SPanish 1

Introduction to Spanish

Lecture by Paul Arnel P. Bautista

 oración

Padre nuestro, que estás en el cielo.

Santificado sea tu nombre.
Venga a nosotros tu reino.
Hágase tu voluntad en la tierra como en el
cielo. Danos hoy nuestro pan de cada día.
Perdona nuestras ofensas, como también
nosotros perdonamos a los que nos ofenden.
No nos dejes caer en tentación y líbranos del
mal. Amén.
spanish alphabet
 A(ah) B(bveh) C(seh) D(deh)

E(eh) F(eh-feh) G(heh) H(ah-cheh)

I(ee) J(hoh-tah) K(kah) L(eh-leh)

M(eh-meh) N(eh-neh) Ñ(eh-nyeh) O(oh)

P(peh) Q(koo) R(eh-reh) S(eh-seh)

W(doh-bvleh oo-
T(teh) U(oo) V(oo-bveh)
bveh)

Y(ee-gree-eh-
X(eh-kees) Z(see-tah)
gah)

CH(cheh) RR(trilled r) LL(eh-yeh)

 rules of accentuation

1) Tonic (tónicas)
The tonic syllables are stressed/accentuated.

Example: a-mor, pin-cel

2) Atonic (atónicas)
The atonic syllables are not stressed/accentuated.

Example: a-mor, pin-cel

 Depending on the position of the tonic syllable, they
can be classified in the following:

1) Agudas
The tonic syllable is the last syllable.

Example: ayer, edad

2) Llanas
The tonic syllable is the penultimate/before the last syllable.

Example: oso, hoja

 Depending on the position of the tonic syllable, they
can be classified in the following:

3) Esdrújulas
The tonic syllable is the antepenultimate/2nd to the last syllable.

Example: sílaba, crepúsculo

4) Sobresdrújulas
The tonic syllable is the before the 3rd or 4th to the last syllable.

Example: gánatelo
 Accentuation of the following:

1) Agudas
These words will have an accent mark in the tonic syllable
when it ends in a vowel or in the consonants -n or -s

Example: café, canción, cortés

2) Llanas
These words will have an accent mark when it ends in a
consonants that neither end in -n nor -s.
Example: árbol, azúcar
 Accentuation of the following:

3) Esdrújulas
These words will always have an accent mark in the tonic
syllable.

Example: climático, ecológico

4) Sobresdrújulas
These words will always have an accent mark in the tonic
syllable.
Example: regálaselo
 nouns
Nouns are words that designates beings, objects,
places, ideas or events.

Example:
Beings- Andrés, Gato
Objects- Mesa, Puerta
Places- Iloilo, Universidad
Ideas- Amistad, Amor
Events- Concierto, Misa
 Forms of nouns
Nouns are variable words, which means, it can vary to
express the gender and the number.

Gender of the Noun

All nouns in Spanish have grammatical gender,
regardless of whether or not they have a distinction of
gender.
The gender of the noun can be Masculine or
Feminine.
 Gender of the Noun
The majority of nouns only have one gender, that is to
say, they are masculine (carro) or feminine (piña) with
any possible variation.

However, there are nouns that may present a gender

variation if it refers to a person or animals with
masculine or feminine gender.

The masculine ends in -o and the feminine ends in -a.

hermano/hermana gato/gata
 There are also some variants when it comes to the gender of the
noun, they are the following:

Variants in respect to the gender Example

Distinguished by the article of the noun. el/la ciclista el/la cantante

Lacks a masculine ending and form the

pintor/pintora actor/actriz
feminine with -a or another ending.

Changes the whole word to modify the

toro/vaca caballo/yegua
gender (heteronyms).

Uses the same article to refer to both

la tortuga la jirafa
genders.
Nouns are variable words, which means, it can vary to
express the gender and the number.

Number of the Noun

Nouns can also vary to express the number. The
number of the noun can be Singular or Plural.

Nouns with a singular number refers to only one

being or object and nouns with plural number refers
to various beings or objects.
 Number of the Noun
Nouns in singular are just as is. To make a noun in
plural, it is normally made by adding an -s if it ends in
a vowel or -es if it ends in a consonant.

cuchara-> cucharas papel->papeles

 Special Cases in the Plural Formation Examples

Nouns that are llanas or esdrújulas that ends

in -s or -x are determined through their el/los martes el/los dúplex
article.

