CHAPTER
13
RIVETED JOINTS
SYMBOLS
2.3.4
A area of cross-section, m
2
(in
2
)
the cross-sectional area of rivet shank, m
2
(in
2
)
b breadth of cover plates (also with suxes), m (in)
c distance fromthe centroid of the rivet group to the critical rivet,
m (in)
d diameter of rivet, m (in)
D
i
internal diameter of pressure vessel, m (mm)
e or l eccentricity of loading, m (in)
F force on plate or rivets (also with suxes), kN (lbf)
h thickness of plate or shell, m (in)
h
c
, h
1
, h
2
thickness of cover plate (butt strap), m (in)
i number of rivets in a pitch ne (also with suxes 1 and 2,
respectively, for single shear and double shear rivets)
I moment of inertia, area, m
4
, cm
4
(in
4
)
J moment of inertia, polar, m
4
, cm
4
(in
4
)
K
F
F
0
coecient (Table 13-11)
m margin, m (in)
M
b
bending moment, N m (lbf in)
p pitch on the gauge line or longitudinal pitch, m (in)
p
c
pitch along the caulking edge, m (in)
p
d
diagonal pitch, m (in)
p
t
transverse pitch, m (in)
P
f
intensity of uid pressure, MPa (psi)
Z section modulus of the angle section, m
3
, cm
3
(in
3
)
o
0
hoop stress in pressure vessel or normal stress in plate, MPa
(psi)
o
a
allowable normal stress, MPa (psi)
o
c
crushing stress in rivets, MPa (psi)
t shear stress in rivet, MPa (psi)
t
a
allowable shear stress, MPa (psi)
j eciency of the riveted joint
0 angle between a line drawn from the centroid of the rivet group
to the critical rivet and the horizontal (Fig. 13-5)
13.1
Source: MACHINE DESIGN DATABOOK
PRESSURE VESSELS
Thickness of main plates
The thickness of plate of the pressure vessel with
longitudinal joint
For thickness of boiler plates and suggested types of
joints
The thickness of plate of the pressure vessel with
circumferential joint
For allowable stress and eciency of joints
PITCHES
Lap joints
The diagonal pitch (staggered) (Fig. 13-1) for p, p
t
,
and p
d
The distance between rows or transverse pitch or back
pitch (staggered)
The rivet diameter
FIGURE 13-1 Pitch relation
h
P
f
D
i
2jo
0
13-1
Refer to Tables 13-1 and 13-2.
h
P
f
D
i
4jo
0
13-2
Refer to Tables 13-3, 13-4, 13-5, and 13-6.
p
d
2p d
3
13-3
Refer to Tables 13-7 and 13-8 for rivets for general
purposes and boiler rivets.
p
t
_
2p d
3
_
2
_
p
2
_
2
13-4
d 0.19
h
p
to 0.2
h
p
SI 13-5a
where h and d in m
d 1.2
h
p
to 1.4
h
p
USCS 13-5b
where h and d in in
d 6
h
p
to 6.3
h
p
CM 13-5c
where h and d on mm
Particular Formula
TABLE 13-1
Suggested types of joint
Diameter of shell, mm (in) Thickness of shell, mm (in) Type of joint
6001800 (2472) 612 (0.250.5) Double-riveted
9002150 (3684) 7.525 (0.311.0) Triple-riveted
15002750 (60108) 9.044 (0.3751.75) Quadruple-riveted
13.2 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE 13-2
Minimum thickness of boiler plates
Shell plates Tube sheets of retube boilers
Diameter of shell, Minimum thickness after anging, Diameter of tube sheet, Minimum thickness,
mm (in) mm (in) mm (in) mm (in)
900 (36) 6.0 (0.25) 1050 (42) 9.5 (0.375)
9001350 (3654) 8.0 (0.3125) 10501350 (4254) 11.5 (0.4375)
13501800 (5472) 9.5 (0.375) 13501800 (5472) 12.5 (0.50)
!1800 (72) 12.5 (0.5) 1800 (72) 14.0 (0.5625)
TABLE 13-3
Eciency of riveted joints ()
% Eciency,
Type of joint
