ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL

MANAGEMENT PLAN REPORT

ON
DRY COFFEE PROCESSING AND PACKAGING EXPORT

PROJECT NAME: TRACON TRADING PLC

PROMOTER : Mohammed Galib Mohammed

PROJECT LOCATION: OROMIA SPECIAL ZONE, SEBETA TOWN 04 KEBELE.

SUBMITTED TO: SEBETA ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

AUTHORITY

NOV, 2019
SEBETA , OROMIA

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 Table of Contents
List of Acronyms............................................................................................................................
Acronyms............................................................................................................................iv
iv
0. Executive Summary...............................................................................................................
Summary...............................................................................................................v
v
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................
Introduction............................................................................................................................6
6
Objective 3
1.1. Objectives of the ESIA.....................................................................................................................3
1.2. Scope of Study...............................................................................................................................4
2. Environmental Scoping.............................................................................................................
Scoping.............................................................................................................5
5
2.1 Limits of the Study Area.................................................................................................................5
2.2 Valued Ecosystem Components within the Study Area to Impact by the Project................................5
2.4. Description of the Plant...................................................................................................................6
Milling 7
Hulling..............................................................................................................................................7
Polishing...........................................................................................................................................7
Cleaning and sorting.......................................................................................................................7
Grading............................................................................................................................................8
3. Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework.............................................................................
Framework.............................................................................9 9
3.1 Economic Development Policies and Strategies..............................................................................10
3.2 Policy and Legislation on the Sector.................................................................................................11
3.3 Environmental Policies and Strategies...........................................................................................12
3.3.1 The Constitution.....................................................................................................................12
3.3.2 The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE).......................................................................13
3.2.3 The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia...................................................................................13
3.2.4 Sectoral Policies and Strategies.............................................................................................14
3.2.5 Legislative Instruments..........................................................................................................15
3.2.6 Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document.....................................................16
3.2.7 International Conventions and Protocols...............................................................................16
3.3 Institutional Framework...............................................................................................................17
3.3.1 National..................................................................................................................................17
4. Environmental and social Impacts and Mitigation Measures.........................................
Measures.........................................18 18
4.1. Brief Description about Impacts.......................................................................................................18
4.2. Potential Beneficial Impacts............................................................................................................19
4.2.1. Employment scenario........................................................................................................19
4.2.2. Improving growth of the economy...................................................................................20
4.2.3. Improved living standards.................................................................................................20
4.2.4. Improvement of Infrastructure.........................................................................................20
4.2.5. Utilization of potential resources......................................................................................20
4.2.6. Transfer of skill, knowledge and technology....................................................................21

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 4.2.7. Response to gender issues................................................................................................21
4.2.8. Contribution for the education sector..............................................................................21
4.3. Adverse Environmental Impacts and Mitigation..................................................................................22
4.3.1. Construction Phase of the project....................................................................................22
4.3.2. Operational Phase.............................................................................................................26
4.3.3. Project decommissioning..................................................................................................35
4.4. Project Alternatives.......................................................................................................................36
4.5. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan...............................................................................36
4.5.1. Pre-construction, Construction and Operational Phase...................................................37
4.5.2. Decommissioning Phase....................................................................................................44
4.6. Environment, Health and Safety (EHS)..............................................................................................47
4.6.1. Organization and implementation of the EHS..................................................................47
4.6.2. EHS management strategy to be adopted by the proponent r........................................47
4.6.3. Safety requirement during Construction and Operation period......................................47
4.7. Emergency procedure during construction and operation.......................................................................48
i) An emergency situation means: Unforeseen happening resulting in serious or fatal injury to
employed persons or the neighbouring communities Fire or explosion...................................48
5. Monitoring Plan (See the EMP Matrix).............................................................................
Matrix).............................................................................48
48
6. Environmental Audits..........................................................................................................
Audits..........................................................................................................49
49
7. Records Management, Environmental Reporting and Corrective Actions....................
Actions....................52
52
4.2. Records Management.....................................................................................................................52
8.2. Environmental Reporting and Corrective Actions................................................................................52
9. Management of Information...............................................................................................
Information...............................................................................................52
52
11. Conclusions and recommendations....................................................................................
recommendations....................................................................................54
54
11.1. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................54
11.2. Recommendation................................................................................................................55

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List of Acronyms
BOD Biochemical oxygen demand
COD Chemical oxygen demand
EIA Environmental impact assessment
EMP Environment management plan
EPA Environment protection agency
HRM Human resource manager
HSE health, safety and environment
ILO International Labour Organization
OHS Occupational health and safety
PLC Private limited company
PPE protective equipments
SQ Socially qualified
WB World Bank
WHO World Health Organization
ADLI Industrial Development led-Industrialization’
ASL Above Sea level
CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
dB (A) A-weighted decibels
EA Environmental Assessment
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EISR Environmental Impact Study Report
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
EPC Environmental Protection Council
EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
ETB Ethiopian Birr, the National Currency
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
HSE Health, Safety and Environmental
VOCs Volatile organic compounds.

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 0. Executive Summary

Tracon Trading plc dry coffee processing plant herein referred as the proponent proposes to
develop a dry coffee on plot of land 30,000m2 at sebeta, 04 Kebele with initial capital
investment by Seven hundred million seventy four million four hundred twenty one thousand
{174,421,757 birr) . It is located on the distance of about 24 km from Addis Ababa. The
proposed site is on vacant land with little vegetation coverage.

Development of the Dry coffee processing will maximally utilize the idle piece of land, create
employment during construction and operation phases (create jobs for 182workers), and ensure
coffee consumers get quality. It will also achieve the governments’ objective, through the
Ministry of Agriculture, of developing more processed coffee around the country so as to
protect coffee consumers.
In order to safeguard the environment, environmental concerns have to be integrated in the
planning and implementation phases of any proposed developments in furi Kebele project.
Pursuant to the prevailing legal requirements envisaged in the country, and to ensure sustainable
environmental management, the proponent contacted Experts to undertake an EIA for the
proposed dry coffee pulping/processing.

This report therefore presents the results of the Impact Assessment in accordance with EPA
2003 and EIA/ EA Proclamation, 299. The EIA evaluated the effectiveness of the
environmental considerations undertaken by the project proponent in safeguarding the
environment to ensure sustainability. With due considerations to sustainable development, it’s
recommended that, the proposed project be approved by the Authority.

1. Introduction

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In principle, dry processing only works in dry climates. If there is too much moisture in the air,
the cherries will just rot on the beans. Most of the dry coffees carried have come from Africa and
specifically Ethiopia. It is naturally processed and noticeably sweet and fruity. It is very
consistent and clean as well, which indicates the high level of care that farmers put into tending it
as it dried.

The majority of coffee Arabica is dried using electricity and firewood (ICAFE 2006).
Conventional coffee drying consumes on an average 12.5 kWh of electricity and 0.07 cu. m of
firewood, per 100 lbs of green coffee (ICAFE 2006). Assuming a net export of 203,244,004 lbs
of green coffee annually (ICAFE 2007) and the rates of electrical energy consumption from
coffee drying in Costa Rica consumes on the order of 25,405,000 kWh of electricity (enough to
power a community in Costa Rica of some 13,534 people [UNDP 2007]). These energy costs
impose a financial burden on small farmers, and savings on electricity costs provided by solar
driers increases the viability of small coffee operations, which otherwise could be converted to
other types of land use with lower ecological value, such as cattle production, commercial
development or housing.

In addition to electrical energy, coffee drying in Costa Rica consumes approximately 142,268 cu.
m of wood per year. Based on an extrapolation of the amount of fuel wood consumed for the
drying process (ICAFE 2006), we estimate that throughout Mesoamerica, approximately 6,509
hectares of forest are cut to supply the firewood used to dry the coffee harvest each year. This is
roughly equivalent to 3 sq. cm of wood per cup of coffee. Thus, reducing the amount of wood
used for drying coffee could make a significant contribution to tropical forest conservation.

Therefore, due to these best experiences, the energy conservation was further realized at Montes
de Oro through the practice of co-generation, using waste products from coffee production to
produce electricity through a thermo-chemical gasification process that is currently
operational at Montes de Oro. This co-generation will be able to produce 15 kWh of electric
power, more than sufficient to supply the 2 kWh required for the solar/biomass dryer. For
gasification, coffee parchment is collected and gasified by a thermo-chemical reaction called
pyrolysis, in which the carbohydrates of the parchment are broken down to their fundamental

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molecular components. A gaseous mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and oxygen are the
main components of the so-called producer gas, which is a fuel that burns similar to natural gas
or propane, although with a lower energy content. With this gas, a boiler is operated to heat
water when solar resources are not available during the night or rainy or cloudy periods, and/or a
generator is operated to produce electricity.

Hot-air drying machines make this process much faster, especially for large coffee farms where
many coffee beans require processing at once and there may not be enough patio space to sun-
dry all the beans. However, it can be easy to accidentally damage the coffee beans and ruin their
cup quality, so monitoring the machines and beans inside them carefully is a necessity.

Coffee beans can be dried in the sun or by machine but in most cases it is dried in the sun to 12-
13% moisture and brought down to 10% by machine. Drying entirely by machine is normally
only done where space is at a premium or the humidity is too high for the beans to dry before
mildewing.

Fig. Coffee drying in the sun

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When dried in the sun coffee is most often spread out in rows on large patios where it needs to be
raked every six hours to promote even drying and prevent the growth of mildew. Some coffee is
dried on large raised tables where the coffee is turned by hand. Drying coffee this way has the
advantage of allowing air to circulate better around the beans promoting more even drying but
increases cost and labor significantly.

The purpose of this ESIA study is to identify and analyse the magnitude of environmental
impacts and mitigates those areas where significant environmental effects are likely to arise from
the various activities and requirements of the project, during pre-construction, construction and
operation phase of processes of Dry Coffee processing.
This environmental impact assessment (EIA) study was conducted according to legal
requirements of the EIA proclamation of the government of the Federal Democratic Republic,
proclamation No.299/2002. This report is also submitted to the Oromia National Regional State,
sebeta Environment, Forest and Climate Change Authority according to the requirement of the
proclamation.
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) guideline (EPA, 1999) prepared by the
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) requires development projects reduce adverse effects
on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment. The guideline differentiates
between development projects with significant and insignificant impacts, which the former
projects require full EIA assessment while the latter ones need only partial or no EIA at all. As
Dry Coffee processing projects are among those projects which might cause impacts on physical,
biological and socio-economic environment of mankind, the proposed project is among those
investment projects that require full EIA study.
In response to the requirements of the EIA study, the company hired a consulting firm, to
undertake Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the processing of canned foods. And the
consulting firm carried out this Environmental Impact Assessment scientifically from its wealthy
experience in past similar tasks.

Objective
The main objective of this report is to identify the major Environmental Impacts due to
implementation (from pre construction up to operation) of the project along with the effective

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measures to mitigate the adverse impacts, if any, to ensure the project is environmentally sound
and contributes to the development of environmental assets.
It is also expected to provide a means whereby the overall environmental performance of this
project can be enhanced through:

 Identification of sensitive environmental components likely to be affected by the

proposed project,

 Identification and evaluation of the potential impacts associated with project

implementation and subsequent operation, and

 Preparation of plans and recommendations regarding measures that will minimize

adverse impacts and enhance beneficial impacts.