Some monosyllable nouns which singular form

sí/síes yo/yoes
ends in a tonic vowel is added -es.

Nouns ending in -ú tonic or in -í is added-es.

In some cases -es is used but in concrete rubí/ rubíes/ rubís menú/menús
cases on -s is used.

Some nouns that ends in -y are added either -

jersey/ jerséis rey/reyes
s or -es.

Majority of foreign words ending in

bloc/ blocs club/clubs/clubes
consonants are added -s.
 Greetings
Saludos
Formal
Hola! ¿Como está? (Hello, how are you?)
Hola! Estoy bien, ¿y tú? (Hi, I am good, and you?)
Estoy bien, gracias. (I am good, thank you.)

Informal
Hola! ¿Que tal? (Hello, what's up?)
Bien, ¿tú? (Good, you?)
Bien también. (Good too.)
Presenting yourself
Presentar a ti

¿Cuál es tu nombre? (What is your name?)

Mi nombre es Paolo (My name is Paolo).
El/la mío/a es Juan/Juana (Mine is Juan/Juana).

¿Como te llamas? (What do you call yourself?)

Me llamo Paolo ( I call myself Paolo)

Presenting yourself
Presentar a ti

Response
Es un gusto conocerte (It's nice to meet you).
Mucho gusto (Nice to meet you).
Un placer ( A pleasure)
Un placer conocerte (A pleasure to meet you).
Encantado/Encantada (Charmed)
 Presenting someone
Presentar a alguien

Yo te presento a Paolo (I present to you Paolo).

Yo os presento a mis amigos (I present to you my friends).

Paolo, este es Juan, Juan, este es Paolo (Paolo, this is Juan,

Juan, this is Paolo).

Ways to greet in spain

Dar la mano= Shake hand

Dar un signo= Give a sign
Dar dos besos= "Beso-beso"
 Practice

Formal
Hola! ¿Como está?
Hola! Estoy bien, ¿y tú?
Estoy bien, gracias.
¿Cuál es su nombre?
Mi nombre es... ¿y usted?
El/la mío/a es...
Un placer conocerle
El placer es mío/a.

Practice

Informal
¿Qué tal?
Bien, ¿y tú?
Bien, también.
¿Como te llamas?
Me llamo... ¿tú?
El/la mío/a es...
Encantado/a
Igualmente

 Other Phrases

Buenos días (Good morning)

Buenas tardes (Good afternoon/evening)
Buenas noches (Good night)
Hola (Hello)
Adiós (Goodbye)
Hasta luego (See you later)
Hasta pronto (See you soon)
Hasta manaña (See you tomorrow)
Nos vemos (See you)
 Other Phrases

Por favor (Please)

Gracias (Thank you)
De nada (You are Welcome)
Sin Problema (No Problem)
Lo siento/Perdón (Sorry)
Perdón/Disculpa/Disculpe (Excuse me)
 Cardinal numbers

Number Spanish Number Spanish

0 cero 5 cinco

1 uno 6 seis

2 dos 7 siete

3 tres 8 ocho

4 cuatro 9 nueve
 Cardinal numbers

Number Spanish Number Spanish

10 diez 15 quince

11 once 16 dieciséis

12 doce 17 diecisiete

13 trece 18 dieciocho

14 catorce 19 diecinueve
 Cardinal numbers

Number Spanish Number Spanish

20 veinte 70 setenta

30 treinta 80 ochenta

40 cuarenta 90 noventa

50 cincuenta 100 cien (ciento)

60 sesenta 101 ciento uno

 Cardinal numbers

Number Spanish Number Spanish

dos mil
200 doscientos 2.500
quinientos

500 quinientos 100.000 cien mil

700 setecientos 1.000.000 millón

cincuenta
900 novecientos 50.000.000
millones

1.000 mil 1.000.000.000 mil millones

 cardinal numbers

For numbers between 16 and 99, the conjunction "y"

(and) is used. For numbers after 100, it will not be used
directly.
Ochenta y ocho
Treinta y cinco
Ciento y noventa
Dos cientos cuarenta y cinco
 cardinal numbers

For numbers between 16 and 19, and numbers between

21 and 29, they are written as one word.

