ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

REPORT FOR REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT

PROMOTER: PETRAM PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY

LOCATION: Oromia Regional State, Sheger City of
Administration, Galan Guda Sub City, Daleti Woreda

SUBMITED TO; GALAN GUDA SUB CITY ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION AUTHORITY

MAY, 2025

GALAN GUDA, SHEGER

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ v
1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Approaches and Methodology in the ESMP Study ..................................................... 3
1.3.1 Study Approaches ....................................................................................................... 3
1.1.2 Methodology of the Study .................................................................................... 3
1.4 Limits of the Study ...................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Project justification ...................................................................................................... 4
2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING ......................................................................................... 5
2.1. Valued Ecosystem Components within the Study A r e a … … … … … … … … … … … 5
2.2.Defining list of Activities, type and Magnitude of the Production Project………………..5
3 RELEVANT POLICIES, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 7
3.1 International Conventions ....................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Economic Development Policies and Strategies ........................................................................... 9
3.2 Environmental Policies and Strategies .................................................................................. 11
3.4 Sectorial Policies and Strategies ............................................................................................ 13
A Water Resources Management Policy and Strategies .................................................................... 13
3.5 Legislative Instruments ......................................................................................................... 17
2. Oromia Regional State Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/1702............. 18
3.6 Institutional Framework ........................................................................................................ 20
3.7 Political Economy and Governance in Ethiopia .................................................................... 22
3.8 Dispute Resolution and Grievance Redress Procedures ........................................................ 22
3.9 Applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies .......................................................................... 23
3.10 Strategies ............................................................................................................................... 23
4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................... 25
4.1 Background to the Project ........................................................................................................... 25
4.1.1 Project Goal .......................................................................................................................... 25
4.2 Location................................................................................................................................... 25
4.3 Project Objectives and Justification ......................................................................................... 25
4. 3.1 Project Objectives ............................................................................................................ 25
Project Specific objectives ............................................................................................................ 15
4.4 Project Justification ............................................................................................................. 15
4.6.2.1 Key features of the Life Cycle Assessment concept.............................................................. 31
4.7 Equipment‟s and Machineries ............................................................................................... 34

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 4.7.1 Utilities .......................................................................................................................... 34
5. DESCRIPTION OF BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ................. 35
5.1 Physical Environment.................................................................................................................. 35
5.1.1 Geology and Soil .................................................................................................................. 35
5.1.2 Topography and climatic condition ...................................................................................... 35
5.2 Biological Environment............................................................................................................... 36
5.3 Socio economic characteristics of the town................................................................................. 36
5.3.1 Urban Infrastructure ............................................................................................................. 36
5.3.2 Unemployment and Social Vulnerability.............................................................................. 37
5.3.3 Health Condition of the town ............................................................................................... 37
6. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONDITIONS GENERAL ................. 39
6.1 Positive impacts........................................................................................................................... 40
6.2 .4 Adverse Impact Assessment .................................................................................................... 44

6.2.4.1 Pre-construction Phase Impacts ......................................................................................... 44

6.2.4.2 Impact during construction phase .................................................................................. 44
6.2.4.3. Impact on Soil Quality .............................................................................................. 45
6.2.4.4. Impact on Air Quality................................................................................................ 45
6.2.4.5. Impact on Water Quality ........................................................................................... 46
6.2.4.6. Impact on Noise Levels ............................................................................................. 46
6.2.4.7. Solid waste ................................................................................................................ 15
6.2.4.8. Health and safety ....................................................................................................... 48
6.2.3. Impact during Operation Phase ........................................................................................... 49
6.2.3.1. Environmental Risk during Production ............................................................................ 49
6.2.3.2. Noise ................................................................................................................................ 52
6.2.3.3. Waste water ...................................................................................................................... 53
6.2.3.4 Health and Environmental Risk ......................................................................................... 53
7. Mitigation of Significant Impacts .............................................................................................. 55
7.1. Constructional phase impacts mitigation measures ................................................................ 55
7.2. Noise and vibration ............................................................................................................ 55
7.3. Soil and Water .................................................................................................................... 55
7.3. Solid waste ......................................................................................................................... 55
7.4. Health and safety ............................................................................................................... 56
7.5. Air (Visual intrusion) ........................................................................................................... 56
7.6 Operational Phase Impacts mitigation measures ..................................................................... 56

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 . Noise........................................................................................................................................ 56
. Air quality ................................................................................................................................ 57
Waste ........................................................................................................................................ 57
Working Environment/ Workplace Risk .................................................................................... 57
8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................... 59
8.1 General overview ........................................................................................................................ 59
8.2. Pre-Construction Phase .............................................................................................................. 59
8.3. Construction Phase ..................................................................................................................... 60
8.3.1. Site Preparation Management .............................................................................................. 60
8.3.2. Waste Management ............................................................................................................. 60
8.3.3. Air pollution and dust management..................................................................................... 61
8.3.4. On site cultivation and infrastructure................................................................................... 61
8.3.5. Health and risk management ............................................................................................... 61
8.4. Operational phase ....................................................................................................................... 61
8.5. Monitoring plan and implementation program ........................................................................... 62
9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION................................................................................. 64
10. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 65

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ACRONIMS

ASL Above Sea Level

ADLI Agricultural Development led-Industrialization

CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia

EA Environmental Assessment

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EISR Environmental Impact Study Report

EMB Environmental Management Branch

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

EPC Environmental Protection Council

EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

ETB Ethiopian Birr, the National Currency

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Petram Private Limited company Real estate development is a Real estate development,
or property development, is a business process, encompassing activities that range from
the renovation and re-lease of existing buildings to the purchase of raw land and the sale
of developed land or parcels to others. Real estate developers are the people and companies
who coordinate all of these activities, converting ideas from paper to real property.[1] Real
estate development is different from construction or housebuilding, although many developers
also manage the construction process or engage in housebuilding.

Developers buy land, finance real estate deals, build or have builders build projects, develop
projects in joint ventures, and create, imagine, control, and orchestrate the process of
development from beginning to end. Developers usually take the greatest risk in the creation
or renovation of real estate and receive the greatest rewards. Typically, developers purchase a
tract of land, determine the marketing of the property, develop the building program and
design, obtain the necessary public approval and financing, build the structures, and rent out,
manage, and ultimately sell it.

Sometimes property developers will only undertake part of the process. For example, some
developers source a property and get the plans and permits approved before selling the property
with the plans and permits to a builder at a premium price. Alternatively, a developer who is
also a builder may purchase a property with the plans and permits in place so that they do not
have the risk of failing to obtain planning approval and can start construction on the
development immediately. The financial risks of real estate development and real estate
investing differ due to leverage effects.

The proposed project is specifically to be established in the Oromia, Sheger City

Administration Galan Guda sub-city, Galan Guda Woreda. The project will be established on
owned land building, which has 5.1 hectare of land. The mixed building project will be
installed with the total investment capital of million 327,690,000ETB and creating job
opportunities for 15 Employers.

Moreover, in many urban cities, Apartment development development is becoming

increasingly essential for the creation of an attractive and sustainable environment that
promotes economic vitality, social equity and environmental quality. Due to the differences in
scale, scope and intent, certain aspects within the project delivery process of Real estate

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development are not the same as “conventional” single-use projects.

The methodology used follows the conventional pattern for industrial development project
PEIA study and meets the requirements of EPA‟s Environmental Impact Assessment
guideline. Data collection both from primary and secondary sources; identification and analysis
of significant environmental issues on the basis of those data; choosing mitigation and
enhancement measures; and developing environmental protection, monitoring and
management plans are the methodological approaches followed in conducting the PEIA study.

Policy, Legal and Institutional Frameworks, Policies and institutions were considered for
the dual purposes of identifying potential project constraints, and establishing background for
realistic, sensitive recommendations. The respective policies, legislative and institutional
issues that are most relevant to Recreation Center. This review found the following three
programs and trends to have a strong bearing upon the project: 1) National policies and
strategies towards economic development and sectorial development; 2)
environmentalprotection and conservation; Ethiopian growth and transformation Plan and 3)
governmental policies towards decentralization and local self-determination.

Baseline Environmental Condition of the Project Area

Environment is defined as the surroundings or conditions in which a person lives/operates or

in which a particular project activity is carried on. Those pertaining to the project have both
bio-physical and socio-cultural aspects. The land is obtained from the government through
lease from the town administration.

Adverse Environmental impacts and suggested mitigation measures

The PEIA report discusses major environmental and social issues and constraints that can arise
from the project implementation. The project is characterized by short term and insignificant
pre-construction and construction stages impacts and long-term significant impact during
operation stage.

The major positive impacts of the proposed project are both those of economic benefits at the
national, regional and local level due to creation of employment for 15 p e r m a n e n t
employees.

Environmental Management Plan

Environmental management is concerned with implementation of the measures necessary to

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minimize or offset adverse impacts and to enhance beneficial impacts. The prime function of
ESMP is to provide a basis of shaping the project so that overall performance is enhanced. The
mitigation and benefit enhancement measures identified in the ESMP should be followed so
that the enhancement of the performance environmentally, can be achieved.

In order to be effective, environmental management must be fully integrated with the overall
project management effort at all levels, which itself should be aimed at providing a high level
of quality control, leading to a project which has been properly designed and constructed and
functions efficiently throughout its life.

Environmental Monitoring Program

Various kinds of environmental monitoring and evaluation will be conducted by responsible

staffs of the company. The Research and Development team will be responsible for most of the
monitoring activities and will report to the company top management in a weekly basis.The
company top management and affiliated units of the Oromia Environmental Protection,
Authority, such as technical divisions of the industrial pollution prevention and control
department will make occasional and random monitoring, respectively. The monitoring will
involve both quantitative and qualitative data, as appropriate to the nature of the information
which will involve during the production stage of the project.

Conclusion and recommendations

Sustainable development that ensures intergenerational justice and equity is the approach of
the envisioned project. The company will have a good management structure that is capable of
executing its function in the day-to-day activity of the proposed project. Moreover, the
management, with previous experience of the owner in the running of many successful
businesses in Ethiopia, is capable of handling the responsibilities for environmental well- being
and creating job opportunities aimed at decreasing the foreign currency expenditure for
importing goods.

The implementation of the project will bring several beneficial impacts including creating job
opportunity and reducing poverty, contributing to national economic growth and providing
unique, specialized training and skills for those employed by established modern Recreational
center building project investment. Thus, it can be concluded that the project benefits by far
outweighs its adverse socio-economic and socio-ecological impacts as these two can be
mitigated by proper utilizations of the suggested-mitigation-measures

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 1 INTRODUCTION
In its creation and use, the built environment consumes inordinate quantities of resources.
Additional issues of grave concern are the impacts of industrial emissions and wastes on the
aspects of the environment which society wishes to protect and conserve. The main focus of
improvement efforts are the building assessment and rating systems of the green building
movement which have yielded considerable success. Energy and water Consumption has been
reduced considerably. However, these efforts are informed by Perceptions rather than scientific
facts. Materials selection has remained a particularly difficult and contentious issue. For
instance, the use of wood from well-managed forests reduces the consumption of non-
renewable resources but the fertilizers‟, pesticides and herbicides used in crop production
processes contain heavy metals which may end up in the food chain. Current approaches also
encourage problem shifting. For instance, construction is one of the largest users of energy,
raw materials and water.

However, energy efficiency and water conservation are prioritized on the green agenda while
the key environmental impacts associated with materials use, namely, depletion of resources;
and releases of solid and liquid wastes and toxic emissions to air are barely addressed. In
dynamic socio-economic environment, like the one currently exist in Ethiopia, the
development of industry and supportive manufacturing sector has a great role to make the
overall economic growth to be persistent.

The government of Ethiopia has a conductive investment policies and guidelines that
promote the private sectors involvement in the economic development through the various
investment and business endeavors.

In relation to any project implementation, growing consciousness of environmental

problems during recent years has led to increased demand to analysis the environmental
impacts of a newly established project specially the potential risks and problems to the health
of the society as well as to the environment. Besides, assessing environmental issues also
become a critical success factor for business.

The purpose of this report is, therefore, to carry out Partial Environmental and Social
Impact Assessment (ESMP) on this proposed project particularly concerning environmental
pollution. As the initial environmental examination indicates that at the screening stage. There
is a sufficient ground for the requirement of detailed environmental impact assessment for this
project. The fact that the operational stage of the project characterized by resource

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consumption with a subsequent generation of unwanted materials, Environmental and social
impact Assessment is necessary to indicate what measure should be taken at the different stages
of the project, particularly in relation to pollution control strategies. This report concerns Partial
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESMP) of Recreation project in Sheger City
Administration, Galan Guda Sub- City.

This study document incorporates the introduction part, approach followed in conducting
the study, assumptions/gaps in knowledge, legal and policy implications, baseline information
about the project and environmental and social impacts and proposed mitigating measures,
management plan, conclusion and recommendation.

1.1 Objective of the ESMP

The fundamental objective of conducting ESIA is to ensure that the project is environmentally
sound and socially acceptable, and hence contributes to the development of environmental and
social functions of local communities. It is also expected to provide a means whereby the
overall environmental performance and social benefits of the project can be enhanced through:

❖ Carrying out assessment and description of site/location, objectives, scope, nature of

the project,

❖ Carrying out analysis of the project activities during the project cycle; operation and
decommissioning phases,

❖ Establish the suitability of the project in the proposed location,

❖ Review and establish all relevant baseline information (Physical, Biological, Social
Cultural and Economic) and identify any information gaps,

❖ Description and analysis of policy, legal and institutional framework including but not
limited to policies, laws, regulations and guidelines which have a direct bearing on the
project and will also serve as benchmarks for monitoring and evaluation, and future
environmental audits,

❖ Analyze the efficacy of the designs, technology, procedures and processes to be used,
in the implementation of the works,

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 ❖ Identification of sensitive environmental components likely to be affected by the
Recreation project,

❖ Defining positive social and economic benefits local communities can derive from the
project implementation,

❖ Identification, prediction and synthesis of the potential environmental impacts

associated with the project implementation and;

❖ Designing subsequent operation, and preparation of plans and recommendations

regarding measures that will minimize adverse impacts and enhance beneficial impacts.

1.2 Approaches and Methodology in the ESMP Study

1.2.1 Study Approaches

The processes of ESMP study naturally involve a whole range of stakeholders in a much more
participatory manner. The participatory approach served as a plat form to jointly identify the
potential positive and negative out comes and enhancement and mitigation measures in the
implementation of the intended project, respectively. It is also very important in defining their
roles and responsibilities, required resources in the process of the preparation and
implementation of the Partial Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESMP).

