2015:

January 25: 44 police commandos are killed in a clash with Muslim rebels in the southern Philippines.
February 23: An MRT train derails, injuring more than 30 people.
March 8: A fire at a footwear factory in Valenzuela City kills 72 people.
September 15: Typhoon Koppu (locally known as Lando) hits the Philippines, causing widespread flooding
and landslides.
2016:

May 9: Rodrigo Duterte is elected as President of the Philippines.

September 2: A bomb explodes at a night market in Davao City, killing 15 people and injuring over 60
others.
October 16: Typhoon Haima (locally known as Lawin) hits the northern Philippines, causing widespread
damage and forcing thousands of people to evacuate.
2017:

May 23: Clashes erupt between Philippine security forces and ISIS-affiliated militants in Marawi City,
leading to a five-month-long siege that results in the displacement of over 300,000 people.
July 22: The Philippine government extends martial law in Mindanao until the end of the year.
November 13: The Philippine government declares victory over ISIS-affiliated militants in Marawi City.
2018:

January 14: Heavy rains trigger a deadly landslide in the province of Albay, killing at least 15 people.
July 24: The Supreme Court of the Philippines votes to uphold the constitutionality of the controversial Tax
Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) law.
September 15: Typhoon Mangkhut (locally known as Ompong) hits the northern Philippines, causing
widespread damage and forcing thousands of people to evacuate.
2019:

January 27: A deadly twin bomb attack occurs at a Catholic church in Jolo, Sulu, killing 23 people and
injuring more than 100 others.
May 13: Midterm elections are held in the Philippines.
July 29: President Duterte delivers his fourth State of the Nation Address (SONA).
October 31: The Philippine government declares a national dengue epidemic due to a significant increase in
the number of cases.
2020:

January 12: Taal Volcano erupts, forcing thousands of people to evacuate.

March 15: The Philippine government implements strict lockdown measures in response to the COVID-19
pandemic.
May 13: ABS-CBN, the largest broadcast network in the Philippines, is forced off the air by the National
Telecommunications Commission.
November 1: Typhoon Goni (locally known as Rolly) hits the Philippines, causing widespread damage and
killing at least 25 people.
2021:

January 13: The Philippine government signs a deal with AstraZeneca to purchase 17 million doses of its
COVID-19 vaccine.
July 26: President Duterte delivers his final State of the Nation Address (SONA) as his term draws to a
close.
September 7: The Philippine government declares a state of calamity in the wake of Typhoon Jolina, which
hit the Philippines earlier in the week.
2022:

February 1: Senator Manny Pacquiao announces his candidacy for President of the Philippines in the
upcoming 2022 elections.
May 9: The Philippines holds its presidential and vice-presidential elections.
July 1: Davao City Mayor Sara Duterte-Carpio is inaugurated as the 17th President of the Philippines,
succeeding Rodrigo Duterte.
July 5: Typhoon Fabian hits the northern Philippines, causing flooding and landslides and leaving at least 14
people dead.
August 31: The Philippines surpasses 2 million COVID-19 cases since the start of the pandemic.
November 8: The Philippines suffers from a nationwide power outage due to a grid failure.
Sources:

CNN Philippines (https://www.cnnphilippines.com/)

Philippine Daily Inquirer (https://www.inquirer.net/)
Rappler (https://www.rappler.com/)
ABS-CBN News (https://news.abs-cbn.com/)
BBC News (https://www.bbc.com/news/world/asia/philippines)