Dieciséis, Diecesiete, Dieciocho, Diecinueve.

Veintiuno, Veintitrés, Veinticinco...

 cardinal numbers

For 100, it converts into cien if it is followed by a noun.

It it is followed by other numbers it is written as
ciento.
Cien personas (100 persons)
Ciento setenta y ocho (178)

For cien and mil, "un" is not used. "Un" is only put
before millón, and then "de" is put before a noun.

Un millón de dólares ( 1 million dollars)

 cardinal numbers

Cardinal numbers precede ordinal numbers.

Las dos primeras escenas (The first two scenes)

For addresses, cardinal numbers are used in the first

part.

Doscientos cuarenta y tres West Avenue.

 ordinal numbers

Number Spanish Number Spanish

1st primero 6th sexto

2nd segundo 7th séptimo

3rd tercero 8th octavo

4th cuarto 9th noveno

5th quinto 10th décimo

 ordinal numbers

After the 10th ordinal number, cardinal numbers are

normally used again.
El séptimo mes (7th month)
El siglo doce (12th century)
Ordinal numbers are variable (must agree with gender
and number).
La cuarta vez (The fourth time)
El quinto dia (The fifth day)
 ordinal numbers

Primero and Tercero drop their final -o when it is

followed by a masculine singular noun.
El primer piso (The first floor)
El tercer libro (The third book)

When abbreviating, use the -a for feminine, -o for

masculine, and -er for primero and tercero.
La 4a puerta (The fourth door)
El 2o coche (The second car)
 ordinal numbers

Primero and Tercero drop their final -o when it is

followed by a masculine singular noun.
El primer piso (The first floor)
El tercer libro (The third book)

When abbreviating, use the -a for feminine, -o for

masculine, and -er for primero and tercero.
La 4a puerta (The fourth door)
El 2o coche (The second car)
 ordinal numbers

A cardinal number that replaces an ordinal number

after the 10th number will always be masculine
because número (number) is masculine.

La calle (número) ciento dos (102nd Street)

Days of the week

¿Qué día es hoy? - What day is today?

Hoy es... - Today is...
Lunes - Monday
Martes - Tuesday
Miércoles - Wednesday
Jueves - Thursday
Viernes - Friday
Sábado - Saturday
Dómingo - Domingo
 Days of the week

The days of the week are not capitalized just like in

English.

Vamos el lunes y el martes a clase.

"El" (Sing.) and "Los" (plural) is used to express "on".

¿Te vas el viernes? (Are you going on Friday?)

Vienes los viernes. (You come on Fridays.)

 Months

Mes - Month
¿En qué mes...? - In what month...?
Enero - January
Febrero - February
Marzo - March
Abril - April
Mayo - May
Junio - June
Julio - July

 Months

Agosto - August
Septiembre - September
Octubre - October
Noviembre - November
Diciembre - December

The months in Spanish are not capitalized.

seasons of the year

El invierno - Winter
La primavera - Spring
El verano - Summer
El otoño - Fall/Autumn
 writing dates

¿Qué fecha es hoy? / ¿Cuál es la fecha de hoy? - What

day is today?
La fecha de hoy es.../ Hoy es... - Today is...

Formula to use when writing the date:

day + el + cardinal number + de + month + de + year

Hoy es lunes, 6 de Marzo de 2023

 writing dates

The first day of the month is always written as: el

primero de... Cardinal numbers are used for the rest of
the month.

El primero de Marzo (March 1st)

El cinco de Marzo (March 5th)

The years in Spanish are expressed in thousands and

hundreds.
Mil novecientos noventa y nueve
 writing dates

Dates in Spanish are written with the day first then

followed by the month, and the year.

