CLASS-44 Bio- Molecules HOOT Wi @ " By - Bhavat Panchal Sir QO Bharat fanchal Sir © eharat Panchal- Chemistry Guvg's.oIntroduchan : Biomolecules ave the oxganlc compound tahich foam tne baste of Life ie they build uv the Living pydtem and vesponsible fos theix growth and mafntence | Cr The sequence that yelates biomolecule to Giving organism ic Blondes —> Organets el Teer sone 7 Living dydtems ave trade up 4 various Co! lex TT | biomolecules LiKe carbohydrate , protein, nuclele acids, nbs Frotetns and cavbohydwates ave edcential constituents Our food. 1 >? In addition, dome sinle molecules Mike vitamin and yntneral salts alto play an (Important sole yn tne funchon 4, oxganishy- Amino Adds & Proteine The compounds contalning amino groub C-NH,) and Carboxylic guoup ¢-cook) ave cabled amino acids. H cohece = Hy a callayt ov Amino | Carboxyl ax gyollp Group Group Side Chain a > except giychne Cup ~¢- coon), others ave opticatly active th native.* Classification of amino acids = > B.A - amino acide debending upon the position 4 NH, usith vecpect to —COOK group. 7 Neubal, having one -NH, and ohe -COOK group. el 4 NH, - jaw Cqlyetne) 3 Aeidic, having one -NH, and two -COOK group, nit “Yooc-cy -£ cook cAsbartie Aeid) u -> Baste, having 4wO ox more -NH, and one ~CooH gray, NR, 4 HN - (cte),- = coon “C Lysthe ) Rk x Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acide : Those amino audy which can be Alnthesized by ouy vody axe knolon ao vopile which cant be synthesized by our body 40 must be supplied Huda Ouy chiet ave called essential Amina acios. Y Alanine qe Isoleucine Asparagine Asparatate Leucine Glutamine Cysteine Methionine | Glycine Glutamate“Configuration of o-amino auds fees OOn HN Ly K py R R CNH, on LHS) CNH, on RHE) > Natuxally occuring «-amind acids ave L-amtno acids d-aming adds Yoccuy mm some awhbiotice and bactevial cell walle. > When a psoton jo miguakd Aaom carboxyl Group to amino Group, a dual fon is -fovmed and His dual fon called zwitter ton basic acidic group H group H yt J | HN — C— COOH *H,N — C — COO™ % | rR * R amino acid zwitterion Zwitter fon, which b elect cably neukal can only exist at a Specific pt , that pH jo called tsoelectvic point which % different for all amino acide. €9 p 4 [eudhe p= G0 pt of trratntne ptt (0-8.Structure of amino acids : Set tt =TT Nyreet eed L tof HIN -CH-CO0™ as aniol Zwittes 10” 7 g Cisoeleetvic foint) we. HIN ~CH-COOk = * Febkde > peptides ave conden takoh panducts 4 +wo ox mose x-awdno acids. R Roe KN Clt-cooH +KN-Ch- COOH Fat anlech«d'-nW-cr- Cook 8 dipebkde. —E-NH- to ‘known Qo (peptide Wiveage or pephide bord, > 4 nolecutes 4 4-amlno acid foxm dipeplide. ; 3 molecubes gy of-Amino acid foam taipephide. ("| > Vipeptide neo only one pebhde bond. @ripephide hoo only too vephide bond. “Condensation produc of ynany amino gcd (% 40000) fy kenown ao poly beptide and tose poly bebhide which faye Yoleculay mast above than (0800 U Qve called botelng, hey are Unear polymers 4, x-amino id. © ehasat Panchal- chemistey Gungia.o aeStr: yoteins: TD tt olmply sevedls the sequence 4, Abnino acids. A) Secondary Strticteere ® 1 eliy si maintained by H-Bl oxp-pleakd sheot she when Rp dma ) Textary Steuctuve . oil, f The folding and superimposition 4 polibephide chains foxms a” Compact globular shabe, termed ao tertiary shy. Te to stabilise by covalent, ionic, H-Bond and disulpwde bonds. 4) Quaternary Structure! ‘the precise Orrangement 4 he Tar SeMEZENES haat Fanchal- Chemistay Ganj. uohich give onky Amino acid upon Yujdroby cic eg albumin " thece proteins give x-amino atid and von protein part, called prosthekc qroup Protetn Prosthetic Group Metalloproteins Metal ions ( Zn?* Fe?