STQ
 Hydra does not need a partner to have an offspring. How is
this possible?

Key terms
 Asexual reproduction - reproduction involving one parent
and offspring are identical to the parent;

 Sexual reproduction - reproduction involving two parents

and offspring are genetically different.

Text 
Reproduction is when a parent organism produces new
offspring. There are two types of reproduction: asexual and
sexual reproduction.

 In asexual reproduction, only one parent produces new

offspring. In sexual reproduction, two parents of the same
species produce new offspring.
 There are different animals with different body forms. Some,
like a hydra, have very simple body structure, some very
complex. Animal reproduction methods are also very
different.

Asexual reproduction in animals 

Asexual reproduction occurs by mitosis. Newly formed

offspring is identical with parent organism. Types of asexual
reproduction, which can be seen in animals: binary fission,
budding, and fragmentation.

 Binary fission is seen in protists. It is when a single organism

(cell) divides into two daughter organisms (cells).

 Budding is seen in hydras and jellyfish. During budding some

cells on parent organism start to divide and later will form
small outgrowth, called bud. This bud grows and detaches
from parent organism and starts its own life. In some
organisms like corals, buds do not detach and live with
parent organism.

 Fragmentation is when parent organism is split into

fragments, and every fragment gives rise to a new organism.
It is seen in hydras, planaria, flatworms, and sea stars.

Sexual reproduction in animals 

Sexual reproduction occurs in reproductive cells or gametes.
Gametes are formed by meiosis. Male gametes are called
sperm cells; female gametes are called egg cells. These cells
fuse and form a new organism. New organism forms by a
mixture of genes from both parents, so not identical to
parents. Some protists, like paramecium, and all multicellular
animals can reproduce sexually.

Literacy
 1. Why do complex animals not reproduce asexually?

 2. Some organisms can produce both male and female

gametes. They are known as hermaphrodites. Give three
examples of hermaphrodite animals.

 3. Which reproduction method produces more offspring in

short time?

 Mother cat with kittens. Sexual reproduction brings to

genetic diversity of the offspring.

Facts
 Sea star spends its fi rst three years as a male and next three
as a female.

Research time
 As you can notice from the text, all simple animals use
asexual reproduction while complex animals reproduce
sexually. Why can’t animals that have complex structure
reproduce asexually? Give at least two examples. Moreover,
why do organisms need to reproduce instead of living
forever?
Terminology
binary fission - екіге бөліну / бинарное деление;

budding - бүршіктену / почкование;

fragmentation - бөлшектену / фрагментация;

gamete - гамета;

hydra - гидра;

offspring - ұрпақ / потомство;

paramecium - кірпікшелі кебісше / инфузория.

10.3 LIFE CYCLES OF
MOSSES AND FERNS LIFE
CYCLE OF THE FERN
You will:
 - explain the features of asexual and sexual generations as in
mosses and ferns.

Key terms
 Sporophyte - the form of a plant in the alternation of
generations that produces asexual spores; Gametophyte -
the sexual form of a plant in the alternation of generations.

Text
 The life cycle of most plants takes two generations. Plant life
begins with germination of spores. A spore grows into a
gametophyte, an organism which produces gametes.
Gametes are fertilized and become sporophyte, an organism
which produces spores. Then the cycle starts again.

 Sporophyte and gametophyte generations have some

differences, sporophyte plant is diploid (2n), it produces
spores (n) with meiosis. Gametophyte plant is haploid (n), it
produces gametes with mitosis. Both sporophyte and
gametophyte generations have different external
appearances.
 Mosses are plants which do not have flowers and seeds.
They lack transport system, so they absorb water by the
whole body. They reproduce by spores. Spore germinates
and forms leafy gametophyte. Gametophyte has organs for
sexual reproduction. These organs produce sex cells: sperm
cell and egg cell. Sperm cell swims to egg cell and fertilizes it.
Zygote grows and forms sporophyte. Sporophyte plant
grows on the gametophyte. Sporophyte consists of stalk and
sporangium. Inside sporangium capsule spores are formed.

 Ferns are also spore-bearing plants. In favorable conditions,

spore grows into a heart-shaped leaf-like gametophyte. It is
very small, with a size of 3-8 mm, and only one cell thick.
Under gametophyte, it has sex organs, which produce sperm
cell and egg cell. Sperm cells fertilize egg cells and form
zygote. Zygote grows into a sporophyte. It has got many
leaves. Under leaves, there are sporangia where spores are
produced.
 Mosses are plants which grow on rocks near water. What is
the importance of water in their life cycle? Mosses and ferns
have great ecological importance. Mosses colonize the
barren rocks and exposed areas of hills. They make it suitable
for growing other plants by depositing humus soil and plant
debris. Ferns filter toxins, and it is a bioindicator which shows
clearness of environment.  Mosses and ferns have similarities
in their life cycles. However, in mosses gametophyte plant is
dominant, in ferns sporophyte plant is dominant. So the leafy
plant we see as mosses is gametophyte, fern with blade
leaves is sporophyte.

Activity
 Draw a Venn diagram into your notebook. Fill the diagram
related to the life cycles of fern and moss. Compare their
gametophyte and sporophytes. Write the common. Fill both
sides of the diagram with differences of each plant.

Facts
 Eco-graffiti is a beautiful piece of art which grows mosses on
the wall. Visit the link below and make your moss graffiti.

 http://www.wikihow.com/MakeMoss-Graffiti

Maths in Biology
 Calculate the number of spores in 3 square meters that
could be released by moss. Here the density of plant is 100
plants per square meter, and the average number of spores
released by one plant is 10 000.

Research time
 Work in groups and make a model of fern/mosses life cycle
using plasticine.

Literacy 
1. Why do mosses and ferns need spores?

 2. What is the importance of sexual reproduction in mosses

and ferns?

 3. What is the difference between gametophyte and

sporophyte?

Terminology
alternation - кезектесу / чередование;

humus soil - қарашірік / чернозём;

dominant - басым / доминантный;

to bear - тасу / нести.

10.4  LIFE CYCLES OF
GYMNOSPERMS AND
ANGIOSPERMS
You will:
 -explain life cycle features of gymnosperms and
angiosperms.

Key terms 
Gymnosperm - nonflowering plants having naked seeds not
enclosed in an ovary;

 Angiosperms - flowering, the fruit-bearing plant having seed

in a closed ovary.

STQ
Why do plants form flowers?

Text
Gymnosperms and angiosperms are seed plants. In both
plant groups sporophyte is dominant. Gametophytes are
pollens and ovule. 

Gymnosperms are non-flowering plants like pine, cedar, and

juniper. Pine is an evergreen tree with needle-like leaves. It
has male and female cones. Male cones produce pollen.
Pollen reaches female cones by the wind. When pollens reach
the ovule in a female cone, pollination occurs. After
pollination, it takes about a year for an egg to mature, only
after that fertilization occurs. Fertilized ovule becomes a
seed. After fertilization, cones are closed. When seeds are
mature, cones open again and disperse seeds. In favorable
conditions, seeds germinate and form new pine tree.

Angiosperms are flowering plants and most abundant plants

on Earth. Rose, wheat, apple tree are some examples. These
plants reproduce by flowers. The zygote develops into an
embryo inside Anther Germinated pollen grain (n) (male
gametophyte) the seed.  Reproductive organs called stamens
and female reproductive organs called carpels. Stamens
produce pollen. Carpels produce eggs. During pollination
pollens reach carpel. Sperm cells reach ovule, and double
fertilization takes place.
Activity
Why do pine cones open and close?

 Female cones open only in dry and warm conditions, to

spread seeds. In cold and humid weather they close.

 1. Take three jars and put a cone in each of them2. Put warm
and cold water into two different jars and label them. In the
third jar, put only a cone.

 3. Wait for 20 minutes and observe changes every 5 minutes.

Which of the cones open first? Which of them stay closed
tightly? Explain your answer.

 Take open and closed cone. Then try to take each scale and
look at its base. In which cone can you find a seed?
Facts
 Jack pine cones only open in extreme circumstances such as
forest fi res. Only after fi re their tightly sealed cones open
and seeds disperse.