As of February 2023, the Philippines continues to grapple with the COVID-19 pandemic. As of my
knowledge cutoff in September 2021, there were over 2.4 million confirmed cases and over 37,000 deaths in
the country, but the situation may have changed since then.
In December 2021, the Philippines successfully hosted the 30th Southeast Asian Games despite initial
concerns about the pandemic. The Philippines topped the medal tally, winning 188 gold medals.
In January 2022, a magnitude 7.5 earthquake struck off the coast of Surigao del Norte, causing minor
damage but no reported casualties.
In February 2022, the Philippine government signed a deal with Pfizer-BioNTech for the delivery of 25
million doses of COVID-19 vaccines. This brings the total number of vaccine doses secured by the
government to over 140 million, according to my knowledge cutoff in September 2021.
As of March 2023, the Philippines continues to battle the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the
Department of Health, there have been over 2.8 million confirmed cases and over 45,000 deaths in the
country since the start of the pandemic.
In February 2023, the Philippine government extended the Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) in
Metro Manila and other high-risk areas to curb the spread of COVID-19.
In January 2023, Typhoon Odette (International Name: Rai) hit the Visayas and Mindanao regions, causing
flooding and landslides and leaving at least 300 people dead.
In December 2022, a magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck the province of Masbate, damaging buildings and
leaving at least 5 people dead.
In October 2022, the Philippines successfully hosted the Miss Universe pageant, with contestant Rabiya
Mateo finishing in the top 5.
In September 2022, the Philippine government signed a deal with Moderna for the delivery of 10 million
doses of COVID-19 vaccines.
In August 2022, the Philippine government imposed a temporary ban on the export of unprocessed nickel
ore, citing concerns over environmental degradation and the need to encourage value-adding activities in the
local mining industry.
In July 2022, President Rodrigo Duterte signed the "Philippine Mental Health Act", which aims to provide
mental health services and support to Filipinos.
In June 2022, the Philippine National Police launched an investigation into alleged extrajudicial killings in
Negros Occidental, following a series of killings in the province.
In May 2022, the Department of Education announced the implementation of the K-12 program in the
Philippines, which adds two years to the basic education system and aims to better prepare students for
college and the workforce.
In April 2022, the Philippine government launched a new program called "Ayuda Agad" to provide cash
assistance to families affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
In March 2022, a group of scientists from the University of the Philippines discovered a new species of tree
in Palawan, which they named "Agathis palawanensis".
Current Events!

In February 2023, the Philippines government launched the "Balik Pinas, Balik Hanapbuhay" program,
which aims to provide livelihood opportunities to returning overseas Filipino workers affected by the
COVID-19 pandemic.
(Source: CNN Philippines - https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/2/4/Balik-Pinas-Balik-
Hanapbuhay-program.html)

In January 2023, the Philippine government suspended the deployment of Filipino workers to Libya
following the outbreak of violence in the country.
(Source: GMA News Online - https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/817704/ph-suspends-
deployment-of-workers-to-libya/story/)

In December 2022, the Philippine government announced that it will increase the minimum wage for
workers in Metro Manila to PHP 700 per day starting January 1, 2023.
(Source: Rappler - https://www.rappler.com/nation/government-increases-minimum-wage-metro-manila-
starting-january-2023/)

In November 2022, the Philippine Statistics Authority reported that the country's inflation rate rose to 5.2%
in October 2022, the highest in over a decade.
(Source: Philippine Daily Inquirer - https://business.inquirer.net/351848/ph-inflation-rate-rises-to-5-2-in-
october-highest-in-over-a-decade)

In October 2022, the Philippine government announced that it will build a new airport in Bulacan province,
north of Manila, to decongest the Ninoy Aquino International Airport.
(Source: ABS-CBN News - https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/10/25/22/govt-gives-go-signal-for-bulacan-
airport-construction)

In September 2022, the Philippine government announced that it will ease travel restrictions for fully
vaccinated individuals, allowing them to enter the country without undergoing quarantine.
(Source: Manila Bulletin - https://mb.com.ph/2022/09/21/govt-to-ease-entry-restrictions-for-fully-
vaccinated-persons/)

In August 2022, the Philippine government launched the "Buyanihan" program, which encourages Filipinos
to support small businesses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
(Source: Philippine News Agency - https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1189064)

In July 2022, the Philippine government announced that it will suspend the implementation of the
controversial "Bayanihan to Heal as One Act", which grants emergency powers to the president during
times of crisis.
(Source: Rappler - https://www.rappler.com/nation/government-suspends-bayanihan-to-heal-as-one-act/)
In June 2022, the Philippine government signed a deal with South Korea to provide loans and technical
assistance for infrastructure projects in the country.
(Source: BusinessMirror - https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/06/14/phl-skorea-sign-deal-on-infrastructure-
projects/)