In this context, it should be noted that the term “Environment” and its derivatives have been used
in a wider sense, which cover not only physical and biological aspects, but also the human
dimension.

1.1. Objectives of the ESIA

The overall objective of the ESIA is to assess and identify positive and negative impacts, manage
adverse environmental impacts and promote best practices in order to facilitate and encourage
continued improvement environmental management and performance of the Dry coffee
processing plant throughout all its courses of production.
The fundamental ESIA purposes for Dry coffee processing plant are:
 To assess and establish environmental management standards meeting statutory
requirements;
 To continually review, amend the environmental standards to reflect development in
technology, statutory requirements, industry practices and standards;
 To define management for protection of the environment and social safeguards when
implementing factory production;
 To provide guidance to the factory management and employees about obligations under
the applicable laws and regulations;

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  To place and guarantee regulatory responses and monitoring frameworks for relevant
environment agencies and interested parties with regards to Dry coffee Processing plant
and fulfilling its obligations regarding social safeguards and environmental protection;
 To set time frame, frequency and responsibilities for environmental plan and review.
 To develop and implement contingency plan for the control and correction of
environmental incidents;
 To inform all the factory management and environmental expert their responsibilities
with respect to environmental management and to monitor the manner in which their
responsibilities are discharged;
 Encourage and promote waste minimization, recycling of wastes, energy efficiency,
resource conservation and resource recovery;
1.2. Scope of Study
This ESIA scope is limited to assessment of environmental performances employed by has
process of dry coffee and drawing proper management plant to ensure compliance of its
production process and emissions to environmental standards and regulations. The
environmental management plan provides a framework for impact mitigations and defines scope
of management with regards to:
 Solid waste management;
 Air quality, dust and noise management;
 Employees’ and public health and safety management;
In addition, unpredictable risks will be assessed and addressed by designing monitoring and risk
management process.
2. Environmental Scoping
In the aim of deciding upon the limits of the study area for Dry coffee production project and
drawing the list of activities and impacts to be studied during the assessment, the consulting firm
carried out an initial environmental examination and scoping.

The scoping exercise has been carried out with the following main objectives:
To define the limits of the study area,
To define list of Valued Ecosystem Components within the study area,
To define list of activities, type and magnitude of the proposed project,
To define list of Impacts to be studied.

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In order to carry out the above tasks, the firm employed different tools and techniques relevant to
the proposed project. Use of environmental scoping checklists and consultation of different
stakeholders (including experts, project affected peoples, local administrators and people, etc).

2.1 Limits of the Study Area

The Environmental Impact Assessment study is conducted for those areas that would be
influenced by the impact of the Dry coffee production project implementation. The project site,
the land adjacent to the project site and the neighbouring environment are the most impacted
areas either directly or indirectly by the project implementation. The socio-economic and
environmental impacts can, however, be felt beyond those limits.

2.2 Valued Ecosystem Components within the Study Area to Impact by the Project

Tracon Trading plc dry coffee production project is totally found in sebeta 04 kebele, allocated
for the purpose. The Dry coffee production project site is bordered by open spaces for investment
and access roads. During the assessment, the consultant has found no biophysical and socio-
economic resources closer to the plant site to be affected by the agro-industrial operation. The
company uses available best technology and production techniques which will be reducing
expected adverse environmental impacts and occupational health and safety risks at minimal
levels, and as a consequence there are no important ecosystems within the project study area to
be impacted by the coffee production factory when in operation.

2.4. Description of the Plant

Dry process, also known as unwashed or natural coffee, is the New Technology method of
processing coffee. The entire cherry after harvest is first cleaned and then placed in the sun to dry
on tables or in thin layers on patios:

The harvested cherries are usually sorted and cleaned, to separate the unripe, overripe and
damaged cherries and to remove dirt, soil, twigs and leaves. This can be done by winnowing,
which is commonly done by hand, using a large sieve. Any unwanted cherries or other material
not winnowed away can be picked out from the top of the sieve. The ripe cherries can also be
separated by flotation in washing channels close to the drying areas.

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The coffee cherries are spread out in the sun, either on large concrete or brick patios or on
matting raised to waist height on trestles. As the cherries dry, they are raked or turned by hand to
ensure even drying and prevent mildew. It may take up to 4 weeks before the cherries are dried
to the optimum moisture content, depending on the weather conditions. On larger plantations,
machine-drying is sometimes used to speed up the process after the coffee has been pre-dried in
the sun for a few days.

The drying operation is the most important stage of the process, since it affects the final quality
of the green coffee. A coffee that has been over dried will become brittle and produce too many
broken beans during hulling (broken beans are considered defective beans). Coffee that has not
been dried sufficiently will be too moist and prone to rapid deterioration caused by the attack of
fungi and bacteria.

The dried cherries are stored in bulk in special silos until they are sent to the mill where hulling,
sorting, grading and bagging take place. All the outer layers of the dried cherry are removed in
one step by the hulling machine.

The dry method is used for about 90% of the Arabica coffee produced in Brazil, most of the
coffees produced in Ethiopia, Haiti and Paraguay, as well as for some Arabicas produced in India
and Ecuador. Almost all Robust as are processed by this method. It is not practical in very rainy
regions, where the humidity of the atmosphere is too high or where it rains frequently during
harvesting.

Milling
The final steps in coffee processing involve removing the last layers of dry skin and remaining
fruit residue from the now-dry coffee, and cleaning and sorting it. These steps are often called
dry milling to distinguish them from the steps that take place before drying, which collectively
are called wet milling.
Hulling
The first step in dry milling is the removal of what is left of the fruit from the bean, whether it is
the crumbly parchment skin of wet-processed coffee, the parchment skin and dried mucilage of
semi-dry-processed coffee, or the entire dry, leathery fruit covering of the dry-processed coffee.

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Hulling is done with the help of machines, which can range from simple millstones to
sophisticated machines that gently whack at the coffee.
Polishing
This is an optional process in which any silver skin that remains on the beans after hulling is
removed in a polishing machine. This is done to improve the appearance of green coffee beans
and eliminate a by product of roasting called chaff. It is described by some to be detrimental to
the taste by raising the temperature of the bean through friction which changes the chemical
makeup of the bean
Cleaning and sorting
Most fine coffee goes through a battery of machines that sort the coffee by density of bean and
by bean size, all the while removing sticks, rocks, nails, and miscellaneous debris that may have
become mixed with the coffee during drying. First machines blow the beans into the air; those
that fall into bins closest to the air source are heaviest and biggest; the lightest (and likely
defective) beans plus chaff are blown in the farthest bin. Other machines shake the beans through
a series of sieves, sorting them by size. Finally, a machine called a gravity separator shakes the
sized beans on a tilted table, so that the heaviest, densest and best vibrate to one side of the
pulsating table, and the lightest to the other.

The final step in the cleaning and sorting procedure is called color sorting, or separating
defective beans from sound beans on the basis of color rather than density or size. Color sorting
is the trickiest and perhaps most important of all the steps in sorting and cleaning. With most
high-quality coffees color sorting is done in the simplest possible way: by hand. Teams of
workers pick discoloured and other defective beans from the sound beans. The very best coffees
may be hand-cleaned twice (double picked) or even three times (triple picked). Coffee that has
been cleaned by hand is usually called European preparation; most specialty coffees have been
cleaned and sorted in this way.

Grading
Grading is the process of categorizing coffee beans on the basis of various criteria such as size of
the bean, where and at what altitude it was grown, how it was prepared and picked, and how
good it tastes, or its cup quality. Coffees also may be graded by the number of imperfections
(defective and broken beans, pebbles, sticks, etc.) per sample. For the finest coffees, origin of the

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beans (farm or estate, region, cooperative) is especially important. Growers of premium estate or
cooperative coffees may impose a level of quality control that goes well beyond conventionally
defined grading criteria, because they want their coffee to command the higher price that goes
with recognition and consistent quality and the end roasting. See the following picture.

Fig. 2 The dry coffee processing Machines

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3. Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework
This chapter covers the policy, legislative and institutional framework issues that are most
relevant to development projects in general and the Dry coffee processing Project in particular.
The first section looks at the National Economic Development policy and strategies and sectoral
policies and strategies related to the project. The second section focuses on existing
environmental policies and strategies at the national and sectoral level. Finally, the third section
presents the existing institutional frame-work for Environmental Protection and Management.

3.1 Economic Development Policies and Strategies

The National Economic Development Strategy

The guiding strategy under the National Economic Development is known as the ‘Agricultural
Development led Industrialization’ (ADLI). This strategy further developed into sectoral
strategies that include Agriculture, Industry, Mining, Population growth, technological progress,
Economic and Social infrastructure, etc. The following can be identified as the core elements of
the agro-industrial development strategy component of ADLI (MOPED 1993).

o The promotion of labor intensive technologies and utilization of domestic raw materials.

o Determination of the composition of industrial output based on the needs and income levels
of the population.

o Government intervention to motivate the choice of labour intensive technology that makes
extensive use of domestic raw materials.

Ethiopian Investment Strategy

There had been a number of investment proclamation and regulations issued by successive
governments as the country started to move away from ‘centralized economy’ to ‘mixed
economy’ (since 1992). These policy issues influence the project in different aspects.
Above all; the following two documents that constitute the building blocks of the current
Ethiopian investment strategy, directly affect investment in the country in general.

o Proclamation No.37/1996: Investment proclamation of the federal Democratic Republic of

Ethiopia

o Proclamation of Ministers Regulation No. 7/1996: Council of Ministers regulations to

provide for investment Incentives.

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According to the Investment Proclamation No.37/1996, the objective of the investment policy of
the federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) are designed to improve the living standard
of the peoples of Ethiopia through the realization of sustainable economic and social
development. Article 13 of the proclamation specifies the required information for submitting an
application for investment permit. The first sub-article under article 14, prescribes the procedure
for issuance of investment permit, states the following:
Upon receiving an application for investment permit made in full compliance with the provisions
of Article 13 of this proclamation, and after ascertaining within 10 days that the included
investment activity would not be contravening the operational laws of the country and that, in
particular, it complies with conditions stipulated in environmental protection laws, the
appropriate investment organ shall issue an investment permit to the applicant.
The Council of Ministers regulation No. 7/1996 provides the terms and conditions under which
investment incentives are provided for investors. The investment incentive is divided into the
following two categories: exemption from income tax and exemption from customs duty on
imported machinery and equipment. The exemption from income tax is based on the following
two criteria. The first criterion is the class of the investment as pioneer investment, promoted
investment, or expansion and upgrading of existing investment. The second criterion is the
location of the investment with respect to its potential contribution to equitable distribution of
regional development.