* Cu2*) Haemoproteins Haeme group Glycoproteins Carbohydrates Lipoproteins Lipid Nucleoproteins Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)Pexived Proteins: TMhese ave obtalned by pavhal tydrolysis 4, Simple ox conjugated Proteine. [Proteins —s Proteosec —+ Pebtonec —> Blybeblides ] | fibyous Protein qr 7 Gore Qv* or if Globulgs Protein Do not have a tertiary structure. Have tertiary structure. Quaternary may or may not be present Long fibres or sheets in shape. Spherical in shape Insoluble in water Dissolve in water to form colloidal solution The length of polypeptide chain may vary in two samples of the same fibrous protein The length of polypeptide chain is always identical in two samples of the same globular protein. eg. Keratins, collagen, elastin and fibroin. Egg albumin, serum globulin ete. more poly bepide chains Protethe may have one oy > each polypeblide mn a protein hac amino acide linked with each othey m @ Sbeci pie Sequence nd iF is this sequence 4 amino addg tak is sara ty be the 4° she 4 that protein © Bhawet Panchal- chemistay Ceerji2-ochange im thls 1° she te the sequence 4, amino acid creak a different protein Primary Secondary Structure of Froteine: | secondary Str. oF pwoteins kefers to the Ahabe m wwth a dong polypephde chaln cay extet. They axe found 46 exist mm too afferent Aypeo df Ste K- helix sh: pleated sheok sh- ynost common ways | in this st all pebhde aHelix Bsheet m which a polkbe | chaino ave Stsetched ~phide chain form |out to neayly all possible -Bond | ynaximuymn extenoton by fishing inl ato then flaid side a wight handed oy side ave hetd seweed Chebix) fogethes boy intermlewdg with dhe -NH H- Bond_ death amino aud residue e tert she teing vepracts overall feiding ey allie date ie furiner folding of te secondary structive tt giveo vise to & mojoy malecular Shape ie (Febyous ad Qlobular the main forces which Atabilize the 2° and 3° Shs. 4 proteins are H- Bondo, o'sul pride Unkages Yan. dey waal and elechostahe prio 4 ABH Bharat Panchal- Chemistry Curyie.oVe lelea gt 13 some A the protein are composed k 100 os nor oly befnide tole veered B- sheets D as sub. urvit The dipahal ¢warnge- -helices ~ ment 4 tnece tubupt with wecpect to each othes ia Riou 2 Q.Udtesnaw Guanine a iCplo tia Tho H-Bonds ave povesent between ALT CA=T) lohite three Wydwgen bonds are precent vetween cha C Cz) DNA IRNA SINGLE NUCLEOBASE lItis double stranded |It is single stranded cleic acid. sugar. fs | ko It contains Thymine It contains Uracil (U)[% ! instead of Thymii | 1 - : | [tis the genetic and his involved in pascirain) | hereditary material of . ase II synthesis of proteins. i ithe cells. | nucleic acid. nu (T) as a nitrogenous It is present in the tis presentin both |~— Mictevenses i in doo = DNA vs. RNA It contains deoxyribise|lt contains ribose vs. ugar. Jbcoxyrisonvcterc Aci RIBONUCLEIC ACID base. nucleus and nucleus of the cells. ytoplasm. nstenre ane francled frelical spiral Tt consist 4 +00 polynueleo kde chains , Ape P ute Sete win ten base fm one dum 4 aerate ine apical (= = Guanine the +0 chaing coth to double helix and run in FE reste — @ppoctte clivechoh. Thee ave held togeter by te toning © Bhavat fanchal- chemistry Guniao DNATypes of RNA 45 Messanger RNA Cm-RNA) piedueed fh te pea and carries ings main fos the Ayviinesis 4 pootel ayimefee th, fo found yn cytoplasm. Ths dundin vo th collect Ginino tee from cytoplasm qoy protein Synthesis . TMs prvide site pote = Syntheste bf ite foe Funchons of Nuclete etd "Direct the dynthesis : protein ° Frandger the Genehe Informahons. VED {sa procese fm which @ ynlecule can duplicate. It meane batten, in the process » lication 4 PNA, the parent stand sesves ao termpl Gene» che pomon of- DNA cactying ‘nfosmation about Q shecikic pootein fo called gene. ne yelahon between the dynine add and the me nucleohde triplet to cated genehc code. the putleotide basw m RNA fuvdhon in Group 4, thsee Ctriblet) in coding amino add These bdseo fteiplets ase called codon.Vitamins owgane compounds other, than cba ladies