Research time
 Take a tulip flower and observe reproductive structures
using a magnifying glass. Watch anther and stamen. Draw a
picture of it and label its parts. Can you see pollen on it? Do
research how to grow a tulip. If it is possible, plant your tulip
and organize a flower corner in your room. Then describe the
life cycle of a tulip.

Literacy
 1. How do forest fires help seed germination?

 2. Why are there more angiosperms than gymnosperms on

Earth?

 3. Are there any extra roles of fruits except for seed
dispersal?

Engineering in Biology
 Dandelion seed inspired the making of the first parachute.
Fluffy structures slow the fall of a dandelion seed on the
ground, just like a parachute slows the fall of man.

Terminology
cone - бүр / шишка;
abundant - кең таралған / обильный;

wheat - бидай / пшеница;

stamens - аталық / тычинка;

carpels - аналық / пестик;

humid  - ылғалды / влажный;

circumstance - жағдай / обстоятельство;

dandelion  - бақбақгүл / одуванчик;

dispersal - таралу / распространение.

Problems
Test questions with one correct answer 

1. Human epithelial cells have _______ chromosomes.

A) 23 

B) 24 

C) 48

D) 46 

E) 42

 2. Occurs by meiosis?

A) Budding 

B) Binary fission 

C) Fragmentation 

D) Growth

E) Formation of sperm cell

 3. Fragmentation is NOT seen in: 

A) Planarian 

B) Annelida

C) Hydra 
D) Frog

E) Seastar

 4. Gymnosperms reproduce by: 

A) cones 

B) bulb

C) pines 

D) fruits

E) flowers

Test questions with several (max 3) right answers 

1. Occurs by/after mitosis:

 A) cell division

 B) formation of sperm cells

 C) formation of the egg cell 

 D) formation of body cells

 E) formation of identical cells 

 F) sexual reproduction

 G) fusion of cells

 H) asexual reproduction

 2. Binary fission is seen in: 

A) hydras 

B) sponges

C) bacteria 

D) amoeba

E) fungi 

F) gymnosperms

G) yeasts 

H) paramecia

 3. True about angiosperms:

A) cones are used for reproduction 

B) flowers are used for reproduction 

C) reproduce by spores

D) flowers have reproductive structures 

E) always evergreen

F) seeds have endosperm

G) reproduce by binary fission 

H) have needle-like leaves

Matching

 1. Match functions with flower parts: 

 1. Male reproductive structure 

2. Attract insects

3. Fertilization occurs in

 A) Receptacle

 B) Sepal

 C) Anther

 D) Petal

 E) Ovule

 F) Style

 2. Match type of asexual reproduction with the organism: 

1. Binary fission 

2. Fragmentation

3. Budding

A) Amoeba

B) Virus

C) Hydra

D) Snake

E) Shark

F) Planaria
 CHAPTER 11.0
Embryonic Development
11.1 EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT
You will:
 – learn stages of embryonic development;

 – describe tissues and organs that are formed from different

germ layers.

Key terms
Development - growth from one cell to a multicellular
organism; Blastula - an early stage of development, single-
layered ball like structure;

 Gastrula - three-layered structure formed after blastula;

 Organogenesis - formation of organs of the embryo.

STQ
 How does a microscopic single-celled zygote develop into a
baby?

Research time
 Different factors affect the development of the embryo in
mother’s womb. For example, alcohol and cigarettes can
harm some organs, so does radiation. Research impacts of
bad habits and radiation to the embryo. Pass your report to
your teacher.

Text  
Embryonic development is the process of growth from one
cell to multicellular organism. After the reproduction, male
and female cells join together. This process is called
fertilization. The cell formed after fertilization is called a
zygote. Then the zygote starts to divide.

 After 5 to 7 divisions, a hollow ball of cells called blastula is

formed. Then cells continue to divide and three-layered
structure forms. It is called gastrula. It has three layers:
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. From these three
layers tissues, separate and organs are produced. This
process is called organogenesis. After gastrula, neural organs
are formed. This stage is called neurula.
Activity 
Let’s make a model of embryonic development!

 1. Take plasticine. Make a ball that is 10 cm in diameter. It is a

zygote.

 2. Divide and make two balls but they should be 5 cm in

diameter and join them.

 3. Divide again and make four cells that are 2.5 cm in
diameter. Join them. Continue to work till you have 32-celled
blastula.
 4. Make a gastrula with obvious three germ layers using
different colors for each layer.

Facts 
Twins can be identical or fraternal. If twins are boy and girl,
also if they do not look like much they are fraternal twins.
They develop from two different female cells which are
fertilized by two different male cells. Identical twins form
when blastula splits into two or more. Identical twins look
alike and are of the same gender. Sometimes they are mirror
images of each other. For example, one is often left-handed,
while the other is right-handed. They may also have
birthmarks on the opposite sides of their bodies. In some
cases, organs also are reversed, with the heart on the right
and liver on the left.

Literacy
 1. Jellyfish have only endoderm and ectoderm layers. Which
organs do not they have?

 2. How many divisions are needed to make blastula? Show

your calculations.

 3. Dogs can give birth to several puppies at once. How is this
possible? Explain your answer.

Terminology
birthmark - мең / родинка, родимое пятно;

development - даму / развитие;

division - бөлу, бөліну/ разделение, деление;

fertilization - ұрықтану / оплодотворение;

fraternal twins - екіжұмыртқалы егіздер / неидентичные

(многояйцовые) близнецы;

gender - жыныс / пол;

identical twins - біржұмыртқалы егіздер / идентичные

(однояйцовые) близнецы;

layer - қабат / слой;

organogenesis - мүшелердің жасалуы / органогенез.

Problems
Test questions with one right answer 

1. The cell formed after fertilization: 

A) Blastula 

B) Gastrula

C) Zygote 

D) Egg

E) Embryo

 2. Formation of organs:

A) Development 

B) Fertilization 

C) Growth 

D) Organogenesis

E) Differentiation

 3. Develop from endoderm:

A) Muscle cells 

B) Gastro vascular tract 

C) Nerve tissue 
D) Skeleton

E) Epidermis cells

Test questions with several (max 3) right answers 

1. Choose INCORRECT statements: 

A) Fraternal twins are formed from divided zygote 

B) During cleavage, cell division occurs without cell growth 

C) During cleavage, newly formed cells start to grow 

D) Zygote is a single-celled embryo 

E) Fertilization is the stage of embryonic development 

F) Formation of three germ layers occur at the end of

gastrulation

G) Embryo in blastula stage has two cell layers 

H) Fertilization is the process when sperm and egg fuse 

2. Identical twins are:

A) Generally different in gender 

B) Generally look different

C) Develop from one pair of male and female gametes 

D) Develop from two pairs of male and female gametes 

E) Generally look alike each other 

F) Can be a mirror image of each other 

G) Always have birthmarks in opposite parts of their bodies 

H) Always have birthmarks in same place of their bodies

Matching

 1. Match given explanations with suitable terms: 

1. inner layer

2. outer layer

3. middle layer

A) exoderm

B) endoderm

C) ectoderm

D) epiderm

E) mesoderm

F) derm

 2. Match embryo development terms given below with

suitable answer:

1. double layered structure

2. three layered structure

3. fertilized single cellular structure 

A) egg

B) zygote
C) organ

D) blastula

E) morula

F) gastrula

 3. Match organs with embryonic layers: 

1. lung

2. heart

3. brain

A) endoderm

B) exoderm

C) derm

D) epiderm

E) mesoderm

F) ectoderm
 CHAPTER 12.0
Inheritance and variation
12.1 ROLE OF INHERITANCE
AND VARIATION IN
EVOLUTION
You will:
 -discuss the role of heredity and variation in evolution.

STQ
 Why do we look like our parents?

Key terms
 Evolution - the process of change and conservation of
different organism characteristics from generation to
generation;

 Variation - the ability of an organism to change and acquire

new features;

 Inheritance - the ability of an organism to store and transmit

features from parents to offspring.