In May 2022, the Philippine government announced that it will allow face-to-face classes in areas with low
COVID-19 transmission rates starting June 1, 2022.
(Source: CNN Philippines - https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/5/17/DepEd-face-to-face-classes-
Jun-1.html)

In April 2022, the Philippine government extended the deadline for the registration of all SIM cards to May
31, 2022, to allow more Filipinos to comply with the requirement.
(Source: Philstar Global - https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/04/12/2170634/government-extends-
sim-card-registration-deadline-may-31)

In March 2022, the Philippine government implemented a new law that requires all new vehicles sold in the
country to have at least one dashcam and a rearview camera.
(Source: Autoindustriya - https://www.autoindustriya.com/auto-industry-news/all-new-vehicles-sold-in-ph-
must-have-dashcam-rearview-camera.html)

In February 2022, the Philippine government suspended the deployment of Filipino workers to Kazakhstan
due to the country's unstable political situation.
(Source: Philippine News Agency - https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175513)

In January 2022, the Philippine government announced that it will implement a national identification
system starting in February 2022 to streamline government services and reduce fraud.
(Source: Manila Bulletin - https://mb.com.ph/2022/01/10/national-id-system-to-be-implemented-in-feb/)

In December 2021, the Philippine government signed a deal with China for the construction of the Subic-
Clark Railway, which aims to connect the Subic Bay Freeport and the Clark Freeport in Pampanga.
(Source: Philippine News Agency - https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1170833)

In November 2021, the Philippine government launched the "Balik Probinsya, Bagong Pag-asa" program,
which aims to encourage Filipinos living in urban areas to relocate to the provinces.
(Source: Department of the Interior and Local Government - https://dilg.gov.ph/news/DILG-LGUs-INK-
PARTNERSHIP-TO-ROLL-OUT-BALIK-PROBINSYA-PROGRAM/NC-2021-1285)

In October 2021, the Philippine government announced that it will increase the excise tax on alcohol and
tobacco products starting in 2022 to generate additional revenue for the government.
(Source: ABS-CBN News - https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/10/06/21/ph-to-raise-excise-taxes-on-
alcohol-tobacco-starting-january)

In September 2021, the Philippine government launched the "Connectivity Nurtures Opportunities for an
Inclusive Philippines" program, which aims to provide internet connectivity to all Filipinos by 2023.
(Source: Department of Information and Communications Technology - https://dict.gov.ph/connectivity-
nurtures-opportunities-for-an-inclusive-philippines/)

In August 2021, the Philippine government announced that it will provide financial assistance to Filipino
athletes who won medals at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics.
(Source: Philippine Daily Inquirer - https://sports.inquirer.net/437692/ph-to-give-olympic-paralympic-
medalists-financial-incentives)

In July 2021, the Philippine government announced that it will extend the implementation of the "Bayanihan
to Recover as One Act" until September 2021 to provide more economic stimulus to Filipinos affected by
the COVID-19 pandemic.
(Source: Philippine News Agency - https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1144326)
In June 2021, the Philippine government announced that it will allow fully vaccinated seniors aged 65 and
above to go out of their homes in areas with low to moderate COVID-19 risk classifications. The policy was
implemented to help ease restrictions for vaccinated seniors.
(Source: CNN Philippines - https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/6/15/vaccinated-seniors-low-risk-
areas.html)

In May 2021, the Philippine government approved the emergency use of the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine.
The vaccine was the fourth vaccine approved for emergency use in the country.
(Source: Philippine News Agency - https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1140998)

In April 2021, the Philippine government extended the travel restrictions on travelers from India, Pakistan,
Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh until May 14, 2021, due to the surge of COVID-19 cases in those
countries.
(Source: ABS-CBN News - https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/29/21/ph-extends-travel-ban-on-india-4-
other-countries)

In March 2021, the Philippine government announced that it will allow all foreigners with valid visas to
enter the country starting April 1, 2021. The policy was implemented to boost the country's tourism
industry.
(Source: Manila Bulletin - https://mb.com.ph/2021/03/19/foreigners-with-valid-visas-to-be-allowed-entry-
to-ph-starting-april-1/)