6/3/2023 - March 6, 2023

 vocabulary

Un día - one/a day

Una semana - one/a week
Un mes - one/a month
Un año - one/a year
Hace - ago
Durante - during
Próximo - next
Anteayer - a day before yesterday
Ayer - yesterday
Hoy - today
 vocabulary

Mañana - tomorrow/morning
Tarde - afternoon
Noche - night
Mañana por la mañana - tomorrow morning
Pasado mañana - day after tomorrow
Desde - from
Pasado - last
La víspera - eve
Dentro de una semana - within one week
De hoy en una semana - a week from today
 Telling time
¿Qué hora es? - What time is it?
Es la una... / Son las ... - It's one... / It's ...

To express time after the hour (but before the half past
hour), use "y" and the number of minutes

Son las cinco y once (5:11)

Use "menos" + the number of the following hour to

express the time before the next hour (after half past
hour).
 Telling time
Son las cuatro y media (4:30)
Son las seis menos veinte (5:40)
Son las cuatro y cuarenta (4:40)

¿A qué hora...? - At what hour...?

A la... / A las... - At ...

¿A qué hora vienen? (At what time are they coming?)

A la una - At 1:00
A las cuatro y cuarto - At 4:15
 Telling time
1:00 - A la una en punto
2:05 - A las dos y cinco
3:10 - A la tres y diez
4:15 - A las cuatro y cuarto
5:20 - A las cinco y veinte
6:25 - A las seis y veintecinco
7:30 - A las siete y media
8:35 - A las ocho y treinta cinco
9:40 - A las diez menos veinte
10:45- A las once menos cuarto
11:50 - A las doce menos diez
 Telling time
Un segundo - One/a second
Un minuto - One/a minute
Una hora - One/an hour
Un cuarto de hora - A quarter of an hour
Media hora - Half an hour
Por la mañana - In the morning (A.M.)
Por la tarde - In the afternoon/evening (P.M.)
Por la noche - In the evening (P.M.)
¿A qué hora? - At what time
A las 9 en punto - At exactly 9:00
 Telling time
Sobre las dos - At about 2:00
En una hora - In an hour
Dentro de un rato - In a while
Hasta a las diez - Until 10:00
Antés de las nueve - Before 9:00
Después de las ocho - After 8:00
Hace una hora - An hour ago
Temprano - Early
Tarde - Late
De retraso - Late (in arriving)
 determiners

They are variable words that accompany the noun to

specify and mark its gender and number.

According to its meaning the determiners are classified

into: articles (definite and indefinite), possessives,
interrogatives, numerals, and demonstratives.
 Articles (DEFINITE)

It is put before the noun to indicate the gender and

number and to express what the noun designates is known.

SINGULAR PLURAL

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTRAL MASCULINE FEMININE

EL LA LO LOS LAS
 Articles (DEFINITE)

The article el preceded by the prepositions a or de it

combines with them and forms a unique word: al or del
Example: Vamos al cine, Venimos del cine
a+el
de+el
*Note: the combination doesn't apply to nouns that are
Proper
Example: Juan es de El Ferrol.
 Articles (INDEFINITE)

It expresses in a precise manner the quantity of the noun.

SINGULAR PLURAL

MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININE

UN UNA UNOS UNAS

 possessives
Indicates the possessor of what the noun refers to.

Possessive determiners with full and short forms place the

short forms before the noun and the full forms, which
function as adjectives, after the noun.
Example: mi hermana (short)
amigo mío (full)

Those that only have full forms place them indistinctly

before or after the noun.
Example: nuestra clase; cliente vuestro

 SINGULAR PLURAL
PERSON POSSESSOR
FULL SHORT FULL SHORT

ONE mio mí míos mis

FIRST
VARIOUS nuestro nuestros

ONE tuyo tu tuyos tus

SECOND
VARIOUS vuestro vuestros

ONE OR
THIRD suyo su suyos sus
VARIOUS
 interrogatives

Accompanies the noun to express a question. They are the

following:

qué, quién, por qué, dónde, como, cuánto etc.

 numerals
Indicates an exact quantity of the noun that they
accompany. They are classified in the following:

NUMERAL DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES:

CARDINALS Indicates a numeric quantity. dos,cinco,diez...

ORDINALS Indicates order. primero, segundo...

FRACTIONAL Indicates the parts in which a unit is divided. medio, tercio...

MULTIPLICATIVE Indicates the parts in which a unit is added. doble, triple...

 demonstratives
They are used to signal the distance between the speaker
and what is designated by the noun.