Facts
A species of fruit fly was kept in complete darkness for 57
years (1400 generations) showed genetic alterations that
were favorable to survival in that environmental condition.
Text
 During reproduction, some characteristics of organisms are
conserved within one species. Other characteristics, on the
other hand, are different in offspring and parents. These two
features are called inheritance and variation.

 Inheritance is the ability of an organism to store and transmit

features from parents to offspring. Variation is the ability of
an organism to change and acquire new features.

 Inheritance helps to preserve certain characteristics of

species. However, the environment always changes. Climate
and landscape can change, and the organism needs to adapt
to the environment. Variation helps in adaptation. Adaptation
helps organisms to survive in these changing world.

 Inheritance and variation are connected with evolution.

Evolution is the process of change and conservation of
different organism characteristics from generation to
generation. New features and characteristics of organisms
occur as a result of variation. Then these characteristics are
transmitted from parents to offspring. Accumulation of many
new features gives rise to new species.
Activity
 All people are human and belong to the same species. Your
classmates may have different eye color and hair color. Some
are boys, and some are girls. Also, they can be tall or short.
The differences between living things of the same species are
called variation. Some variation within a species is inherited,
and some results from the environment.

Now find inherited variations in your class and record results

in the table.

Facts
 We have some traits similar to mother, some of the father.
This is explained by the type of genes. Genes are paired in
our organism: one gene from father, one from mother. From
these pairs one can be strong, known as a dominant gene,
one can be weak, known as a recessive gene. For example,
having dimples is a dominant, not having is recessive.

Literacy
 1. How does variation affect our social life?

 2. How does sexual reproduction help variation?

 3. Does environmental variation pass to the next generation?

Research time
 Variation caused by surrounding is called environmental
variation. Plant and animal features can be affected by
factors like climate, diet, temperature, etc. For example,
flower color of hydrangeas changes according to the acidity
of the soil.

 If the soil is acidic, its flower color is blue. If the soil is
alkaline, it is pink. Environmental variation affects only the
appearance of organisms. Find other examples of
environmental variations.

Terminology
inheritance - тұқым қуалау / наследование;

variation - көптүрлілік / вариация, изменчивость;

to conserve - сақтау / сохранить;

alkaline - cілтілі / щелочной;

feature - ерекшелік, сипаты / особенность.

12.2 SELECTIVE BREEDING 
You will:
 – describe the importance of selective breeding.

STQ
 How can we breed a herd of big and meaty sheep?

Key terms
 Selective breeding - intentional mating of organisms by a
human to produce offspring with desirable characteristics or
elimination of a trait.

Facts 
Arharomerinos are a good example of selective breeding in
Kazakhstan. It is a hybrid of Argali (mountain sheep) and
Merino sheep. This breeding gave a quality in both meat and
fur.

Text
 Selective breeding is the intentional reproduction of plants
and animals with desired features. It helps people to keep
and breed only needed organisms. The number of small and
weak animals and plants decreases.

 Selective breeding of big cows for meat. In every generation

of cows you only choose biggest cows and reproduce them,
until you have a herd of big cows.

 There are two methods of selective breeding: massive and

individual.

 Mass selection is selecting for a sort, or breed, of plants and

animals. It does not choose any special feature such as
height, or color. Parents are not chosen. For example, if you
want hound dogs, you choose two hound dogs and cross
them. You do not look at their height, color, or weight. As a
result, you will have a hound dog puppy.

 Individual selection is used for selection of a particular

feature in an organism, such as height, or weight. If you want
small, miniature hound dog, you choose two smallest hound
dogs and cross them. From their offspring, you select
smallest of them and cross them again. In the end, you will
have a miniature hound dog.

Activity
Assume that we have 4 dogs with given traits:
Divide into fi ve groups. Assume you are a breeder. You have
five clients who look for dogs with special characteristics.
You have only four dogs.

Which dogs do you need to breed to satisfy each of your

clients? Explain your choice. Draw new breeds of dogs.

Clients: hunter, fireman, policeman, fashion designer, blind

person.

Literacy
 1. Why is selective breeding useful for farmers? Explain your
answer.

 2. How does individual selection help to improve features of

an organism?

 3. Which method of selection takes a long time to occur?

Facts
 Maize cobs uncovered by archaeologists show the evolution
of modern maize over thousands of years of selective
breeding.

 Selective breeding generated the broad diversity of corn

varieties that are still grown around the world today.

Research time
 Make a poster that includes information about plants or
animals selectively bred in Kazakhstan.

 Posters must include the following information:

 • characteristics of selected breeds • scientists and breeders

 • economical importance

 Then, bring your poster to class and evaluate each other’s

work with classmates by giving stars.

Terminology
to breed - тұқым; шағылыстыру / разводить;

desirable - қажет, қалаулы / желательный;

to eliminate - жою / устранить;

floppy - епсіз, қолайсыз / неповоротливый;

hound dog - тазы ит / собака-гончая;

intensional - әдейі, қасақана / намеренно, умышленно;

massive - топты, жаппай / массивный;

selective - іріктемелі / избирательный.
12.3 ORIGIN CENTERS OF
DOMESTIC PLANTS AND
ANIMALS
You will:
 – study centers of origin of cultivated plants and
domesticated animals.

STQ 
Where was the first cow domesticated?

Key terms
 Domestication - the process of bringing animals or plants
under human control;

 Cultivation - is the act of caring for or raising plants.

Facts
Kazakhstan is the origin of apple trees. Our forests contain a
wide range of apples that other countries have not yet faced.

Researchers around the world specially visit Kazakhstan to

learn about a different specimen of apple trees. They gather
individual seeds and store in banks.

Text
 Origin centers of cultivated plants Different organisms have
developed in different areas. Russian scientist Nikolay Vavilov
studied origins of cultivated plants. He suggested that
different plants originated in different areas of the planet. He
identified 7 centers of origin of cultivated plants: 

1. South Asian: rice, sugar cane, citrus, eggplant, mango,

cucumber.

 2. East Asian: millet, buckwheat, tea, soy, plum, apple, pear.

 3. South West Asian: wheat, peas, rye, onions, garlic, grapes.

 4. Mediterranean: olives, oats, beets, cabbage, turnips,

radish.

 5. Abyssinian: coffee, durum wheat, mustard, flax.

 6. Central American: corn, cotton, pepper, pumpkin, cocoa,

tomato, sunflower.

 7. South American: potatoes, tobacco, pineapple, peanuts,

cinchona.

   American scientist Jack Harlan also studied cultivated crop

origins. Harlan agreed broadly with Vavilov’s idea that many
cultivated plants are from few geographic locations.
However, Harlan preferred the term Center of diversity to
Vavilov’s term Center of origin, because while the centers of
crop diversity are known and mapped, the origins of crops
cannot be identified.

Origin centers of domestic animals Animal domestication

centers are different.

 1. Sino-Malay: pig, hen, duck.

 2. Hindustani: dog, hen, bee.

 3. South-West Asian: cattle, horse, sheep, goat, camel,

pigeon, pig.

 4. Mediterranean: cattle, horse, sheep, camel, pigeon, rabbit,

duck, goose.

 5. South American: llama, turkey, guinea pig, alpaca.

 6. African: ostrich, guinea fowl, cat, dog, donkey, pig.

Activity
Match plants with their originated areas. Make your own matching puzzle
for your friend.

Literacy
 1. What are the two artificial methods which are used to
change animals and plants for human benefit?

 2. How are animals and plants spread around the world?

 3. How are animals domesticated?

Research time
 Which fruit or vegetable do you like the most? Have you
ever wondered where its origin is? Make a poster about your
favorite fruit or vegetable.

 The poster must include: information about fruit/vegetable,

its image, origin history and reasons why do you love it.

Facts
 Nowadays there are so many peculiar pets that are kept in
homes such as foxes, cockroaches, skunks.

Terminology
Abyssinian - Абиссиналық / Абиссинский;

buckwheat - қарақұмық / гречиха;

cinchona - хина;

eggplant - баялды / баклажан;

flax - зығыр / лен;

Mediaterranean - Жерорта теңіздік / Средиземноморский;

millet - тары / просо;

mustard - қыша / горчица;

oat - сұлы / овес;

specimen - үлгі / образец;

turnip - шалқан / репа.