1.1.2 Methodology of the Study

Here, the study of ESMP generally followed the standard procedures set by the former
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) and international EIA guidelines. Both primary and
secondary data were collected. The secondary data were collected from relevant government
policies, guidelines, and scientific articles. For instance, ESMP related policies, guidelines;
procedures and manuals which were set national, regional and international levels were also
thoroughly reviewed. Different relevant document browsed from internet and web sites were
also reviewed and intensively used as secondary data sources.

In carrying out of the Impact Assessment, the following methodology aspects were
incorporated:

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A. Semi- structured interview: this involved holding individual interviews with the manager
of the plant manager using a pre- prepared interview checklist and recording the feedback.

B. Literature review: this involved the review of all literature and data relevant to the project.
The literature included legislation, data kept by the proponent and government agencies.

C. Site observation: this involves a transect walk across the land rented and the neighboring
area to get acquainted with the natural environment and also to cross check issues, arising from
the interviews above. Furthermore, field visit was undertaken to understand the likely impacts
of a development project, Recreational center in this case on the environment around the
project site through making transect walking along the intended project site. This field survey
also helped to gather the base line environmental condition of the area for better prediction and
evaluation of the adverse environmental impacts. In the field visit identified different areas of
attention like pollution from wastewater, air pollution, noise pollution, and land pollution from
improper solid waste disposal especially the construction waste during the project
implementation human health and safety impacts.

1.3 Limits of the Study

The Partial Environmental and Social Impact Assessment were prepared for those areas that
would be influenced by the impact of the project’s implementation. But the area where the
project is to be established is an industrial area and the impact from the nearby project was not
entertained in detail. Data inadequacy due to personal error may be another limitation which will
cause the unforeseen impacts to occur at any stage of the project cycle.

1.4 Project justification

The envisaged project at Daleti Woreda, Galan Guda Sub City, Sheger City Administration,
and Oromia Regional State is aimed to Recreational center construction. Total company
premises area is 5.1 hectare. This Recreational center building project was installed on 0.7
hectare. The project will create job opportunity for over 15 permanent and temporary workers.

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2 Environmental Scoping
With the aim of deciding upon the limits of the study area and the list of activities and impacts
to be studied during the assessment, an initial environmental examination and scoping have
been carried out. The scoping exercise has been carried out with the following main objectives:

 To define the limits of the study area,

 To define list of valued ecosystem components within the study area,
 To define list of activities, type and magnitude of the proposed project, and
 To define list of impacts to be studied.
In order to carry out the above tasks a tool and technique relevant to the project was employed.
For example, Environmental scoping checklist with followed by site and literature review
have been applied.

This ESMP document covers the activities that will take place in the Recreational center
building project which includes: - Impacts during operation of the project implementation,
Recreational center building project such as: -
 Wastewater generation during operation of the project
 Solid waste generation during construction and operation of the project
 Noise pollution
 Odor and air pollution during project implementation from VOCs emissions
 Health and safety impact during for the staff workers during construction and
operation of the project

2.1.Valued Ecosystem Components within the Study A r e a

The primary function of scoping also referred to as setting the Terms of Reference of a ESMP,
is to establish the environmental priorities and set the boundaries for the study. The objective
of is to avoid creating a voluminous report and make the assessment process concise and
focused. Impacts of the Recreational center building Project will totally cover around 50,500
m2 found in around Galan Guda Sub City Daleti Woreda. Primarily water and air are the
natural ecosystem to be impacted by the project as result of the dust generated during
construction and transportation, loading and unloading activities.

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Landscape changes because construction affects the flora and faunas reduce water quality and
quantity of the area. Physical injuries and human health affected from the dust emission during
construction, processing, loading and unloading. Noise pollution is also another effect raised
from the machines used to full fill the purposes of the project.

2.2.Defining list of Activities, type and Magnitude of the Production Project

To investigate the activities such as base line environmental condition (such as the status of
flora and fauna) diversity and distribution, water resources quality and quantity situation, soil
type and geology of the area were investigated with objectives of predicting the future with the
project and without the project. The type and magnitude of the impact due to the project is
part of the environmental scoping. The ESMP team of expertise identified the impact type such
as:
Effects on endangered species
2.2.1. Change in natural landscapes
2.2.2. Impacts on the human health
2.2.3. Effects on the present use of available natural resources
2.2.4. Abandonment of either use of future production of natural resources
2.2.5. Air quality deterioration
2.2.6. Water quality reduction
2.2.7. Soil pollution
2.2.8. Instability of lands

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3 RELEVANT POLICIES, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
This section covers the policy, legislative and institutional issues that are most relevant to
Recreational center building project in particular. The first part this discussion looks at the
national economic development policies and strategies. The second section deals with sectorial
policies and strategies related to the project. The third part focuses on existing environmental
policies and strategies at the national and international levels. Finally, the fourth section
presents the existing institutional framework for environmental protection and management.

3.1 International Conventions

In addition to national environmental legislations, the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia
is also a party to a number of regional and international conventions and plastic container cols
on environment. The government has established an Environmental Protection Authority, and
this Authority is designated as focal point for the implementation of these conventions and
plastic container cols. Accordingly; Article 9(4) of the constitution of the Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia provides that once an international agreement is ratified through the
accepted or established procedure, it automatically becomes an integral part of the law of the
land. Consequently, the convention and the plastic container are the laws of this land.
Therefore; the following international conventions and plastic container cols are relevant to
the proposed fruit and vegetables production project.
A. International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) Guidance on Performance Standards on
Social & Environmental Sustainability
These Guidance Notes offer helpful guidance on the requirements contained in the
Performance Standards, including reference materials, and on good sustainability practices to
improve project performance. IFC expects that each client will employ methods best suited to
its business to meet the requirements of the Performance Standards. In assisting the client to
meet the Performance Standards, IFC will take into account variables such as host country
context, the scale and complexity of project impacts, and the associated cost-benefit
considerations, as well as those of project performance beyond the level required in the
Performance Standards.
B. Convention on Biological Diversity
The convention on biological diversity has three goals. The convention was ratified by Ethiopia
through proclamation No.98/94 on May 31, 1994.

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These are:
 Conservation of biodiversity;
 Sustainable use of the components of biodiversity; and
 Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.

C. Framework Convention on Climate Change

Ethiopia ratified this convention through proclamation No. 67/1994 on May 2/1994. This
convention takes into account the fact that climate change has trans-boundary impacts. The
basic objective of this convention is to provide for agreed limits on the release of greenhouse
gases into the atmosphere so as to prevent the occurrence of climate change. It also aims to
prepare countries to minimize the impact of climate change, should it occur.
D. The United Nations Conventions to Combat Desertification
The objective of the convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of droughts
in countries experiencing serious drought and desertification, particularly in Africa. Ethiopia
has ratified the convention through its proclamation No. 80/1967.
E. The Basel Convention
The objective of the Basel convention is to control and regulate the Trans boundary movement
of hazardous wastes. The Bamako convention of 1991 plays a similar role at the level of the
African continent. Ethiopia ratified the Basel convention through its proclamation No.
357/1702. Its amendment was ratified through proclamation No. 356/1702. The country has
also ratified the Bamako convention through proclamation No. 355/1702.
F. The Stockholm Convention
In the year 1702, Ethiopia fully accepted and ratified the Stockholm convention on persistent
organic pollutants by proclamation No. 279/1702 designed to ban the use of persistent organic
pollutants. The Environmental protection authority has the full mandate to implement the
convention at the national level.
G. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora
The objectives of the convention are to control international trade in endangered species and
to ensure that international trade in non-endangered species is carried out in a manner which
ensures stable markets and economic benefits for the exporting countries as well as to control
and regulate illegal trade in such non endangered species, fossils and/ or their derivatives.
Ethiopia ratified the convention through proclamation No. l4/1670. The mandate to implement
the convention at federal level is the responsibility of the Ethiopian wildlife protection and
development organization.

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3.2 Economic Development Policies and Strategies

A) The National Economic Development Strategy

The guiding strategy under t h e N a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c De v el o p m en t i s k n o w n a s
t h e , Agricultural Development Led Industrialization‟ (ADLI). This strategy further developed
into sectorial strategies that include Agriculture, Industry, Mining, Population growth,
technological progress, Economic and Social infrastructure, etc. The following can be identified
as the core elements of the agro-industrial development strategy component of ADLI (MoPED,
1993).
❖ The promotion of labor- intensive technologies and utilization of domestic raw
materials,
❖ Determination of the composition of industrial output based on the needs and income
levels of the population, and
❖ Government intervention to motivate the choice of labor- i n t e n s i v e technology
that makes extensive use of domestic raw materials.
ADLI has provided that basis for the development of the other national and sectorial policies
and strategies that have direct relevance to the development of export-oriented agriculture in
the country.
B) The Agriculture Sector Policy and Strategy

The policy objectives are:

➢ To substantially enhance the production and productivity of agricultural sector for
improvement of the living conditions of the people,
➢ To conserve and rational utilization of natural resource for sustainable agricultural
development,
➢ Policy elements on crop protection focus on non –migratory and Migratory pests.
The policy statements include:
➢ Importation and handing over of crop protection technologies should be based on
testing their effectiveness,
➢ spraying pesticides considered as effective control of Migratory pests,
➢ the need for the establishment of plant quarantine system to prevent intrusion of
exotic pests or move out of the country,
➢ Development of pesticide registration and control system, etc.

C) Ethiopian Investment Strategy

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There had been a number of investment proclamation and regulations issued by successive
governments as the country started to move away from „centralized economy‟ to „mixed
economy‟ (since 1992). These policy issues influence the project in different aspects.
Above all; the following two documents that constitute the building blocks of the current
Ethiopian investment strategy, directly affect investment in the country in general.
Proclamation No.37/1996: Investment proclamation of the federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia,
Proclamation of Ministers Regulation No. 7/1996: Council of Ministers regulations to provide
for investment Incentives. According to the Investment Proclamation No.37/1996, the
objective of the investment policy of the federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) are
designed to improve the living standard of the peoples of Ethiopia through the realization of
sustainable economic and social development. Article 13 of the proclamation specifies the
required information for submitting an application for investment permit. The first sub article
under article 14, prescribes the procedure for issuance of investment permit, stating the
following:
Upon receiving an application for investment permit made in full compliance with the
provisions of Article 13 of this proclamation, and after ascertaining within 10 days that the
included investment activity would not be contravening the operational laws of the country
and that, in particular, it complies with conditions stipulated in environmental protection laws,
the appropriate investment organ shall issue an investment permit to the applicant.
The Council of Ministers Regulation No. 7/1996 provides the terms and conditions under
which investment incentives provided for investors. The investment incentive is divided into
the following two categories: exemption from income tax and exemption from customs duty
on imported machinery and equipment. The exemption from income tax is based on the
following two criteria. The first criterion is the class of the investment as pioneer investment,
promoted investment, or expansion and upgrading of existing investment. The second criterion
is the location of the investment with respect to its potential contribution to equitable
distribution of regional development.
In 1998, the government of FDRE issued the following proclamation and regulations with the
objective of amending the investment proclamation and regulation issued in 1996. Regulation
No. 116/1998: A proclamation to amend the investment proclamation, Proclamation No.
35/1998: Council of Ministers Regulations on Investment Areas Reserved for Domestic
Investors, and Regulation No. 36/1998: Council of Ministers Regulations to Amend the
Investment Incentives Regulations.

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Amendment Regulation No. 146/1708The Proclamation was enacted with a view to:
encourage and promote the role of the private sector in the economic development of the
country; widen the scope of participation of foreign investors; create a transparent and efficient
system of investment administration.

3.2 Environmental Policies and Strategies

A. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The Constitution is the supreme law of the country, whose provisions all other policies,
regulations and institutional frameworks must comply with. The Constitution of the FDRE
(Proclamation No. 1/1995 as amended) is the foundation for human rights, and natural
resources and environmental management. The Constitution states that:
❖ Government and all Ethiopian citizens shall have the duty to protect the country‟s
environment and natural resources,
❖ Design and implementation of programs and projects of development shall not
damage or destroy the environment,
❖ The People have the right to full consultation and expression of views in the planning
and implementation of environment policies and projects that affect them directly.
The concepts of sustainable development and environmental rights are enshrined in the
Constitution of the FDRE. Article 44 of the revised Constitution of the FDRE states that all
persons who have been displaced or whose livelihood has been adversely affected because of
state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation,
including relocation with adequate state assistance. However, the compensation does not take
into account the value of land.

B. The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia

The major environmental and natural resources management issues facing Ethiopia are well
documented in the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (FDRE, 1967). The CSE sets out detailed
strategies and action plans as well as the institutional arrangements required for the
implementation of sectorial as well as cross-sectorial interventions for the management of
Ethiopia’s natural, man-made and cultural resources. The CSE provides a strategic framework
detailing principles, guidelines and strategies for the effective management of the environment.
The most important areas that are considered in the document include the following:

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  Improvement of soils, crop and animal husbandry for sustainable agricultural
production.
 Management of forest and woodland resources.
 Development of water resources for irrigation, hydroelectricity and water supply.
 Rangeland management and pastoral development.
 Promotion of individual participation in sustainable development of natural, artificial
and cultural resources, and environmental protection.
 Land resource use policy and strategies; physical land use planning.
 Integration of social, cultural and gender issues in sustainable resources and
environmental management.
 Development of environmental education, public awareness and human resources.

C. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

The major policy framework document with respect to environmental management of Ethiopia
is the Environmental Policy (EPE) of the FDRE approved by the Council of Ministers in April
1967. The Policy was prepared under the joint-effort of the Environmental Protection
Authority (EPA) and the Environmental Planning Unit (EPU) of the then Ministry of Economic
Development and cooperation (MEDaC).
The policy contains elements that imply the importance of main streaming socio-ecologic
aspects in development programs. More specifically, there are two cross-sectorial policies
components with a mainstreaming effect in the EPE. Article 4.6 of EPE covers different aspects
of the importance of incorporating environmental costs and benefits in the development
planning process. Under this Article, the initiation of a pilot project on the application of
Environmental accounting in Ethiopia was identified as one of the policies directions.
The sectorial policies of EPE contain policy directions that may ensure the promotion of
sustainable industrial development in the country. More specifically, Article 3.8 of EPE
provides policy directions for the control of hazards materials and pollution from industrial
waste. This sectorial policy emphasizes the importance of pollution prevention and
minimization as the primary approach for pollution control. To this effect, Article 3.6 states
(EPA 1967, 15):
To adhere to the precautionary principle of minimizing and where possible preventing
discharge of substances and to disallow the discharge when they are likely to be hazardous.

