“Introduction to Library and Information Sciences” LECTURE 1. Introduction to the course of “Library and Information Sciences Plan 1. Library and information science; 2. Relations between library science, information science and LIS; 3. Objectives of Library and Information Science Education; 4. Common subfields (subdisciplines) Literature 1. Bates, MJ. and Maack, M.N. (eds.). (2010). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences. Vol. 1-7. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA; C. Chen, R. Larsen (eds.) (2014), Library and Information Sciences, Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54812-3_2: 3. Galvin, T. J. (1977). Pittsburgh. University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Library and Information Sciences. IN: Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (Vol. 22). Ed. by A. Kent, H. Lancour & J.E.Daily. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. (pp. 280-291); 4, Whitley, R. (2000). The intellectual and social organization of the sciences. Oxford University Press, Oxford; 5. hutp://www.anl.az/eVemb/A Xelefov/eserleri/meqale/2009_1 pdf Library and information science (LIS) (sometimes given as the plural library and information sciences) or as "library and information studies") is a merging of library science and information science. The joint term is associated with schools of library and information science (abbreviated to "SLIS"). In the last part of 1960s, schools of librarianship, which generally developed from professional training programs (not academic disciplines) to university institutions during the second half of the 20th century, began to add the term “information science" to their names. The first school to do this was at the University of Pittsburgh in 1964. More schools followed during the 1970s and 1980s, and by the 1990s almost all library schools in the USA had added information science to their names. Although there are exceptions, similar developments have taken place in other parts of the world. In Denmark, for example, the “Royal School of Librarianship” changed its English name to The Royal School of Library and Information Science in 1997. Faculty of Information and document management Lecturer: E.E.Mammadoy“Introduction to Library and Information Sciences” 2 Exceptions include Troms¢, Norway, where the term documentation science is the preferred name of the field, France, where information science and communication studies form one interdiscipline, and Sweden, where the fields of Archival science, Library science and Museology have been integrated as Archival, Library and Museum studies. In Azerbaijan, the name of Librarian faculty at the Baku State University was changed in 2004. The Academic Council of Librarian faculty proposed to change the name of the faculty on the "Librarian-information". In the last decade, the university has done a great job in raising the level of education. Because of this, the rector Abel Maharramov welcomed the proposed modernization. And the faculty in 2004, it became called "Librarian-information" faculty. In connection with the change of the name of the faculty, in the curriculum of the faculty were added a lot of discipline related information. We are thinking that, these new disciplines can satisfy the demands of the information society. In spite of various trends to merge the two fields, some consider the two original disciplines, library _science and information science, to be separate. However, the tendency today is to use the terms as synonyms or to drop the term "library" and to speak about information departments or I-schools. There have also been attempts to revive the concept of documentation and to speak of Library. information and documentation studies (or science). Croatian Library and information scientist Tefko Saracevic argued that library science and information science are separate fields: "The common ground between library science and information science, which is a strong one, is in the sharing of their social role and in their general concern with the problems of effective utilization of graphic records. But there are also very significant differences in several critical respects, among them in: (1) selection of problems addressed and in the way they were defined; (2) theoretical questions asked and frameworks established;(3) the nature and degree of experimentation and empirical development and the resulting practical knowledge/competencies derived; (4) tools Faculty of Information and document management Lecturer: E.EMammadov“Introduction to Library and Information Sciences” 3 and approaches used; and (5) the nature and strength of interdisciplinary relations established and the dependence of the progress and evolution of interdisciplinary approaches. All of these differences warrant the conclusion that librarianship and information science are two different fields in a strong interdisciplinary relation, rather than one and the same field, or one being a special case of the other." Another indication of the different uses of the two terms are the indexing in UMI's (University Microfilms International (UMI) Dissertations Abstracts. In Dissertations Abstracts Online on November 2011 were 4888 dissertations indexed with the descriptor LIBRARY SCIENCE and 9053 with the descriptor INFORMATION SCIENCE. For the year 2009 the numbers were 104 LIBRARY SCIENCE and 514 INFORMATION SCIENCE. 