12.4 CROPS AND DOMESTIC
ANIMALS OF KAZAKHSTAN
You will:
 -explore the varieties of important crops and domestic
animals.

Key terms
 Breeding - to produce plants or animals under controlled
conditions;

 Crop - cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale.

Research time
 1. Go to a farm trip on the weekends and observe domestic
animals there.

 Where are they kept? What do they eat? How much of food
do they need for a day? What about for winter? Why do
farmers keep them? How much of products do domestic
animals give?

 Ask questions above from farmers. Write a with 200-250

words essay about your trip and try to answer questions
given above.

 2. Take a photo with animals you saw on the trip. Upload
photo which you like the most on Instagram and add
hashtags given on image above.
STQ 
Why are there different types of cows in Kazakhstan?

Text
Breeders in Kazakhstan created many new forms of animals
and plants.

 For example, Alatau breed of cattle is a special breed

created by Kazakh breeders. It gives more than 4100 litres of
milk per year. Siberian type of meat-wool breeds of sheep
gives more meat and wool than ordinary sheep.

 Also, there are chickens which give 239-269 eggs per 72

weeks. There are more breeds of horses, ducks, geese, fish
created in Kazakhstan.

 Kazakh breeders create not only animal breeds, but also

plant varieties.

 These plants are more resistant to harsh environment. Also,

they give more harvest.

Activity
 1. Answer the following questions.

 1. Why are different breeds created?

 2. How people create new breeds?

 3. What characteristics in breeds attracted breeders?

 2. Now Look at the pictures below. You can see sorts of
different crops and domestic animals of Kazakhstan.
Compare these animals and plants. Write characteristics of
them into the table.

 
Facts
 Scientists of Kazakhstan have created more than 400 sorts
of crops. For example, 38 sorts of potato breeding allowed
use in a country like “Astana”, “Miras”, “Tamasha”.

Facts
 Did you know that in one tree there can be different fruits?
Plant grafting is a procedure in which parts of plants are
joined together making them unite and continue growing in
one plant. The art professor created the tree which contains
40 different fruits by bud grafting. The tree contains fruits
like peaches, apricots, plums, cherries, and nectarines.

Literacy
 1. You are an owner of a milk company. What kind of cow
breed do you need for your company? Explain your answer.

 2. Which features help winter wheat to survive in winter?

 3. Sheep are not only used as meat, wool and leather source.
We take their meat and use their manure. What is their
manure used for?

Terminology
cattle - ірі қара мал / крупный рогатый скот;

crop - өнім / урожай;

harsh - ауыр / трудный, суровый;

harvest - егінді жинау / уборка урожая;

leather - былғары, тері / кожа;

trip - саяхат / поездка;

wool - жүн / шерсть.

Problems
Test questions with one right answer 

1. Cannot be inherited from parents to the child: 

A) Eye colour 

B) Ear type

 C) Scar 

D) Blood type

 E) Height

 2. Selective breeding type in which special trait is chosen: 

A) Massive 

B) Active

 C) Passive 

D) Individual

 E) General

 3. Studied origins of cultivated plants: 

A) Vavilov 

B) Sechenov

 C) Timiryazev 
D) Pavlov

 E) Harlan

 4. Kazakhstan is the center of origin of: 

A) Orange 

B) Banana

C) Potato 

D) Apple

E) Carrot

Test questions with several (max 3) correct answers 

1. NOT the centers of origin of cultivated plants: 

A) South Asia

B) East Asia

C) Mediterranean

D) Caspian

E) Abyssinian

F) Central American

G) Syberian

H) South American

 2. Show types of selective breeding: 

A) domestication

B) cultivation

C) inherited

D) individual

E) environmental

F) mass

G) physiological

H) adaptation

 3. Domestic animal breeds of Kazakhstan: 

A) Angus cattle

B) Kostroma cattle

C) Arharomerinos sheep

D) Belgian blue cattle

E) Brangus cattle

F) Alatau cattle breed

G) Kholomogory cattle

H) Altai sheep

Matching

 1. Match centers of origin with cultivated plants: 

 1. South West Asian 

2. Abyssinian 

3. South American 

A) coffee, mustard 

B) olives, oats 

C) rice, sugar cane 

D) potatoes, tobacco

E) garlic, onion

F) tomato, sunflower

 2. Match domestic animals with their center of origin: 

1. Duck

2. Camel

3. Llama

A) Sino-Malay

B) Hindustani 

C) South-West Asian 

D) Mediterranean

E) South American

F) African

 
CHAPTER 13.0
Biosphere
13.1 ECOSYSTEM 
You will: 
- understand the overall ecosystem structure;

 - compare water and land ecosystems.

STQ
 Can organisms live without nonliving things?

Key terms
 Ecosystem - groups of living organisms interacting with its
environment.

Research time
How do nonliving factors affect ecosystems?

Construct your Bottle Ecosystem. For this, you will need a

plastic bottle, gauze, cotton thread, sand and soil, small
rocks, live fish and a living plant. Instructions are given by
images below:
 Answer following questions:

 -Is this a real ecosystem?

 -How does water affect living organisms in an ecosystem?

 -How do organisms depend on one another in given

ecosystem?

Text 
An ecosystem is a complex structure, where living organisms
and their environment interact with each other. The
ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic factors.

 Biotic factors are living things in an ecosystem. They are

animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms.
 Abiotic factors are nonliving part of an ecosystem. It
includes temperature, climate, water, and soil.

 There are two groups of ecosystems: terrestrial ecosystems

and aquatic ecosystems.

 Terrestrial ecosystem is the ecosystem that is found only on

landforms.

 One of the main factors affecting this ecosystem is the

availability of water. Terrestrial ecosystems have more light
and less pollution than water ecosystems. Types of terrestrial
ecosystems are desert, forest, mountain and grassland
ecosystems.

 Aquatic ecosystem exists in the body of water or inside

water. It includes aquatic flora, fauna and water properties.
Types of aquatic ecosystems are marine and freshwater
ecosystems.

Activity
Divide into several groups and choose one type of ecosystem
which you like the most. Use geographical information about
ecosystems and construct a model of that ecosystem. You
can make a more specific model like Altin-Emel with animals
and plants living there. Here are some examples below.
Present your model in front of your class.

Facts
 David Latimer has grown a garden in a sealed bottle. He
used a big bottle and put sprout and soil with dead materials
and made a closed ecosystem. After 12 years in 1972, he
opened the bottle and added a bit of water and never did it
again.

 This garden is thriving because it has its water cycle.

Geography in Biology
 Studying ecosystem includes understanding living
organisms from biology and location with its climate from
geography.

 Divide into several groups and choose one type of

ecosystem which you like the most. Use geographical
information about ecosystems and construct a model of that
ecosystem. You can make a more specific model like Altin-
Emel with animals and plants living there. Here are some
examples below. Present your model in front of your class.

Literacy
 1. How is water important for land ecosystem? Explain with
examples.

 2. What are advantages and disadvantages of water

ecosystems?

 3. Choose one ecosystem and explain why certain animals

live especially in this ecosystem?

Terminology
aquatic - сулы / водяной;

desert - шөл, шөлейт / пустыня;

forest - орман / лес;

freshwater - тұщы су / пресная вода;

grassland - шалғын / луг;

interact - өзара әрекет жасау / взаимодействовать;

marine - теңіз / морской;

sagebrush - жусан / полынь;

shrub - бұта / кустарник;

sprout - өркен / росток.

13.2 POPULATION  

You will:
- describe the main characteristics and features of population
structure;

 - establish the causes of population size changes on the

example of a predator-prey relationship;

 - explore different survival strategies of organisms.

Key terms
 Population - the group of organisms of the same kind living
in one geographic area.

STQ 
In 1859 24 rabbits were introduced to Australia. Just in 10
years, their number increased up to 2 million. Why did their
population size increase so rapidly?

Text 
A population is the group of organisms of the same kind
living in one geographic area. The population of organisms
may change according to the time. For example population
of insects in summer and winter is not the same.

The population size of organisms is different. Its size depends

on such factors as birth rate, death rate and density of
population.
In an ecosystem, populations live in relationship with one
another. A change in one population affects other
populations. This can be seen best by the relationship
between predator and prey populations.