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Article 3.8., more specifically (EPA 1967, 16) states:
➢ To promote waste minimization processes including the efficient recycling of
materials wherever possible.
D. Impact Assessment Guideline Document

The guide to EIA document that was prepared by EPA provides a background to EIA and
environmental management in Ethiopia. In effect the document aims at being a reference
material to ensure effective environmental assessment and management practice in Ethiopia
for all parties who engage in the process. The basic objectives of the guide are:
 Providing all interested parties with a consistent approach in EIA
 Providing background information for the context of EIA in Ethiopia
 Assisting proponents in identifying their EIA responsibility
 Assisting communities and NGO groups in realizing their environmental rights
withregard to EIA
 Assisting the authority in determining their roles and responsibility as decision
makers in the EIA process: and
 Assisting in decision-making with regard to cost and benefits of proposed
development projects.

3.4 Sectorial Policies and Strategies

A Water Resources Management Policy and Strategies

Water resources management and administration in the country should be based on Ethiopia's
Water Resource Management Policy and the water resources laws of the country as indicated
in Proclamation No. 167/1700. MoWR is entrusted with broad powers of "planning,
management, utilization administration and protection of water resources". This includes
promoting the implementation of medium and large multipurpose dam projects. According to
Proclamation No. 167/1700, MoWR's duties include inventory of water resources, allocation
of water resources, establishment of standards for design and construction of waterworks,
issuance of guidelines and directives for the prevention of water resources pollution as well as
water quality and health standards, establishment of water users' associations, and settlement
of disputes. Water Resource Utilization Proclamation No. 92/1702 is another important
proclamation put in place with a view to proper management of the country's water resources.

B. National Rural Land Administration and Use (Proclamation No. 456/1705)

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The Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation (Proclamation No. 456/1705) defines
the state ownership of rural land and the tenure rights of the land occupant, including rights to
"property produced on his land", rights of inter-generational tenure transfer, and rights of
exchange land and limited leasing rights. Provisions are made for the registration and
certification of tenure rights. Part three of the proclamation presents regulations relating to the
use of rural land, particularly as it relates to soil and water conservation and watershed
management. The rural land administration and land use laws are to be implemented by the
regional states.
Land holding right gives the right to use the land for agricultural purposes as well as to lease
it and, while the right remains in effect, bequeath it to family members, as well as the right to
acquire property thereon, by labor or capital, and to sell, exchange and bequeath the same. The
proclamation also addresses environmental concerns, including non-compliance with
directives on environmental protection. An important feature of this proclamation is that it
stipulates rural land use and restrictions based on proper land use planning, providing for the
proper use of various types of land, such as slopes, gullies and wetlands, as well as the
utilization of rural land for villages and social services. In addition, it is envisaged that the
proclamation created a sense of ownership among the vast majority of the rural population and
enable them to take initiatives and collectively engage in environmental management activities.

C. Measures Related to Occupational Health Control

Any employer shall ensure the availability of occupational health service to his employees.
The use of any machinery or instrument which generates excessive noise is prohibited. Any
person who uses such machinery or instruments shall install noise reducing apparatus or
instrument.

D. Proclamations No. 42/1993 Labor Proclamation

The proclamation stipulates that an employer shall take the necessary measures to safeguard
adequately the health and safety of the workers; he shall in particular:
➢ Comply with the occupational health and safety requirements provided for in this
proclamation,
➢ Take appropriate pre-cautions to ensure that all the processes of work shall not be a
source or cause of physical, chemical, biological, agronomical damages.

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E. Special Decree No, 20/1990 Council of State Special Decree to Provide for the Register
and Control of Pesticide
In the preamble it is states that the purpose of the proclamation is to make it possible to
minimize, to the extent reliable, the adverse effects that utilization of pesticides might cause to
human beings, animals, plants and the environment.
According to this proclamation, any substance, mixtures thereof or a living organism intended
for use in preventing, destroying or controlling any pest; the following in particular is termed
as "pesticide":
❖ unwanted species of plants or animals causing harm during, or otherwise interfering
with, the production, processing, storage, transport or marketing of food commodities,
agricultural produces, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs;
❖ insects or other pests in or on the bodies of animals and causing harm to their health
❖ Vectors of human and animal disease: it also includes substances or mixtures thereof
intended for use as a plant-growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant or agent for thinning
fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit and substances applied to crops, either
before or after harvest, to protect the commodity form deterioration during storage or
transport.
The proclamation prohibits;
➢ The manufacture, import, sells or use of pesticide not registered in accordance with this
special decree,
➢ The import, storage, transport or offer for sale of pesticides where not packed or labeled
as provided in this special decree and directives issued hereunder.
➢ Authorization of registration is granted if the pesticide is used or handled according to
the instructions contained in its proposed label, would constitute a risk to human beings,
animals and the environment of such a minimal extent or degree as to be outweighed
by the necessity or advantages of using it.
E. National Biodiversity Policy and Strategies

The National Biodiversity Policy (NBP) was established in 1998 based on a holistic ecosystem
approach to conserve, develop and utilize the country's biodiversity resources. Integration of
biodiversity conservation and development in federal and regional sectorial development
initiatives, and mobilization of international cooperation and assistance, have been identified
as the principal strategies for implementation of the policy.

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The policy provides for guidance towards effective conservation, rational development and
sustainable utilization of the country’s biodiversity, and contains comprehensive policy
provisions for the conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity. Protection of
biodiversity-related traditional indigenous knowledge and communities' benefit sharing
arrangements are not yet effective. Similarly, the potential of biodiversity-related opportunities
has not yet been exploited to enhance sustainable livelihood to the desired level. However,
there is a general understanding with respect to changing the management approach in order
to bring about the desired benefits.
Wetlands are considered among the most productive type of ecosystem in the world, providing
benefits far in excess of those obtained from alternative uses to which they are subjected.
Ethiopia is endowed with vast wetlands, including a tract in the project area; however, efforts
towards their conservation and sustainable utilization are very limited, and no clear policy and
legislative framework have been designed. The EPA and Ethiopian Wildlife & Natural History
Society (EWNHS), in collaboration with Ramsar Bureau and other funding organizations, are
focusing efforts in this direction, and have conducted successful workshops and awareness
raising programs.
F. Biodiversity Conservation and Research Policy
The biodiversity policy was approved in 1998 and it provides policy guidance towards the
effective conservation, rational development and sustainable utilization of the country's
biodiversity. The policy objectives accentuate public participation in biodiversity conservation,
development and utilization, and also ensure that communities share from the benefit accrued
from the utilization of the genetic resources and their traditional knowledge. The policy
consists of comprehensive provisions on the conservation and sustainable utilization of
biodiversity, and it underlines the requirements for implementers to adopt during planning and
operational phase of projects and for those projects engaged in biological resource utilization
to follow ESMP procedures.

G Energy Policy of Ethiopia

The Ethiopian energy policy document (drafted in 1994) has encouraged the use of indigenous
resources and renewable energy. The general objectives of the National Energy policy are:

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  To ensure a reliable supply of energy at the right time and at affordable prices,
particularly to support the country's agricultural and industrial development strategies
adopted by the government.
 To ensure and encourage a gradual shift from traditional energy sources use to modern
energy sources.
 To streamline and remove bottlenecks encountered in the development and utilization
of energy resources and to give priority to the development of indigenous energy
resources with a goal toward attaining self-sufficiency.
 To set general guidelines and strategies for the development and supply of energy
resources.
 To increase energy utilization efficiency and reduce energy wastage.
H Forest development, conservation and utilization policy and strategy

The federal Environment, Forest and climate change commission (FEFCCC) sets out a policy
which gives due emphasis and precedence for local community in the development of forest
resource. The policy stresses the participation of local communities in the management of, and
sharing of benefits from, State forests. General objective of the policy is to conserve and
develop forest resources properly so that there could be sustainable supply of forest products
to the society (hence satisfying the demand) and contribute to the development of the national
economy through the attainment of the national goals.

3.5 Legislative Instruments

The Federal Government of Ethiopia is in the process of passing number of proclamations that
are aimed at providing the legislative instruments for the implementation of the national
environmental policy objectives and strategies. The following environmental protection
proclamations were enacted by the council of Representative of FDRE.

1. Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/1702)

This Proclamation (No 299/1702) aims primarily at making the EIA mandatory for categories
of projects specified under a directive issued by the EPA. The law specifies the projects and
activities that will require an environmental impact assessment (EIA).
The proponent of the project must prepare the EIA following the format specified in the
legislation. The EPA will then review the EIA and either approve the project (with or without
conditions) or reject it. Under this legislation, the EPA has to prepare procedures,

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regulations, environmental guidelines and standards for the EIA. Environmental guidelines are
among the tools for facilitating the consideration of environmental issues and principles of
sustainable development and their inclusion in development proposals. The Proclamation
requires, among other things:
❖ Specified categories of projects to be subjected to an EIA and receive an authorization
from the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency prior to commencing
implementation of the project.
❖ Licensing agencies to ensure that the requisite authorization has been duly received prior
to issuing an investment permit, a trade or operating license or a work permit to a
business organization.
The EPA or the relevant regional environmental agencies may issue an exemption from
carrying out an EIA in projects with an insignificant environmental impact.
A licensing agency may suspend or cancel a license that has already been issued where the
EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency suspends or cancels environmental
authorization.
Procedures that need to be followed in the process of conducting an environmental impact
assessment are described in the Proclamation. Thus, a project developer is expected to act as
follows:
 Undertake a timely environmental impact assessment, identifying the likely adverse
impacts, incorporating the means of their prevention, and submitting the
environmental impact study report accompanied by the necessary documents to the
EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency.
 Ensure that an environmental impact assessment is conducted and an environmental
impact study report is prepared by an expert who meets the requirements set forth by
the directive issued by the EPA.
 Submit an environmental impact study report to the EPA or the relevant regional
environmental agency for review.

2. Oromia Regional State Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/1702

This proclamation states, the necessity to control and harmonize any social and economic
development activities so as not to impose an impact on sustainable development by polluting
the environmental resources. It underlines the necessity to develop transparent and accountable
pollution control and monitoring system in order to minimize or eliminate the pollution effect
on the environment. It puts the right and obligations of those involve in

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development activities to give emphasis and play their role in environmental protection. It is
found necessary to make laws enacted regarding environmental pollution control as a region
compatible to the general context.

3. Oromia Regional State Government Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation

No. 21/1706
The proclamation explained EIA is used to identify predict and manage the environmental
effect which a proposed development activity or project as a result of its design at location,
construction, or its modification or termination entails and thus helps bring about intended
development. It underlines assessment of possible impact on environment prior to the approval
of a public instrument provide an effective means of harmonizing an integrated environment
with economic cultural and social considerations into decision making process in a manner that
promote sustainable development. The implementation of environmental right rights,
obligations and objectives enshrined in the constitution of the regional state would be forester
by the prediction and management of likely adverse environmental impacts and the
maximization of their socio-economic benefits. The serve to bring strong regulatory
procedures administrative transparency and accountability as well as to involve the public
particularly the affected community in the planning and decision making on development
which may affect them and their environment.

4. Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 300/1702)

Proclamation No. 300/1702 on Environmental Pollution Control primarily aims to ensure the
right of citizens to a healthy environment and to impose obligations to protect the environment
of the country. The law addresses the management of hazardous waste; establishment of
environmental quality standards for air, water and soil; and monitoring of pollution. In order
to ensure implementation of environmental standards and related requirements, inspectors
belonging to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency are empowered by the
Proclamation to enter, without prior notice or court order, any land or premises
at any time, at their discretion. Such wide powers derive from Ethiopia's serious concern and
commitment to protecting the environment from pollution.
In order to ensure implementation of environmental standards and related requirements,
inspectors belonging to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency are empowered
by the Proclamation to enter, without prior notice or court order, any land or

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premises at any time, at their discretion. Such wide powers derive from Ethiopia's serious
concern and commitment to protecting the environment from pollution.
5. Solid Waste Management (Proclamation No. 513/1704)
Measures related to waste handling and disposal:
 Any person shall collect waste in an especially designated place and in a manner, which
does not affect the health of the society.
 No person shall dispose solid, liquid or any other waste in a manner which contaminate
the environment or affects the health of the society.
6. Regulation No 159/1708, Prevention of Industrial Pollution Regulation

Pursuant to Proclamation 300/1702, a regulation to prevent industrial pollution was developed

by the Federal EPA and endorsed by the Council of Ministers to ensure compatibility of
industrial development with environmental conservation. This regulation confers important
obligations to industrial operators. A factory subject to the regulations is obliged to prevent or
minimize the generation and release of pollutants to a level not exceeding the environmental
standards. The regulation also obliges industrial operators to handle its equipment, inputs and
products in a manner that prevents damage to the environment and to human health. Moreover,
the regulations urge industrial operators to prepare and implement an emergency response
system of their own. On the other hand, industrial operators are required to prepare and
implement internal environmental monitoring systems and keep written records of the
pollutants generated and the disposal mechanisms used to get rid of the pollutants. In relation
to it, factories are required by the regulation to submit annual compliance reports with the
provision of the regulations.
7. Public Health Proclamation No 170/1700

Various aspects of public health issues including water quality control, waste handling and
disposal, availability of toilet facilities and others are clearly addressed in the public health
proclamation. This proclamation critically prohibits discharging untreated liquid waste
generated from septic tanks, seepage pits, and industries into water bodies, or water
convergences.