NUMBER NEAR MIDDLE FAR

SINGULAR este,esta ese, esa aquel, aquella

aquellos,
PLURAL estos, estas esos, esas
aquellas
 Pronouns
Variable words that refer to a noun. They are classified
according to the meaning they give: Personal, Possessive,
Interrogative, Numeral, and Demonstrative.

*Note: Apart from the personal pronouns, the rest of the

pronouns coincides with the forms of the determiners.

They are determiners if it accompanies the noun, and

they are pronouns if it refers/substitutes to the noun.

DETERMINER
PRONOUN
 Pronouns
Determiner Example:
Esta pelicula es divertida.

Red=Determiner
Pink=Noun

Pronoun Example:
Esta es divertida.

Violet=Pronoun
*"Esta" refers to película.
 Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
It shows the gramatical person: who talks (1st Person), who
is spoken to (2nd Person), and whom is being talked (3rd
Person).

NUMBER 1ST PERSON 2ND PERSON 3RD PERSON

yo, me, mí, tú, usted, te, ti, él/ella, lo, se, sí,
SINGULAR
conmigo contigo consigo

vosotros,
nosotros, ellos/ellas, los,
PLURAL vosotras,
nosotras, nos les, se,sí, consigo
ustedes, os
 Adjectives
They are variable words that accompanies and
compliments the noun to express a quality or property of it.

*Note: Unlike in English, where the adjective is before the

noun, in Spanish, most of the types the adjective will
always be after the noun.

Listos Estudiantes

Estudiantes Listos
(Smart Students)
 forms of adjectives
Adjectives can modify its gender and number to agree
with the noun it compliments.

When talking about gender, adjectives are classified

according to the quantity of endings:

Maintains the same form in Masculine jugador hábil

Same Ending
and Feminine jugadora hábil

It has one form for the Masculine and coche rojo

Two Endings
another for the Feminine alfombra roja
 forms of adjectives
When talking about number, most adjectives vary their
form to indicate the number and to agree with the noun it
accompanies.

*Note: There are special cases in which the adjective

maintains its form in singular and plural.
s gratis

grati
Singular: viaje gratis Plural: viajes gratis
 forms of adjectives
*Note: When an adjective accompanies two or more
nouns, its number is plural. If one of the two nouns is
masculine, the gender will be masculine.

guantes y bufanda nuevos

Masc. Fem. Masc.
Plural Sing Plural
 classes of adjectives
There are two types of adjectives according to its meaning
it give to the noun:

Specific Adjectives: Expresses the quality that

distinguishes a being or an object of which one speaks. It
is always behind the noun it compliments.

jersey blanco -> blanco distinguishes that jersey from

others.

 classes of adjectives
Explicative Adjectives: they express a quality proper to
the noun to which they refer, but they are not essential for
the rest of the nouns that designate the same thing. They
can go before or after the noun.

hermoso cielo -> hermoso is not essential.

cielo azul -> azul does not give a new meaning.
 classes of adjectives

Some adjectives changes meaning depending on whether

they come before or after the noun.

hombre pobre -> poor guy (someone without resources).

pobre hombre -> poor guy (unlucky person).
 degrees of adjectives

They are the different form in which adjectives expresses

the intensity of the quality of the noun. There are three
degrees: positive, comparative and superlative.

Positive adjective: The adjective appears without

modifying its intensity.

El hombre es simpático.
The man is friendly.

 degrees of adjectives

Comparative Adjectives: The quality is compared

between two different realities. It has three types:

Comparative Property Structure Examples

Ese hombre es tan

Equal Same Intensity tan+adj.+como
simpático como aquel.

Ese hombre es más

Superior Higher Intensity más+adj.+que
simpático que aquel.

Ese hombre es menos

Inferior Lower Intensity menos+adj.+que
simpático que aquel.
 degrees of adjectives

Superlative Adjectives: The quality is presented in its

maximum degree. The superlative has two types:

Comparative Property Structure Examples

Unrelated to -ísimo/a, muy,

Absolute Esa mujer es guapísima.
another item super-, o extra-

Related to el+más/menos+ Esa mujer es la más

Relative
another item adj.+de guapa de todas.
 degrees of adjectives

*Note: The adjectives grande, pequeño, bueno, malo, alto,

and bajo can express the comparative by means of the
irregular forms mayor, menor, mejor, peor, superior, and
inferior.