3.2 Policy and Legislation on the Sector

Objectives
 to sustainably enhance the production and productivity of agricultural sector for
improvement of the living conditions of the people,
 to conserve and rational utilization of natural resource for sustainable agricultural
development.
The policy statements include:
 Importation and handing over of crop protection technologies should be based on
 testing their effectiveness,
 spraying pesticides considered as effective control of Migratory pests,

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  the need for the establishment of plant quarantine system to prevent intrusion of exotic
pests or move out of the country,
 Development of pesticide registration and control system, etc.
Export Sector Development Program
Ethiopia has the most attractive incentive packages which make it an attractive location for
investment. Land is considered state property and a company can easily obtain access to land to
develop export production (US$ 200 per ha) (Laws, 2006). The Ethiopian Development Bank
lends 70% of the capital to export projects, without restrictions on nationality. Furthermore, the
Ethiopian government provides a five-year tax holiday and an exemption from VAT and duties
on imported inputs. The Dutch Government has offered its citizen sizable development grants to
shift their production to Ethiopia (Laws, 2006).

3.3 Environmental Policies and Strategies

3.3.1 The Constitution

The constitution of the federal Republic of Ethiopia provides the overriding principles and legal
for all legislative frame works in the country. The concept of sustainable development and the
environmental rights of the people are enshrined in the constitution by the following articles that
stipulate the rights of peoples in Ethiopia.
Article 43: The Rights of Development

1. The Peoples of Ethiopia as a whole, and each Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia in
particular have the right to improved living standards and to sustainable development.

2. Nationals have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be

consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community.

3. All international agreements and relations concluded, established or conducted by the State
shall protect and ensure Ethiopia’s right to sustainable development.

4. The basic aim of development activities shall be to enhance the capacity of citizens for
development and to meet their basis needs.

Article 44 - Environmental Rights

1. All persons have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment.

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2. All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a
result of State programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of
compensation, including relocation with adequate State assistance.

These constitutional provisions have served as the guiding principle of all activates that are
related to policy formulation, strategy development and the formulation of legislative and
institutional framework for environmental protection.

3.3.2 The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)

The CSE, approved by the Council of Ministers in 1996, provides a comprehensive and rational
approach to environmental management in a very broad sense, covering national and regional
strategies, sectoral and cross sectoral policies, action plans and programs as well as providing the
basis for development of appropriate institutional and legal frameworks for the implementation
(EPA/Ministry of Economic Development and Co-operation 1996, MEDAC). It also deals with
providing a strategic framework for integrating environmental planning into a new and existing
policies and projects. It mainly recognizes the importance of incorporating environmental factors
into development activities from the beginning so that planners may take into account
environmental protection as an essential component of economic, social and cultural
development.
3.2.3 The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The major policy framework document with respect to environmental management of Ethiopia is
the Environmental Policy (EPE) of the FDRE approved by the Council of Ministers in April
1997. The Policy was prepared under the joint-effort of the Environmental Protection Authority
(EPA) and the Environmental Planning Unit (EPU) of the then Ministry of Economic
Development and cooperation (MEDaC).
The policy contains elements that imply the importance of main streaming socio-ecologic aspects
in development programs. More specifically, there are two cross-sectoral policies components
with a mainstreaming effect in the EPE. Article 4.6 of EPE covers different aspects of the
importance of incorporating environmental costs and benefits in the development planning
process. Under this Article, the initiation of a pilot project on the application of Environmental
accounting in Ethiopia was identified as one of the policies directions. Furthermore, Article 4.6
states (EPA 1997, 21):

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  To explicitly consider in 5- , 10-, and 100- years time perspective the economic costs &
benefits to the environment in the planning of all Major development programs, projects
and activities.
3.2.4 Sectoral Policies and Strategies

National Health Policies and Strategies

Article 2 of General polices states the ‘development of the preventive and promotive components
of health care’ as one of the basic polices component. The promotion of occupational health and
safety (Article 2.2.2) and the development of Environmental Health (Article 2.2.3) are identified
as priority policy areas for the health sector.
Article 5.2 states that the promotional and preventive activities shall address ‘prevention of
Environmental pollution with hazardous chemical wastes’. Article 1.3 of the health sector
strategy that was developed in 1995 states the following under Environmental and occupational
Health and safety’ (TGE 1995):
Agricultural schemes and industries will be expected to have strong health prevention and
promotion program. Starting from inception, appropriate health advice has to be sought &
incorporated in the project. Guidelines, standards, regulations & legislations will be prepared in
order to assist the community, planners, builders, agricultural schemes and industries on safe
disposal of waste, minimizing environmental pollution and incorporating appropriate health and
safety standards in housing and work premises.

Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy

The Federal Government of the Democratic Republic of Ethiopia issued a comprehensive &
integrated water resources management policy in 1998. The policy document outlines the
following as the general policy objectives (FDRE 1998:1)

o Development of the water resources of the country for Economic and social Benefits of the
people on equitable & sustainable basis.

o Allocation and apportionment of water based on comprehensive and integrated plans and
optimum allocation principles that incorporate efficiency of use, equity of access, and
sustainability of the resources.

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o Combating and regulating floods through sustainable mitigation, prevention, rehabilitation
and other practical measures.

o Conserving, protecting and enhancing water resources and the overall aquatic environment
on sustainable basis.

3.2.5 Legislative Instruments

The Federal Government of Ethiopia is in the process of passing number of proclamations that
are aimed at providing the legislative instruments for the implementation of the national
environmental policy objectives and strategies. The following environmental protection
proclamations were enacted by the council of Representative of FDRE.

Proclamation on institutional arrangements

This proclamation establishes the EPA as an autonomous Federal agency with the objective of
formulating Environmental policies, strategies, legislatives, standards and directives. The
proclamation also provides for the establishment of the Environmental council to ensure
integration of Environmental concerns with development policies, strategies and plans, as well as
coordination among sectors. The Environmental council is chaired by the prime minister (or his
designate) and is composed of the relevant line ministries, heads of other government agencies
and representative of trade associations and NGOs. The executive Director of EPA will serve as
member and secretary of the environmental Council. Further-more, the proclamation requires
every competent agency to establish or designate its own environmental unit, which shall ensure
collaboration with EPA and be responsible to coordinate and follow up that activities of the
agency are taking place in harmony with this proclamation and other Environmental
requirements.

Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment Pro.No .299/2002

This proclamation requires all licensing agencies have to ensure that EPA or the respective
Regional Environmental Agency has authorized their implementation prior to issuing any type of
license for projects. The EIA proclamation includes provisions on: categories of EIA
requirements, duties and responsibilities of the project and the competent Agency, procedures on
EIA report and its approval, conditions of offense and the ensuing penalties and conditions of
public participation in the EIA process. The proclamation has an annex that contains lists of
activities/projects that requires an EIA.

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Proclamation on Pollution and Control Pro. N.300/2002
The Proclamation contains general provision control which includes among others environmental
standards, powers and duties of environmental inspectors, rights to appeal and offenses and
penalties. The pollution control component includes provisions on management of hazardous
wastes, chemicals and radioactive substances, management of municipal wastes and protection
of the ozone layer. The proclamation has provisions on forfeiture cancellation and restoration.
3.2.6 Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document
The guide to EIA document that was prepared by EPA provides a background to EIA and
environmental management in Ethiopia .In effect the document aims at being a reference
material to ensure effective environmental assessment and management practice in Ethiopia for
all parties who engage in the process. The basic objective of the guide is:
 Providing all interested parties with a consistent approach in EIA
 Providing background information for the context of EIA in Ethiopia
 Assisting proponents in identifying their EIA responsibility
 Assisting the authority in determining their roles and responsibility as decision makers in the
EIA process: and
 Assisting in decision-making with regard to cost and benefits of proposed development
projects.
3.2.7 International Conventions and Protocols
Beside the above national policies and strategies that are aimed on environmental protection; the
proposed project is influenced by international environmental laws having an aim of global
environmental protection that are ratified by Ethiopia. Among these international environmental
protection conventions and protocols the Vienna Convention/ Montréal Protocol is the main.
The Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol (including its Amendments) are the building
blocks for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. All these international treaties add certain features
to the general treaty to achieve the overall objectives of the treaties (i.e. Protection of the Ozone
Layer).
Controlled substances are listed in the Protocol’s annexes. Among them, there are two families
of gases which can be used as refrigerants in refrigeration plants: CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
and HCFCs (hydro chlorofluorocarbons).

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Ethiopia became a party to the convention and to the protocol in October 1994. The concerned
legislative organ, realizing the adverse economic implications of continuing with the
consumption of ODS and resoling to contribute to the global effort to the planet earth from
destruction, decided to become a party to both the Convention and the protocol.
Article 9(4) of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia provides that
once an international agreement is ratified through the accepted or established procedure, it
automatically becomes an integral part of the law of the land.

3.3 Institutional Framework

3.3.1 National
The administrative structure of FDRE is based a Federal system that has nine regional states and
two special city administrations Environmental protection activities are directed and managed at
the national level through three levels of institutional arrangements. These are namely, the
Environmental protection council, the Environmental protection Authority and inter-ministerial
commission coordinating Mechanisms.

Environmental protection Council

The proclamation for the establishment of the Environmental protection Authority establishes
Environmental protection council to ensure the integration of Environmental concerns with
development policies, strategies and plans as well as coordination among sectors. The council is
composed of the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Health,
Ministry of Mines and Energy, the commissioner of Science and technology, the Ministry of
water resources and the general manager of EPA. An official to be designated by the government
chairs the council.

Environmental Protection Authority

The Environmental protection Authority (EPA) is the competent Environmental Agency at the
Federal level in Ethiopia established by proclamation No.9/1995. Article 5 of the proclamation
states the following as the objective of the EPA.
The objective of the Authority shall be to ensure that all matters pertaining to the country’s social
and Economic activities are carried out in a manner that will protect the welfare of human beings
as sustainably protect, develop and utilize the resource bases on which they depend for survival.

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Over the last few years, EPA has been working on streaming its organizational structures in such
a way that it will enable it to conduct its duties and responsibilities effectively.
When it comes to EIA, the Federal Authority will only be involved in EIA processes where a
proposed activist may:

 Have an Environmental effect across the international boundaries of Ethiopia;

 Have an Environmental effect across regional boundaries with in Ethiopia;

 Have an effect on an Environmental of national or International significance;

 Have a Federal Government Department, the relevant regional Authority or another

statutory body as proponent.

 Have the Federal Investment Authority as the investment approval body.

3.2.8 Regional

The Oromia region is one of the nine regions under the Federal system of the Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia. Oromia has a total area of about 353,690 Km2, which covers about 32% of
the country’s total area coverage.

The executive body of Oromia regional state is structured under cabinet guided by the office of
the president and the vice president. There are many bureaus and offices in the region; one of
these bureaus is the Land and Environmental Protection bureau that was established through the
proclamation No.147/2009. Article 6.1 of the regulation mandates the bureau to ‘formulate
policies, strategies, programs, or guidelines pertinent to environmental protection and follow up
its implementation up on approval, while Article 6.12 mandates the bureau to ‘regulate and
follow up that any development activity is planned and implemented without damaging the
environment and disordering its balance.
When it comes to EIA, the national provisions indicate the Federal EPA devolves responsibility
to the regional environmental offices, especially for projects that fully under the jurisdiction of
the regional governments.