3.6 Institutional Framework

A. Proclamation on Institutional Arrangements

This proclamation establishes the EPA as an autonomous Federal agency with the objective of
formulating Environmental policies, strategies, legislatives, standards and directives. The

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proclamation also provides for the establishment of the Environmental council to ensure
integration of Environmental concerns with development policies, strategies and plans, as well
as coordination among sectors.
The Environmental council is chaired by the prime minister (or his designate) and is composed
of the relevant line ministries, heads of other government agencies and representative of trade
associations and NGOs. The executive Director of EPA will serve as member and secretary of
the environmental Council. Furthermore, the proclamation requires every competent agency
to establish or designate its own environmental unit, which shall ensure collaboration with
EPA and be responsible to coordinate and follow up that activities of the agency are taking
place in harmony with this proclamation and other Environmental requirements.
B. Environmental Protection Council
The proclamation for the establishment of the Environmental Protection Authority establishes
Environmental protection council to ensure the integration of Environmental concerns with
development policies, strategies and plans as well as coordination among sectors. The council
is composed of the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Health,
Ministry of Mines and Energy, the commissioner of Science and technology, the Ministry of
water resources and the general manager of EPA. An official to be designated by the
government chairs the council.
C. Federal Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
In 1995, the EPA was created by means of the Environmental Protection Authority
Establishment Proclamation (Proclamation No. 9/1995). At the same time, an Environmental
Protection Council (EPC) was established, with representatives from most of the federal
ministries to supervise the EPA‟s activities. The Director-General of the EPA was to serve as
the Secretary to the Council and the EPA took on the duties previously assigned to the Ministry
of Natural Resources Development and Environmental Protection (MoNREP). The mandate
and duties of the EPA were subsequently clarified in the Establishment of Environmental
Protection Organs Proclamation (Proclamation No. 295/1702).
The EPA is an independent authority, acting outside the main ministerial structures and
reporting directly to the prime minister. The federal EPA is the key national level
environmental agency, with a mandate to address environmental issues. The environmental
legislation gives the EPA powers to fulfill its role, support all federal agencies in establishing
environmental units, and develop skills in strategic environmental analysis of policies and
public instruments. The EPA is involved in the development of environmental policy and

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legislation, setting environmental quality standards for air, water and soils, monitoring
pollution, establishing EIA procedures and an environmental information system, and
undertaking capacity development in relevant agencies to ensure the integration of
environmental management in policy development and decision making.

3.7 Political Economy and Governance in Ethiopia

Land rights in Ethiopia do not explicitly provide private property rights. After the
Proclamations No. 31/1675 and 15/1675, ownership of land was vested in the State, and
Ethiopian citizens were given various forms of use-rights (usufruct) over land and other
resources. Accordingly, the 1995 Constitution Article 40(3) recognizes land as a common
property of the Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples of Ethiopia and prohibits sale or any other
exchange of land.

The 1995 Constitution Article 40(7) reiterates and furthers this point by stating, “Every
Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable property he builds and to the permanent
improvements he brings about on the land by his labor or capital. This right shall include the
right to alienate, to bequeath, and, where the right to use expires, to remove his property,
transfer his title, or claim compensation for it.” Regional states are responsible for
administering land, enacting law that is in conformity with the provisions on environmental
protection and federal utilization policies (Proclamation No. 89/1967 and Proclamation No.
456/1705 Article 17(1)). Furthermore, Proclamation No. 89/1967confirms and details the
Constitutional principle that holding rights on land can be assigned to peasants and pastoralists,
and that these are to be secured from eviction and displacement. The1995 Constitutions
Articles 40(4) and 40(5) provide for free land without payment for farmers and pastoralists.

3.8 Dispute Resolution and Grievance Redress Procedures

If misunderstandings and disputes arise between the principal parties (e.g. local government
bodies and affected parties) involved in the resettlement and compensation process, the
preferred means of settling disputes is through arbitration (Proclamation No. 455/1705). The
number and composition of the arbitration tribunal may be determined by the concerned
parties. The regular court having jurisdiction within the region may also be involved in
implementation and compensation of resettlement if the administrative organ to hear land
grievances has not yet been established (Proclamation No. 455/1705 Article 11(1)).

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Similarly, if the landholder is not satisfied with the decision of the compensation grievance
review committee, the case may be referred to the High Court (Regulation No. 51/1704).

3.9 Applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies

The Resilient Landscape and Livelihood Project has been assigned as an EA category of B, for
the potential social and environmental impacts on humans and sensitive areas (wetlands,
forests, natural habitats, etc...) are less adverse, site specific, few if any of them are irreversible.
The ESMF will be required to comply with not only the relevant national policy and legal
frameworks but also with the applicable environmental and social safeguard policies of the
World Bank.

3.10 Strategies
A. Ethiopia’s Climate-resilient Green Economy Strategy
The Government of Ethiopia has initiated the Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE)
initiative to protect the country from the adverse effects of climate change and to build a green
economy that will help realize its ambition of reaching middle-income status before 2025.
Ethiopia’s green economy plan is based on the following four pillars:

 Improving crop and livestock production practices for higher food security and
farmer income while reducing emissions;
 Protecting and re-establishing forests for their economic and ecosystem services,
including as carbon stocks;
 Expanding electricity generation from renewable sources of energy for domestic
andregional markets; and,
 Leapfrogging to modern and energy-efficient technologies in transport, industrial
sectors, and buildings.
B. Climate Resilience Strategy for Water and Energy
The Climate Resilience Strategy for Water and Energy has three main objectives: to identify
the economic and social impacts of current climate variability and future climate change on
water and energy in Ethiopia; to identify priority ways that the water and energy sectors can
build climate resilience and reduce the impact of climate variability and climate change; and
to map the necessary steps to finance and implement measures in the water and energy sectors
to build climate resilience in Ethiopia and deliver an integrated Climate Resilient Green
Economy. This strategy is important and directly relevant to the RLLP, where the project plans
to scale up household (HH) level RE and EE options in target areas under the

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income opportunities and resilient livelihoods component, with a focus on the benefit of this
activity in empowering and strengthening women. This relates to catchment management and
reducing deforestation and forest degradation.

C. Climate Resilience Strategy for Agriculture and forestry

The country has recently released a resilience strategy document for Agriculture and Forestry
which is directly relevant for the RLLP implementation. The strategy aims to identify the
impact of both current weather variability and future climate change on Ethiopia („challenge‟),
to highlight options for building climate resilience („response‟) and to understand how these
options can be delivered („making it happen‟). The document sets out a strategy to ensure
Ethiopia‟s economic growth in agriculture is climate resilient. The strategy focuses on the
sectors of responsibility covered by the two ministries, i.e. Ministry of Agriculture and
Livestock Resource (including crops and forestry) and Ministry of Livestock and Fishery
(including livestock). These sectors are the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change,
and play a major role in Ethiopia‟s economy, contributing 43% of GDP, around 80% of
employment and approximately 75% of export commodity value.

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 4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4.1 Background to the Project

Petram Private Limited company Real estate development project is who needs to engage for
multipurpose income by Developers buy land, finance real estate deals, build or have builders
build projects, develop projects in joint ventures, and create, imagine, control, and orchestrate
the process of development from beginning to end. Developers usually take the greatest risk in
the creation or renovation of real estate and receive the greatest rewards. Typically, developers
purchase a tract of land, determine the marketing of the property, develop the building program
and design, obtain the necessary public approval and financing, build the structures, and rent
out, manage, and ultimately sell it The project has support from the government and community
being it is in line with the country’s development objectives.

4.1.1 Project Goal

The envisioned project with the overall goal of taking advantage of opportunities existing in
establishment of multipurpose healthy of community and for smart city that comprises Real
estate development, or property development, is a business process, encompassing activities
that range from the renovation and re-lease of existing buildings to the purchase of
raw land and the sale of developed land or parcels to others. Real estate developers are the
people and companies who coordinate all of these activities, converting ideas from paper to
real property. Real estate development is different from construction or housebuilding,
although many developers also manage the construction process or engage in housebuilding.
to build as well as for other potential customers in Galan Guda Sub city and surrounding.
In addition, the project will realize the derived benefits that include creation of employment
and contribute to the government treasury in the form of taxations

4.2 Location
The envisioned project is located in Galan Guda Sub-City, Galan Daleti Woreda (which is 25
KM far from the Finfinne).

4.3 Project Objectives and Justification

4. 3.1 Project Objectives

The main objective of establishing this investment is to provide, cost effective, customer
oriented, one stop shopping center and quality services provision of multipurpose apartment
developmentthat product use for building Market center, Petram Private Limited company Real
estate development project is who needs to engage for multipurpose income by Developers

Page 25
buy land, finance real estate deals, build or have builders build projects, develop projects in
joint ventures, and create, imagine, control, and orchestrate the process of development from
beginning to end. Developers usually take the greatest risk in the creation or renovation of real
estate and receive the greatest rewards. Typically, developers purchase a tract of land,
determine the marketing of the property, develop the building program and design, obtain the
necessary public approval and financing, build the structures, and rent out, manage, and
ultimately sell it The project has support from the government and community being it is in line
with the country’s development objectives.

Project Specific objectives

Specific objectives of the project are:

 To get private benefit from the construction material manufacturing by using different
machines from inside and outside.
 Creating conducive living environment with ecological and social diversity as a
development approach for Ethiopia Country.
 Provide a friendly pedestrian environment with quality, safe public environment for
those working and entertaining in the area and surroundings, and offer a nested security
for the residents.
 To generate employment opportunity for 50 job seekers in the area.
 To engage in playing its role in promoting local development by generating revenue
and paying taxes for local government
 To engage in playing its role in promoting local development by generating revenue
and paying taxes for local government.

4.4 Project Justification

Ethiopia has a great economic potential in Africa. The current dynamic economic growth in
all sectors supports the idea to become a great nation. Agriculture is the backbone of the
economy. High improvement in terms of productivity and efficiency of this sector will strongly
support the development of other sectors (in backward and forward linkages).

In line with the above facts, the government of Ethiopia has implementing the five years
Growth and Transformation Plan (2010/11-2012/15) that aimed to achieve wider development
spectrum in all sectors with a special emphasis to agricultural development that will realize the
formation of industrialized and middle income earned. In this plan, crop production and

Page 26
productivity, irrigation and improved water use, technology multiplication, food security and
supply and distribution are among the main strategy for agriculture and rural development
strategies.Regarding infrastructure development, construction, education, private sector role in
the economy and environment the plan has good strategies to achieve the goal of
industrialization.

To all the above facts the parallel growth in complementary (supportive) sectors of the
economy is vital to sustain it. In relation to this, the owner of the envisioned factory interested
to engage in the sector that has government development focus apart from huge market
potentials.
Therefore, Petram Private Limited company Real estate development project is who needs to
engage for multipurpose income by Developers buy land, finance real estate deals, build or
have builders build projects, develop projects in joint ventures, and create, imagine, control,
and orchestrate the process of development from beginning to end. Developers usually take the
greatest risk in the creation or renovation of real estate and receive the greatest rewards.
Typically, developers purchase a tract of land, determine the marketing of the property,
develop the building program and design, obtain the necessary public approval and financing,
build the structures, and rent out, manage, and ultimately sell it The project has support from
the government and community being it is in line with the country’s development objectives.

4.4.1 Project Rationale

Internationally the economic growth this country is experiencing, the good governance created
and even if the town is in its nascent stage of development these project are the first in kind in
the town are feasible and would be a model development in promoting and attracting different
urban investments.

In order to respond to the created environment the town is in need of major, basic and feasible
urban projects to be developed.

The existing promising investment opportunities, the demands of service needs along with
relatively sound investment support made by the government in such kinds of feasible projects,
compelled the project promoter to initiate the multipurpose oriented business project to be
established. Despite the promising business opportunities of the town, the trend on such kinds
of investment found to minimal. Since there is no such kind of modern tourist facilities and

Page 27
business station in the town to accommodate the existing demand of these services in the
town and the surrounding areas. The mismatch between the demand for and supply of such
kind of services in easily observed in the town.

Therefore, the existing shortage or absence in the supply of these services, along with its
commercial and administrative access, better location and infrastructure access, escalating
trend of urbanization and business activities, thus it is with such reason that this project is
identified and proposed and assumed to be more profitable.

In general, the country’s decentralized state-based economy, privatized and free market
economy; good governance creates a favorable environment for the development of investment
for private investors.

4.4.2 The significance of the project

The envisaged project deemed to add to the economic development of the nation in general
and zone and town in specific with following ways:

A. Source of Revenue
As public policy of any nation, the government collects different forms of taxes from different
business organizations and individuals. Among the different forms of taxes, business income
taxes, payroll income tax and VAT are collected from undertaking business activities.
Therefore, the building will serve as sources of revenue for the town as well as for the region.

B. Employment opportunity
One of the problems that our country faced is unemployment. Therefore, the current objective
of the government is working on tackling the problem of unemployment and fostering the
development process either through creating self-employment or employment in other
organization. Hence, this project will hire 41 individuals and more than eighty individuals
during construction.

C. Sources of social service

In addition to serving as a source of employment and income for the region, the project renders
social services for different group of people. Hence, it is also providing the following services;

➢ Serve as a source of mental satisfaction for the different users,

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➢ Since, the center encompasses different recreational areas; it will divert the attention of
the users from different evil deeds.
➢ It deemed to minimize the demand for shops and other bundles of services in the area.
Furthermore, it serves as the pilot experience and ground for other investor to enter in to such
kinds of urban development. It also contributes on the efforts made on as a character given
building for physical development pattern of the town scape.

The historical nature of the town as business unique location in one of the most attractive parts
of the occurrence of the town along the along the Ethiopian laid a fertile ground for future
promising growth of the town. The owner plans the project to render banking and insurance,
shopping facility, bank and cafeteria services to create high quality class to satisfy the interest
of customers in the town. Based on environmental and other considerations, the entrepreneur
has determined the type and size of the building which is already determined by the site;
conceptual planning and preliminary analysis have been carried out by analysts.

In order to attract its clients to the service, the project will develop high standard shop &
banking rooms and office of best choices and will also save best quality restaurant and café,
national and international dish and various types of soft drinks.

4.5 description of the project Service

The envisioned mixed purpose building will provide different rental services to the different
customer groups for different purpose. The building will have basement, ground and eight
floors. The purpose of the building explained as follows;

➢ the ground floor, first floor and second floor designed for different business centers
like banks, supermarket, beauty salon(man and women), Computer center, pharmacy,
internet café, boutiques, different shops and other business activities,
➢ The third floor designed for bed room services.
Besides, the buildings will have enough parking facility for its customers and green area in its
compound.

A. Production program
Considering the gradual growth of demand and the time required to develop the required skill
the rate of capacity utilization during the first, second, third and fourth year of production will
be 50%, 75%, 90% and 100% respectively. Full capacity utilization will be reached during the
fourth year of operation.