If prey population grows, predator population grows too

because of more food supply. Growing predator number will
eventually bring to reduce in some prey. So there will be less
food for predators, and predator number will be reduced. A
small number of predators will bring to the growth of prey
population and so on.

K and R strategies of survival Animals that reproduce with R-

Strategy produce many offspring, but a few of them survive.
On the other hand, animals that reproduce with K-strategy
produce a few offspring with the chance of higher survival.
For example, r-strategists, such as the fish, lose most of the
offspring very quickly, but K-strategists, such as mammals,
can raise most of their offspring to elder age, K-strategists
animals are born with high parental care instinct which is
very important for the survival of their young.

Activity
 Both predators and prey use different survival strategies.
Predator species are adapted for hunting; they survive if they
catch enough food. Prey species on the opposite must be
well adapted to escape or hide to survive.

 Work in pairs. Choose any predator while your friend should

take its prey. Then you are as a predator should tell about
your strategies how to catch your prey.

 Moreover, your friend should describe what kind of

strategies he would use to save himself.
Literacy
 1. How does food availability affect birth and death rate in
populations?

 2. What else except birth and death rate affect population
size? Explain your answer.
 3. Plants protect themselves against animals. What are the
protective mechanisms of plants against animals?

Facts
 To look, act, smell or sound like something else, such as
another organism or object is called mimicry. Animals use
this form of protection to cheat predators and increase their
chances of survival. For example, butterflies on their wings
have an image of a false head for defense against predators.

Terminology
density - тығыздық / плотность;

onager - құлан / кулан;

predator - жыртқыш / хищник;

prey - олжа / добыча;

relationship - қарым-қатынас / взаимоотношение.

13.3 INTERRELATION
BETWEEN LIVING THINGS
You will:
 - describe interaction types between organisms;

 - explain how living organisms adapt to changes in

environmental conditions.

Key terms
 Oppositional relationship - the action of opposing;

 Symbiosis - close interactions between two or more different

species.

Facts
  Lichens are a symbiosis of fungi and algae. Fungi give an
algae water and minerals, while algae give fungi organic
compounds.

STQ
 Can different organisms be friends or enemies?

Text 
All living things on Earth depend on one another and live in
interaction.
 Interacting organisms can harm one another (“-” - minus
sign), can be useful (“+” - plus sign), or can show no
influence (0 - zero sign). Interactions can be oppositional or
symbiotic.

 The oppositional relationship is when organisms or group of

organisms oppose one another to survive.

 Types of oppositional relationship are predation and

competition.

 -Predation (+/-) - is when one organism hunts and eats

another organism. The organism hunting is called predator,
the organism being hunted is called prey. Fox is a predator;
the rabbit is prey.

 -Competition (-/-) - is when organisms compete for the

same food or resources. Here both organisms may harm each
other.

 A sheep and a goat compete for grass.

 A long-term interaction between 2 different organisms is

known as symbiosis. There are several types of symbiotic
relationship:

 -Mutualism, +/+ condition, when both organisms benefit.

Bees carry pollens and help plants to pollinate; plants
produce nectar to feed bees.

 -Commensalism, +/0 condition, when one organism gets the

benefit, another organism is not affected. Pilot fish is small in
size and swims below shark fish.

 When shark kills a prey, pilot fish eats small remained parts
from prey.
 -Parasitism, +/- condition, when one organism gets the
benefit (parasite), other organism is harmed (host). An
example is a head louse, a human parasite that lives between
human hair.

 Animal adaptations

 Animals and plants are adapted to the conditions of the

environment in which they live. Animals can live in many
different places in the world because they have special
adaptations to the area they live in. Animals depend on their
physical adaptations to: • obtain food

 • keep safe

 • build homes

 • withstand weather

 • attract mates

 These adaptations make it possible for the animal to live in a

particular place and in a particular way.

 Examples of the basic adaptations: • a shape of a bird’s beak

• color of the fur

 • the thickness or thinness of the fur • the shape of the nose

or earsCareer

Activity 
Crocodile game

Divide into two teams, and each group shows one type of
relationship between two or several organisms without
words. Another team should correctly guess it. For example,
one student can show a rabbit, and other can be a fox or
wolf. The second group should answer that it was predation.
Then, the second group takes it to turn and show their
symbiosis example.

Literacy
1. Find more examples of a symbiotic relationship. Explain
how these organisms are related.

 2. Explain the relationship between human and domestic

animals.

 3. Sometimes parasites do not kill their hosts. Why is it

important for them to keep their host alive?

Career
 Wildlife biologists

 Wildlife biologists perform scientific research to study how

species interact with each other and the environment. They
protect and conserve wildlife species and also help maintain
and increase wildlife populations.

Research time
Adaptation competition

 An adaptation is a physical or behavioral characteristic that

allows an organism to survive in its environment. For
example, polar bears have thick fur and fat layer to protect
from freezing.
 Try to find as many examples of adaptation as possible with
your deskmate.Then enter a contest with your class. A couple
that explains more examples of adaptation win the contest.

Terminology
adaptation - бейімделу / адаптация;

barnacle - мұртаяқты шаян / усоногий рак;

benefit - пайда / выгода;

competition - жарыс / конкуренция;

head louse - бит / вошь;

hunting - аң аулау / охотничество;

lichen - қына / лишайник;

opposite - қарама-қарсы / против, напротив;

shrimp - асшаян / креветка.

Problems
Test questions with one correct answer 

1. Which one is NOT a biotic factor?

A) Oak tree 

B) Streptococcus 

C) Rabbit 

D) Mountain

E) Amoeba

 2. White shark belongs to this ecosystem:

A) Marine 

B) Forest

C) Desert 

D) Freshwater

E) Mountain

 3. The group of organisms of the same kind living at one

geographic area:

A) Species 

B) Ecosystem

C) Population 
D) Community

E) Biosphere

 4. Which of the following is an example for oppositional

interaction between living things?

A) Commensalism 

B) Mutualism 

C) Symbiosis 

D) Competition

E) Parasitism

Test questions with several (max 3) correct answers 

1. True about ecosystem given on picture below:

A) Biodiversity is very reach 

B) It is type of terrestrial ecosystem 

C) Most of the animals that live in such ecosystem active at

night

D) Most of the animals that live in such ecosystem active at

day

E) Lizards, snakes, rodents are typical for this type of

ecosystem

F) Algaes and phytoplanktons make most of the fl ora of this

ecosystem

G) Plants of this ecosystem have very large leaves 

H) Most of the year is rainy in this ecosystem 

 2. Show unrelated animal pairs: 

A) Rabbit and wolf

B) Zebra and lion

C) Fox and wolf

D) Sheep and goat

E) Tick and dog

F) Fish and cow

G) Penguin and hippo

H) Shark and zebra

 3. FALSE about population:

A) The number of individuals can be different in populations 

B) Numerous changes in one population can affect other

populations

C) Time can affect population size 

D) If prey population will increase, predator population will

decrease

E) If predator numbers increase, prey numbers decrease 

F) Different populations can live at one place 

G) Population is a group of different organisms living at the

same place

H) Only group of mammals can be called as population

Matching

 1. Match organism relationship types with suitable

explanation:

1. Competition 

2. Mutualism 

3. Parasitism 

A) +/-

B) +/0

C) -/0

D ) -/-
E) +/+

F) 0/0

 2. Match these locations with a suitable ecosystems: 

1. Altyn-Emel 

2. Burabay

3. Caspian Sea

A) Desert

B) Forest

C) Grassland

D) Mountain

E) Freshwater

F) Marine
 CHAPTER 14.0 
Human impact on
environment

 
14.1 PRESERVING AND
MAINTAINING BIODIVERSITY
You will: 
- discuss the reasons of preserving and maintaining
biodiversity;

 - understand the importance of seed banking.

Key terms 
Conservation - looking after the environment so that animals
and plants can live there.

Text 
 All living organisms have a certain place in the ecosystem. If
human activities or natural disasters destroy their habitat,
then they may not be able to survive. Example of some
animals that humans hunted to extinction is Steller’s Sea
Cow, Great Auk.