Normal
range Maximum
Lap joints
Single-riveted 5060 63
Double-riveted 6072 77
Triple-riveted 7280 86.6
Butt joints (with two cover plates)
Single-riveted 5560 63
Double-riveted 7684 87
Triple-riveted 8088 95
Quadruple-riveted 8694 98
TABLE 13-4
Allowable stresses in structural riveting (
b
)
Rivets acting in single shear Rivets acting in double shear
Rivet-driving
Load-carrying member Type of stress method MPa kpsi MPa kpsi
Rolled steel SAE 1020 Tension 124 18.0 124 18.0
Shear Power 93 13.5 93 13.5
Rivets, SAE 1010 Shear Hand 68 10.0 68 10.0
Crushing Power 165 24.0 206 30.0
Crushing Hand 110 16.0 137 20.0
RIVETED JOINTS 13.3
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE 13-5
Allowable stress for aluminum rivets,
a
Allowable stress
a
,
a
Shear Bearing
Rivet alloy Procedure of drawing MPa kpsi MPa kpsi
2S (pure aluminum) Cold, as received 20 3.0 48 7.0
17S Cold, immediately after quenching 68 10.0 179 26.0
17S Hot, 5005108C 62 9.0 179 26.0
615T6 Cold, as received 55 8.0 103 15.0
53S Hot, 5155278C 41 6.0 103 15.0
a
Actual safety factor or reliability factor is 1.5.
TABLE 13-6
Values of working stress
a
at elevated temperatures
Minimum of the specied range of tensile strength of the material, MPa (kpsi)
Maximum
temperatures (45) 311 (50) 344 (55) 380 (60) 413 (75) 517
8F 8C MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi
0700 0371 61 9.0 68 10.0 76 11.00 82 12.00 103 15.00
750 399 56 8.22 62 9.11 68 10.00 77 11.20 89 13.00
800 427 45 6.55 53 7.33 54 8.00 61 9.00 70 10.20
850 455 37 5.44 41 6.05 46 6.75 51 7.40 57 8.30
900 482 29 4.33 33 4.83 37 5.50 38 5.60 41 6.00
950 511 22 3.20 26 3.60 27 4.00 27 4.00 27 4.00
a
Design stresses of pressure vessels are based on a safety factor of 5.
TABLE 13-7
Pitch of butt joints
Type of joint Diameter of rivets, d, mm Pitch, p
Double-riveted Any 5.5d (approx.)
use for h 12.5 mm (0.5 in)
Triple-riveted 1.7523.80 8d8.5d
use for h 25 mm 27.00 7.5d
(1 in) 30.1536.50 6.5d7d
Quadruple-riveted 17.5023.80 16d17d
use for h 31.75 mm 27.00 15d (approx.)
(1.25 in) 30.15 14d (approx.)
33.3036.50 13d14d
13.4 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
Butt joint
The transverse pitch
For rivets, rivet holes, and strap thick
p
t
2d to 2.5d 13-6a
p
t
!
0.5pd 0.25d
2
_
13-6b
Refer to Tables 13-9, 13-10, and Fig. 13-2.
Particular Formula
TABLE 13-8
Transverse pitch ( p
t
) as per ASME Boiler Code
Value of p,d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Value of p
t
2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2.2d 2.3d
TABLE 13-9
Rivet hole diameters
Diameter of rivet, mm Rivet hole diameters, mm (min)
12 13
14 15
16 17
18 19
20 21
22 23
24 25
27 28.5
30 31.5
33 34.5
36 37.5
39 41.0
42 44
48 50
TABLE 13-10
Rivet hole diameters and strap thickness
Minimum Minimum
Plate strap Hole Plate strap Hole
thickness, thickness, diameter, thickness, thickness, diameter,
h, mm h
c
mm d, mm h, mm h
c
mm d, mm
6.25 14.25 11.10
7.20 6.25 17.50 27.0
8.00 15.90 12.50
8.75 20.50 19.00 30.15
9.50
10.30 8.00 22.25 15.90 33.30
11.10 25.00 12.50
12.00 9.50 24.00 28.50 19.00 36.50
12.50 31.75 22.25
13.50 11.10 83.10 25.00 39.70
FIGURE 13-2 Quadruple-riveted double-strap butt joint.