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In order to provide Recreational center building services of a high standard, it has been planned
to construct and develop the infrastructure and facilities that would viable to meet the
requirements of an international standard business center. Accordingly, various buildings and
facilities will be constructed phase by phase starting with the most needed ones that are
essential to commence the operation of its business activities. With the completion of
construction, the building will provide a combined service such as shops, bedroom, restaurant
and café service as well as modern business center that primarily serve its guests and major
clients.

Since the project will be engaged in mixed building the main sources of its annual revenue
would be from the rental of building spaces such as shops, offices, and banking, café &
restaurant bedrooms. Therefore, the sources of revenue have been classified in to one category
namely the rental of banking & supermarket, offices, shops, bedrooms restaurant and café
based on these classifications. Based on the market price of similar Recreational center
building in the area, the envisioned buildings set the following fair price (Before VAT) for its
service, hence when the building construction fully get operational it is assumed to generate a
yearly income of ETB 50,000,000.

4.6 Raw Materials, Production Process, Equipment’s, Machineries, Land and Civil
Work

4.6.1 Raw Materials Construction materials and the environmental impacts of built
facilities
The primary application of LCA in the built environment professions is to inform design
decisions, in particular, provide quantitative data to guide the selection of construction
material, construction component and building system combinations which will reduce the life
cycle environmental impacts of a built facility. While the decisions made throughout the
building life cycle will influence the impact it can have on the environment, materials choices
made in the pre-use phase commit the major environment impacts which occur in the use phase.
Environmental concerns, for instance potential contributions to Climate Change must therefore
be addressed side by side with more traditional concerns such as thermal comfort, health,
safety, cost and maintenance from the planning and design stages. Studies have shown that
the opportunities to reduce the environmental impacts of a built facility decrease substantially
after the pre-use phase (Lloyd et al, 2005). A barrier to incorporation of

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environmental concerns is however the time required for exploring various options to capitalize
on the environmental benefits; and the initial cost of the building is typically higher (Janssen,
1999).
Use phase environmental impacts
The environmental impacts of the use phase are primarily due to energy consumption for
purposes of heating, cooling, lighting and operating domestic or commercial appliances; and
materials use for purposes of facilities maintenance/upkeep. In the area of building and
construction LCAs there is consensus that use phase impacts are dominated by energy
consumption, Climate Change and Acidifying emissions.
There is a strong correlation between materials used for the building envelope and intensity of
impacts. A study compared three homes of equal floor area designed primarily in wood, steel
and concrete over the first 20 years of their lifespan. Relative to the wood design, the steel and
concrete designs (Wood Promotion Council, 2006):
The contribution of a material to use phase impacts is directly related to the quantities used
during construction and maintenance. Due to the very large quantities used the three categories
of construction materials which contributed the most to environmental impacts measured
during the use phase of 25 commercial buildings located in Hong Kong were concrete, steel
reinforcement and the combination of plaster, render and screed (Chau et al, 2006). The
contributions of these top three to total environmental impacts varied between 46- 65%.

4.6.2. Construction Process

4.6.2.1 Key features of the Life Cycle Assessment concept

To place construction on a truly sustainable path the green building movement needs a
method which goes beyond subjective checklists of green features. Such a method must
provide objective guidelines for a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impacts of
a product (or service). The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) concept previously known as Life
Cycle Analysis has emerged as one of the most appropriate tools for assessing product
related environmental impacts and for supporting an effective integration of environmental
aspects in industry, business and the economy. LCA is distinguished from Life Cycle Costing
(LCC) in that whereas the former involves environmental accounting the later is concerned
with economic value. LCA describes the entire industrial system involved in the making of a
product (or delivery of a service). This approach provides a systematic opportunity to

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anticipate problems and their solutions all along the life cycle from “cradle-to-grave”, namely,
from the acquisition of raw materials, manufacture of the product, distribution, use and
maintenance to disposal of the used product (Figure 1). Identified problems are also traced
through all environmental media, namely, air, water and soil. The systems perspective of LCA
avoids problem shifting from one life cycle stage to another, from one type of problem to
another and from one location to another (UNEP, 1996).The LCA procedure investigates a
wide range of environmental impacts associated with industrial products, for instance, Climate
Change, Acidification, Ozone depletion and Human toxicity. Although the main driver for
LCA is sustainable development, the methodology does not yet incorporate criteria for
measuring the social and economic dimensions. All aspects of the environment, namely,
human health, ecological health and natural resources are however considered in a
comprehensive manner. Potential environmental trade-offs can thus be identified and assessed.
The LCA procedure is standardized under the ISO 14040 subseries
4.6.2.2 Land, Building and Civil works
As indicated in part 1 the total land requirement for the project is estimated to be 1738 m2.The
land are planned to accommodate production houses, warehouse office building, loading and
unloading, waste accumulation, % 2 green area and parking. The land use plan for the project
is indicated in the table below:

Construction work and Technology

Construction schedule
The construction project is proposed to be started on august 2024, and is expected to be finished
on January 2030. as seen in the abbreviated construction schedule above, a majority of the
schedule’s time is made up of five major activities; Concrete, building Enclosure, masonry,
mechanical &HVAC and Electrical install. Concrete activities include processes such as
placing foundations and slab on deck. The Building Enclosure Phase includes erecting the
scaffolding that will allow for exterior sheathing installation and bricklaying.

Mechanical and Electrical install coincide with each other due to the need for coordination
between the two divisions. There are several periods of construction during the schedule in
which there are multiple construction activities occurring at the same time.

The construction site must be organized accordingly as these processes take place. As with any
construction project, the goal of the schedule was to complete all construction activities before
the required Date of completion.

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This date of completion is practical based on the time of year in which the building will be
completed. The team allowed a two-week contingency for any setbacks. Typically, winter
construction tends to cause unforeseen delays that negatively impact a construction project.
These conditions can and will almost undoubtedly impact the project schedule by causing
unforeseen delays and project inefficiency.

Architectural Design & Layout

Although functional spaces for the project were laid out in significant detail, the rest of the
building had designated spaces but n set layouts. It was at the discretion of the project promoter
to devise typical layouts for the non-detailed commercial and office spaces. To make sure that
the building’s layouts were practical, the project owner researched typical architectural layouts
for laboratory and executive office spaces.

The walls and partitions throughout the floor were congruent with the structural frame and
column locations.

Structural design

One of principle deliverables of our project is the structural design of the building. The
structural bays were coordinated with the layout of the building adjustments were made to the
bays if specific layouts are necessary. The frame was made up of a grid with repeating standard
structural bays. Included in the structural system are bay sizes, shape and size of structural
members, floor compositions and curtain walls. These elements were established to resist
gravity ad lateral loads as appropriate.

The gravity load design was completed for two frames; one of structural steel and one of
reinforced concrete. The structural steel frame was chosen for further design based on cost per
square foot, local availability of material and constructability considerations, such as erection
and fabrication. The steel system was then designed for lateral loading with necessary
adjustment being made to framing.
Reinforced concrete
The project group prepared hand structural design calculations for a typical bay of a reinforced
concrete frame. In all reinforced concrete bay designs, a superimposed dead load of 7.5 Dollars
per square foot was assumed for mechanical equipment, floor coverings and ceilings.

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Similarly, the design of the typical bay accounted for the use of different commercial space, in
which a live load of 125 Dollar per square was assumed. Loads were calculated based on the
requirements of the minimum Design loads for Buildings and other Structures.

Foundation Design
The design of a superstructure may be accurate, have considered all possibilities and still fail
because the substructure is incapable of distributing the applied loads to the supporting soil.

Foundation design takes more into consideration than merely the loading from the columns.
While the main part of the project focused on the structural frame and its alternate designs, a
preliminary foundation plan was designed based upon maximum load carried from the
superstructure through the columns. The foundation design conducted by the project team
consisted of the selection of foundation type, determination of the bearing capacity and the
design for typical interior and exterior spread footings.

4.7 Equipment’s and Machineries

Construction Phase: Loader, Grader, Generator, Dam Track etc. is required while during
Serves Provision Phase Computer, adding machine, Stove, Ferriage, cares for services, like
mini bus, pick up, motorcycle etc. is required

4.7.1 Utilities
A number of utilities would be put in place in order to ensure smooth functioning of the
project. These utilities include:

A. Water Supply,
B. Telephone line
C. Supplementary Electricity supply,
D. Paved Road Transportation,
E. Drainage
F. Fuel
G. Oil and Lubricants

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 5. DESCRIPTION OF BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

5.1 Physical Environment

5.1.1 Geology and Soil

Geology

The geological setting of the study area is generally classified in to two major groups; namely,
Tertiary Volcanic and Quaternary units. The classification is based on age of eruptions, special
distribution, and mode of occurrence. Tertiary Plateau Basalts are part of the Trap-Series
volcanic products consisting huge accumulation of basaltic rocks with minor silica
intercalations, whereas the Quaternary Rift Volcanic and sediments comprise variety of rock
units (both acidic and basic) associated to the formation of the Main Rift System during the
Quaternary Period.

Soil
The major soil type in the Zone as well as the project area are: red and black soil which has
water holding characteristics and heaviness for plowing during rainy seasons due to high clay
content, is good for agriculture with base saturation and weather able minerals and dominant
on the high land parts of the zone, dominantly occur on the steep slopes and are often shallow
or have many rock outcrops and those developed on gentler slopes, however, have good base
saturation and fertility and can highly be important for agriculture. . Generally, the fertility
status of the soil of the zone is good and conducive for crop production. And also the soil of
the organization area is good for building no have such risk, if do properly designed.

5.1.2 Topography and climatic condition

Galan Guda Sub City has favorable and highly moderated climatic condition. It has an
altitudinal range of 2060 to 1567 meters above mean sea level. The Northern part of the town
is characterized by 15 mountain ranges land form having an altitude lying between 2060 to
1567 meters above mean sea level. However, the southern part of the town lies between 2060
to 2120 meters above mean sea level, showing that it is the lowest elevated part. As a result of
this, vast area of Galan Guda Sub City is considered as flat and intermediate plateau that are
highly recommended for expansion. Climatically, the town is classified within temperate
(locally named Badda daree/ Weynadega) zone that has the same general climatologically
characteristics as that of Addis Ababa. The majority of rainfall in the area is obtained during
the Ethiopian Summer time i.e. June, July, August and September which covers 76.4% of the

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total annual rain falls. The minimum rain fall records are in the months of December, January,
and February with other short rain during March and April. The average annual rain fall varies
between 783.6 to 1422.7 mm. The temperatures of Galan Guda area lays in the temperate
(Badda daree/ Weynadega) climatic zone with a temperature range of 12.67c to 24.40c.

5.2 Biological Environment

The town is posited within the range of the Afromontane Forest and the tepid-humid mid
highland agro-ecological zone. Elements of the natural vegetation are merely noticeable from
the limited remnant trees of Ficus spp. and Oleaeuropaea ssp. cuspidata left for shade, on fences
and in some secluded places. Eucalyptus trees/plantations are observed on hilly areas, in open
spaces and in homestead compounds. Sparsely scattered naturally growing vegetation
consisting of shrubs, bushes, woody riverine species are found along with planted trees and
protected government and community forests in the Galan Guda Sub City. No significant large
animals are observed in the area for many years. As it depends on trees, the recent wood
manufacturing development has effect on the plants and animals directly or indirectly.

5.3 Socio economic characteristics of the town

Galan Guda Sub City is a home for almost all Nations and Nationalities in the country, and the
Oromo ethnic groups are the majority as a whole. Most of the residents of the town engaged
in different trade activities and others were employed in different governmental organizations
and factories. Agriculture is also another economic activity in the per-urban area of the town.

5.3.1 Urban Infrastructure

As part of the government’s ambitious plan to achieve „middle-income country‟ status by
2025, Galan Guda has been benefited from huge investments over the past decade. Massive
urban renewal and redevelopment projects are underway across the town to improve its
competitiveness as a business location, to tackle the huge backlog in affordable housing and
basic service delivery through accelerated investment in infrastructure and public housing
programs. As a result of these state interventions, Galan Guda Sub City has experienced
tremendous economic dynamism, attracting both domestic and foreign investments that
generate job creation and other economic opportunities. Despite the actual and symbolic
significance of the ongoing urbanization that is significantly changing both the spatial and
economic landscapes of Galan Guda Sub City, reliable empirical data is lacking.
Consequently, it is not always

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possible to understand and quantify the drivers of recent growth and transformation of the town
and their socio-economic, environmental and social impacts.

5.3.2 Unemployment and Social Vulnerability

There are high levels of poverty, unemployment, and social vulnerability in Galan Guda Sub
City. Some of the population of the town is living below the poverty line and some of
households in Galan Guda Sub City have an unemployed adult (higher than the national urban
average of 15%). Moreover, current programs that provide support to poor and vulnerable
households are not effectively targeted, have low coverage, are fragmented, and largely focus
on categories of vulnerable groups, such as the elderly and disabled (many of which are
disabled due to occupational hazard). In addition to the daily stress that this presents for
individuals, the cumulative impact among segments of society could reverse gains made on
the inclusive growth agenda and result in social unrest.