891 dissertations were indexed with both terms (36 in 2009). It should be considered that information science grew out of documentation science and therefore has a tradition for considering scientific and scholarly communication, bibliographic databases, subject knowledge and terminology etc. Library science, on the other hand has mostly concentrated on libraries and their internal processes and best practices. It is also relevant to consider that information science used to be done by scientists, while librarianship has been split between public libraries and scholarly research libraries. Library schools have mainly educated librarians for public libraries and not shown much interest in scientific from 1964 communication and documentation. When information scientis entered library schools, they brought with them competencies in relation to information retrieval in subject databases, including concepts such as recall and precision, boolean search techniques, query formulation and related issues. Subject bibliographic databases and citation indexes provided a major step forward in information dissemination - and also in the curriculum at library schools. The goal of library and information science education is the preparation of personnel for the task of successful performance at different levels of competence in different types of libraries with an insight into the role of these libraries in a fast Faculty of Information and document management Lecturer: E.EMammadov“Introduction to Library and Information Sciences” 4 changing society. It should impart a thorough grounding in the intellectual foundations of the profession and competence in the technical and technological skills required for their day-to-day practice in different positions. In other words, education for library and information science should be both knowledge and theory oriented task or practice oriented. The two aspects of theory and practice blend harmoniously in a sound programme of library and information science education because on this aspects LIS education depend the effectiveness and success of the programme. In achieving this objective the methods of teaching and evaluation employed are as important as the quality of the faculty. The main objectives of LIS profession are to provide training for building up leadership qualities among the LIS profession develop knowledge on the latest techniques of information storage, transfer and retrieval of information help to acquire necessary skills in handling information, accessing and application of electronic resources, tools and media; and help to know the latest developments in the Information Technology (IT). To sum up, the basic aims of library and information science education may be as follows: * To develop necessary technical skills: To develop administrative skills; * To develop service orientation; * To develop thorough knowledge of various sources of information, necessary to give traditional and modern library services; © To develop professional awareness. To be a professional in the field of library and information science the people at least (student, researchers and etc.) should studying subdisciplines shown below: > Knowledge organization; > Library studies; > Information architecture; > Information behavior; Faculty of Information and document management Lecturer: E.EMammadov“Introduction to Library and Information Sciences” 5 » — Interactive information retrieval; > Information systems; > — Scholarly communication; > Digital literacy; > Bibliometrics or scientometrics; > — Interaction design and user experience; > Digital library. It is a truly exciting time for those involved in the library and information science fields, as it is increasingly recognized in every quarter how important the information professions are. The rate of change in all endeavors is accelerating, along with the reliance on high quality information, and as a result, the demands on our profession are both challenging and exciting. In this era of rising prominence, it is important that we in the education of library and information science professionals share our experiences from around the world - that we learn from each other - so that we can respond in optimal ways to increasingly global demands, and further raise the recognition of the world’s overwhelming reliance on information and the information professions. Faculty of Information and document management Lecturer: E.EMammadov“Introduction to Library and Information Sciences” LECTURE 1.2. ‘The emergence and development of Library Science’s thoughts Plan 1. Library science’s thoughts, 2. Prehistory library science (the emergence and development of the library science’s thoughts since II millennium BC until the mid XVIII century), Literature 1. Khalafov A.A. Introduction to Library Science: Manual. Baku: Baku State University ing house, 2001, 400 p. Khalafoy A.A. History of librarianship in Azerbaijan: Manual (In two parts): Part I (From the publ most ancient times until the twentieth century). Baku: Baku State University pub house, 2004, 328 p. History of library science as scientific knowledge goes very far away from the ancient times. Scientific research of the thought of library science directly related to the emergence of the libraries in the world. It is necessary to tell the truth that, the history of world library science is not independent research object for the present, while was undertaken efforts to explore the history of library science in each country separately. As in other countries of the world, also in Azerbaijan this problem has not been the object of a separate study. But, despite this, it is a problem has been partially touched by research in this or other areas of library science, and was