RIVETED JOINTS 13.5
RIVETED JOINTS
Minimum transverse pitch as per ASME Boiler Code
For transverse pitches
Haven and Swett formula for permissible pitches
along the caulking edge of the outside cover plate
Diagonal pitch, p
d
, is calculated from the relation
MARGIN
Margin for longitudinal seams of all pressure vessels
and girth seams of power boiler having unsupported
heads
Margin for girth seams of power boilers having
supported heads and all unred pressure vessels
COVER PLATES
The thickness of cover plate
p
t
1.75d if
p
d
4 13-7a
p
t
1.75d 0.001 p d if
p
d
4 SI 13-8a
where p
t
, p, and d in m
p
t
1.75d 0.1 p d if
p
d
4 USCS 13-8b
where p
t
, d, and p in in
Refer to Table 13-8.
p
c
d 14
h
3
c
P
f
4
CM 13-9a
where p
c
, d, h
c
in cm, and P
f
in kgf/cm
2
p
c
d 21.38
h
3
c
P
f
4
USCS 13-9b
where p
c
, d, h
c
in in, and P
f
in psi
h
3
c
p
c
d 77.8
P
f
4
SI 13-9c
where p
c
, d, h
c
in m, and P
f
in N/m
2
2 p
d
d ! p d 13-10
m 1.5d to 1.75d 13-11a
m ! 1.25d 13-11b
h
c
0.6h 0.0025 if h 0.038 m SI 13-12a
where h
c
and h in m
h
c
0.6h 0.1 if h 1.5 in USCS 13-12b
where h
c
and h in in
h
c
0.67h if h 0.038 m SI 13-12c
where h
c
and h in m
h
c
0.67h if h 1.5 in USCS 13-12d
where h
c
and h in in
Particular Formula
13.6 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE 13-11
Rivet groups under eccentric loading value of coecient K
K
1
lp
p
2
1
p
2
1
4
K
n
_
6l
n 1p
t
_
2
1
}
K
n
Alcn
2I
_
Alcn
2I
_
2
1
K
n
_
ln 1p
t
p
2
1
3
n
2
1p
2
t
_
2
_
lp
p
2
1
3
n
2
1p
2
t
1
2
_
2
K
n
_
ln 1p
t
p
2
1
2
n 1p
2
t
_
2
_
lp
p
2
1
3
n
2
1p
2
t
1
3
_
2
K
n
_
ln 1p
t
p
2
1
p
2
2
3
n
2
1p
2
t
_
2
_
lp
p
2
1
p
2
2
3
n
2
1p
2
t
1
4
_
2
Key:
n total number of rivets in a column
F permissible load, acting with lever arm, l, kN (lbf)
F
0
permissible load on one rivet, kN (lbf)
K F,F
0
, coecient
Source: K. Lingaiah and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook ( fps Units), Engineering College Cooperative Society,
Bangalore, India, 1962; K. Lingaiah and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. I (SI and Customary Metric Units),
Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1983; and K. Lingaiah, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma
Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986.
