Introduction:

Objectives:

● The goal of this concept map is to deeply understand the factors that
cause this disease and its management.

Breast Cancer:

The Breasts is a milk producing glands that sit on chest wall either side of
the breast bone, On top of Ribs and pectoral muscles.

Breast cancer is not a transmissible or infectious disease.Breast cancer or

breast carcinoma is the uncontrolled growth of epithelial cells in the breast.
Initially, the cancerous growth is confined to the duct or lobule (“in situ”)
where it generally causes no symptoms and has minimal potential for
spread (metastasis). Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast. The most
common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which begins in the
lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the
breast to the nipple).

● Breast cancer is 2nd only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer death in

women. As of the end of 2020, there were 7.8 million women alive who
were diagnosed with breast cancer in the past 5 years, making it the
world's most prevalent cancer. There were more than 2.26 million new
cases of breast cancer in women in 2020.

● Breast Cancer is the most common cancer amongst women in the

Philippines. According to the Philippine Statistics of Authority and the
Department of Health, it shows that 3 in every 100 Filipina women will be
diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime. Smoking, excessive drinking,
unhealthy diet, and lack of exercise are among the major factors that
cause non-communicable diseases such as breast cancer. 26 females out
of 100 females and 1 male for every 105 males may be diagnosed with
breast cancer in the Philippines.
 ● Survival rates for breast cancer are very high when the cancer is detected
early and where treatment is available. Unfortunately, 50 to 80% of breast
cancer cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage in many low- and
middle-income countries, when the cancer is more difficult to treat, is more
expensive to do so, and is usually incurable.

RT implications to education
● Education is a key component of socioeconomic status (SES). Many
reproductive, lifestyle and behavioral factors associated with education may
affect breast cancer risk including parity, age at first birth, physical activity, diet
and participation in health promotion or cancer screening programs.
● Furthermore, factors correlated with education may influence breast cancer
survival including stage at diagnosis,timeliness and type of cancer treatment,
psychosocial support, postmenopausal hormone therapy, and estrogen-receptor
status.
● Few studies have been conducted to assess the role of education level in breast
cancer survival in countries with covering health systems.
RT implications for research

● Breast cancer research opens the door to finding better ways to prevent, detect,
and treat breast cancer, and to improve the quality of life of both cancer patients
and survivors. From studying causes and prevention to learning how to manage
and treat, here are some of the main focuses in breast cancer research today.
● Cancer researchers are actively studying what causes breast cancer. Studies
continue to uncover cancer-contributing factors such as lifestyle habits as well as
inherited genes that may increase the risk of breast cancer. Through the help of
research, We are able to look for medicines that may help lower the risk of
breast cancer

RT implications for practice

The role of the nurse in the care of patients with breast cancer is changing because of
the many options available for medical management of the disease. Involvement of the
patient and caregiver are crucial in this process, and they must be assisted and
supported by nurses who are knowledgeable about the options and the rationale behind
each of the treatment options.
 A. Diagram

B. Narrative Discussion

DISCHARGE PLANNING / CP REHABILITATION

Home care after the surgery:

1. People experience different types and amounts of pain or discomfort after
surgery. You will have better results controlling your pain if you take pain
medication before your pain is severe.
2. Do not remove the dressing, steri-strips or stitches. Wait until the health
care provider will remove it in 7-10 days. They will remove the sutures in one to
two weeks unless they absorb on their own. If the dressing or steri-strips fall off,
do not attempt to replace them.
 3. If you have gauze and paper tape, you may remove it two days after surgery and
shower after that. If you have a dressing, change it every day until your doctor
says you do not need to.
4. Keep your cuts (incisions) clean and dry.Use a towel to dry your incision
thoroughly after showering. Be careful not to touch or remove the steri-strips or
sutures.