 Reasons to keep biodiversity of organisms: 

1. Every species is unique, and each of them is important for

ecology.

2. Preserving biodiversity supports important resources on a

local and global scale.
3. By conserving biodiversity, local politics can cooperate
with nature savers to make income by using cultural
resources.

 We should make nature reserves and other protected areas,

where people are not allowed to do any harm to the
environment or to the animals and plants that live there.

 To keep biodiversity of plants, many countries have

developed seed banks.

 A seed bank is a place where seeds of different plants are

stored. There are about 1,400 seed banks around the world,
but the most famous is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, in
Norway. It is home to nearly half a million specimens from
around the world.

  Seed banks are needed to store seeds.

Activity
A school nature reserve

 Divide into three groups. Take 4 square meters of territory in

your school. Then make a map of the territory. The best
landscape plan will be a map according to which the class
will plant plants. Then bring a plant from home and plant it in
place according to the map. It can be a fruit tree or
decoration flower and bushes. Then tell why you chose that
plant to grow it in school. How can it be useful? Take care of
your territory with your class.

Facts
 Przewalski’s horse declined as its habitat was lost due to
human interference. The last sighting of this wild horse was in
the Gobi Desert of Mongolia in 1969.The Przewalski’s horse
has endured a long road to recovery, increasing population
by only 15 to more than 400 in the wild today.

Research time
 Tole bi is a Kazakh orator of senior zhuz who stayed alone
when everyone moved during the invasion of jongars. Jongar
’s kontayshi was angry with the fearless action of Tole bi and
sent a man to him. Tole bi said that he could not move
anywhere when he has a nest of swallows in his house. “It is
not right to ruin somebody’s home,” he said. This was a great
lesson to kontayshi who said “He is so wise. How can I ruin
his home after all? Do not touch anybody of his auil” and
turned back. Research proverbs and traditions about nature
conservation.

Literacy
 1. What can you do to preserve the biodiversity as a student?

 2. Is it easy to preserve animal biodiversity or plant

biodiversity? Explain your answer.

 3. Do zoos help to preserve the biodiversity of animals?

Terminology
proverb - мақал-мәтел / пословица;

to destroy - жою / уничтожить;

extinсt - жойылып кеткен / вымерший;

disaster - апат / катастрофа;

biodiversity - көптүрлілік / биоразнообразие;

invasion - басып кіру / вторжение.

14.2 ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
OF KAZAKHSTAN
You will:
 - Discuss the causes and solutions of
environmentalProblems in Kazakhstan.

Key terms
 Pollution - the condition in which air, soil, and water are
contaminated by foreign substances.

STQ
 What was the reason for closing Semey nuclear site by
Nursultan Nazarbayev in 1989?

Text 
Nature changed very much in the last century. The main
reason for this is irresponsible human activities.

 Growth in human population size leads to usage of more

places for agriculture to supply people with food. They used
many chemicals to kill insects protecting crop or minerals to
make the crop grow. Also, human used agricultural lands for
years without any opportunity for recovery of soil. This made
soil polluted, and some lands even became desert.
 Also, they used rivers and other water resources for
agriculture that decrease the volume of many seas and lakes
where those rivers flow. For example, the water level of Aral
sea decreased by 24 meters and reduced in the area when
people used its rivers for agriculture. Some waters were
polluted by wastes of factories like the Caspian Sea with oil.

 Aral sea water levels in 1989 and 2014 Factories are polluting
the air with emitted gases or heavy metals. For example, lead
pollution in Shymkent, Oskemen, and Ekibastuz are results of
industrial wastes. Heavy metals in air cause respiratory
diseases and plant death. In water, heavy metals kill plants
and animals living there.

 There was nuclear testing in Semey which left radiation that

makes water, soil and everything else dangerous to use due
to mutation, etc.

 All the pollution (air, water, soil, etc.) of nature lead to global
natural disasters like climate change, hurricane, flood, and
extinction of biodiversity.

Activity
 All the garbage that we throw away can be used more than
once. It is called recycling. Recycling is an important factor in
the conservation of natural resources and the environment.
The world population is growing, and we must act fast as the
amount of waste we create is increasing all the time. It is
necessary for us if we want to leave this planet beautiful for
our future generations. So, let’s save our planet by recycling.

 Divide into groups. Each group takes three big trash bags.
One trash bag will be only for papers, second for plastics and
last for cans or glasses.
 Design bags and put them in the school corners. Find
recycling companies and give them filled bags for reuse.

Literacy
 1. Describe a habitat near your house or school that is under
threat from human activities and suggest what could be
done.

 2. Which city has the most ecologicalProblems in

Kazakhstan? Defend your choice.

 3. Which material can be recycled in your school?

Facts
 To save Aral sea, Kazakhstan government built a dam Dike
Kokaral in 2005. Dam is built between North Aral and South
Aral, so Syrdariya water pours only into North Aral. Since
then water level of North Aral has risen, and salinity is
decreased. Below you can see water level change from 2005
to 2006.

Research time
 Work in a group with four students.

 Take any pollution or an ecological problem of Kazakhstan

which

 concerns you the most. Prepare a good exhibition stand

which will increase awareness of this problem.

 Organize a public presentation in school with your class.

Here are some main ecologicalProblems of Kazakhstan:
 • radiation from nuclear testing sites • the reduction of the
Aral Sea • desertification of former agricultural land

 • pollution of the Caspian Sea with oil

 • lead pollution of soil and water 151

Terminology
agriculture - ауыл шаруашылығы / селькое хозяйство;

emitted - шығарылған / выпущенный;

exhibition - көрме / выставка;

extinction - жоғалу, қырылып кету / вымирание;

garbage - қоқыс / мусор;

heavy metal - ауыр метал/тяжелый металл;

industrial - өнеркәсіптік / промышленный;

irresponsible - жауапкершіліксіз / безответственный;

nuclear - ядролық, атомдық / ядерный, атомный; 

pollution - ластану, кірлену / загрязнение;

radiation - радиация;

recyсling - қайта өңдеу / переработка.

Problems
Test questions with one correct answer 

1. Taking care about environment to make possible life for

flora and fauna

A) Conservation 

B) Ecology

C) Biodiversity 

D) Pollution 

E) Extinction

 2. Show animal which is extinct because of human

uncontrolled hunting

A) Steller’s sea cows

B) Dinosaurs 

C) Mammoth 

D) Sable tube tigers 

E) Dingo dogs

 3. Lead pollution is high in 

A) Kokshetau 

B) Astana
C) Zhezkazgan 

D) Shymkent

E) Semey

 4. Wild animal that was near to extinction because of human

A) Przewalski horse 

B) Sea caws 

C) Great Auk 

D) Leopard seal 

E) Wildebeest

 Test questions with several (max 3) correct answers 

1. Used for biodiversity conservation

A) Zoo

B) Botany parks

C) Oranjerie

D) Conservancy area

E) Seed bank

F) Red book

G) Black book

H) Dendropark
 2. Can affect negatively aquatic animals 

A) Uncontrolled use of river water 

B) Planting artificial forests 

C) Building apartments

D) Acid rains

E) Smoke

F) Heavy rains

G) Using pesticides

H) Oil spills in oceans and seas

 3. Which one of the following data are not related to

Semipalatinsk Test Site?

A) 1949-1989 years

B) First Lighting

C) 29 August

D) 456 nuclear tests

E) Radiation

F) Hiroshima

G) 6 August 1945

H) Enola Gay

Matching
 1. Match terms with their definitions 

1. Seed bank

2. Red book

3. Conservancy area

A) Botany garden

B) Store seed to preserve genetic diversity 

C) Preserve and enhance species 

D) List of endangered species 

E) Area for entertainment with animals 

F) List of world’s popular species

 2. Match pollutions with their causes 

1. Soil pollution 

2. Water pollution  

3. Air pollution 

A) Planting trees 

B) Using pesticides

C) Building zoos 

D) Oil spills in oceans

E) Factories and cars

F) Recycling of garbage
ANSWERS
 
Glossary
A 
Abdomen: The part of the body of a vertebrate containing
the digestive and reproductive organs; the belly.

