Philippine Politics and Governance Reviewer

week 1

Politics How to Study Politics? Government and Governance

Researchers develop expertise
It is primarily concerned with Government
the association of human The Statistical Method -
beings into a "body politic" or Is a group of people that has the power to rule in a
a political community (one involves sophisticated forms territory, according to the law.
organized under government of measurement and
and law). Make laws, rules and regulations, collect taxes and
observation. print money.
The activities associated with The Comparative Method -
the governance of a country or Have systems of justice that list the acts or
involves looking for similarities activities that are against the law and describe the
other area, especially the
debate among individuals and differences in two or more punishments fro breaking the law.
among parties having or cases.
hoping to achieve power Have a police force to make sure people follow the
Diachronic Comparison - laws.
The activities of governments comparison of one subject
concerning the political Have diplomats who communicate with the
relations between countries. across time governments of other countries.

The academic study of Have a military forces that protects the country
government and the state. -(example: comparing the for any attacks or invasion.
legislative department of the The leaders of the government and his or her
Various View of Politics Philippines in different terms). advisors are called the “Administration”.
It can be traced back as early as the 5th Century in
Greece
Tax is how the government is paid for.
Synchronic Comparison -
Democracy - power to the Governance
compares subjects across
people and its flip side “mob It is the exercise of authority.
national boarders (example:
(mass) rule.” A method or system of Government.
examining the prime minister
Oligarchy - literally the rule of
of British and Japanese) Management
the few, which was
implemented in Athens by Value of Politics The Great Philosopher
Pillars of Good Aristotle once said that
Sparta after their defeat.
Ethical or Moral Values
Governance “Man is, by Nature, a
Tyranny - a form of Political Animal”
government by one man; often Doctrinal/Ideological Values
be controlled by benevolent -(religious and political) World Bank 1994 defined Governance as:
dictators. Social Values
The practical exercise of power and authority by
Monarchy - royal family kept Aesthetic Values government institutions in the management of the
lineage, as such kept power -(artistic or visual) affairs in general and of economic development in
particular.
through this lineage.
what is Government ? Louise Fréchette, 1999 defined Governance as:
Various View on Politics ( social view )
The Left ( Liberals ) - believes Governance is about “guiding” The process through which organizations,
implying the processes by which businesses and citizen groups articulate their
in the equality of everyone interests, exercise their rights and obligations and
individuals, organizations and
and treats inequality as social groups steer themselves. mediate their differences.
something to be disregarded. According to the Asian Development Bank, Good
It is also about “Interacting”
The right (Totalitarian) - Governance has the following elements:
regards the inequality as The concept of Governance as Transparency - Refers to the availability of
interaction encompasses the information to the general public and clarity
something unavoidable, complex ways in which private, about government rules, regulations and
promotes capitalism. public and social organizations decisions.
interact and learn from one
How to Study Politics? another Participation - Guarantees popular
participation in the decisions and actions of
The manner in which citizens government and popular participation is the
Normative Approach - focuses on contribute to the governance
philosophies, norms “should” essence of our democracy.
system, directly and indirectly;
and the instruments, regulations Predictability - The existence of legal
“Should there be free education?” and processes that define the frameworks that are clear, fair, known in
“rules of the game” advance as well as uniformly, impartially and
effectively enforced.
Empirical Approach - relies on
measurement and observation
rather than norms Accountability
Political Science

Does everyone in a society have Accountability Is the systematic study It deals with those relations among men
is imperative of the state and and groups which are subject to control
equal access to education? (essential/vital) government
to make public by the state, with the relations of men
officials Political – derived and groups to the state itself, and with
The Case Study Method - involves answerable for from the Greek word the relations of the state to other states.
an intensive study of an individual government “polis” meaning “city”
subject. behavior and or “sovereign state” A basic knowledge of understanding of
responsive to the state and of the principles and ideals
-Micro Level – analysis focus on the entity from Science – came from
which they the Latin word “scire” which underlie its organization and
individuals. activities.
derive their which means “to know”
-Macro Level – analysis focus on authority.
groups or institutions
 Philippine Politics and Governance Reviewer
week 2

Ideology
Political Ideology
The body of doctrine or thought that guides and
individual, social movement, institution or group. Liberalism - A political philosophy or worldview founded on
ideas of liberty and equality.
This body of doctrine or thought forming a political
or social program, along with the devices for putting Liberals support ideas and programs such as freedom of speech,
it into operation. freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free markets, civil rights,
democratic societies, secular (material) governments, gender
equality, and international cooperation.
Explanatory - Helps to explain political phenomena
that would otherwise remain mysterious or puzzling. -Rejected the prevailing social and political norms of
Evaluative - Provide its adherents with criteria and hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy and divine
standards of evaluation – deciding what is right and right of Kings
wrong, good and bad. John Locke – argued that each man has a natural right to life, liberty
Orientative - Orients its adherents, giving them a sense and property.
of who they are and where they belong – a social and
cultural compass with which to affirm their individual Conservatism - believes in the equality of everyone and treats
and collective activity. inequality as something to be disregarded.
Programmatic - Supplies its adherents with
Conservatives sought to preserve institutions including religion,
rudimentary political program. This program provides monarchy, parliamentary government, property rights and social
an answer to so many questions of the ideologists hierarchy.
among others.
Political Ideology - Is a more or less systematic set of - Is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining
ideas that performs four functions for those who hold traditional social institutions in the context of culture and
it. civilization.
Communism - Common ownership and means of production and
the absence of social classes, money and the state.
Genderism - Or gender binarism; is the social system
or cultural belief that gender is a binary: that is, that Socialism - Social ownership and democratic control of the
there are no or should be only two genders - masculine means of production as well as the political ideologies, theories
and feminine. and movements that aim to establish them.
- Social Ownership may refer to forms of public, collective or
- Include expectations of dressing behavior, sexual cooperative ownership to citizen ownership of equality.
orientation, names or pronouns, preferred restrooms or
other qualities. Feminism - Is the range of political movements, ideologies and
social movements that share a common goal:

Power and its Nature 1. To define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal,
and social rights for women.
week 3 2. To establish educational and professional opportunities for
Power- Is the ability to dominate another person or women that are equal to men.
group-as in, I have power over him.
- Right to vote - Right to own Property
- Is the ability to do something on one’s own, it - Right to hold public office - Right to receive education
refers to one’s abilities - Sources of this kind of power - Right to work - Right to enter into contracts
are intellect, resources, knowledge, stamina, etc. - Right to earn fair wages or - Equal rights with marriage
equal pay
Bases of Power - Right to have paternity leave

Legitimate- This comes from the belief that a person Facism - First fascist movement emerged in Italy in WWI -
has the formal right to make demands, and to expect massive changes to nature of war, society, state
others to be compliant and obedient.
-Fascists believe that liberal democracy is obsolete (outdated).
Reward - This results from one person's ability to
compensate another for compliance. Federalism - Is the mixed or compound mode of government.
Expert- This is based on a person's high levels of skill
and knowledge.
Referent- This is the result of a person's perceived -combining a general government (the central or federal)
attractiveness, worthiness and right to others' respect. with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, or other sub-
Coercive - This comes from the belief that a person can unit governments) in a single political systems.
punish others for noncompliance.
Types of Power Feudalism - Was a combination of legal and military customs
originated in Medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th
Position - Some measure of power is conferred on and 15th Centuries.
the basis of one’s formal position in an organization.
Knowledge or Expertise- People who have - Was a combination of legal and military customs originated
knowledge or expertise can wield tremendous in Medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th
power. Centuries.
Character or Ethics- The more trustworthy - A way of structuring society around relationships derived
individuals are, the more power they have in from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor.
negotiations.
Rewards - People who are able to bestow rewards or - Describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations
perceived rewards hold power. among warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of
Punishment- Those who have the ability to create a Lords, Vassals and Fiefs.
negative outcome for a counterpart have the power
of punishment. Anarchism - Is a political philosophy that advocates self-
Gender- Dealing with someone of the opposite sex governed societies based on voluntary institutions.
can confer power.
Powerlessness- In some instances, giving up all
power can be very powerful. - often describes as stateless societies.
Charisma or Personal Power- Leaders who have had -Based on non-hierarchical free associations
charisma or personal power, invariably the names of -
Mother Teresa, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan
come up.
 Philippine Politics and Governance Reviewer
week 4
STATE, NATION AND GLOBALIZATION
Origin of the State
STATE NATION
Exited not only at present but Modern phenomenon. EVOLUTION THEORY - States evolved from family units. Gradually, the family headed
also in the ancient period.
It is racial cultural. by a parent enlarged into a clan and later on, the clan expanded into a tribe into a
It is legal and political. nation, and the nation into a state.
People psychologically
People organized for law joined together with
within a definite territory. common will to live FORCE THEORY - The state came into existence out of conquest, force or coercion
A state must be sovereign.
together. through a person who is strong enough to assert their leadership and power through
Inhabited by homogeneous conquest or violence.
Inhabited by heterogeneous groups of people.
groups of people.
DIVINE THEORY - This theory presents the view that the state was created by God.
Lt. word stare(to stand) The authority to govern the people was ordained by God upon rulers who were
self-governing, political regarded as of divine descent.
identity
organized political community SOCIAL CONTRACT - The state was formed by means of a social contract of men who
living under a single system of
government lived together without any super-body to establish peace and order and settle
conflicts.

THOMAS HOBBES
PEOPLE POLICE POWER
Men lived in a primitive society - known as population or inhabitants.
where there is war “of every man,
against every man.” TERRITORY regulate freedoms and property
- refers to the portion of the earth rights of individuals for the
Man’s life was solitary, poor, composed of protection of public safety,
nasty, brutish and short. aerial(air space above), fluvial health, and morals or the
(waters around and connecting the promotion of the public
Out of this condition, the State islands of the archipelago) and convenience and general
was born. terrestrial (landmass) domains. prosperity.
To escape this cruel reality, men SOVEREIGNTY This is because the welfare of the
would give up some freedom to - refers to supreme and absolute people is the supreme law.
the state; in return, the power within its territorial
government (state) would offer boundaries.
people security through law and EMINENT DOMAIN
order. GOVERNMENT
- Is the power to take private
JOHN LOCKE Institution/agency/instrumentalities property for public use upon
through which the state maintains payment of just compensation. It
Man sought peace and social order, provide public services, is exercised through national or
preservation of all humanity and enforces binding decisions local government and private
persons or corporations
Man produce a standing rule to authorized to exercise functions
live by of public character.
Man entered into contract to TAXATION
assure safety and peace that life,
liberty, and property may be ax- lifeblood of government
enjoyed to the fullest
Uniform taxation- persons or
The contract is two-way things belonging to the same
class shall be taxed at the same
rate
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
Equitable taxation- tax burden
Good person was corrupted must be imposed according to
the taxpayers capacity to pay
Society is ruled by greed, lust,
and violence Progressive taxation- as the
resources of the taxpayer
Nation-state got worse becomes higher his rates likewise
increase
Called for the agreement of the
citizen to meet and discuss
difficulties
Consensus knew as the General
Will