nominated general ideas and scientific position. Talking about the thoughts of library science is considered the oldest and most basic, but unsystematic ideas created about libraries and librarianship. The history of the thought of library science is very ancient. These thoughts have occurred in the period of first organized libraries and during of increased demand for libraries, were formed and began to grow over time with increasing number of libraries and the expansion of library networks. Increasing the role of libraries in society, Faculty of Information and document management Lecturer: E.EMammadov“Introduction to Library and Information Sciences” 2 increasing the number of books in the funds of libraries, establishing order in the funds of libraries, holding the library accounting, classification of funds of library, organization of services for readers and etc. led to the creation and formation of the first knowledge of library science. Historians of the world culture report the creation of the first libraries in Sumer and in Assyria. There are thoughts that in Sumer and Assyria were created and formed libraries, organized library funds, were an information system and a complete scientific system for service to readers. Noteworthy is also the fact that in the cradle of human culture - in Sumer were first libraries which contains books from clay boards, on this basis there appeared the first thoughts of library. The first library catalog which was created here, once again confirm these opinions. Initial emergence of elementary thoughts of library in chronological order its development, eventually has consistently created a library science. As a result of the sequence of the logical development of the thoughts of libr ry science was systematized opinions as a result of the merger of new scientific relationships with former elementary thoughts, these were foundation stones of ancient library science. This process is said by some researchers did not happen with the easy way. For emergence of the thought of library was necessary of complex objective causes and conditions. Based on the history of the world of librarianship can be argued that the first beginnings of the thought of library have appeared in V-VII centuries BC in connection with the appearance of the first libraries. One of the main reason of development and improvement of library thought is to increase the number of libraries with the time. With the need in society is steadily growing number of libraries, associated with this is created a new types and kinds of libraries. Increase in the number of libraries, the formation of new types and kinds of libraries have complicated the librarianship and work principles of libraries. A new approach to library service for readers in libraries require the necessary exchange of experiences and the creation of links between libraries. Faculty of Information and document management Lecturer: E.EMammadov“Introduction to Library and Information Sciences” 3 These ongoing changes have summarized the collective idea and experience in the library thought and led to the creation of new scientific knowledge. First library thoughts are based on simple, elementary methods, which came directly from practice and based on progressive experience in its time, and it has great practical value. In the Middle Ages increased role of religion in society. In the church, in monasteries and in mosques were founded religious libraries. In these libraries generally were kept sacred books and literatures in religious character. In the spread of religion very important role were played church schools and madr. They had a significant impact in organization of librarianship, as well as in maintain the library collection. Libraries of the ancient periods had carried progressive in nature than libraries in the medieval periods. In the Middle Ages a policy in religious libra ies also had an impact on library thoughts. As a result of the monopoly of the religious leadership of the church and the mosque, librarianship took a course in the religious direction, and the libraries were going to turn into a religious institution. In Medieval periods the libraries were considered as an institution of propaganda of the leading clerical culture, it had begun to define and shape the worldview of librarianship. At this time, the library thought is reflected in religious enchiridions, in charters and in written rules that was designed for librarians. In these religious enchiridions, in charters and in written rules the main attention was paid for the technical works of libraries: development of books, storage and placement of books, accounting of library literatures, the classification and cataloging. There have not been given attention for the servicing readers. At this time, gradually were trying to control the process of reading, even began to put the difference between reading a book. In this time began to appear the list "fake" books, written anti-religious secular books. Thus in the Middle Ages was religious censorship on the press and Faculty of Information and document management Lecturer: E.EMammadov“Introduction to Library and Information Sciences” 4 ‘on the reading process. This censorship lasted for many years and had a negative impact on free thought and the development of pluralism in the world. In 1445 in Germany printing of books by Gutenberg was beginning the great revolution in the field of book publishing. In subsequent years spread of book printing in other world countries in further was increased role of books in the society. The