Absorption: Take up or take in; The sponge absorbs water

well

Acid: A chemical that reacts easily with other substances and

turns litmus paper red; less than 7 on the pH scale 

Acne: inflammatory disease of the sebaceous gland 

Active immunity: is immunity in an organism resulting from

its own production of antibody or lymphocytes 

Agglutination: adhesion of separate parts 

Albinism: Albinism is a range of disorders varying in severity.

They are all caused by a reduction or absence of the pigment
melanin, often causing white skin, light hair, and vision
problems

Alveoli: tiny air sacs found in a lung which is used for gas
exchange

Amino Acid: A molecule that joins with other amino acids to

form proteins

Analyze: Think about the different parts of a problem or

situation to figure out how it is related to the whole.
Angiosperms: flowering plants Arteriosclerosis: a disease of
the arteries characterized by the deposition of fatty material
on their inner walls.

Artery: Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Arthropods: animals with segmented body, jointed limbs and
exoskeleton

Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction that happens without

sex; one organism creates one or more organisms 

Atom: The smallest unit of a substance that has all of the

properties of that substance 

Atrium: upper chamber of heart that receives blood from the

body and lungs

B 
Backbone: the row of connected bones that go down the
middle of the back and protect the spinal cord.

B cells: a kind of lymphocyte that provide humoral immunity

Bacteria: The kingdom of life which has no cell membrane or

nucleus and is always unicellular 

Beriberi: a disease causing inflammation of the nerves and

heart failure, ascribed to a deficiency of vitamin B1.

Bile: a yellow or greenish liquid that is made by the liver and

that helps the body to digest fats.

Biological classification: Organization of how living things are

related to each other
Biology: The study of living things Blastula: early stage of
development, two-layered ball like structure

Body cell: All of the cells in an organism not involved in

reproduction

Bond: An electrical force that links atoms together 

Bronchi: major air passages of the lungs which diverge from

the windpipe.

C
Canines: a pointed tooth between the incisors and premolars
of a mammal.

Calorie: Measure of energy, usually contained in food 

Cancer: Disease where cells grow in an uncontrolled way 

Capillaries are blood vessels that connect arteries and veins 

Carbohydrate: An essential chemical in all cells that is broken

down to form sugars; glucose, sucrose, lactose, galactose

Carbon Dioxide: Molecule made up of one carbon and two

oxygens, produced by animals and other organisms; main
contributor to manmade global warming 

Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms 

Cell differentiation: A process where cells change to perform

different roles

Cell division: A process where one cell becomes more than

one cell
Cell membrane: Surrounds the cell and keeps it together; also
decides what material enters and leaves 

Cell organelle: Parts of the cell that perform specific

functions

Cell wall: The stiff outer layer of a cell that protects the cell
and gives it shape

Cellular respiration: The process where organisms get energy

from organic molecules 

Cellulose: a substance that is the main part of the cell walls of

plants and that is used in making various products (such as
paper)

Characteristic: A distinguishing quality of something;

generosity is one of his best characteristics 

Chloroplast: Organelle in plants and some other organisms

which is responsible for photosynthesis 

Chest cavity: internal space of chest where heart and lungs

are located.

Chitin: a kind of polysaccharide which is found in the

structure of fungi cell walls and insect skeleton.

Closed circulatory system: blood is contained inside blood

vessels, circulating unidirectionally.

Compound: A chemical combination of two or more atoms

(of different elements)

Consumer: Living thing that eats other living things 

Cotyledon: part of the seed that will grow into the leafs.
Covalent Bond: A type of chemical bond where electrons are
shared between the atoms 

Crop: organ used for storage of food in birds.

D 
Decomposer: A type of living thing that survives by
consuming dead organic matter 

Denaturation: change of the structure of protein by heat or

an acid.

Dentine: hard dense bony tissue forming the bulk of a tooth,

under the enamel.

Development: growth from one cell to multicellular organism

Dermis: thick layer of skin under epidermis 

Differentiation: Process where cells grow and become

different than their mother cell 

Diffusion: Where molecules spread out until they are evenly

distributed in a medium, such as the air 

Diaphragm: a large flat muscle that separates the lungs from

the stomach area and that is used in breathing.

Diarrhea: an intestinal disorder that causes pass waste from

your body very frequently and in liquid state 

Dicot: plant with two cotyledons(seed leaves) 

Digestion: breaking down food into small particles 

DNA: Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, which contains
the genetic instructions for all forms of life 

Dominant: A genetic characteristic that is always expressed

by the organism

Donor: a person who gives some of their blood or a part of

their body to help someone.

E 
Ectoderm: the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo
in early development

Eczema: inflamed skin characterized by redness, itching, and

scaly.

Edema: a condition characterized by an excess of watery

fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body.

Enamel: the white, compact, and very hard substance

covering and protecting the dentin of a tooth.

Endoderm: the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an

embryo in early development.

Embryology: The study of how organisms develop; the more

closely related two organisms are, the more similar they are
as they develop

Endoplasmic reticulum: Organelle that produces proteins and

fats

Energy: The property of something’s ability to do work 

Environment: The complex of physical, chemical, and biotic

factors (e.g., climate, soil, living things) that act upon an
organism or an ecological community and ultimately
determine their forms and survival 

Epidermis: outermost layer of the skin Erythrocyte: are red

blood cells, which carry oxygen 

Esophagus: the part of the digestive system which connects

the throat to the stomach.

Eukaryote: A type of organism that has a true nucleus in its

cell(s)

Excretion: process of elimination of wastes from the body 

Excretory system: a system that removes excess water and

unnecessary products. It consists of kidneys, ureter, urinary
bladder, and urethra.

Exhalation: movement of air out of lungs.

Exoskeleton: external skeleton that supports and protects an

animal’s body.

F
Fern: seedless, nonflowering vascular plant which lives in
tropical to temperate regions.

Fiber: a thin, threadlike structure.

Fixed joint- joint between two bones that doesn’t move 

Fluid: Anything that flows; both gases and liquids are

considered fluids

Food poisoning: becoming ill after eating spoiled food 

Forensics: science that use of scientific knowledge or
methods in solving crimes

Fraternal twins: twins those are developed from two zygotes.

Fungi: The kingdom of living things that are eukaryotic and

make their own energy; mushrooms, yeast, molds 

G 
Gametes: The cells that are responsible for sexual
reproduction; sperm, eggs

Germ: A small organism that causes disease Gizzard: a

muscular, thick-walled part of a bird’s stomach for grinding
food.

Gills: respiratory organ of aquatic animals.

Goggles: A safety device used whenever the eyes could be

injured by a chemical or physical experiment 

Golgi apparatus: Organelle that packages proteins and fats

so that they can leave the cell 

Growth: The increase of size of an individual; can also be the

presence of something

Gymnosperm: a group of plant that have seeds unprotected

by an ovary or fruit, including the conifers, cycads, and
ginkgo.

H 
Heart attack: blocking of heart arteries which brings to death
of heart muscles
Heterotroph: Living thing that needs to consume other
organisms for food

Homeostasis: Maintenance of a constant internal environment

in an organism.

Humoral immunity: antibody-mediated immunity 

Hypertension: high blood pressure 

Hypodermis: the deepest part of the skin which contains fat

.ells

I 
Identical twins: twins that are produced from a single zygote.

Incisor: tooth at the front of the mouth, adapted for cutting

and biting.

Inflammation: physical condition in which part of the body

becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful.

Immunity: Ability to completely fight off disease 

J 
Joint: the area where two bones are attached for the purpose
of permitting body parts to move 

K 
Kingdom: Most general classification of living things
(sometimes placed under “Domains”)
L
Large intestine: end part of the intestine that is wider and
shorter than the small intestine.

Leukocyte: white blood cells, which protect the organism 

Leukemia: Cancer of the blood or bone marrow 

Lichen: A combination of a fungus and an algae that help

each other

Life cycle: The series of stages in form and functional activity

through which an organism passes between origin and
expiration

Limbs: an arm or leg of a person or four-legged animal, or a

bird’s wing.