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4. Environmental and social Impacts and Mitigation Measures
4.1. Brief Description about Impacts
This part of the report addresses potential impacts associated to both mitigating measures of the
negative impacts and to sustain the positive one (i.e., avoidance, reduction, or restoration of
negative impacts and enhancing optimizing of positive effects). In this case, potential impacts
may not necessarily be impacts from the project only, but also the anticipated or all possible
impacts due to the establishment of an operation or implementation of the project externally like
agricultural practices. Accordingly, the impacts assessment, the source of impact, and their
effects to the environmental media or receptors of the impact should be identified to measure the
severity of the impact against the national or international standards.

The major positive impacts of the project are the economic benefits at the national, regional or
local level. Foreign exchange saving, income from taxation, creation of employment
opportunity, technology transfer, capacity building of the staff, infrastructure assistant etc. can
be mentioned. The major negative adverse impacts are site clearance, road construction,
transportation of raw materials, habitats fragmentation and finished materials, etc. Generally, the
negative impacts were addressed through pre-construction, construction and operational phase
of the project in details.

The causes of these severe environmental impacts are estimated because of low knowledge,
education and training (technical and environmental), inefficient technology and limited
techniques, inefficient administrative management, errors in human control, economic
limitations, lack of access to better techniques, lack of information about good practice, lack of
control and enforcement and lack of or non-compliance of environmental legislation during the
explained phases. From their activities, it is clear that the operation of dry coffee hulling is
unlikely to disappear the environmental bios unless there is substantial ineffective use of
proposed mitigation measures.

4.2. Potential Beneficial Impacts

The main potential positive impacts of this Dry coffee project include the following: increased
construction materials security for commercial purposes, increased foreign currency, improved
national and regional economic and corresponding living standards and increased job

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opportunities. Adverse impacts through the increased use of heavy materials, converting the
natural ecosystem of the site or disturbing the web chain of the existing ecology or other
activities are dealt with through the identified mitigation actions in the project ESIA document.
4.2.1. Employment scenario
One of the main positive impacts of the project will be the availability of employment
opportunities especially to casual workers and several other skilled and semi-skilled labours.
Employment opportunities bring economic and social benefits. In the economic sense, it
means abundant unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled labour force will be used in pre-
constructions, construction and operation phase. The project is expected to create job
opportunities for more than 182 of the local people and citizens from other areas when it comes
to full operational stage of the project.
4.2.2. Improving growth of the economy
The project will contribute towards growth of the economy by contributing to the gross
domestic export products. There will be positive gain for the revenue system of the region
and country that will be arising from operations of the proposed agro-industry project. The
proposed dry coffee operation will be expected important contributors to Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) and National Gross Products (NGP) of the country.

4.2.3. Improved living standards

There are usually several opportunities which come up during construction and
implementation periods of the project. Increase in revenues for locals and influx of immigrants
into the project surroundings expected to improve money circulation of the project area. It also
helps the project area community members in attaining construction materials and poverty
reduction through facilitating this processing, which in turn helps in attaining the development
goal of the country.
4.2.4. Improvement of Infrastructure
Among the potential benefits of the project are improvements in physical and social
infrastructure. This will improve accessibility and access to markets and safe drinking water. It
is expected to contribute for improved health status and standard of living of the local
population. Apart from having an improvement in the services, other social amenities are
expected to come up because of the project implementation. Hence, this will create opening up
of marginal areas to change their mode of life and living standards.

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4.2.5. Utilization of potential resources
The project area with its natural potential resources had been kept without development for
thousands of years. The resource can play significant role in the development of the area and of
the country if properly utilized. The soil can grow different crops from which significant
benefits can be gained. As indicated in the background of the project, the proposed dry coffee
will create financial and social benefits. Therefore, the proposed project helps in transferring the
potential environmental and workforce resources of the area to the benefits of individual’s and
the country.

4.2.6. Transfer of skill, knowledge and technology

The project will come up with modernized coffee processing methods in which the local people
will be engaged in labour force and/or permanent workers of the processing operation. This
engagement will create exposure to different processing skills and technologies in which the
community members can acquire basic knowledge in the end. Therefore, the project helps in
transferring skills and technology from which the local and other engaged people can be
benefited. And the project proponents planned to educate the surrounding communities on how
to operate the modern mechanism and living style that helps to conserve the ecology of the area.

4.2.7. Response to gender issues

Gender related baseline environmental conditions assessment of the project area indicates high
workload on women in the day-to-day activities of the community. As the proposed project
creates cultural relations and strong socio-cultural integrations, women and men will get
exposure to new and different mode of life that can encourage gender issues and give priority to
women in different washing activities. The project also helps in strengthening awareness
creation activities to harmonize local cultural settings related to in and outdoor tasks among men
and female. However, the proponents are highly focused on the use of heavy work load with
women; it is strictly forbidden to allow women to carry heavy loads. This will safeguard health
and safety conditions in a sustainable way associated with heavy workloads as per the
requirements of the labour law and health and safety standards.

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4.2.8. Contribution for the education sector
The proposed project will have greater contribution for enhancing income level of the
households of the project area, which in turn will enable parents to send their children to school
providing their necessities and covering their expenses by employing them on different position.
4.3. Adverse Environmental Impacts and Mitigation
4.3.1. Construction Phase of the project
Tracon Trading plc Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) dry coffee processing is
dedicated to protecting the safety and health of its employees, contractors and the communities
where it operates, as well as a conscientious regard for the environmental impact of its activities
and products. During construction and operation occupation hazards and incidences may occur,
and the immediate neighbours and workforce involved would be more subjected to these
hazards.

Mitigation Measures
All workers and visitors should be provided with appropriate safety/protective equipment. These
should be placed in strategic locations on site. Delivery and storage of materials at appropriate
locations. Standards and legal requirements should be adhered to. These include: Building
codes, Occupational Safety & Health laws, the Public Health laws, as well as other recognized
best practices and procedures. The project proponent and contractor should take appropriate
insurance cover for the various project activities and personnel. The workforce should be further
trained on safety measures.

Increased Water Demand

During the construction phase of the project, the water demand is increases than the operational
phase because of the consumption for processing and domestics purposes. Mean that the workers
use for washing, toilets, food preparing, spraying for dusts and others purposes.
Mitigation
Avoid wasting the water supplied to the site. The contractors should use water bowsers to bring
in water for construction activities especially during periods of high water demand subject to
authorization. Encourage water reuse/recycling during this phase.
Noise environment

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The noise levels will be recorded at each machine by Sound Level Meter instrument. At each
ambient noise monitoring site, noise levels have been recorded at hourly intervals for 24 hours
continuously by operating the noise meter for fifteen (15) minutes during each hour and
Equivalent noise levels were calculated.
Adverse Impacts
Noise levels in the work zone varies from 80 to 90 dB (A), during process which is carried out
after the end of working shifts, personal exposure is less than 90 dB (A), because operators sit in
closed cabins. Noise contribution from work zone to the nearby villages will be insignificant
and also no villages are situated at a near distance where the dry coffee hulling activity is carried
out. If it is not mitigated, it leads hear loss and deafness.
Mitigation Measures
Huller workers are generally exposed to a higher risk of hearing impairment than most other
industrial workers. The Ethiopian Occupation Health and Safety standards describe a permissible
level of 90 dB (A) for exposure with full protection for a maximum duration of 8 hours: in the
case of working exposure is increasing, the working hour is decrease by half (1/2). For example,
for the 115 dB (A), the working hour is 30minutes. Therefore, the developer will pay attention
to workers’ safety and health based on this standard. Generally, Noise control measures at the
processing can be broadly classified into three types, namely (i) administrative control, (ii)
engineering control and (iii) personal hearing protection.
Administrative control:
The staff roster shall be so planned that none of the workers working in noisy environment gets
over-exposed to noise beyond the permissible duration. Other administrative control techniques
include:
 Providing proper noise proof enclosure for the workers separated from the noise source
and noise prone equipment.
 Provision of Quiet areas, where employees can get relief from workplace noise.
Areas used for work breaks such as rest rooms, canteen shall be acoustically treated to minimize
background noise. Workers training and rotating based on their exposure level is mandatory
during operation.

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Personal hearing protection:
Personal hearing protection can be considered as an accepted method of minimizing the impacts
in a noisy environment. Personal hearing protection devices include earplugs with glycerine
soaked cotton and earmuffs shall be provided to workers exposed to noise and periodically
medical check up is important.

Soil Degradation
This can occur during excavations for foundation laying. The excavated materials can be carried
by water or water causing erosion.
Mitigation Measures
Excavated materials should be removed promptly from the site to avoid erosion. Avoid
unnecessary movement of soil materials from the site. Control construction activities especially
during rainy any windy conditions. Sprinkling of water to reduce dust landscaping after
completion of the project and introduce appropriate vegetation/green belt on the 2% of the total
project area that is 100m.

Flora/Fauna
There is a little vegetation on the site at the moment which will be cleared to pave way for the
project construction. However, noise/dust pollution from construction activities might disturb
fauna. Such small animal/bird life will have to find new nesting homes.
Mitigation Measures
New vegetation will be introduced and managed on completion of the development to restore or
improve the appearance of the site and also reduce soil erosion. Landscaping should be done
within the site to improve site appearance after project completion.
Disturbance of the Public/Noise
Noise is unwanted/undesirable sound that can affect job performance, safety, and health.
Psychological effects of noise include annoyance and disruption of concentration. Physical
effects include loss of hearing, pain, nausea, and interference with communications when the
exposure is severe.
Construction activities will be generating noise and hence affecting other operations in the
neighbourhood. Such noise will mainly emanate from the construction machinery and equipment

28
which include trucks and other vehicles accessing the site not forgetting noise that would
emanate from the workers on site and from the demolition activities.

Mitigation Measures
Construction works should be carried out only during the specified time of 8:00 hrs to 17:00 hrs.
Machineries should be maintained regularly to reduce noise resulting from friction. There
should not be unnecessary horning of the involved machinery Provision of bill boards at the
construction site notifying of the construction activity and timings
Sewage and Effluents
The effluent wastes are less than the three phases that consume the water. Therefore, the
effluent/sewage resulting from sanitary facilities and wastewater from the proposed
developments is of insignificant concern with respect to the environment at construction phase. It
should always drain effectively into the available sewerage treatment system via well designed
and laid pipe networks if necessary.