5. You may shower but do not scrub the strips of surgical tape or surgical glue.
Let them fall off on their own.
6.
7. Avoid strenuous activity, heavy lifting and vigorous exercise until the stitches are
removed.
8. You may resume your regular diet as soon as you can take fluids after recovering
from anesthesia.We encourage eight to 10 glasses of water and non-caffeinated
beverages per day, plenty of fruits and vegetables as well as lower fat foods.
9. Be sure you understand what you can and can't do as you recover from surgery.
10. Rest when you're tired. Don’t worry if you're extremely tired (fatigued). Fatigue
and weakness are normal for a few weeks. This will get better over time.
11. Take your temperature each day for 7 days after the surgery. Call your provider if
you have a fever.
12. Check your incisions daily for signs of infection. These include redness, swelling,
and drainage. Also watch the edges of the incision to be sure it's not opening up.

13. You may shower after all of your dressings have been removed.
14.

Rehabilitation:

Physical therapy and Occupational therapy for breast cancer patients to

alleviate the physical impact of surgery and medical management. Our therapists
work closely with surgeons, medical oncologists and radiation oncologists to
provide physical therapy services to patients throughout the continuum of care for
breast cancer.

Related Nursing Theory

Patients who are suffering from breast cancer have numerous problems. Watson's
Theory of Human Caring seems to be proper in caring for these patients. This theory
stresses the humanistic aspects of nursing as they interfere with scientific knowledge
and nursing practice. The process of the study was done in five stages. After
implementation of Watson's theory in a five-step interview, the patient's disappointment
and despair were reduced and the patient agreed to continue the treatment process.

Watson's theory of caring is likely to bring love and hope back to patients with breast
cancer in bad physical and mental conditions. By applying 10 caring factors of this
theory, a humanitarian relationship is established with the patient; this relationship is
based upon love and hope. The patient is able to express her feelings and continue the
treatment process by trusting God, applying her spirituality, and gaining support from
family and friends.

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES/LITERATURES

According to GLOBOCAN(2018), approximately 2.1 million cases worldwide

were diagnosed with breast cancer and about 630,000 died from the disease.
Due to the increase in breast cancer incidence, advances in the treatment of
the disease have been achieved. Local modalities and systemic anticancer
therapies, therefore, lead to improved patients’ survival outcomes including
disease-free survival and overall survival .

References:

Parisa Mokhtari-Hessari,Ali Montazeri(2018,,February)Health-related quality of life in breast

cancer patients: review of reviews from 2008 to 2018
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12955-020-01591-x

Rene N. Argenal, Margie L. Baterna, Christine F. Peña, Jovita N. Ravina, and Marian R.
Sionzon (2019, Oct) RISK FACTORS OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN: A
META ANALYSES
https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/4.2.2%20Risk%20Factors%20of%20Breast%20Can
cer%20among%20Women%20A%20Meta%20Analysis.pdf

Mohsen Adib-Hajbaghery ,Shahnaz Bolandianbafghi ,Zohreh Nabizadehgharghozar (2020)

https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/en-jnm/article/view/anm-280403

Medline PLus
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000244.htm

Lydia Choi,MD, Karmanos Cancer Center(2022,March) Breast Cancer

https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/breast-dis
orders/breast-cancer#:~:text=Pathophysiology%20of%20Breast%20Cancer,bone
%2C%20brain%2C%20and%20skin.
Brunilda Nazario, MD(2020,July)WebMD Breast Cancer signs and symptoms
https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/understanding-breast-cancer-symptoms
What to know about breast Cancer
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37136
World Cancer Research Fund International
https://www.wcrf.org/cancer-trends/breast-cancer-statistics/
Arizona Oncology (2019)
https://arizonaoncology.com/blog/the-importance-of-breast-cancer-research
Shehnaz K. Hussain,Andrea Altieri,Jan Sundquist (2007 ,October) Influence of education level
on breast cancer risk and survival…..Kari Hemminki
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.23007#:~:text=University%20gradua
tes%20had%20a%2032,cancer%20among%20highly%20educated%20women.
B B NielseN , D East, Advances in breast cancer. Implications for nursing care
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2186386/
International Agency for research Cancer, WHO
https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/608-philippines-fact-sheets.p
df
Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/
syc-20352470
Robin Madell(2021,June)Metastatic Breast Cancer: Prognosis and Survival Rate
https://www.healthline.com/health/breast-cancer/metastatic-prognosis#treatment
Mastectomy: Instructions after surgery
https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/mastectomy-instructions-after-surgery
CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/treatment.htm