Lipid: Refers to a group of fats that cannot be dissolved in

water

Liquid: The state of matter where the particles are loose and
form the shape of their container but do not necessarily fill
up the container

Living thing: An organism

Lymph: fluid that circulates through lymphatic system

Lymphatic system: network of tissues and organs that help
rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials.

Lymphocyte: A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that

is part of the immune system. There are two main types of
lymphocytes: B cells and T cells.

Lysosome: Organelle that digests food and waste in the cell 

M 
Macromolecules: a molecule containing a very large number
of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic
polymer.

Meiosis: The process of cell division which produces four sex

cells (gametes) from one cell 

Metamorphosis: A marked and more or less abrupt

developmental change in the form or structure of an animal
(e.g., butterfly or frog) occurring subsequent to birth or
hatching

Microorganism: A small organism that is only visible

underneath a microscope

Microscope: Instrument used to observe things that are

smaller than can be seen with the naked eye 

Micro preparations: prepared microscope slides 

Mitochondria: An organelle in all eukaryotic cells which is

responsible for energy production 

Mitosis: The process of cell division which produces two body

cells from one cell

Molar teeth: a grinding tooth at the back of a mammal’s

mouth.

Molecule: The smallest unit of a substance that is the

combination of one or more atoms 

Monera: Kingdom of life made up of bacteria (prokaryotes) 

Mold: a soft, green or grey growth that develops on old food
or on objects that have been left for too long in warm, wet
air.

Monocot: plant with one cotyledon

Monomer: identical units that join together to form polymer

Multicellular: Made up of more than one cell 

Multicellular Organisms: Organisms that are made up of more

than one cell

Muscle: a body tissue that can contract and produce

movement

N 
Nausea: sickness at the stomach, an involuntary impulse to
vomit an atom; fission, fusion 

Nonvascular plant: plants without vascular tissue such as

mosses.

Nucleic acid: In the nucleus of a cell, there are two major

types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA Nucleotides: These are
found on a strand of DNA or RNA as a sequence of bases

Nucleus: In biology, this refers to the middle of a cell; in

physical science, this refers to the center of an atom 

Nutrient: Any molecule that is needed for an organism to

survive

 O 
Objective: Based upon fact

Observation: Noticing or paying attention 

Offspring: Children, of any organism 

Open circulatory system: organisms with open circulatory

system have open ended vessels. Blood leaves the vessels
and enters to the body space.

Order: Classification of living things between Class and

Family

Organ: Group of tissues that perform a certain function 

Organ system: Group of organs that together perform a

common function

Organelle: Part of a cell that performs a function for the cell 

Organic: Comes from living things 

Organic molecule: A molecule that contains carbon atoms

bonded together

Organism: A living thing that can live and reproduce

independently

Organogenesis: formation of organs 

P
Passive immunity: the immunity resulting from the injection
of antibodies or lymphocytes from another organism

Peristalsis: the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the

muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like
movements which push the contents of the canal forward.

Permanent teeth: second set of teeth in mammals that grows

as the milk teeth are shed 

Phagocytes: leukocytes which digest viruses and bacteria 

Photosynthesis: The process that happens in plants and some

other organisms which takes the sun’s energy and turns it
into usable energy; 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light = C6H12O6
(glucose) + 6O2 

Plasma: liquid part of blood.

Pollen: the fertilizing element of flowering plants, consisting

of fine, powdery, yellowish grains or spores, sometimes in
masses.

Pollination: the transfer of pollen from the anther to the

stigma.

Polymer: large molecule or macromolecule composed of

many repeated parts

Premolar: situated in front of the molar teeth.

Producer: Living thing that makes its own energy from the
sun

Prokaryote: A type of living thing that is single-celled and has

no true nucleus

Protein: A sequence of amino acids 

Protist: Kingdom of life made up of single-celled eukaryotes 

Pulmonary circulation: movement of blood from the heart to
the lungs for oxygenation, then back to the heart again.

Pulp: soft part of the tooth where blood vessels and nerves
are found.

Pulp cavity: the space within a tooth that contains the pulp.

Pulse: the regular beating of the heart, especially when it is

felt at the wrist or side of the neck.

R 
Reaction: When one or more substances are changed into
other substances

Regeneration: The process that creates something over again

Reproduce: To create more of creating offspring

Reproduction: The process of creating offspring 

Research: Discovering information that other scientists have

already published

Resistance: (Biology) Ability to fight off some amount of

disease

Respiratory minute volume: the amount of inhaled or exhaled

air in a minute.

Resource: A supply of something that can be used when

needed

Respiratory rate: rate of breathing 

Ribosome: Organelle that reads the mRNA to produce
proteins

S 
Sebaceous gland: (oil gland)a small gland in the skin which
secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) into the hair
follicles to lubricate the skin and hair.

Salivary glands: glands which produce saliva 

Saturated: Completely full; for a solution, the most amount of

solute that can be put into the solvent 

Scabies: skin disease with itching and small raised red spots,
caused by the itch mite.

Semi movable joints: joints between bones in which the

motion is limited

Sexual reproduction: The combination of two individuals

(genetically) to form one or more new organisms 

Small intestine: narrow upper part of the intestine where

digestion of food completes and absorption starts 

Species: A very specific classification of organisms; all

members of a species can mate together 

Spleen: an abdominal organ involved in the production and

removal of blood cells in most vertebrates and forming part
of the immune system.

Starch: A kind of storage polysaccharide found in plants.

Stem cell: A type of cell that can turn into any other type of
cell.
Sternum: Flat bone that connects ribs to each other forming
the front part of rib cage.

Stimulus: Anything that affects an organism 

Stomach: saclike organ which store and digest food 

Stroke: death of brain tissue occurred as a result of artery

blockage

Substance: A type of matter that has the same properties;

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, diamond 

Systemic circulation: movement of blood from the heart

through the body to provide oxygen and nutrients to the
tissues of the body while bringing deoxygenated blood back
to the heart.

T 
T cells: leukocytes that provide cell-mediated immunity 

Tetter: any of various eruptive skin diseases 

Tidal volume: volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in each

respiration, during a normal, regular breathing

Tissue: Group of cells that perform a similar function 

Tissue fluid: fluid between cells 

Tonsil: either of two small masses of lymphoid tissue in the

throat, one on each side of the root of the tongue.

Toxin: a poisonous substance and especially one that is

produced by a living thing
Trachea: a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of
cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes
and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

Typhoid: an infectious bacterial fever with an eruption of red

spots on the chest and abdomen and severe intestinal
irritation.

U 
Ultraviolet: A form of electromagnetic radiation that has
more energy than visible light; most ultraviolet light is usually
blocked in our atmosphere by ozone 

Unicellular: Made up of one cell 

Urinary bladder: a membranous sac in many vertebrates that

serves for the temporary retention of urine and discharges by
the urethra.

Urine: liquid waste excreted by the kidneys, in humans being

a yellowish, slightly acid 

Urea: a substance found in urine and also made from

ammonia,

Ureter: a muscular duct or tube conveying the urine from a

kidney to the bladder or cloaca

Urethra: the duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body

from the bladder, and which in male vertebrates also conveys
semen.

V 
Vacuole: Organelle that stores nutrients in the cell 
Vascular: relating to or denoting the plant tissues (xylem and
phloem) which conduct water, sap, and nutrients in flowering
plants, ferns, and their relatives.

Vena cava: any of the large veins by which in air-breathing

vertebrates the blood is returned to the right atrium of the
heart.

Ventricle: one of two sections of the heart that pump blood

out to the body.

Veins: are blood vessels that transport blood to the heart 

Vessel: tube shaped structure that carries blood in the body.

Virus: A small particle that contains DNA or RNA and is able

to reproduce only inside of a living cell 

Vital capacity: greatest amount of air that can be forced from

the lungs after maximum inhalation 

Vitamin: organic molecule essential for body processes 

W 
Wax: an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble
in organic solvents; essential structural component of living
cells (along with proteins and carbohydrates) 

Y
Yeast: an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll
and feeding on organic matter; ranging from unicellular or
multicellular organisms to spore-bearing syncytia

Z 
Zygote: Combination of a sperm and egg cell
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