RIVETED JOINTS 13.7
RIVETED JOINTS
Thickness of the cover plate according to
Indian Boiler Code
Thickness of single-butt cover plate
Thickness of single-butt cover plate omitting alternate
rivet in the over rows
Thickness of double-butt cover plates of equal width
Thickness of double-butt cover plates of equal width
omitting alternate rivet in the outer rows
Thickness of the double-butt cover plates of unequal
width
For thickness of cover plates
The width of upper cover plate (narrow strap)
The width of lower cover plate (wide strap)
STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL
RIVETED JOINT (Fig. 13-2)
The tensile strength of the solid plate
The tensile strength of the perforated strip along the
outer gauge line
The general expression for the resistance to shear of
all the rivets in one pitch length
The general expression for the resistance to crushing
of the rivets
The resistance against failure of the plate through the
second row and simultaneous shearing of the rivets in
the rst row
The resistance against failure of the plate through the
second row and simultaneous crushing of the rivets in
the rst row
The resistance against shearing of the rivets in the
outer row and simultaneous crushing of the rivets in
the two inner rows
h
1
1.125h 13-13
h
2
1.25h
p d
p 2d
13-14
h
c
h
1
h
2
0.625h 13-15
h
c
h
1
h
2
0.625h
p d
p 2d
13-16
h
1
0.625h for narrow strap 13-17a
h
2
0.750h for wide strap 13-17b
Refer to Table 13-10.
b
1
4m2p
t1
13-18
b
2
b
1
2p
t2
4m 13-19
F
0
pho
0
13-20
F
0
p dho
0
13-21
F
t
2i
2
i
1
d
2
4
t 13-22
F
c
i
2
h i
1
h
2
do
c
13-23
F
t1
p 2dho
0
d
2
4
t 13-24
F
c1
p 2dho
0
dho
c
13-25
F
tc
4
d
2
t idho
c
13-26
Particular Formula
13.8 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
EFFICIENCY OF THE RIVETED JOINT
The eciency of plate
The eciency of rivet in general case
For eciency of joints
The diameter of the rivet in general case
The pitch in general case
For pitch of joint
THE LENGTH OF THE SHANK OF RIVET
(Fig. 13-3)
FIGURE 13-3
j
p d
p
13-27
j
d
2
ti
1
2i
2
4pho
0
_
i
2
i
1
h
2
h
_
o
c
_
i
2
i
1
h
2
h
_
o
c
o
0
13-28
Refer to Table 13-3.
d
4hi
2
i
1
h
2
o
c
i
1
2i
2
t
13-29
Note: for lap joint i
2
0
for butt joint i
1
0
p
2i
2
i
1
d
2
t
4ho
0
d 13-30
Refer to Table 13-7.
L h h
1
h
2
1.5 to 1.7D 13-31a
L h h
c
1.5 to 1.7D 13-31b
for butt joint with single cover plate
L 2h 1.5 to 1.7D 13-31c
for lap joint
where D diameter of rivet
Particular Formula
RIVETED JOINTS 13.9
RIVETED JOINTS
STRUCTURAL JOINT
Riveting of an angle to a gusset plate
(Fig. 13-4)
The resultant normal stress
g
g
p
a
a
i
e
e
F
F
F
(a) (b)
FIGURE 13-4 Riveting of an angle to a gusset plate.
RIVETED BRACKET (Fig. 13-5)
The resultant load on the farthest rivet whose distance
is c from the center of gravity of a group of rivets
(Fig. 13-5)
o
F
A
Fe
Z
13-32
F
R
_
_
F
nn
0
_
2
_
M
b
c
x
2
y
2
_
2
2
_
F
nn
0
__
M
b
c
x
2
y
2
_
cos 0
_
1,2
13-33
Particular Formula
FIGURE 13-5 Riveted bracket. (Bureau of Indian Standards.)
13.10 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
For rivet groups under eccentric loading value of
coecient K
For preferred length and diameter of rivets
For collected formulas of riveted joints
REFERENCES
1. Maleev, V. L., and J. B. Hartmen, Machine Design, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania,
1954.
2. Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook ( fps Units), Engineering College
Cooperative Society, Bangalore, India, 1962.
3. Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. I (SI and Customary Metric
Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1983.
4. Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers,
Bangalore, India, 1986.
5. Bureau of Indian Standards.
6. Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1994.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Faires, V. M., Design of Machine Elements, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1965.
Norman, C. A., E. S. Ault, and I. F. Zarobsky, Fundamentals of Machine Design, The Macmillan Company, New
York, 1951.