book started playing a big role in the creation of education, of science, of culture and was a major factor for the creation of library funds. It is known that a copy of manuscripts was very little. Copying of manuscripts was very expensive and long process. to the Not every member of society, not every reader had ac manuscript books. Thus, the publication has come to play a major role in the fate of books and were created favorable conditions for the development of libraries. The increase in the publication of books led to the expansion of library networks, and the formation of a new types and kinds libraries. Increase in the number of libraries, continuous enrichment of library funds demanded improvement processes of Librarianship. To meet this demand in many libraries began to appear works about library technologies. Even if in these works there was no scientific generalization, for that time they had of great practical importance. One of such works was published by Gabriel Naude in 1627 year, titled "Advice on Establishing a Library". This book was very timely, and for a long period became a handbook for librarians. As in the Middle Ages, in same in the 17th century in the library thoughts, libraries were designed for small groups of people and these was mostly seen as a book storage. In other words, in the XVII century in the library thoughts weren't considered the problems of library services and readers. Great French Revolution (1789-1794) in the Middle Ages gave a major boost to in development of libraries. This revolution in general led to the development of education, culture and in the field of librarianship. It has created conditions for the establishment democratic principles in librarianship. Radically changed presentation, thoughts and views about libraries. Libraries have begun to evaluate Faculty of Information and document management Lecturer: E.EMammadov“Introduction to Library and Information Sciences” 5 how "School for the citizens". Such an assessment has raised the position and role of libraries in the organization of self-education. During in this period there were public and private libraries for the people, and there were formed the ideas to create serious works to serve the people. Revolution gave rise to the transformation of libraries to the open access libraries. Thus, the revolution has given rise to major changes to the content of library thought, and became its apotheosis. Also Great French Revolution influenced the library thought in the world seriously. This was the beginning of the period of the formation and development of the library thoughts. Along with the European countries in the Middle Ages began to develop the library thoughts in Russia. Russian scientists of library science have shown in their studies that Russia throughout its development of library thoughts has used and has applied the main library thoughts of the world. We must admit that this process in Russia was much slower than in Europe. It is many years had a negative impact on the development and in democratization of library thought. Despite this, the library thought was developed in Russia. In the first periods they were primitive and elementary. Over time, as in other European countries and in Russia, the library thoughts began to developed and formed. Research of the Russian library thought showed that in addition to performing the functions of book storage, libraries were gave attention to the function of organization of the use of books. In the Middle Ages Ru: Russian Orthodox Church, the libraries were taking an active part in the religious in libraries have been under the influence of the propaganda. For a long time the church and monastery libraries have organized basic part of Russian libraries. In this period the Russian library thoughts were regulated with church rules and church libraries. XVIII century is considered a special stage in the development of the Russian library thought. It is at this stage of the Rus n library thoughts were distant from religious dogmas, and librarianship was seen as a major contributing factor in the Faculty of Information and document management Lecturer: E.EMammadov“Introduction to Library and Information Sciences” 6 development of science, education, culture, and was considered as an integral part of the culture of society. This view paved the way for democratization of librarianship. The most attracted the attention of the fact that in the XVIII century in the Russian Library thoughts often met concepts of the "secular book” and “secular reading". This has resulted in increasing the role of libraries and librarians in society. Russian library science in XVIII century is also characterized by the emergence of new ideas and thoughts of many eminent scientists of librarianship and was remembered with their works. Since the end of the XVIII century in Russia was published the practical works on librarianship. In such works has not been put forward theoretical issues about library science, it has been about practical matters of library science. In these works have tried to summarize the practical aspects of library science. ‘Already in the late XVIII and early XIX century the world library thoughts passed a long way of development. Permanently conducted deep generalizations of scientific knowledge have led to the formation of Library Science. Since that time, began a new stage in the development history of library science, which can be regarded as a "development stage of Library Science”, Faculty of Information and document management Lecturer: E.EMammadov