La casa es más mayor que esa.

La casa es mayor que esa.

 degrees of adjectives

*Note: The adjectives grande, pequeño, bueno, malo, alto,

and bajo can express the superlative by means of these
forms máximo, mínimo, óptimo, pésimo, supremo, and
infimo.

El pan es buenísimo.

El pan es óptimo.
 ADverbs

They are invariable words that indicate circumstances of

places, time, quantity, affirmation, negation, and doubt.

Volverá pronto -> time Venid aquí -> place

Characteristics of adverbs
Adverbs functions as complements of verbs since it
habitually modifies the meaning of it.
El profesor llegó ayer -> complement of the verb

Adverbs can also modify the meaning of a verb, an

adjective, another adverb, or a sentence.
Ana es bastante alta. Luis vive muy cerca.
adv. adj. adv. adv.
Aparentemente todo va bien
adv. sentence
Characteristics of adverbs
Adverbs like bastante, mucho, or poco can coincide in
the form with certain determiners and pronouns.

To differentiate them, It should be checked if they have

variation of gender or number, since the adverb is an
invariable word and, therefore, does not modify neither
the gender nor the number, unlike the pronouns and
determiners, which are variables.
 Characteristics of adverbs

Trabajé mucho. / Trabajamos mucho -> Adverb

Trabajé mucho tiempo. / Trabajé muchos años. -> Determiner

Comí mucho. / Comí muchos. -> Pronoun

 Classes of adverbs
According to their meaning, the following classes of adverbs
are distinguished:

CLASS EXAMPLES

aquí, allí, ahí, encima, debajo, cerca, lejos, arriba, abajo,

Place
enfrente, atrás, dentro, fuera, delante, detrás, etc.

hoy, ayer, antes, después, luego, tarde, pronto, anoche, ahora,

Time
ya, aún, etc.

Mood bien, mal, así, peor, mejor, despacio, deprisa, etc.

 Classes of adverbs
Translation in English.

CLASS EXAMPLES

here, there, there, above, below, near, far, up, down, front, back,
Place
inside, outside, front, behind, etc.

today, yesterday, before, after, then/later, late, soon, last night,

Time
now, already, still, etc.

Mood good, bad, like this, worse, better, slowly, quickly, etc.
 Classes of adverbs
CLASS EXAMPLES

mucho, poco, bastante, más, muy, menos, solo, algo, tan,

Quantity
casi, etc.

Doubt quizá, quizás, acaso, probablemente, seguramente, etc.

Affirmation sí, también, etc.

Negation no, tampoco, nunca, jamás, etc.

 Classes of adverbs
CLASS EXAMPLES

much, little, enough, more, very, less, alone/solo, something,

Quantity
so, almost, etc.

Doubt maybe, maybe, in case, probably, surely, etc.

Affirmation yes, too, etc.

Negation no, neither, never, never ever, etc.

 Adverbial phrases

Adverbial phrases are groups of two or more words that

acquires the meaning and function of an adverb.

Example: de frente (abreast), de vez en cuando (from time to

time), a lo loco(crazily, without thinking), etc.
 prepositions
Prepositions are invariable words that relates a word with
another. The words prepositions relate can be nouns,
pronouns, adjectives, verbs, or adverbs.

The prepositions in Spanish are: a, ante, bajo, con, contra,

de, desde, durante, en, entre, hacia, hasta, mediante, para,
por, según, sin, sobre, tras.

café sin azúcar amable con ellas lejos de aquí

noun noun adj. pron. adv. adv.
prep. prep. prep.
 prepositions
The prepositions in Spanish are: a, ante, bajo, con, contra,
de, desde, durante, en, entre, hacia, hasta, mediante, para,
por, según, sin, sobre, tras.

Translation: to, before, under, with, against, in, from, during,

in/of, between, towards, until, through, for, by, according to,
without, about, after.
 prepositional phrases
Prepositional phrases are groups of two or more words that
function like a preposition.