5.3.3 Health Condition of the town

The intimate linkage between health and education has been firmly established in a number of
studies, which taken collectively, offer some ideas about how education and health could
potentially reinforce each other towards the rapid socio-economic development of the country.
Epidemiological and health service research in Ethiopia has shown that illiteracy is usually
associated with high health risks and low health seeking behavior. Ethiopia is addressing major
challenges in the health sector, including lack of human resources for health (HRH) and low
utilization of health services, through its innovative Health Extension Programmed (HEP),
accelerated midwifery training, Integrated Emergency Surgery and Obstetrics (IESO) task
shifting, and scaling up family planning (FP). The HEP trains health extension workers
(HEWs) to deliver a basic package of preventive and a few curative health services, including
maternal and child health services, in urban, rural and pastoral areas. The HEP has trained and
deployed over 50 000 health workers and approximately 16 000 health posts and 3000 health
centers have been constructed to increase access to essential services in Ethiopia.
Despite major strides to improve the health of the population in the last one and half decades,
Ethiopia’s population still face a high rate of morbidity and mortality and the health status
remains relatively poor.
The major health problems of the country are largely preventable communicable diseases and
nutritional disorders. More than 90% of child deaths are due to pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria,

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neonatal problems, malnutrition and HIV/AIDS, and often as a combination of these
conditions. The major supply side constraints affecting maternal health are shortages of skilled
midwives, weak referral system at health center levels. On the demand side, cultural and
societal norms, distances to functioning health centers and financial barriers were the major
constraints.
However, as Galan Guda Sub City is very close to the capital city of the country, the health
coverage/ health facility as well as health professionals are far better than other towns of the
country. There are great number of private health centers including higher hospitals, higher
clinics in the town.
5.3.4 Education Condition of the town
Education is a tool to eradicate poverty and bring technological advancement for the nation.
When we come to the educational situation of the town, Galan Guda Sub City is better in
education coverage as well as the quality as it is found in the center of the country comparing
with other areas of the countries. There are investments on education by private companies‟
and individuals. At the same time children can get access to school at the shortest distance that
makes the educational status of the town to be in a better condition.
5.3.5 Transportation and Environment
As Galan Guda Sub City lacks adequate transportation and since the town’s has yet to offer
affordable mass transportation, the use of private cars in general and gasoline-based public
transportation in particular affects the town’s ecosystems. According to Benjamin son et al.,
(2012) the average age of 17 years of vehicles on the town’s streets explains the high number of
inefficiently functioning motor vehicle engines that are major contributors to Galan Guda Sub
City’s air pollution. What makes the air pollution situation even worse is Galan Guda Sub
City’s topography: a valley surrounded by mountain peaks that trap the air and aggravates the
problem.
The pollution problem in Galan Guda Sub City is exacerbated by a lack of adequate and
environment friendly mass mobility services. Although the Addis Ababa city has introduced
its first electrified light rail transit system, it is not extended to Galan Guda Sub City and it is
not known whether further extension of this system to Galan Guda Sub City is financially
feasible. The gap left by the inadequate public transport system is met by private minibus
operators. These minibus taxis are often overcrowded and unsafe, and contribute to the
growing traffic congestion in the town. However, the Galan Guda Sub City administration is
undertaking measures to mitigate the emission of CO2 under the umbrella of its CRGE
strategy. The initiative is primarily aimed at tackling transport-related emissions.

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6. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONDITIONS GENERAL
The ESMP of the project activities was determined by identifying the environmental aspects
and then undertaking an environmental risk assessment to determine the significant
environmental aspects. The environmental impact assessment has included all phases of the
project namely construction phase and operational phase.

The building has both positive and negative impact

Positive impact of the project

The positive impact of the project is: -

➢ Generation of employment opportunity

➢ Source income for the government through business income tax
➢ Income generation for the promoter
➢ Being exemplary for other investors who want to engage in the same business line.
Negative impact of the project

The project has the following negative impacts:

1. noise and Dust emission during Construction

There are some noises during the construction due to the construction operation and the
company will use construct the construction during the day time. Again, there is the emission
of dust which will be mitigated by sprinkling water on the service.

2. problem on workers on construction

During construction there are some problems that will materialize on workers. These are:
damage on operation by using machines, construction materials and others. To mitigate such
impact the company will provide safety insurance and safety equipment’s.

3. sewages during operation

During operation there are some wastes emitting from the Recreational center building. These
are wastes from the latrine and will be mitigated by using modern waste treatment technology
This part of the report addresses potential impacts associated with the proposed project and
measures for mitigating (i.e. avoidance, reduction, or restoration of) the negative impacts, and
enhancing (i.e. improvements of) positive effects of the project. The major positive impacts of
the proposed project are mainly those of economic benefits at the national, regional and local
level due to earnings of foreign exchange and creation of employment as

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well as technology transfer local people, while adverse impacts are mainly related to wastes
generating from the production processes of factory.

6.1 Positive impacts

The development of this project will have several significant positive impacts both locally and
nationally. The project has positive impacts on the environment and the community nearby.
The potential positive impacts of the project can be explained as follows.

6.1.1 Design phase

6.1.1.1 Creation of Employment and Business opportunities
The design phase of the project will create employment and business opportunities for various
professionals/consultants who will be involved in the planning stages of the project. They will
include: project managers, engineers, architects, building economists, land surveyors,
environmentalists, economists, urban planners among others. These professionals may be
employed directly in the project or be consultants whose services will be procured.

6.1.1.2 Generation of Income and Source for Government Revenue

Income generated from the consultancies and services undertaken will provide income which
will be taxed and generate revenue for the region and our country. In addition, fees levied for
the submission of plans to the local authorities and state agencies for approval and application
for services will generate revenue that is used to meet the various governmental goals and
objectives.
Additionally in order to operationalize the proposed project financial resources will have to be
mobilized and these will be injected into the economy. These resources will be used for the
services involved in the design and planning of the project and also acquiring the raw materials
of the project.
6.1.1.3 Environmental opportunities
The design phase of the project will also present opportunities for green/sustainable designing
of the project, which support the minimization of environmental impacts whilst fortifying the
project to achieve its intended objectives. It‟s at this stage that the opportunities which will
enable the project achieve a sustainable development are discovered, explored and integrated
into the project.

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6.2.2 Construction phase
6.2.2.1 Creation of Employment
The activities involved in the erection, maintenance and management of the proposed houses
will generate employment i.e. employees involved in the production, sale and transportation
of the building’s materials, construction of the building, maintenance of the building and
management (caretaker, domestic staff etc.). Security services, cleaning and waste collection
are also some of the services that will benefit indirectly. Other employment opportunities that
will be created will include for workers involved in the civil and interior works of construction
such as engineers, masons, foremen, bricklayers, machine operators, interior designers,
electricians, masons etc.
6.2.2.2 Market for goods and services
To facilitate the construction activities goods and services including raw materials, plumbing
services, electrical fittings, transport landscaping and finishing. It therefore offers a market for
these goods and services promoting the primary and secondary sectors involved in their
procurement such as: quarrying and brick production; furniture and carpentry; glass
production; plant and gardening; tarmac, asphalt and bitumen; chemicals; building contractors;
electric fittings; plumbing fittings and water infrastructure etc.
6.2.2.3 Increased population
The influx of labor into the area and subsequent people/workers to service them or provide
them with goods such as food will be another positive impact of the proposed project. This is
taken as positive since the population increase if sustainable will create additional market for
goods and services offered in the area, increase the amount of mobilized capital and also
increase the social capital in the area.
6.2.2.4 Increased Economic Activities and Revenue
The construction phase of the project will also increase the economic activities in the region,
and revenue for the Federal government through taxes, through businesses that will be formed
to service the increased population. These services include health, food and nutrition, transport
and recreation that the workers taking part in the construction will require from time to time.

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6.2.3 Operational phase
6.2.3.1 Increased Commercial Viability
The establishment of the project in the area, the goods and services it will offer will increase
the commercial viability of the area and will consequently increase the land values in the
surrounding area due to the potential high returns after development. This will attract more
high-income investors into the region as well as more middle-income groups as settlers.
6.2.3.2 Creation of Employment Opportunities
The proposed project will create employment in three tiers, with the first being the staff that
will be primarily involved in its implementation, supervision and maintenance. The second tier
will be staff for the businesses that will be formed in the commercial and retail area and those
involved in these businesses supply and value chains. The third tier of employment creation
will be for the people who will take the opportunities presented to service the increased
population and the population’s amenities.
Through these three tiers the project will create employment for high level staff, middle level
staff and low level staff in line with all development policies in the country and the region.
Also through the third tier and low level staff, the project will in advertently create jobs for
locals since this has always been the case with projects of similar nature due to the fact that the
locals are readily available and have the shortest access time to the site.
It is also important to note that all these employees will be taxed and generate revenue for the
taxman thereby contributing to more state implemented development projects.
6.2.3.3 Increased Accommodation/Housing
The project will also increase the amount and quality of housing available in the country
through the residential area with commercial units. Rent Housing trade is challenge in the
county mainly due to the high population growth rate therefore the project will contribute to
solving this problem and in line with development policies such as Vision 2030.
6.2.3.4 Increased Access to Goods, Services and Social Amenities
The commercial area of the project will increase access to quality goods and services that
encompass those that will be provided by the shops, supermarket and businesses. Also the
recreational facilities created by the project will increase both the social facilities and health of
the region, which is psychologically linked to human wellbeing and productivity. This will
stimulate other economic activities linked to these services and goods on top of improving the
quality of life that is linked this access of goods and services.

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6.2.3.5 Increased Economic Activities and Government Revenue
The project will also increase the economic activities that will be carried in the area through
those that will be primarily because of: the project’s internal and ancillary activities; its supply
chain; its value chain, and those that will be formed because of the project to support its
occupants. The latter includes businesses that may form around the project site such as shops,
kiosks and transport.
All these businesses activities will be taxed and generate revenue for the government in
addition to providing a market for their supply and value chains.
6.2.3.6 Stimulation to Urban Development
Cumulatively with other developments in the area the project will lead to turning the area from
a lower tier urban area to at least a middle tier urban area. This has benefits of increasing the
quality of life and revenue generation from increased activities. It is predicted that the project
will increase the viability of the area to develop more residential areas and commercial
establishments since it will increase the market and labor available, and the socioeconomic
status of the region.

6.2.3.7 Aesthetic Enhancements

The proposed project will result in beautification of the locality. This will include
establishment and maintenance of flower beds and greenery belt. The design concept has been
inspired by modern lifestyle expectation of space interacting with nature to produce lifestyle
targets which uphold current quality of living.
6.2.3.8 Improved Roads
The improvement and development of the project’s access road from the Outer Ring Road
round about as part of the project will increase the amount and quality of roads in the area.
This will improve access to the neighborhoods and commercial establishments lying in the
South western region of the project and therefore increase their business activities. This will
also be in line with local and national development policies that recognize the importance of
roads and infrastructure towards development.
6.2.3.9 Population Increase
From the influx of labor and economic opportunities resultant of the project, the population of
the region will be increased. This will be positive if the increase is sustainable on the basis of
the opportunities and services available leading to the population being an increase in

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human and social capital as well as market for the various goods and services sold in the area.
6.2.3.10 Impetus to Improve Amenities and Services
An increase in population to the area will provide an impetus for the County and the region to
improve the much-needed amenities and infrastructure to the area. It will provide a stronger
lobbing group. The influx will also provide an impetus to develop shared facilities
i.e. schools, hospitals, shops. This will have the indirect effect of creating job opportunities in
the area. Companies also in the business of providing services such as telecommunication will
also be encouraged to extend their networks to the region since it will be a ready and capable
market for their services.

6.2.4 Adverse Impact Assessment

The environmental impacts that could arise in the course of implementing this project are of
three phases namely during pre-construction, construction phase and operation phase.

6.2.4.1 Pre-construction Phase Impacts

The project will hold own land hence no impact on pre-construction.

6.2.4.2 Impact during construction phase

The activities during the construction phase are planning and positioning of buildings,
constructing buildings for different purposes and excavation work. The excavated material
during the construction will be kept as a dike surrounding the pit. The possible impacts due to
these activities are discussed below:

Loss of Flora and Faunal Habitats

Vegetation has a great effect on the general and localized environment and normally can
modify microclimate. Usually, the flora creates a good environment for habitats thus the two
may go together more often than not. In consequence, de-vegetation during construction may
result to negative effects on the fauna by creating a disturbance.
The vegetation is important in as food and habitat for various animals. It also assists in
maintaining the structure of the soil by holding the particles together. This enables the soil
microorganisms to flourish as their habitat; the soil is stable. This in turn allows the organisms
easily convert the dead leaves and plans to humus which helps enrich the soil as well as
preventing soil erosion. Converting the land area into a mostly built environment will minimize
the natural process of the existing vegetation.

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Changes in Surface and Sub-Surface Hydrology
Together with the loss of flora, changing the characteristics of the project site from its present
state to a more built state (85-90% built) and changing the soil‟s characteristics, the proposed
project will lead to a change in the water regime at the project site. This is because the built
areas will increase run-off while reducing percolation of water into the ground and thereby
also changing the sub-surface hydrology.
The wastes from the construction activities also pose a threat to the quality of water that will
be drained from the site through run-off and this may pollute aquifers and River surrounding
area.

6.2.4.3. Impact on Soil Quality

The construction of the proposed plant will disrupt the land and soil strata, but the disruption
is for positive causes and the impact will be permanent.

Changes in soil characteristics

Several changes in the characteristics of the soil may result due to the excavation and
compaction of soil for the foundation. The excavation may lead to losses in the accumulated
soil carbon and this is known source of GHGs i.e. CO2. Additively this excavation can also
alter the soil‟s structural stability and reducing its structural integrity.
Compacting the soil to lay the foundation, erecting temporary structures, and also from the
heavy vehicles (trucks, tractors etc.) can reduce the soil’s percolate ability and thereby
increasing run-off either on the specific routes or large area. Together with the laying of
foundation and erecting of ancillary structures, this will further lead to changes in surface and
sub-surface hydrology by changing the flow and recharge rates at the project site.

6.2.4.4. Impact on Air Quality

During construction phase, suspended particulate matter will be the main pollutant, which will
be generated due to the site development activities and vehicular movement, because of
vehicular traffic there may be a marginal increase in the concentrations of NOx and SO2. The
impact of such activities would be temporary and restricted to the construction phase only.
Proper upkeep and maintenance of vehicles, sprinkling of water on roads at construction site,
providing sufficient vegetation etc. are some of the proposed measures that would greatly
reduce the impact on the air quality during the construction phase of the project. The impact of
such activities would be temporary and restricted to the construction phase only and will be
confined within the project premises.

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The works involved in this phase of this project will also emit various air pollutants which can
have both negative effects on both human and environmental health. One of these is dusts
from the soil excavation, carving of bricks and movement of trucks on loose top soil after the
land has been cleared. Excavations and the use of cement and sand among other like-materials
are bound to increase the dust and particle levels in the air around the development area. Such
effects should be avoided through the use of dust screens. Workers at the site should also be
provided with protective clothing to avoid negative health effects

Also engines burning fossil fuels (vehicular and generators) will emit oxides of Carbon,
Sulphur and Nitrogen, and these also pose risks to human and environmental health on top
some of them being GHGs such as (CO2).
Welding operations will also emit gases and fumes such as ozone, chromium particularly in its
hexavalent state (Cr6+), nickel (potential carcinogens), cadmium and lead10, whilst others
include: NOx, NO2, CO, CO2, O3 from mild and stainless steel welding6. The health effects
of exposure to these fumes can include irritation of the upper respiratory tract (nose and throat),
tightness in the chest, wheezing, metal fume fever, lung damage, bronchitis, pneumonia or
emphysema. While particulate welding fume is usually fairly easy to see, gaseous fumes are
invisible

6.2.4.5. Impact on Water Quality

Water requirement for construction phase will be met by own bore wells and through tankers.
The local labor force will be deployed during construction phase and no colony would be
proposed as the workers will be employed from the nearby local village. Minor impact is
envisaged on ground water source during construction phase, which will be temporary.
However necessary permission will be taken from the concerned authority. There is no surface
water body in construction site. The sewage generated during construction at site will be
disposed into septic tank and soak pit. Hence the effect on the water body is minimal.