Mitigation
Ensure no undue interference with the laid drainage system. All manholes on drive ways and
parking areas should have heavy duty covers set and sealed airtight as approved by specialists.
All waste pipes should have cleaning Roding eyes accessible from outside and free to every part
of the system for inspection, cleaning and repair. Sanitary facilities should be kept clean always
through regular cleaning. Ensuring the sewerage treatment plant is not overloaded to increase
efficiency and minimize or eliminate incidences of untreated sewer spills to the environment
Air Quality
The construction activities on the site will result to increased dust and gaseous emissions. Some
construction machinery and trucks, including small vehicles generate hazardous exhaust fumes
such as Carbon Oxides (Cox), Sulphur Oxides (SOx) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx). Dust particles
as caused by wind and vehicles suspends in the air mostly during dry spells. Such dust and gases
have direct negative impact to the quality of air hence affects animal/ human health.
Mitigation
Provide personal protective equipments, materials and clothing such as nose masks and goggles
to workers during demolition and construction phases. Regular and prompt maintenance of

29
construction machinery and equipment. This will minimize generation of hazardous gases and
other suspended particulate matter. Control over areas generating dust particles. Such areas
should be regularly cleaned or sprinkled with water to reduce dust. Use environmentally friendly
fuels such as unleaded gasoline.
4.3.2. Operational Phase

Solid Waste
When coffee husks are produced in access quantity they result in bulk of solid wastes. When
these solid wastes area decomposed with bacterial action drop of rain fall they result in bad
odour and threat for human health. Therefore all solid wastes must be collected and dumped at
proper site. The bulk of the solid waste generated during the operation of the plant will consist of
dry coffee during the process. Such wastes can be injurious to the environment through
blockage of drainage systems, choking of water bodies and negative impacts on animal health.
Where solid wastes are not well managed offensive odours may be generated and seepage may
result in the contamination of soil and water resources.
Most of the solid wastes that will be generated through the daily work can be:
 The ordinary room wastes that the workers and the staff generate all-day around.

When determining the significance of the potential impacts on the environment, an extremely
important “weight factor” should be considered i.e., that in fact, the quantities of the solid
waste, generated during the operation of the Dry coffee process shall be very small.

This will be as a result of construction activities. Such waste materials include stones, wood,
broken glasses and tiles, containers, metal rods, pieces of iron sheets/ tiles and sharp objects such
as nails. During operation, solid wastes will be generated by the office occupants and coffee
coats.
Mitigation
Use coffee husks for production of organic fertilizer by using coffee husks as an input for
compost prepare. The contractor or the proponent should work hand in hand with private refuse
handlers and the Sebeta 04 Kebele to facilitate waste handling, and disposal from the site. The
resulting debris will be collected, transported and disposed off at suitably approved dumpsites.
The materials should be properly segregated and separated to encourage recycling of some of
them. Provision of dustbin cubicles at the gate as the central collection point. Waste receptacles

30
will be placed at strategic points to discourage littering. The incineration method is very
appropriate to control solid wastes. The mitigation methods are categorized as:-
Biogas from coffee waste water:
The water drained from coffee cherry extract is another potential source of biogas production.
The cherry extract that has been picked for several hours kept in a bag or in bulk and allowed to
heat up, will be a seething mass of micro-organisms of all kinds working on the released sticky
fruit juices. Appropriate fermentation and other procedures lower the pH and further
neutralization process gives rise to CO2 foam [mainly acetate salts and raise the pH from 3.8 to
6.1] so formed will float out more solids, principally dark colored tannins and polyphenolics.
Evolution of CO2 at this point enables the later production of a highly methane-enriched biogas
with only half of the usual level of inert CO2. The clear acetate solution can then be passed
through a UASB digester to make biogas, or, dripped over a suspended curtain as in the aerobic
‘Fungal Gulp” process to make Single Cell Protein for animal feedstuff. The biogas produced
can best be used by running an engine on it to generate electricity, and all the lower grade waste
heat from cooling and exhaust can still be used for drying coffee.
Coffee Pulp Solids to Silage:
Coffee pulp is really a very versatile substance, but the presence of caffeine has up to now been
seen as a negative factor making it unusable as an animal foodstuff. By a slight dewatering of the
pulp, inoculation with commercial silage additives and packing it into plastic liners within FIBCs
[Recycling container], or one tone flexible bulk containers, within 3-4 months an excellent
foodstuff suitable for cattle feedlots is achievable, bringing extra cash flow during the off season
period.
Coffee Husk as a fuel:
Coffee husk is practically pure lignocelluloses and has no fertilizer value at all. It is normally
burnt in crude furnaces to dry our coffee parchment. If most of the parchment is partially sun
dried for quality reasons then, even with today’s crude single pass hot air driers, it is still
possible to have a surplus of fuel after a finish drying operation. Burn the husk in a gas producer,
and then run an engine on that producer gas to produce electricity. Once again as with biogas, the
waste heat from the gas producer and the engine can be used to heat a clean air stream, and that
can still be used to dry even more coffee than before.

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Coffee pulp solids as Compost:
Coffee pulp solids contain only one fifth of the nutrients taken out of the soil by export of the
green bean. However, it is a good source of humus and organic soil carbon. If coffee pulp is
turned over every few days in a heap preserved for a few years as in conventional compost
making, it will compost in three weeks into one fifth of the original volume of a stable earthy
smelling material which does not attract flies. Left to mature for three months under cover, it will
reduce further to become very nice dry earthy compost which is a good soil improver and
conditioning agent.
Incineration methods
In most time, the dry coffee processing has used incinerators as means of solid waste mitigation
measures. However, the coffee husks have high content of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and
others organic compounds that are contributes to global warming.

Mitigation measures
The most appropriate management of such solid wastes is recycling for further usage. Like
gasification, compost, and biogas and also as animal feed after processing since it has high
content of caffeine. Simply disposing within prepared pit is forbidden. Because, the coffee husks
has developed fermentation after a certain days and creates bad odor for surrounding
communities and workers. Therefore, the wills seriously kept the husk from wet substances and
simple disposing on open environment and use high temperature of incineration if necessary.
Liquid wastes
The dry coffee processing has needed less or none water consumption during this phase. The
project is located at none water demand and no waste water released from the project during
hulling and sorting. However, the proponent will use water for domestic facilities like toilet,
hand washing, food preparation, etc.

Mitigation
To remove the stagnant water, the ditch will be prepared and follow periodically.
The septic tanks should be designed to handle wastewater generated from the existing facilities.
Therefore, no untreated sanitary wastes or wastewaters will be discharged to the land or to the
permanent surface water bodies from the different sources at least by treating biological system.

32
Special training courses should be conducted to all personnel, involved with treatment,
identification, segregation, handling and management of the generated waste.

With the proper application on the wastewater management plant, impact on groundwater quality
from wastewater storage in septic tanks is expected to be minor and its occurrence low with the
proper application of the above listed mitigation measures.

Potential Adverse impacts on Noise Quality, Vibration

Any excessive noise will have a detrimental effect on peoples’ health and may increase
annoyance and raise complaints.

The operation of the plant will not likely generate noise and vibration levels that could
potentially elevate the baseline condition possibly causing disturbance or damage to nearby
surrounding communities. This section addresses the potential noise and vibration impacts
during operational phase through identification of sensitive receptors, determining primary
sources of noise and vibration generation, assessment of the potential impacts and their
significance and finally proposing mitigation measures following Best Available Techniques
(BAT).

However, considering that they are adopting the most stringent noise limits in the Ethiopian
standards and given that the highest predicted noise levels at night which is less than 45 dB (A),
the noise impacts are expected to be tolerable by the residents of these communities as higher
noise limits for night time (45 to 50 dB(A) are set in the Ethiopian standards for residential areas
in the city or near main roads.

Mitigation

Further mitigation measures could be adopted to reduce noise limits to permissible noise levels
including:
 The cleaning machines have to be certified for noise level intermittent.
 The processing machine/equipment needs to use the best available noise control
techniques (e.g., improved mufflers; equipment redesign; use of intake silencers, ducts,
engine enclosures and/or acoustically attenuating shields or shrouds) wherever feasible
and necessary.

33
  Use of properly tuned engines, proper mountings and muffling of equipment and
equipment fitted with silencers;
 Providing permanent enclosures around the heavy noise producing equipment;
 Ensuring good maintenance and repair of the heavy equipment;
 All equipment shall be switched off when not in use.
 Stationary noise sources shall be located as far from sensitive receptors as possible. If
they must be located near sensitive receptors, they shall be muffled to the extent feasible
and enclosed within temporary shed.
Adopting the proposed mitigation measures would most likely reduce the noise impacts
generated from paper plant operation during evening and night-time period to a minor effect.

Offsite Traffic Noise Impact

Offsite noise impacts may arise from transport of raw materials. Typical noise levels from trucks
could range between 80 and 95 dB (A) based on vehicle condition and speed. The flow of large
volume of trucks at close proximity from communities will be a major source of noise pollution.

With no mitigation measures in place to reduce on the impacts on the health and safety of public
community/local settlers situated along the road, repercussions highly likely to occur and are
anticipated to be Significant and of long-term nature.
Mitigation measures
The company shall also develop a detailed traffic management plan for organizing truck
movement inside the plant, traffic flow, parking spaces, warning signs, timing, directions,
measures to prevent traffic related accidents or injuries to workers and motorist driving along the
highway and at the facility main entrance/exit gate. The adoption of the propose mitigation
measure will reduce the impacts from offsite noise pollution to acceptable minor level.

In order to mitigate such impacts on the occupational health, the company should Provide
adequate Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) to workers working at all noisy
activities/locations that exceed permissible occupation noise level limits set in Ethiopia
Permissible threshold Occupational noise level standards in different work areas.

 Install high noise warning boards which will be displayed in areas of noise levels and
mandate ear protection the identified high risk area.

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 Noise level monitoring should be conducted regularly to ensure that noise levels during
all times are within national noise exposure standards.
 Additional noise level control measures and occupational/community health preventive
measures needs to be considered following the prevailing national and international
guidelines.
With the adequate noise control measures in place and compliance of workers with the provided
recommendations, impacts on occupational health and safety would be reduced to a minor effect.

Health and Safety

Some aspects of the Dry coffee process plant process present potential risks for the health and
safety of workers on site. The handling of dangerous substances and the operation of the
equipment of the plant for instance present risks that should be prevented and managed
adequately in order to ensure the health and safety of workers on site.

Storage, transport and handling of the various substances used should be done in accordance
with applicable instructions (material safety data sheets). Insofar as the operation of plant
equipment and machinery is concerned, the supplier should provide quality control methods and
standard operating procedures, prepare operation and maintenance manuals and train the staff in
that regard as well as provide site supervision, including executing tests. New staff members
should undergo induction and awareness training to sensitize them about the environmental,
health and safety risks on site, and the contents of the EMP.

The impacts that can make workers handicap will have a cumulative socio-economic impact. The
cumulative impact of employee’s health hazard particularly, work area caused accidents related
partial or total handicappers will have significant social impact on the worker and economic
impact for his/ her family in particular.
Mitigation Measures
To ensure the health and safety of factory workers, the proponent has to equip his workers with
the necessary protective first aid medication facilities. Safety precaution should also be taken in
to consideration. Fencing of hazardous zones in the compound, maintenance on noisy machines,
are some of the major precautions needs to be undertaken to avoid/minimize human health
hazards . Therefore the following actions need to be taken to mitigate the impact:

35
  Supply workers with protective equipment;
 Provision air-conditioned environmental operated devices;
 Install sackers and hoods for fumes protection;
 To control impacts from machine shop section, installation of automatic devices to be
able to detect defection which helps in removing hand from scarf ling;
 To mitigate significant environmental are:
o recycling of water used in rinsing and
o collecting of water used for rinsing in a proper a tank;
o evaporates as to have the solid part of the solution and
o Dispose the collected solid after evaporation at proper disposal site.
 Regular workers health check-up or examination in every production years.
 Maintaining safe workplaces, plant and work systems;
 Providing information, instruction and training enabling employees to work without
hazards;
 Consulting with employee-elected health and safety representatives and/ or other
employees about occupational health, safety and welfare;
 Ensuring all work procedures are undertaken without exposing workers to hazards
 A special training courses, related with the existence of potentials for safety and health
hazards beyond the workplace, as well as with the development and application of an
appropriate measures for prevention of the personnel, will be conducted to all employees,
involved with coffee technologic) activities, a pre-fabrication of the Dry coffee process
plant works and material handling activities.
 All plant’s personnel (with no exception) should be familiarized with the appropriate
measures, developed in the Handbook.
 The process and equipment have been chosen to minimize the environmental impact of
the plant. The manufacturing process chosen should be characterized by the lowest levels
of energy usage and flue gas emission. Pollution control systems have been integrated
into the factory right from conception stage.
Impact from energy use:
Electricity is used for the operation of machinery, ventilation, lighting and the production of
compressed air. Thermal energy, in the form of steam, is used for heating and cleaning.