proteins anol "as tohich ave requived ff im the dfet i Gait roars fe perfosm spectre biologfeod funchons, maintaln nosmal health , Growth and nutryiK’HON axe Called -\itamine-» a Classification on the basis OF Solubility Fat Soluble Nitamtns Nitarnie fy A, DEK are Soluble in fat ct and. oils but fngotuble ‘in hey are 8 Ohves and aa cpt ‘sortng) Risuce woe vitae and Q@ Soluble i usater. udater Cate yitalndng must be in supplied Beguday by fn Afet because ney are readily excreted mm” Usthe and can not ve stored wm our ody Cexcebt Vitamin B42) sp Vitamlh K ts sesponstble for coaguiahon of blood. Sees Pores Perererean rere Somes 1, Vitamin A. Fish liver oil, carrots, |Xerophthalmia butter and milk (hardening of cornea of eye) Night blindness 2. Vitamin B, Yeast, milk, green | Beri beri (loss of appe: (Thiamine) vegetables and cereals | tite, retarded growth) | 3 Vitamin By Milk, eggwhite, liver, | Cheilosis [fissuring at (Riboflavin) kidney corners of mouth and lips). digestive disorders and burning sensation of the skin, 4. Vitamin By, Yeast, milk, egg yolk, | Convulsions (Pyridoxine) cereals and grams 5. Vitamin By, Meat, fish, egg and | Pernicious anaemia curd (RBC deficient in haemoglobin) 6. Vitamin C Citrus fruits. amla and | Scurvy (bleeding gums) (Ascorbic acid) | green leafy vegetables 7. Vitamin D Exposure to sunlight, | Rickets (bone deformities fish and egg yolk in children) and osteo- malacia (soft bones and joint pain in adults) 8. Vitamin E Vegetable oils like wheat | Increased fragility of germ oil, sunflower oil, |RBCs and muscular ete. weakness 9. Vitamin K Green leafy vegetables | Increased blood clotting timeEnaspmes a ptceat sty ofmost all the enzymes ave globular ane evel aned afer the Pein ov class ines Upon which they werk eg * eneyme tat Catalyse Aantal of maltose to glucose b ion Qo mod CiatOy +O MB 26 Hedy Maltose Glucose - Substuate Name © Froduck Ovea. Urease CO, + NHg Maktose Maltase Glucose Sucrose Thvertase Glucose + Fructose Stach Amylase Maltose Protefne Ty b. shh fmtno Acids [E-s] ——~> "@ Pot 8 i? Substrate perme ee Enzyme Products (catalyst) (reactants) « Rate of Reachou : fey fetal teh tbh Upto dot fo to Himes, © ehavat Panchal- chemistry GunyreoUrease catalyse the fudwlysts of trea Urea, So these ave bites ya Vatuve, Te fb ackve at Q0-30°C | kk b abouk +, for pebsln 18-22, AEH R2 . Dilute solulions ave mor effectre . Ver amoll amount aan Accelerate the medchby «Ere. twibthos- Teoe compouncl frrdb(t the enreyme actfon, with the hel q such im ye weachon Can be contolled, These ave the chemftod curstance vohleh are bsodtuced key endocrtne Coluctless) giahols th the body, Hasmones acts as chemlcod mesrehgen: Some exaluples of ductless Cerdocrfne) glands ave Hyold, pltutary ) advenal, pancreas , testec and ovartec. Harmohes are divided Unto thee types: bt te f) Gtewoide fy Aotelne ctl) Amines Name of endocrine gland | Hormones secreted Testis Testosterone Ovary Estrogen Adrenal Adrenaline Thyroid glands Thyroxin Pituitary gland FSH Pancreas Insulin © ehavat Panchal- Chemistsy Gieng’s.o“Carbohydrates, ase ophtally active poly ydz- “xy aldehydes / Reloneo os the oubstance whith give tese on rene ase called caroohudrate. Glucos?, (CHOI, Glueonte» ( Ho 1 CH oR cHok = atk CHo COOH q > clio, = enor = Il 1 cHyor Pier Nol co x CHy wy CHO CH zl + ; (chor), ao COD (chon), KOH (cH, chek cH CHeH CHO “ne Hendne Glucoxine | ho ) cHo ‘cH ON HON (cHohl, ——> (choh, —_ Gyano yd ( CHoOR CHR Maka votahion > when either of the too forms 4 glucose io dissolved vi Wwalet, exe io & cpontaneour change mm specigic yorakon 4Ul the equilibrium value 4 + oase, qhis & fenoun ao mutarotation, 3 Bharat fanchal- Chemistey Curny'2.o“fos 0 x-pl+) gucore —=Fyuilionim =~ B-pey Gluose $US? ni ntane +195° - (aroopydratts ave ecsenhol px Life mm bath plahts and avimads + They are Mazer poxh‘oy 4 ous