6.2.4.6. Impact on Noise Levels

The major sources of noise during the construction phase are vehicular traffic & construction
equipment like concrete mixers, cranes, generators, pumps, compressors etc. The noise level
expected due to operation of the equipment range between 70 – 75 dB(A). The noise produced
during construction will have a significant impact on the existing ambient noise levels.
However, the proponent will be provided to workers at site and construction

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machinery will be maintained properly to check on noise and emission levels within prescribed
limits.

The construction activities and processes will also generate noise above the ambient levels of
the area. One of the sources of this noise would be from the trucks‟ and tractor‟s engines
moving in the area either undertaking the civil works or ferrying materials, wastes and
equipment to and fro the project site and these will form the mobile sources of noise during
this phase. Some point sources of noise will include civil works which will be operation
specific or localized at the site due to the scope of the activities. This category of noise will
include activities such as excavation, hammering, sawing, grinding; moving of material to and
fro storage and also the use of generators.

One of the risks of the noise would be to the surrounding areas where they may create a
nuisance or disturbance. Whereas at the site the loud noises pose a risk to the workers and site
personnel since loud noises increase the risk of ear damage and deafness. Table 6- 2below
shows some of the levels of noise that can emitted from the project’s activities during this phase.

Table: Noise Levels of Some Construction Equipment

There will be an increase in the levels of noise in the construction site owing to the nature of
machinery in use and the activities such as drilling and excavation. The normal levels of 55
decibels recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) will be surpassed in the duration
of the construction process. However, this is a minor negative impact since the site area is
largely a free open area with sparse residential settlement.

6.2.4.7. Solid waste

Millions of tons of solid waste is generated annually by human beings and may therefore pose
great hazard if there are no proper disposal and handling systems. The construction

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phase will also lead to generation of construction wastes from the civil works and operations
on the materials involved in the processes.
These wastes include: plastics, metal shavings, wood shavings, food wastes, plants, gases
(Carbon, Nitrous and Sulphur us Oxides), fumes (from glues and other hydrocarbons), stone
shavings, ceramics, bricks, glass, cardboard, soil, cement, asphalt, sand, concrete, paper,
paints, sealants, adhesives, fasteners, construction effluent (grey water).
This phase will also lead to generation of waste heat through its run-off (water used for cooling)
and the electric and diesel machines used in the construction activities. The waste heat can
contribute cumulatively with other projects/activities in the area to change the microclimate,
while waste heat in run-off can lead thermal pollution if it eventually drains into River near by
surrounding the project area.
This type of waste poses risks to both human and environmental health and thus the proposed
project would require an adequate waste management strategy, occupational health and safety
strategy, and hazardous material safety plan. Some environmental impacts would include soil
contamination, water and air pollution, whereas health risks include: breathing complications
and respiratory diseases, cancer, skin disorders, poisoning etc.

6.2.4.8. Health and safety

The health and safety of workers will be at risk due to generation of particulate matter and
noise during construction if not managed well. Careful attention will therefore be given to
mitigation of dust, noise, vibration and other hazards in the work environment.
Several OSH risks will occur from the activities, processes, materials and equipment involved
in the construction phase of the project.
Increased Pressure on Utilities
The processes and activities involved in the construction of the project would place added
pressure on infrastructure services and utilities such as roads, water, drainage and energy. This
may contribute to service disruptions since the utility and service requirements of this stage
are intensive. This impact is made more probable due to the challenges faced in the county to
provide these services and compounded by the growth of the population.
Increased Heavy Traffic
In this phase, the main roads leading to the site area will serve the additional vehicles used for
the transportation of materials, equipment and staff to the site. Thus, together with other
developments the project will contribute to increasing the amount of heavy traffic plying the
roads around it. Heavy trucks not have the risk of causing accidents due to their limited

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maneuverability but also place added pressure on the roads and can lead to failure (cracks
and potholes). This is failure is however a combination of factors including:
• the total of trips of heavy trucks
• the strength of the roads in context of carrying the heavy loads, and
• the resilience of the roads towards weathering.
Although Road is being upgraded the roads in the neighborhoods and other access roads in the
wider region remain in a poor state or are not up to the standards that Galan Guda Road is
being upgraded to. Therefore, they will be most at risk of failure or dilapidation from the
cumulative pressure placed on them by the construction projects targeting the area.
Population Influx
During the construction phase, there will be an influx of people mainly working in the
development. There will also be an increase of population due to the opportunities presented
in providing goods and services to primary population increment for the construction activities
and employees. This secondary increase will mainly entail retailers of foodstuffs and other
commodities. Waste from such commodities might pollute the area if a designated dumping
place is not allocated. The population will increase since the opportunities will be open to both
local and people from other areas and thereby increasing the population.
This increase in population will create pressure on utilities as well as present social risks
through the interaction of people. Also, it may present a security risk since people will with ill
intentions may see an opportunity in the belongings of those attracted by the project for
economic reasons.

6.2.3. Impact during Operation Phase

6.2.3.1. Environmental Risk during Production

The impacts that could arise from the project are mainly during the operation phase of the
project. Our approach is to seek to design out polluting materials and processes and
increasingly to adopt sustainable materials instead. We have planned a number of initiatives to
put in place during production process.

• Material selection policy

• Uses of recycled materials
• Control and monitoring of restricted substances.

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By working with the environmental authority, we will strive to continually identify
environmental impacts throughout the lifecycle of project product or services and explores
solutions to these impacts that benefit both the environment and business.

Increased Pressure on Available Utilities

The expected increase in population and the needs of this population would place more
pressure on infrastructure, utilities and social amenities in the area during the operational
phase of the project. This may mainly be at the early stages of the project since they may not
be capable to handle the extra demand created especially during rush hours. These services
also encompass security as the project may attract people with different motives to the area.
The increased demand has been estimated to be 8.0 MVA for electricity and 1,200 m3/day
for water although not all of this will be placed on existing systems, since the project will use
other on-site options, a considerable amount of demand will be placed on KPLC‟s and
NCWSC‟s network. Additionally, the roads in the area will experience more traffic due this
increased in population and this can cause more or increase the duration of traffic jams as
well as increase the probability of traffic hazards,

Increased Land Values and Land Use Changes

It is predicted that because of the project and other projects being carried out in the area the
values of land in the area may increase at rates significantly more than normal. This is because
the increase in population will increase demand for land and since its supply can’t be increased,
the value of land will increase. Also, these projects will cumulatively turn the area into a more
commercial and middle-income region therefore pushing the value per acre in the region since
more and more commercial establishments and higher value residential areas will be created
out of opportunity.
This increase of land values and attraction of businesses to the area will cause land use changes
in the region both in terms of uses of land (residential to commercial) and changing its character
(vegetated areas to built-up areas). This will have impacts of loss of vegetation and emissions
of GHGs on top of increasing the cost of living in the region, which may socially push the
residents of the region further away if their econometric capacities are not improved in
commensurate.

It is important to note that the project in its self can’t lead to this impact since it will only
involve land use change at the site but its combination with other projects in the area can
possibly cause this impact.
Micro-Climate Modification

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Though the project area is quite small to cause any considerable microclimate change it bears
the potential of adding to cumulative effects of other infrastructural development that together
emit GHGs. Change in land surface from natural vegetation to manmade built landscape will
have an effect on the area microclimate by reducing the amount of evapotranspiration from the
vegetation in the area which are also a GHG sink.
The microclimate will also be modified by the project activities that produce waste heat
(emitted heat) and this will result in the area producing more heat than originally emitted
without the project. Waste heat will be produced from vehicles, electronics, generators, water
pump, air conditioning etc.
Security Threats
The proposed project will attract a variety of people to the region either as residents, business
people, suppliers, visitors and customers. Their variety of economic and social activities will
also generate income and increase both the economic and social capital in the area. These may
attract thieves to the area since they may target either the businesses or the people themselves
and their belongings. Also, the diversity of people in the project during its operational phase
and the creation of a hub by the project may also be a target for terrorists as has been
experienced in the past where malls have been put on high alert towards terror threats.
Sociocultural Impacts
The proposed project will involve a Recreational center building development that will attract
different citizens and foreigners to the site. Social cohesion and blending with the existing
communities may pose a conflict of interests in the short term since the influx population will
come with their differing cultural and social Practices. The locals may also be forced to move
from the area if the land values increase and they end being bought out to pave way for more
commercial developments that are predicted to occur in the region. Thus, they would face a
loss of social control and ownership to the region if this happens and economic segregation
may occur on the basis of richer middle and upper class moving into the area and displacing
the local lower class.

However this may be treated as a minor impact since most communities in Kenya are
welcoming and easy to interact with. Also since Nairobi is a predominantly urban and
developed area that has a higher level of social permissiveness than most other urban areas in
the country.

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Social interactions and increased population may also present public health risks from
communicable diseases such as respiratory diseases, HIV/AIDS, typhoid and cholera amongst
others. The latter two diseases can be caused as result of increased population without
commensurate services in sanitation, whilst the increase in population alone will place pressure
on available medical and health care.
Increased Air Pollution
Cumulatively with other projects and activities carried out in the area the proposed project will
emit pollutants to the air that present risks to human and ecosystem health. Table below
delineates some of the air pollutants expected from the project and the environmental and
social aspects that they present a risk on.

It is also important to note that there are no air pollution laws in the country and this creates a
problem in terms of regulating this impact and it is thus proposed for the project to use
international guidelines such as those provided by the WHO.
Increased Surface run-off
The paved surfaces and the project structures created from the construction phase of the project
can lead to increased run-off by preventing the natural percolation of water through the soil.
This will also aggregate to the changes in the surface and subsurface hydrology as a result of
the project.
Additionally, the increased run-off may lead to soil erosion in the areas where the water drains
off to or drainage blockages by overloading the present drainage systems in the area. The
increased run-off from the project and other construction projects may also cumulatively cause
urban flooding and inundation of low-lying areas during the rainy season.

6.2.3.2. Noise
During operational stage possible noise generation will be as a result of vehicular movement
to and from the premises and also from the generators that would be installed to provide
alternative power supply.
The activities of this phase of the project will also generate noise and these will be from various
point sources such as if diesel generators without silencers are used and also any repair works
that may be carried as necessitated by the project’s operations. Mobile sources of noise will
mainly include cars and the trucks that will be ferrying goods to the project. Although the noise
levels emitted during this stage will be less than during the construction the impact will have
more receptors since there will be more people in the area as a direct result of the project being
operational.

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6.2.3.3. Waste water
The water is only used for sanitation; therefore, it does not contain pollutants they should have
prepared septic tank.
Generation of waste
Several waste streams will be generated from the operational phase of the building and these
have are delineated in Table below alongside their sources and risks they present if not properly
managed.
Table: Operational Phase Wastes

Thus, a plan to manage the OSH risks during this stage will also enable the proposed project
will also be important and necessary.

6.2.3.4 Health and Environmental Risk

The ESMP of the project activities was determined by identifying the environmental aspects
and then undertaking an environmental risk assessment to determine the significant
environmental aspects. The environmental impact assessment has included all phases of the
project namely construction phase and operational phase.

The building has both positive and negative impact

Positive impact of the project

The positive impact of the project is:-

➢ Generation of employment opportunity

➢ Source income for the government through business income tax
➢ Income generation for the promoter
➢ Being exemplary for other investors who want to engage in the same business line.

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Negative impact of the project

The project has the following negative impacts:

Noise and Dust emission during Construction

There are some noises during the construction due to the construction operation and the
company will use construct the construction during the day time. Again, there is the emission
of dust which will be mitigated by sprinkling water on the service.

Problem on workers on construction

During construction, there are some problems that will materialize on workers. These are:
damage on operation by using machines, construction materials and others. To mitigate such
impact the company will provide safety insurance and safety equipment’s.

Swages during operation

During operation, there are some wastes emitting from the construction manufacturing. These
are wastes from the latrine and will be mitigated by using modern waste treatment technology.

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 7. Mitigation of Significant Impacts

7.1. Constructional phase impacts mitigation measures

Most of the impacts identified during the construction phase assessed to be of negligible to low
significance with the implemented of mitigation measures. Measures to prevent, reduce or
mitigate the negative effects of the proposed project are therefore described below.

7.2. Noise and vibration

The Generating plant set would be used as back up in the event power trips. It will be housed
in a honeycomb structure and would be fully lagged with noise-proof materials. Expected
humming from the generators when in operation will not exceed 60 decibels.
This is expected to minimize the noise and vibration. Because of the open ocean conditions in
which drilling would take place within short duration, the significance of turbid plumes, release
of chemical drilling additives, and the smothering of benthic organisms, the significance of
these impacts would be negligible.
During construction, use sound-proof equipment and construction machinery causing less
noise pollution

7.3. Soil and Water

• Manage site operations so as to avoid unnecessary ground stamping by machinery,

backfilling with construction material and waste, and pollution with fuels and
lubricants.
• Maintain regularly machinery and equipment.
• Provide for a mobile sanitary chemical unit for sanitary waste water, and empty and
clean/maintain it regularly
• Where fuel tanks for machines and the plant are located at site, ensure that they have
two linings and that they are placed in a catch basin Make available on site suitable
absorbing agents for cleaning up polluted soil in the event of fuel or lubricant leakage
from the plant and machines.

7.3. Solid waste

The task will be contracted to dispose of solid wastes to be generated during the occupancy
phase of the project. Other private solid waste operators will also be contracted to augment the
mechanism to be instituted to dispose of all solid waste.
• Collect and select by types waste generated during construction.

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 • Organize waste carting and disposal depending on project construction schedule.
• Provide for the carting to an appropriate waste disposal site of construction waste,
generated during construction (concrete, stone, excavation soil), which can be used in
plant construction and location renovation/clean-up.
• Use metal waste generated during construction as secondary raw materials.
• Dispose hazardous waste generated during construction through an approved
hazardous waste collector

7.4. Health and safety

Concerns on occupational health and safety issues with respect to requirement of factories,
offices and shops would be strictly observed. Proper health and safety equipment will be
provided for all workers and an in-house health and safety protocol shall be adhered to. All
chemical usage would be carried out with utmost care following standard procedures. Further,
all used chemicals shall be disposed off adequately and cautiously. Additionally, warning signs
shall be erected.