36
Electricity in Ethiopia is generated primarily by hydroelectric power stations. Even though it’s an
environmentally friendly energy source, there is still a concern at different industrial sectors
regarding energy use since total energy use represents a cost and therefore has some impact on
economic sustainability of the factory plant. Most importantly, increasing demand or use can
result in occasional national shortage of power which can have an effect on development and
employment in the other sectors.

Fuel use is expensive and Ethiopia has to import most of its fuel requirements from abroad which
requires large amount of foreign exchange. Fuel releases carbon dioxide which is greenhouse gas
that contributes a lot to the global warming. Global warming is the main talking all over the
world and every nation is working to get a solution for it. The energy use of the manufacture
involves a relatively high number of processing steps, thus a high energy use. The will use
alternatives, i.e in case of the electrical interruption, the plant will use generator unless he will
use electric power.

Mitigation measures:
 Minimizing electricity use at the processing factory by taking measures like, closing cold
rooms, checking wastage of water to reduce pumping of water needed, Turning of lights
when not in use
 Following some procedures for keeping fuel use to a minimum. To mention some:
- Combining tasks when vehicles go out to Addis and other locations
- Using appropriate vehicles for the journey or work to done
- Carrying out routine vehicle servicing and maintenance.
- Fuel should be carefully used at the canteen and cooking only the exact amount in
the canteen when ever needed.
Energy Saving Strategies (as Biogas): Additionally the factory plant also implements
the following energy saving strategies. Energy is an area where substantial savings can be
made almost immediately with no capital investment, through simple housekeeping and
plant optimization efforts. Substantial saving are possible through improved
housekeeping and the fine tuning of existing processes and additional savings are
possible through the use of more energy-efficient equipment and heat recovery systems.
Energy saving strategies proposed to be implemented by the factory plant is:

37
 Implement switch-off programs and installing sensors to turn off or power down lights
and equipment when not in use;
 Improve insulation on heating or cooling systems and pipe work;
 Favor more energy-efficient equipment;
 Improve maintenance to optimize energy efficiency of equipment;
 Eliminate steam leaks;
 Capture low-grade energy for use elsewhere in the operation.

Disaster Preparedness
During construction and operation there can be cases of injuries or occupation hazards. On
occupation, there will be also increased need for fire protection.
Mitigation Measures
Provide accessible and clear escape routes that are marked. Install enough fire fighting
equipments within reach. Train workers and office caretakers on fire fighting and first Aid and
personal safety. Carry out fire and emergency drills to assess disaster preparedness Provide
personal protection equipment during construction
Compressor
The proponent will install one compressor for tire inflation since there is potential demand for
compressed air. There will be a permanent ventilated store for the compressor and generator.
Explosions could also occur due to high pressure within the receiver. During inflation, tire bursts
or ring detachment may occur and cause damage to property or loss of life.
Mitigation Measures
Statutory examination of the air receiver should be done by qualified personnel once every 24
months as per Occupational Health and Safety Directive, 2008 Provide two 9 Kg dry powder fire
extinguishers in the store Draining of the air receiver daily.
Deforestation
In the traditional methods, the dry coffee processing has highly impact on the forest because the
drying system has been taken by wood that getting from cut off forest. The drying processes take
a huge number of woods that get from deforesting.
Mitigation Measures
The proponent will propose to use solar or gasification system which is formed from the coffee
husk or wastes. The coffee husks discarded from hulling and sorting will be either used for

38
biogas or sources of energy in the form electrical system to generate generator or hulling
machines. Therefore, gasification is the process of converting coffee pulp husk to electrical
system that used for energy sources in case of electrical interruption.
Dust Emission
Dust is the occupational hazards generated from the processing of dry coffee plant. This plant
more generates dust especially particulate maters that are less 10 mp in size. These dusts are very
dangerous to workers health and safety if not manage appropriately.
Mitigation Measures
The plant proponent will use the advanced hulling machines with local exhausted ventilation.
The local exhausted ventilation will connect directly to the processing machines and sucks the
dusts emitted from the coffee hulling or coffee husk and store in its bags for further disposal.
These coffee dusts or husk collected i huge amount and finally disposed in certain area prepared
for these purpose or used as biogas or gasification or compost purposes. The proponent will
provided the masks and safety goggles for its workers. Periodically medical check-up is also
very important to check up the workers health status like asthma, sinuses or generally upper and
lower respiratory track health condition.
4.3.3. Project decommissioning

Decommissioning phase will involve; notification of intent to all relevant agencies and liaising
with the project Consultants that is engineers, architects and environmentalists in a bid to
ascertain guidelines on possible impacts and mitigation measures.
Description of the project’s decommissioning activities
1. Demolition works: Upon decommissioning, the project components including buildings,
pavements, drainage systems, parking areas and perimeter fence a lot of solid waste will
be demolished. The wastes should be reused or if not reusable, disposed of appropriately
by a licensed waste disposal company.
2. Dismantling of equipment and fixtures: All equipment including electrical installations,
furniture, finishing fixtures partitions, pipe-work and sinks among others will be
dismantled and removed from the site on decommissioning of the project; Priority will be
given to reuse of these equipment in other projects; This will be achieved through
auctioning of the equipment to other contractors or reused in another site.

39
 3. Site restoration: Once all the waste resulting from demolition and dismantling works is
removed from the site, the site will be restored through replenishment of the topsoil and
re-vegetation using indigenous plant species.

4.4. Project Alternatives

The proposed alternatives

This EIA project report has been prepared for submission to EPA based on sound desktop and
field studies made by the ESIA team. The findings and recommendations are based on the
proposed site materials and the proposed technologies to be used in implementation of the
proposed project. The drying coffee processing has various options like gasification system,
solar system or sun.
Alternatives to site
There is no viable alternative to this site owing to the scarcity of appropriate development land in
area.
Alternative to technology
The proponent should consider installing solar panels so that solar energy is also used as an
alternative.
Comparison of alternatives
The proposed project is the best alternative since it will lessen the others products shortage being
experienced in the country, lead to revenue for the proponent and the government, improvement
in service delivery and will create employment opportunities for more people.

4.5. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

The environmental management plan involves risk management strategies that should be
undertaken by the project proponent and the project manager to mitigate environmental
degeneration. They are approaches to monitor, control, reclaim and restore the environment back
to its appropriate state. EMPs for projects thus provide logical frameworks within which the
identified issues of environmental concern can be mitigated, monitored and evaluated.
Environmental monitoring involves measurement of relevant parameters, at a level of details
accurate enough, to distinguish the anticipated changes. Monitoring aims at Dry coffee
processing needs the effectiveness of actions to improve environmental quality. The
environmental management and monitoring plans have been developed and outlined to bring

40
home the key findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment of the project in mention,
recommending necessary mitigation actions, defining roles, monitor able indicators and the
estimated cost.
The EMPs outlined in tables hereafter address the potential negative impacts and mitigation
measures as well as roles, costs and monitor able indicators that can help to determine the
effectiveness of actions to upgrade the quality of environment; as regards the proposed project.
The EMPs have considered construction, occupation and decommissioning phases

Environmental, Health and Safety Management and Monitoring Plan

4.5.1. Pre-construction, Construction and Operational Phase

41
 Estimated Responsi Time of
Impact Estimated
Activity Possible impacts Mitigation Measures Indicator ble impleme
level and cost (Birr)
duration Party ntation
Pre construction/Establishment Phase
During exploration, so Short term The explorers took attention to Number of fauna Explorers, constructed No need of
Explorati many times of rounding and very them during rounding and use and flora damaged, proponent additional
on of the were done so as to took low available roads were fauna and flora Number of explorers cost
area(plant sample that disturb fauna impacts are less, aware the explorers before aware and used road
ing, and flora exploration
taking Fragmentation of food chain “ First identify the area where the Number of protected “ “ “
and fertilization of fauna and expectation of fauna and flora exist and area because of
soil
flora then take attention to them during those fauna and flora
sample) sampling, keep attention for grass and
shrubs where those are exist
If the poles are fallen down “ The transmission line will follow
Km of transmission Additional
or power cables are poorly the existing gravel road edges and During
lane followed the Proponent cost is not
fixed electric contact may should not touch the farmlands and initial phase
existing road required
trigger fire hazard to houses vegetation
or bush land or may kill “ The project will follow up the # of project staff Proponent During ” ”
Construct human or animals workers to properly fix power cable followed up the initial phase
ion of a Significant number of trees installation of
transmiss can also be cut down if electric power
ion line transmission line passes
through the plantation and
bush lands
Poles can affect the
farmlands if it crosses on
farmers’ plot
Construct Long term The type of land use
Construct the office in abandoned During
ion of and low where office is Proponent ” ”
Loss of farmlands for office areas initial phase
camp site impact constructed
and construction
“ Compensate for the loss of land or It is private land  Proponent Pre-
associate “
property considered under Unit construction
d Loss of vegetation for office “ Plant trees in other places to M of land planted
2
 Proponent During 10,000.00
facilities construction compensate for the loss of with indigenous Operation

42
 vegetation species phase
Construction/Clearing Phase
Damage of vegetation to Short term Plant trees in other places to M2 of land planted The cost will
open pit and dump and low compensate for the loss of with indigenous  Proponent operational be covered by
overburden materials impact vegetation species the above cost
“  Dump the overburden on places # of Dumping
Removin that will not hinder animal and places that is not
g Impediments on human
human movement affecting man and
vegetatio passage routs due to
 Dump the overburden just far animals
n and improper damping Constructio
overburd away from the existing mosque  Distance from the  Proponent
Overburden may be washed n and
Mosque 10,000
en by runoff and augment side operational
materials pollution and loss of soil,  Dump the overburden in  Presence or phases
affects downstream appropriate places that can prevent absence of soil
communities transport from the
from soil erosion and downstream
communities damping site
Short term The project will assess and
Diverting Land damaged by runoff: and construct artificial trace to drain
distance of water Proponent
existing Runoff diverted to new areas medium runoff diverted from the project During
way constructed to , ” ”
natural may damage villages, or impact area and the contractor will take initial phase
safely drain runoff contractor
flood farmlands or properties attention to runoff if the
construction in summer season
Dust emission: emission of Short term  Water spraying during excavation Absence or Proponent Constructio 15,000
dusts may affect the and  it is good if work in morning and minimized dust n phase
surrounding communities medium night emission
and vegetations impact Greened vegetation
Road
Cleaned air
constructi
Traffic accidents: the Medium Posting safety signs or symbol at
on and
vehicles, tractors and term and construction areas,
maintena Zero report of
bulldozers or others low Providing shinny clothes for
nces accident, Proponent
transportation means will impacts workers, “ 20,000
affect the workers or Limiting vehicles’ speed to 15km/hr
operators or communities or
vegetations or all