Example: a causa de (because of), delante de (infront of),

detrás de (behind the), junto a (next to), encima de (above
the), en medio de (in the middle of), etc.

Sometimes, they can be substituted with a prepostion:

Los niños se encondieron debajo de la cama. -> bajo la cama

 conjunctions
CLASSES THEORY EXAMPLE

Copulativa Gives the idea of sum y, e

Disyuntiva Gives the idea of option o, u, o bien, ni

pero, sino, sin embargo, no

Adverstativa Gives the idea of contrast
obstante

Indicates the cause of

Causal porque, ya que, puesto que
something.

Condicional Indicates a condition sí

 conjunctions
CLASSES EXAMPLE TRANSLATION

Copulativa y, e and

Disyuntiva o, u, o bien, ni or, nor

pero, sino, sin embargo, no

Adverstativa but, nevertheless
obstante

Causal porque, ya que, puesto que because, since

Condicional sí if
 the verb

The morphemes that constitutes a verb are classified into two:

1) Root (Raíz)
Provides the lexical meaning of the verb

2) Ending (Desinencia)
Reports the person, number, tense, mood, and aspect of the verb form.
 example
Cant- -o
Root (Raíz) Ending (Desinencia)

Com- -o
Root (Raíz) Ending (Desinencia)

Cumpl- -o
Root (Raíz) Ending (Desinencia)
 Person and number of the
verb
The ending of the person indicates the speaker (1st person), the listener (2nd
person), or neither the speaker nor the listener (3rd person).

The number establishes if the subject engages with one or various

persons. It may be Singular or Plural.

Number 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person

Singular canto cantas canta

Plural cantamos cantáis cantan

 Regular and Irregular
Verbs
There are two types of verbs in Spanish:

1) Regular 2) Irregular
It conserves the same root in It does not conserve the
all its forms and it has the same root in all its forms or it
same endings in its has different endings in its
conjugation. conjugation.
Ex: Hablar, Temer, Partir Ex: Estar, Ser, Decir

 example
Regular Verb
Hablar (To talk)

Number 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person

Singular hablo hablas habla

Plural hablamos habláis hablan

 example
Irregular Verb
Ser (To be)
Number 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person

Singular Soy Eres Es

Plural Somos Sois Son

 Conjugation of a verb

The conjugation of a verb is the set of all its verbal forms, originated from the
union of the root with its endings. Three models can be distinguished from the
infinitive:

Conjugation Endings Example

First Ending with -ar acabar

Second Ending with -er coser

Third Ending with -ir abrir

 Time of a verb
It indicates the moment in which the content of the verb is located.

Tiempo When the action occurs Example

Past or Preterite Before the moment in Ana ya comío.

(Pasado o Pretérito) which it is spoken (Ana ate already.)

Present In the moment in which it is Come conmigo.

(Presente) spoken (Eat with me.)

Future After the moment in which Comerás mañana?

(Futuro) it is spoken (Will you eat tomorrow?)
 Mood of a verb
Indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the meaning of the verb.

Mood Attitude of the Speaker Example

Indicative Expresses the action as something Ella dijó que no.

(Indicativo) real, even if it has not happened. (She said no.)

Expresses the action as something

Subjunctive Quizás lloverá.
possible, doubtful or desirable, or
(Subjuntivo) (Maybe it will rain.)
make a negative command.

Imperative Expresses the verbal action as an Abre el libro y estudia.

(Imperativo) order or affirmative request (Open the book and study.)
 Aspect of a verb
Indicates if the action of a verb has ended or not.

Aspect Status of Action Example

Imperfect No lo entiendo
Has not ended.
(Imperfecto) (I don't understand)

Perfect No entendí nada

Has ended.
(Perfecto) (I don't understand anything)
 oración
Dios te salve, María, llena eres de gracia; el
Señor es contigo.
Bendita Tú eres entre todas las mujeres, y
bendito es el fruto de tu vientre, Jesús.
Santa María, Madre de Dios, ruega por
nosotros, pecadores, ahora y en la hora de
nuestra muerte. Amén

Gloria al Padre y al Hijo y al Espíritu Santo.

Como era en el principio, ahora y siempre, por
los siglos de los siglos. Amén.
Thank you for
listening!