7.5. Air (Visual intrusion)

During the construction phase, dust and particulate matter likely to be generated would be
controlled by regular sprinkling of water within the vicinity to suppress their suspension.

7.6 Operational Phase Impacts mitigation measures

. Noise
The stand-by generators would be placed in a honeycomb structure and each plant set would
have a silencer and lagging (sound proof casing) around the engine to control noise generation.
It is therefore unlikely that the generator would increase the ambient noise levels significantly
above the existing range of 38.4-67.8 dB (A).
Take following operational measures at noise sources:
• Maintain devices and pieces of equipment regularly
• Meet plant standards/rules and follow instructions for the operation of particular devices
and equipment (keeping the doors and other openings on the buildings during plant
operation open, the run/operation of devices and machines in the designed mode of
operation, etc.)

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. Air quality
Sulphur dioxide (SO2), smoke, carbon monoxide (CO) and other gaseous pollutants will
constitute major emissions when the generator comes on-line following a power outage.
Adequate dispersion of gases is anticipated in view of the high prevailing wind speed that
exists throughout the year. A stack height of at least 5 m (from ground level) will be connected
to the generator exhaust to enhance dispersion of gaseous and particulate emissions.

Waste

• Provide for separate collection of waste by the type of waste.

• For production wastes, cut-offs and post-consumer wastes from which plastic can be
separated easily, mechanical recycling provides an environmental advantage.

Working Environment/ Workplace Risk

Concerns on occupational health and safety issues with respect to requirement of factories,
offices and shops would be strictly observed. Proper health and safety equipment will be
provided for all workers and an in-house health and safety protocol shall be adhered to. All
chemical usage would be carried out with utmost care following standard procedures. Further,
all used chemicals shall be disposed of adequately and cautiously. Additionally, warning signs
shall be erected. In general, the company will follow the following mitigation measures;
❖ Providing the proper safety-first procedures
❖ Protection clothing
❖ Chemical resistant safety shoes
❖ Goggles to avoid irritation to the respiratory track due to exposure for polymer granules
during primary mixing etc.
❖ In general, the buildings must be capable of being kept clean and provision should be
made for keeping the sewerages drained out properly and room temperature is attained
to keep healthy environment.
❖ Periodic checkup for workers in chemical for contamination.
❖ Provide adequate first aid equipment on major sites
❖ The last but not the least, the company understood all the Environmental and Health
Risks in the post-consumer phase of the life cycle of the products and will strive to get
sound solution with the local Environmental authority.

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 source of Environ Causes Impact characteristics
impact mental
Attribut Nature Durati Reve Significance &mitigation measure Monitoring Respons Cost(
e on rsibil Body ibility Birr/y
ity ear)
During Air Dust emission Direct Long Reve Stack will be provided with appropriate APC system Galan Guda Daba 40,000
Construct quality from Stack, Negati Term rsibl so, the impact will be insignificant. If no APC system EPA Gashe
ion and Fugitive emission ve e is installed there will be high impact. If proper water
Operation sprinkling system is installed then the impact due to
Phase fugitive emission will be insignificant
Waste Water Only Domestic Direct Long Reve In the process there will be requirement of water in Galan Daba 40,000
water waste water Negati Term rsibl cooling and no water will be discharged. So, as a Guda EPA Gashe
discharge ve e whole it can be said that there will be no impact due to
production process. Beside this there will be discharge
of domestic waste water which will be taken into
septic tank and soak pit so this will not cause any
impact on the water environment of the area.
Green Air Dispersion of Air Positiv Long Reve Very High positive Impact due to development of a Galan Daba 20,000
Belt emission from e Term rsibl proper green belt along the periphery of the premises. Guda EPA Gashe
stationary sources e
along with
Fugitive emission
Rain Water Minimization of Positiv Long Reve Because of the Rain water harvesting system, Galan Daba 30,000
Water fresh water e Term rsibl requirement if fresh water can be minimized Guda EPA Gashe
Harvestin e
g
Employm Socio Direct & Indirect Direct Long Reve Positive Impact due to hiring of manpower from the Galan Daba 50,000
ent Econom Employment Positiv Term rsibl nearby area. Guda EPA Gashe
ic e e Substantial benefits in the form of contracts to local
agencies for different services
Employment generation in transport sector as several
local conveyance trips and trucks loadings will be
handled every day.

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8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 General overview

Environmental management is concerned with implementation of the measures necessary to
minimize or offset adverse impacts and to enhance beneficial impacts. Unless the mitigation
and benefit enhancement measures identified in the ESMP are fully implemented, the prime
function of EIA, which is to provide a basis for shaping the project so that overall
environmental performance is enhanced, cannot be achieved.

In order to be effective, environmental management must be fully integrated with the overall
project management effort at all levels, which itself should be aimed at providing a high level
of quality control, leading to a project which has been properly designed and constructed and
functions efficiently throughout its life. Hence, the overall goal of the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) of the project is to minimize adverse impacts of the project by
managing and implementing the proposed impact alleviation measures and good working
practices.

Under this section specific management activities (at construction and operation phases) to
overcome possible impacts of the project are outlined.

8.2. Pre-Construction Phase

Prior to the construction and installation of the envisioned plant, environmental management
will be considered with five principal groups:

• Ensuring that all government and concerned agency requirements and procedures
related to EIA are complete with
• Implementation of land acquisition procedures including the payment of
compensation if any,
• Selecting of technologies and equipment’s and process units in a manner
that minimizes adverse impacts and enhancing beneficial impacts,
• Preparation of detail designs for the plant layout, which incorporate specific features
aimed at minimizing adverse impacts and enhancing beneficial impacts.
• Preparation of contract documents which contain appropriate clause to allow control
of impacts arising from constructing the plant.
As the project promoter, will be responsible for handling the above issues before the
commencement of the construction; the proponent will hire an environmentalist and health

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personnel consultants that facilitate these activities and inter institutional relationships for the
environmental management and other construction activities as well.

The Galan Guda Sub- City Administration’s Environmental Protection Authority will also be
responsible for ensuring that its own environmental requirements are fully met in the ESMP
study report. The other partners, development banks, are also responsible government and non-
governmental agencies that will be responsible for ensuring procedural consistency of the
project for providing a loan.

8.3. Construction Phase

During construction and installation of the plant units, the contractor will be responsible for
implementing the environmental mitigation measures proposed in this ESMP study report. The
construction supervisor shall monitor impacts and their proper implementation of mitigation
measures. He/She will be fully responsible for ensuring that all the works to be carried out in
accordance with the specifications and designs, that the environmental impacts will be taken
into the consideration and that good workmanship be followed. He/She should be empowered
to deal within fragments at the time and on the spot.

It is also proposed that an environmental inspector to be arranged by the proponent. The major
environmental management issues to be undertaken during the construction phase are
presented in the following subsections.

8.3.1. Site Preparation Management

Site preparation management is handled by experts experienced in the field.

8.3.2. Waste Management

All solid and liquid wastes generated from the construction activities should be managed
properly. Solid wastes must be collected and burnt in a burn pit specially created for this
purpose. These burning pits must be placed away from the groundwater well head and the
seasonal wetland and covered up after completion of the construction work.

All the used oil and grease from the plant and equipment must be collected and burned or
buried in specially secured landfill effectively sealed from the surroundings. Environmental
inspector has to ensure the proper implementation of these activities and submit report on the
status of environmental management to the company concerning local authorities.

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8.3.3. Air pollution and dust management
The construction action is the major source of dust emission and air pollution. However, it
can be managed by:

o Discarding construction wastes in an appropriate or authorized waste management

facilities/land fill sites.

o Preventing the generation of air pollution during the construction period by water
sprinkling.

8.3.4. On site cultivation and infrastructure

As much as possible attention must be given to save the indigenous trees found on the site
and the natural tree planted at the boundary of the manufacturing plant area if any.

8.3.5. Health and risk management

Health and risk management should be done to avoid unnecessary impact on human health.
Providing health facility (mobile clinic or first aid service depending on the size of workforce)
is the main element of health and risk management.

8.4. Operational phase

Most of project environmental management activities will be carried out during the operation
phase, since this is when long term significant impacts (including environmental pollution and
human health hazard) can be expected to arise.

The objective of the environmental management program at this phase of the project are:
protection of the environment from debris and other pollutants, protection of workers from
work area health hazard, efficient use of water sources, waste management and improve the
environmental performance of the company.

The study consultant team proposes an Environmental and Safety Management Unit (ESMU)
in the company’s structure to operate the environmental management program at this stage of
the project as.

• coordinate and administer all aspects of the environmental management programs;

• develop further an environmental oversight capability within the company; and
• Facilitate for the implementation of companywide Environmental Management System
(EMS).

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A three person staff comprising civil/chemical engineering expert, environmentalist and health
officer would be sufficient to perform the environmental management program. The unit
requires additional support from other departments.

Sufficient budget should be allocated for environmental monitoring activities 5,252,420million

Ethiopian Birr Will be allocated. Regular internal auditing and monitoring should be made and
audit report should be submitted to the city environmental protection agency on quarter basis.

8.5. Monitoring plan and implementation program

Environmental monitoring is an essential tool in relation to environmental management as it
provides the basis for rational management decisions regarding impact control. The monitoring
programmed for the present project will be undertaken to meet the following objectives:

• to check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures have actually been
adopted, and are proving effective in practice

• to provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the time
of preparation of the EIA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to provide
a basis for formulating appropriate additional impact control measures

There are two basic forms of monitoring:

1) Compliance monitoring, which checks whether prescribed actions have been carried
out, usually by means of inspection or enquiries.

2) Effects monitoring, that records the consequences of activities on one or more

environmental components, and usually involves physical measurement of selected
parameters or the execution of surveys to establish the nature and extent of induced
changes.

Responsibilities for the implementation of environmental mitigation measures belong to

national authorities, institutions and partners.

Due to the insignificant or low negative environmental impact during construction, no specific
monitoring actions are necessary other than the usual ones taken by the environmental
authorities.

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 Sufficient budget should be allocated for environmental monitoring activities. Regular internal
auditing and monitoring should be made and audit report should be submitted to environmental
protection bureau on a year basis.

Table – mitigation measure and monitoring Plan budgeting

Aspects to be Activity Frequency Institution Budget

monitored responsible

Noise Asses the level of noise from Yearly twice Proponent Br.10,000
vehicular movement to sound
and generators and music sound measurement(
db)
Air Quality • Limit ambient air quality test Yearly once Proponent Br.25,000
parameter
• Conduct air quality
assessment
• Limit dust emissions
to
below standards
Waste • Assess Plastic processing Twice per Proponent Br.70,000
waste and other solid wastes, month
• Evaluate the
Recycle/reuse process of
solid Waste
Worker health • Assess employee’s health Twice Per year Proponent Br.20,000
safety and utilization of safety
devices
%2 Planting From taken land should have Yearly once Proponent Br. 25,000
green
tree

Total BR.55 ,000

Environmental
Monitoring
cost

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9. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

9.1 Conclusion

The proposed project will provide a new and conducive workplace to promote an effective and efficient
work environment for Recreational center building and will therefore address the current demand for
unemployment in Sheger, Galan Guda Sub- City during construction and operational phase. The
activities for which the proposed development is intended are compatible with the neighborhood. The
project has been planned in full cognizance and in conformity to the requirements of the government.
The project is an environmentally low risk project and thus poses no significant threat to the
environmental aspects of the area. The negative and positive environmental impacts from the
implementation of the proposed project have been identified. Appropriate mitigation measures,
management and monitoring plan have been designed to address the identified negative impacts during
construction, operation and decommissioning phases.

9.2 Recommendations

The proponent and contractor are advised to implement the Environmental and Social Management
and monitoring Plan, so as to reduce adverse impacts and boost good Environmental practices.
Guidelines on environment, health and safety must also be followed in order to reduce incidences of
accidents, health problems and compromise to environmental wellbeing. Recommendations for the
prevention and mitigation of adverse impacts are as follows: -

 Needs to give attention to green belt development.

 Ensure that worker’s occupational health and safety standards are maintained through capacity
building, proper training, and providing protective clothing.

 The proponent/contractor should ensure that the proposed management plan is fully
implemented.

 Heavy construction activities should be limited (or avoided) during the rainy season to
minimize the chances of soil degradation (soil erosion). Maintenance activities must be carried
out in service bay to reduce chances of oils or grease or other maintenance materials, from
coming into contact with environment (water or soil).

 Construction activities must be undertaken only during the day i.e. between 08:00 hours to
17:00hours. This will minimize disturbance to the general public within the proximity of the
project site.

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 All solid waste materials and debris resulting from construction activities must be disposed
offsite to approve dumpsites. There should be proper waste segregation to allow for recycling.
Some excavation waste such as stone materials should be used for backfilling.

 There is need for workers’ awareness creation on the environmental management issues.

 Once the buildings are completed and fully occupied, the proponent should engage services
of waste management companies registered by the regulatory authority in compliance with
Environment Management and Coordination (Solid Waste) Proclamation No. 513/2007.

 A complete firefighting system must be provided after completion of the project. This must
be installed or provided at strategic points.

 During decommissioning phase of the project, the contractor should adopt the method of
selective demolition as far as practicable. This will enable the demolition and removal of
wastes of the same category on eat a time thus facilitates recycling of wastes for beneficial
reuse, and minimizing the burden on dumpsites.

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9. REFERENCES
1. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No.
1/1995.Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1996), Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1997), Environmental Policy of Ethiopia:
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
4. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (2000), Guideline Document: Environmental
Assessment and Management; EPA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
5. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2002), Environmental Pollution Control
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 300/2002, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
6. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2002), Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 299/2002. Addis Ababa.
7. FDRE EPA, 2003. Guideline for reviewing environmental impact study reports (final
drafts), Addis Ababa.
8. MEDAC/EPA (1997). The conservation strategies of Ethiopia, Vlume1. The resource base,
its utilization and planning for sustainability, Addis Ababa.
9. Otterstrom T. and P. Kosk. (1994). “Ekono Energy Ltd & Soil and Water Ltd. Assessment
of External Costs of Energy Production in Finland”. Report prepared for the SIHTI 2
Project.
10. RGO, 1999a. Regulation for the establishment of Oromia Environmental protection Forst
& Climate chang Authority, Finfinne.

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