43
Operational phase
Solid Garbage or waste generate Medium Whenever possible, use of non- Collected solid Proponent 50,000
waste from camp, coffee term and hazardous instead of hazardous wastes, number of ,
generati husks/pulp and others will medium materials. sanitary landfill
on affect the workers health impacts All hazardous (ignitable, reactive, constructed, number
and environment directly or flammable, corrosive, and toxic) of incinerators
indirectly materials shall be stored in clearly constructed,
labelled containers or vessels
Coffee husks/pulp # of containers
Use coffee husks/wastes as compost placed in
or biogas or gasification or animal appropriate place
feeds
If recycling or reclamation is not
practical, wastes shall be disposed
of in an environmentally acceptable
manner and in compliance with
local laws and regulations.
Careful garbage transportation to
dumping site and disinfections of
transport vehicles body
Air Dusts emission from drying Medium Dust suppression systems Amount of water It is
pollution processing, coffee husks, term and (water spraying) shall be cubic used per day Proponent considered
loading, excavating and medium adopted at faces/ sites before within project
vehicles movement affect impacts starting the machines, costs
the environment housekeeping,
All vehicles and their exhausts Existence of local
would be well maintained and exhausted
regularly tested for emission ventilation,
concentration. Experiences of
Dust masks shall be provided to natural ventilation.
workers engaged at dust.
Impact of The liquid wastes will affect “ Preparing ditch or canals for minimized wastes’ Proponent 10,000
liquid the ground water and liquid wastes that avoiding odour, prepared ,
wastes workers health and safety direct contact with runoff. domestic treatment
All Septic tank of each domestic plant, # of prepared

44
 wastes’ must be collected at septic tank,
collecting chamber and frequency rounded
biologically treating it or dump truck
periodically collecting by liquid
wastes; dump truck to transport
where are no any settlement
and contacts protected
Safe Unprotected environment Medium construct toilets at least 30 Assessment on Proponent 15,000
water and drinking water will term and meters away from camp or
potable water
supply, affects the workers’ health low living house and 50 meters
sanitation and downstream impacts away from water wells in the quality , number
and communities wind ward direction; landfills for
of communicable
hygiene disposal of solid waste is should
Unprotected and unsealing be prepared at least 100 meters diseases cases,
toilets affects the kitchen’s away from the living house,
distance between
safety kitchen and canteen;
Working area and camps working areas
should be in a clean and
and toilets.
healthy condition as prescribed
by national workers health
standards; etc.
Fauna Affect the animals, trees, Short The affected trees should be Number of trees proponent 10,000
and Flora shrubs, grasses, etc term and replaced by tens fold
planted
low
impacts
Medium Workers exposed to
The project will provide earmuffs to
term and noise pollution The
Noise Pollution: the workers
medium The decibel of noise proponent 5,000
community as well as Use the sound reducer technologies
impacts measured from
workers may be affected by for blasting
various sources
Machines noise pollution generated
Both excavation and processing Working hours for
Noise from processing plants No cost is
plants will not work at night on processing plants on Proponent
required
holidays holidays
Medium
Accidents to workers, The project will use advanced proponent
term and # of trained workers 10,000
communities and animals: technology, provide safety training labour

45
 Workers and people medium
specifically children and impacts
livestock may be injured
office
from falling down into the
excavated part of the project
site and injured
“ # of orientation
The project will give practical
sessions provided to
Workers may be injured due training to workers on handling
workers on No additional
to lack of skills in handling processing plants and heavy The
managing cost is
the processing plants and machineries proponent
processing plants required
heavy machineries Provide workers with safety
and heavy
materials
machineries
Short term Orientation will be given to workers
Environmental Pollution: No containers of
and very not to throw way containers of
Project workers will produce packed foods and The
low packed foods and drink anywhere in ” ”
Open solid waste mainly plastic drink observed in proponent
impacts the project site and prepare waste
defecatio containers of packed foods the project site
pits
n and drinking and open
Presence of pit
defecation may aggravate The project will construct pit latrine The
latrine in the project 10,000
water and air pollution to be used by the workers proponent
site
Medium Conducting good housekeeping,
Dust and its impact on term and processing plants, loading and Presence or absence The
20,000
Excavatio workers: Dust generated low unloading areas with water of dust emission proponent
n, from coffee husks, or from impacts especially in dry seasons
loading, loading and unloading of Dust masks
unloading packed coffee may affect The project will provide appropriate provided to workers The
5000
the workers’ health dust masks to workers exposed to dust proponent
particulate
Killing of wild animals: Short term # of sessions the
The project will organize No additional
Routine Project staffs may kill wild and low project organize The
orientation to project staffs on cost is
activity animals due to lack of impacts orientation to its proponent
avoiding killing of wild animals required
awareness staffs
Communi Impact on HIV AIDS and Medium Awareness will be provided to the # of workers Proponent Throughout No cost is
cable communicable diseases: term and workers by the project to properly oriented on how to the project required
disease Increasing income may High handle their salary. manage their salary life

46
 cause unsafe behaviours and impacts
may result in the risk of
HIV/AIDS
Interaction and
communication among the Awareness creation training will # of workers
Proponent Throughout
workers also be provided for the workers to participated on
Office of the project 2000
may aggravate the use all prevention option like the prevention of
Health life
transmission of HIV/AIDS use of condom HIV/AIDs training
and communicable diseases
Social conflict: If project Short
staffs are engaged in term and
undesirable activities, very low
conflict may arise impacts
between the community The project will provide
# of workers
members and the project orientation to its staffs to
Commu Project staffs coming from received
respect the culture and to limit No
nication other areas may create orientation Throughout
their relationship with the local Proponen additional
with the undesirable # of bylaw the project
people. t cost is
local communication with the developed that life
The project will also develop required
people local residents e.g. sexual workers should
relationship its own bylaw that the workers
respect
The project staffs may not Short term should follow
also respect the culture of and
the localities that may medium
arise conflict with the impacts
local people
First A well stocked first aid kit Short term The first aid should be established Established clinic Proponen Operational 5000
Aid shall be maintained by a and high with trained manpower # of trained workers t phase
qualified personnel impact

47
 It cause disability, Medium Provide Personal Protective # of safety devices Proponen “ 6000
occupational accident and term and Equipment Train workers on distributed t,
Occupational Health and Safety

diseases high personal safety and how to handle Types of safety Labour
impacts equipments and machines A well clothes provided offices
stocked first aid kit shall be
maintained by a qualified personnel # of workers
Report any accidents / incidences appropriately used
and treat and compensate affected the safety devices
workers Provide sufficient and
suitable sanitary conveniences
which should be kept clean
Total costs 203,000

4.5.2. Decommissioning Phase

Decommissioning is an important phase in the project cycle and comes last to wind up the operational activities of a particular project.
It refers to the final disposal of the project and associated materials at the expiry of the project lifespan. If such a stage is reached, the
proponent needs to remove all materials resulting from the demolition/decommissioning from the site. The following should be
undertaken to restore the environment.
 Remove all underground facilities from the site.
 The site should be well landscaped by flattening the mounds of soil and
 Planting indigenous trees and flowers.
 All the equipment should be removed from the site
 Fence and signpost unsafe areas until natural stabilization occurs
 Backfill surface openings if practical.

48
Impacts Mitigation measures Responsible Indicators Costs
Noise & Air Maintain plant equipment. Demolition works to be carried Contractor and Amount of noise 4000
pollution out only during daytime. Workers working in noisy section Management
to wear ear muffs Workers should be provided with dust
masks Spraying dusty areas Install dust trappers around the
site
Disturbed physical Undertake a complete environmental restoration program Contractor A restored site 3000
environment Landscaping and introducing appropriate vegetation Management
Fuel tanks Ensure there is no spillage during emptying and removing of Contractor, Fuel Empty and disused tanks 2000
the underground tanks. Any fuels removed from the tanks, spills on site
surrounding soil that maybe contaminated must be disposed
into licensed dumpsites.
Solid waste Demolition debris should be collected by a licensed private Management Amount of waste on site 5000
contracted waste collection company Demolition waste Presence of well
should be re-used or backfilled. Waste generated should be maintained receptacles and
collected by a privately contracted waste collection company central collection point
and the contractor should ensure the construction of a central
waste collection point with bulk storage facilities. The site
should have waste receptacles with bulk storage facilities at
convenient points to prevent littering during occupation.
Occupational Health Provide Personal Protective Equipment Train workers on Contractor and Workers using Protective 4000
and Safety personal safety and how to handle equipments and machines management Equipment
A well stocked first aid kit shall be maintained by a qualified Presence of a First Aid
personnel Report any accidents / incidences and treat and Box

49
 compensate affected workers Provide sufficient and suitable
sanitary conveniences which should be kept clean
Loss of income The safety of the workers should surpass all other objectives Project Manager 3000
in the decommissioning project. Adapt a project – and contractor
completion policy; identifying key issues to be considered.
Compensate and suitably recommend the workers to help in
seeking opportunities elsewhere.
Total cost 21,000

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.
4.6. Environment, Health and Safety (EHS)

The EHS is a broader and holistic aspect of protecting the worker, the workplace, the tools/
equipments and the biotic environment. The objective of the EHS on the proposed project is
to develop rules that will regulate environmentally instigated diseases and occupational safety
measures during construction and the operation phases of the proposed project by: i)
Avoidance of injuries ii) Provision of safe and healthy working environment for workers
comfort so as to enhance maximum output. iii) Control of losses and damages to plants,
machines, equipment and other products. iv) Enhance environmental sustainability through
developing sound conservation measures.
4.6.1. Organization and implementation of the EHS

Management Plan The contactor shall use the EHS plan at the proposed project site both
during construction and operation. The engineer will use it during construction phase with the
assistance of an EHS consultant who shall enforce its provision throughout the life of the
project.
4.6.2. EHS management strategy to be adopted by the proponent r

The following strategies will be adopted to achieve the above objectives: i) Create an
Environment Health and Safety Management committee and incorporate EHS as an effective
structure at various levels and units to manage and oversee EHS programs in all construction
and operation phases of the project. ii) Maintain an effective reporting procedure for all
accidents. iii) Provide appropriate tools and protective devices for the success of the project.
iv) Encourage, motivate, reward and support employees to take personal initiatives and
commitment on EHS.
4.6.3. Safety requirement during Construction and Operation period
i) The contractor: - The contractor will ensure that: Safe means of entry and exit exist at the
proposed project site. Ensure adequate briefing of job at hand on the safe system of work
before commencement of work. The EHS coordinator must be in attendance at all times
throughout the duration of the project. The EHS consultant must maintain constant
assessment of the risk involved as the work progresses. A safety harness must be worn before
entry into all confined spaces. An EHS consultant must be posted at the entrance at the project

51
site to monitor progress and safety of the persons working at the site. ii) The Traffic / Drivers:
- Within the construction premises, the following traffic rules will be observed: - Observe
speed limits and all other signs and obey traffic rules. Use the vehicle for the purpose to
which it is intended only. iii) Fire hazard at the construction site: - Workers at the site shall
ensure that: - Oxy-acetylene cylinders are not contaminated with grease or oil. Oxy-acetylene
cylinders are not subjected to direct sunlight or heat. Oxy-acetylene cylinders are not to be
used or stored standing in a vertical position.