Vallance, A., and V. L. Doughtie, Design of Machine Members, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York,
1951.
where
n number of rivets in one column
n
0
number of rivets in one row
x, y have the meaning as shown in Fig. 13-5
Refer to Table 13-11.
Refer to Figs. 13-6 to 13-8 and Tables 13-12 to 13-13.
Refer to Table 13-14.
Particular Formula
RIVETED JOINTS 13.11
RIVETED JOINTS
FIGURE 13-6 Rivets for general purposes (less than 12 mm diameter). For preferred length and diameter combination, refer to
Table 13-12.
FIGURE 13-7 Rivets for general purposes (12 to 48 mm diameter). For preferred length and diameter combination, refer to
Table 13-13.
13.12 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
FIGURE 13-8 Boiler rivets (12 to 48 mm diameter). For preferred length and diameter combination, refer to Table 13-13.
RIVETED JOINTS 13.13
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE 13-12
Preferred length () and diameter combinations for rivets (Fig. 13-6)
Diameter, mm
Length, mm 1.6 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Source: Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 2155, 1962.
13.14 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE 13-13
Preferred lengths () and diameter combinations of rivets (Fig. 13-7)
Diameter, mm
Length, mm 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 48
28
31.5
35.5
40
45
50
56
63
71
80
85
90
95
100
106
112
118
125
132
140
150
160
180
200
224
250
Source: Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 1929, 1961.
RIVETED JOINTS 13.15
RIVETED JOINTS
T
A
B
L
E
1
3
-
1
4
F
o
r
m
u
l
a
s
f
o
r
r
i
v
e
t
e
d
j
o
i
n
t
s
2
.
3
.
4
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
c
o
v
e
r
p
l
a
t
e
,
m
m
E
c
i
e
n
c
y
E
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
p
l
a
t
e
,
o
f
r
i
v
e
t
s
,
C
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
T
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
e
M
a
r
g
i
n
,
I
n
n
e
r
h
2
O
u
t
e
r
,
h
1
T
y
p
e
o
f
j
o
i
n
t
F
i
g
u
r
e
r
e
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
c
p
i
t
c
h
,
p
,
m
m
p
i
t
c
h
,
p
t
,
m
m
m
,
m
m
(
w
i
d
e
r
)
(
n
a
r
r
o
w
e
r
)
L
A
P
J
O
I
N
T
O
n
e
r
i
v
e
t
p
e
r
p
i
t
c
h
,
T
y
p
e
a
p
d
p
_
d
2
4
_
t
p
h
o
0
1
.
1
3
h
4
0
1
.
5
d
T
w
o
r
i
v
e
t
s
p
e
r
p
i
t
c
h
T
y
p
e
b
p
d
p
2
_
d
2
4
_
t
p
h
o
0
2
.
6
2
h
4
0
2
d
1
.
5
d
T
y
p
e
c
h
m m
p
d
p
2
_
d
2
4
_
t
p
h
o
0
2
.
6
2
h
4
0
0
.
3
3
p
0
.
6
7
d
1
.
5
d
T
h
r
e
e
r
i
v
e
t
s
p
e
r
p
i
t
c
h
T
y
p
e
d
p
d
p
3
_
d
2
4
_
t
p
h
o
0
3
.
4
7
h
4
0
2
d
1
.
5
d
13.16
RIVETED JOINTS
T
A
B
L
E
1
3
-
1
4
F
o
r
m
u
l
a
s
f
o
r
r
i
v
e
t
e
d
j
o
i
n
t
s
2
.
3
.
4
(
C
o
n
t
.
)
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
c
o
v
e
r
p
l
a
t
e
,
m
m
E
c
i
e
n
c
y
E
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
p
l
a
t
e
,
o
f
r
i
v
e
t
s
,
C
o
m
b
i
n
e
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13.17
RIVETED JOINTS
T
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13.18
RIVETED JOINTS
T
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13.19
RIVETED JOINTS
T
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13.20
RIVETED JOINTS
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13.21
RIVETED JOINTS
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13.22
RIVETED JOINTS
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13.23
RIVETED JOINTS