food . - Carbo fudrates are used as storage molecule as Staxch in plan and glycogen ww ahimall, * CQ wall f bicteria and plants & wnde up 4 Cellulose - Honey has been used fps a tong Hime as an insta douste of energy, * Epimers monosacchayider oliffenng in congiquyalion at a carbon othes than Anomeric caybon are called epimers 3 Glucose and galactose differ m confi guyahon at C4, pence cabled epimers. rnneant saline ar pirat cons eo HO—+H H-0H ~« H—-0H HOH D-Glucose * mono Sacchasides and Oligosacchander having Suseet taste, Soluble wm wal axe fenoun ao Polysacchides which ave Insoluble mm water and not Sweet im tose are Known ao Q Bharat fanchal Siv © Brave Panchal- chemistry CongoA-D Gluwoseg C1 (Glucoseyg ” Gp Frutose 2 CFxtttosey Neeuelg Mase avide) A) -Glicoce Crt Glucove & Reduethe ats D- Gat C-4 Glucose actse B-D- close 1 (Galactose) £ Cpisacchawtde) 4 B-D- Glucose a Sain ae Reale g Cellulose -D-Glucase C-4 CGlucage) Non- Cay sacchavisle) 0° C+ Caluarey Reducing Glycogen A-D-Guose Cd Chtutose 4 JE - Colysaccharide) Crt- CCleuate) Nora oe Rhavat fanchal- Chemistey Guew’2o ~ When gtucose % olicsolved fm water, then Its spectgic Meat changer in an @Q.ulli bye , value. thls sbontaveous change tn speciic yotahion of ackve substance to an equilibvfum value Sucrose Cplsaccharide) © Qhomers lucose fe XD glucore 6 BD Glucore tm Colon chankes theix Specitic station to an equilibyum value which fs the yotakon of a Stralght Choun she: K-D Glucose ——= Obe4 ty <= _ 6-D-Glutore (Sp. wroteon St Cspealtr'c = +ilo’) CG Sp sotehion yorahon Ht ous?) = $19.4°) | Pisaccharides are the carbohydratec wohich on fuydwtysk with dilute acide ov with enzyme give fo molecules 4 ether same oy clifterent \monesacchandeThe tw mono sacchoricles axe fotned togetnes by au oxide Olukage doxmed by foss gq watts molecule THs actually an ether group and 1% Calbedk grycostdiec —Wnkage. cot ' to t <{O8 Fip¢- —> —F-0-¢- #0 H «-p- Glucose 4 ty 3 + HO 1 ' HO //CH,OH €-P -Glucose Glycosidic 8 linkage OH H a-D Glucose f- D - Fructose Sucrose fares) : CH,OH CH,OH B-D- Galactose ti B-D Glucose () (u) a-D- Glucose a-D- Glucose Maltose 6 6 CH,OH CH,OH e--qatechse "91 + OH B-D- Glucose , OH H OH - D - Galactose B-D - Glucose LactoseSucyose on dexho- xotefo bur on Aydrolyets efther ustth chiluke acial ov with enzyme fnvestase, the solution b changed fnto aevo- yotatow aolukon. ret ae dekh wtatny sucrose io changed to Jaevo xotaby Soluhoh after Pupdrolys The sabtet 1 eee « favert sugar CotesOu + HO He Gen + GHnd, 466-82 Der)-Glucose PC) -Auchose +S2¢° Gar” Stnce the Saco votahon of fructse (-9a.4°) 4 moe than Gexho yOtdtion of giuvose C+SaS°), the mixtne fo (aevo votatory , © Bharat anchal- Chemistey Gunwa.o ““Sarch: LE fb a polymer 4 x-glucose Unlis and ft conht too components - Amylose aml Amylopecttn AMYLOSE AMYLOPECTIN oo uf ou MH HA OH WAL Wa ON oon uAioXon uA oKon upto Iconstitutes about 15- | It constitutes 80-85% ~ ee ee 4 20% starch starch snk sean Amylose soluble cuon Con chon }—o Js—o. ° uA Aw HAR AR WAL Mn ‘These are long ‘These are branched chain | -O-\0# H/Lo-\on H/Lo-\on 1/Lo. unbranched chain with | polymer of a-D-glucose Y~; C1-C4 glycosidic linkage | units with C1-C4 glycosidic non non hon of glucose linkage and C1-C6 stint ne glycosidic linkage at Amylose branching.cellulose fo a shafaht chala polysaccharide qd B-P- glucose unths in wahith ad sre tdass Uytt 4 Cag the next glucose Unit fo Unked together by glycosidfe Unkage HOH,C | | . o | OH HOH,C | ar | OH | HOH,C Oo ° ___OH —— f-links OH P Oo | jy © Bharat Panchal- chemistey Guenji0 Cellulose a4 oger Te calle anlmad starch as stoved fn anfmod pody avd th sesemblance with the th of abylopectn. Tt t Mighty byanched anol fs present fn Qlvey , muscles and bral. It fo byoken down tp glucose by the enzyme to provide energy 4, tne body To help in Our ge Tourney 7,YOu Can donate