4.7. Emergency procedure during construction and operation

i) An emergency situation means: Unforeseen happening resulting in serious or fatal injury to
employed persons or the neighbouring communities Fire or explosion. Natural catastrophe ii)
In the event of such an emergency during construction, the workers shall: Alert other persons
exposed to danger. Inform the EHS coordinator. Do a quick assessment on the nature of
emergency. Call for ambulance. When emergency is over the EHS coordinator shall notify
the workers by putting a message: “ALL CLEAR” iii) In the event of such an emergency
during operation the workers shall: - Alert other persons exposed to danger. Ring the nearest
police station from any telephone.

5. Monitoring Plan (See the EMP Matrix)

Environmental monitoring will be used as a systematic measurement of key environmental
indicators over time within particular factory locations that are identified with environmental
sensitivity. Monitoring will focus on the most significant impacts identified. The combination
of three monitoring methods needs to be used for the proposed factory to provide the
information required to ensure that factory implementation has the least possible negative
environmental impacts on the people and environment.
Impact Monitoring Plan: The biophysical and socio-economical (including public health)
parameters within the factory area, must be measured during the factory operational phases in
order to detect environmental changes, which may have occurred as a result of plant
implementation e.g. air emission, dust, noise, water pollution.
Compliance Monitoring Plan: Internal audit and recording of specific environmental quality
indicators or pollution levels will be used to ensure factory compliance with recommended
environmental protection standards. Monitoring will be regular and performed over a long

52
period of duration and a combination of these three methods should be used to draw accurate
conclusion concerning plant impact.
Monitoring of all activities will be required to analyse the impacts of construction and
operation on the environment. Therefore, self-monitoring and reporting tools will be adopted
to carry out monitoring as per EPA rules and regulations.
HSE officer needs to coordinate with the manager, who will be the in charge of monitoring
procedures. Monitoring techniques will be identified and the frequency of selected parameters
for monitoring will be followed as per the monitoring plan given in Table below.
The HSE needs to keep a record of all non-conformities observed and report these along with
actions. Manager HSE will also report any impacts anticipated along with his
recommendations for further action. The contractor shall take account of any
recommendations relating to the construction/ maintenance activities arising during the
monitoring.
6. Environmental Audits
The environmental audit is a management tool consisting of a systematic, documented,
periodic and objective evaluation of environmental performance, management systems and
equipment with the aim of firstly, facilitating management control of environmental practices
and secondly, assessing compliance with an operation’s or activity's environmental policies,
including meeting regulatory requirements. Examples include:
 internal auditing of systems and procedures for measuring, recording and reporting
performance data;
 independent validation of systems and procedures for measuring, recording, and
reporting Performance data;
 Independent evaluations and commentaries by external experts regarding an
organization’s economic, environmental, and social performance and/or management
processes.
It is important to establish the purpose of the audit; this will help in deciding when to audit
and what approach to use. An environmental audit can provide valuable information to help a
company to meet the agreed standards of environmental performance (which should be
defined in company policy) and stay ahead of the requirements placed on them by law.
The possible functions and benefits of an environmental audit are:

53
Management
 Demonstrate a visible commitment to improving an organization’s environmental
performance.
 Use as a basis for the development of environmental management policies or efforts
to improve existing plans.
 Identify environmental risks, impacts and review of management controls and
systems and associated liabilities, liabilities and risks from past and present activities
of the site or surroundings and implementation of recommendations.
 Review process and plant operating procedures or activity's current environmental
standards of operation and company environmental management procedures, including
emergency response planning, monitoring and reporting systems and planning for
future changes in Processes or Regulations.
 Increasing actions undertaken or needing to be undertaken by an organization or
activity to meet environmental goals such as sustainable development, Responsible
Care, recycling and efficient use of resources.
Financial
 Prevention of financial losses: through remediation or the closure of an organization
or activity; government restrictions or negative publicity caused by bad management
or monitoring of the environment.
 Fair assessment of financial implications of environmental issues, liabilities and
impact of new regulations.
 Highlight where costs can be saved (e.g. through energy conservation or
minimization, improved use of raw materials, process changes, waste reduction, reuse
and recycling etc),
Training
 To facilitate the sharing of best environmental practices and increase in the awareness
of the management and staff of an organization regarding environmental policies and
responsibilities.
 Assessment of training, knowledge and awareness of employees.
Reporting

54
  Provision of an environmental audit report for use by an organization, or activity in
dealings with environmental groups, government and the mass media.
 Provision of information required by insurance companies, financial institutions,
shareholders and other stakeholders.
It is also important to recognize the limitations of the audit process when deciding to conduct
an environmental audit. The following points may be helpful to remember in this respect:
 An audit should not be used as a chance to tell the audited unit how to do their job;
 It is not a technical investigation in itself (although can be used in support).
 It should not be used to provide a public statement of performance (although it may
be used to back up and support any such statements made).

Therefore, the company’s environmental audits needs to follow the Company’s Quality
Management Plan based on checklist.

Using the Environmental Inspection Checklist, the Environmental Expert will carry out
monthly checks to ensure the Service delivery is complying with the EMP. In January and
June of each year, the Environmental Expert will use the checklists to prepare a Summary of
Environmental Performance for the designated upper level management who will present it to
the company representative.

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7. Records Management, Environmental Reporting and Corrective Actions
4.2. Records Management
The Company will hold the following records for at least 5 years and they will be accessible
to the company director and to authorised Ethiopian ministries and EPA authorities:
 Details of qualifications held by individuals primarily responsible for environmental
monitoring,
 Monitoring/inspection reports,
 Internal audit reports,
 External audit reports,
 Reports of pollution incidents, other environmental non-conformances, complaints and
follow-up action,
 Minutes of EMP management review meetings,
 Evidence of action taken as a result of such meetings/events,
 Induction and training records,
 Records of monitoring against compliance limits.

8.2. Environmental Reporting and Corrective Actions

Reporting is a management tool which assists the monitoring and assessment of the
performance of a process or system. The quality, usefulness, and credibility of reporting can
be enhanced by verification and validation. Independent verification, for example it provides
an additional level of assurance in regard to the reliability and completeness of an external
Environmental Report and enhances the quality, usefulness, and credibility of information
used within the company and the underlying management systems and processes.
The Environmental Expert will submit the report to the company representative within the
times shown in the Contract Management .

9. Management of Information
Although Dry coffee processing plant of Tracon Trading PLC is keen in environmental
management practices and have certain plans to adopt preventive measures with the
environmental point of view, it can be said that any weakness in organizational structure,

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management, communication, leak in information and coordination may lead to environment
risk. Therefore, to tackle those problems, following are some of the guiding principles given:
 Ensure that management authorities have access to high quality, up-to-date and
relevant data for decision making.
 Ensure that staff associated with implementation work and Dry coffee processing plant
of proponent environmental unit must have access to the relevant data for the
implementation of EMP.
 Promote involvement of all associated groups, management authorities and associated
staff in the management plan process.
 Ensure highest level possible of liaison and co-ordination between contractor and Dry
Coffeefactory staff.
 Ensure all the monitoring details should be received by SEPA accordingly for their
review and feedback.

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 11. Conclusions and recommendations
11.1. Conclusion

Tracon Trading PLC has integrated mitigation measures with a view to ensuring compliance
with all the applicable laws and procedures. The proposed project will be implemented to the
approvals by among others. During project implementation and occupation, Sustainable
Environmental Management (SEM) will be ensured through avoiding
inadequate/inappropriate use of natural resources, conserving nature sensitively and
guaranteeing a respectful and fair treatment of all people working on the project, general
public at the vicinity and inhabitants of the project.
In relation to the proposed mitigation measures that will be incorporated during construction
phase, the development’s input to the society; and cognation that the project is economically
and environmentally sound, establishments are considered beneficial and important. It is our
considerable opinion that the proposed development is a timely venture that will subscribe to
proponent’s timely investment and also the government’s intention to subsidize fuel in the
project site.
It is thus our recommendation that the project be allowed to go ahead with the implementation
provided the outlined mitigation measures are adhered to. Major concerns should nevertheless
be focused towards minimizing the occurrence of impacts that would degrade the general
environment. This will however be overcome through close follow-up and implementation of
the recommended Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (EMPs).

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 11.2. Recommendation

Recommendations for the prevention and mitigation of adverse impacts are as follows: The
proponent should therefore follow the guidelines as set by the relevant departments to
safeguard and envisage environmental management principles during construction and
operation phases of the proposed project. It is important that warning/ informative sign (bill
boards) be erected at the site. These should indicate the operation hours and when works are
likely to be started and completed. The signs should be positioned in a way to be easily
viewed by the public and mostly motorists. All solid waste materials and debris resulting
from construction activities should be disposed off at approved dumpsites. All construction
materials e.g. pipes, pipe fittings, sand just to mention a few should be sourced/procured from
legalized dealers. During construction all loose soils should be compacted to prevent any
erosion. Other appropriate soil erosion control measures can be adapted. Any stockpiles of
earth should be enclosed, covered or sprinkled with water during dry or windy conditions to
minimize generation of dust particles into the air. Once earthworks have been done,
restoration of the worked areas should be carried out immediately by backfilling, landscaping/
levelling and planting of suitable tree species. Proper and regular maintenance of
construction machinery and equipment will reduce emission of hazardous fumes and noise
resulting from friction of metal bodies. Maintenance should be conducted in a designated area
and in a manner not to interfere with the environment. A fully equipped first aid kit should be
provided within the site.
Workers should get food that is hygienically prepared. The source of such food should be
legalized or closely controlled. The contractor should have workmen’s compensation cover
and is required to comply with workmen’s compensation Act as well as other relevant
ordinances, regulations and Union Agreements. The contractor should provide adequate
security during the construction period.

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12. References

1. Bhatia (2001). Environmental pollution and control in chemical process industries by

Khanna publishers, Delhi, India.
2. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No.
1/1995.Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1996), Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
4. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1997), Environmental Policy of Ethiopia:
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
5. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (2000), Guideline Document: Environmental
Assessment and Management; EPA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
6. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2002), Environmental Pollution Control
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 300/2002, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
7. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2002), Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 299/2002. Addis Ababa.
8. FDRE EPA, 2003. Guideline for reviewing environmental impact study reports (final
drafts), Addis Ababa.
9. MEDAC/EPA (1997). The conservation strategies of Ethiopia, Vlume1. The resource
base, its utilization and planning for sustainability, Addis Ababa.

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