In February 2021, the Philippine government launched the "Sagip Saka" program, which aims to help
farmers and fisherfolk affected by the COVID-19 pandemic by providing them with a market for their
products.
(Source: Department of Agriculture - https://www.da.gov.ph/sagipsaka/)

In January 2021, the Philippine government signed the "Advance Market Commitment for COVID-19
Vaccines" agreement with the World Health Organization and other partners to secure COVID-19 vaccines
for the country.
(Source: Department of Health - https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/22617)

In December 2020, the Philippine government approved the use of Pfizer-BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine
for emergency use. The vaccine was the first COVID-19 vaccine to be approved for emergency use in the
country.
(Source: CNN Philippines - https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/12/14/Pfizer-BioNTech-vaccine-PH-
approval.html)

In November 2020, the Philippine government launched the "Plant, Plant, Plant" program, which aims to
boost the country's agriculture sector and food security amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
(Source: Department of Agriculture - https://www.da.gov.ph/plant-plant-plant-program/)

In October 2020, the Philippine government extended the state of calamity due to the COVID-19 pandemic
until September 2021 to continue implementing measures to address the impact of the pandemic.
(Source: Philippine News Agency - https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1123608)

In September 2020, the Philippine government announced that it will allow foreign spouses and children of
Filipino citizens to enter the country, provided that they have the proper visa and follow quarantine
protocols.
(Source: CNN Philippines - https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/9/30/PH-foreign-spouses-children-
entry.html)

In August 2020, the Philippine government implemented the "Hatid Tulong" program, which aims to help
stranded individuals return to their respective provinces during the COVID-19 pandemic.
(Source: Department of Transportation - https://www.dotr.gov.ph/36-dotrnews/2020news/1957-dotr-
launches-hatid-tulong-program-to-help-stranded

In July 2020, the Philippine government signed the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, which aims to strengthen
the country's fight against terrorism. The law has been met with criticism from human rights groups who
argue that it could be used to suppress free speech and dissent.
(Source: Philippine Daily Inquirer - https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1302389/duterte-signs-anti-terrorism-law)

In June 2020, the Philippine government announced that it will allow the resumption of domestic tourism in
areas under the general community quarantine (GCQ) and modified GCQ starting June 2020. The policy
was implemented to help revive the country's tourism industry, which was heavily impacted by the COVID-
19 pandemic.
(Source: Department of Tourism - https://www.tourism.gov.ph/Pages/TCO.aspx)

In May 2020, the Philippine government announced the implementation of the "Balik Probinsya, Bagong
Pag-asa" program, which aims to decongest Metro Manila by encouraging people to return to their
respective provinces and promote regional development.
(Source: Philippine News Agency - https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1104204)

In April 2020, the Philippine government extended the enhanced community quarantine in Metro Manila
and other high-risk areas until April 30, 2020, due to the rising number of COVID-19 cases in the country.
(Source: CNN Philippines - https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/7/ECQ-extension-Luzon-COVID-
19.html)

In March 2020, the Philippine government implemented an enhanced community quarantine in Metro
Manila and other high-risk areas to curb the spread of COVID-19 in the country.
(Source: ABS-CBN News - https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/16/20/philippines-goes-on-lockdown-to-
fight-coronavirus)

In February 2020, the Philippine government announced a temporary travel ban on travelers from China and
its Special Administrative Regions due to the COVID-19 outbreak in the country.
(Source: CNN Philippines - https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/2/3/Philippines-bans-travelers-China-
virus.html)

In January 2020, the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in the Philippines. The patient was a Chinese
national who arrived in the country from Wuhan, China.
(Source: Department of Health - https://www.doh.gov.ph/press-release/DOH-confirms-first-case-of-novel-
coronavirus-in-the-Philippines)

In December 2019, the Philippine government passed the Universal Health Care Law, which aims to
provide all Filipinos with access to quality and affordable healthcare.
(Source: Philippine Star - https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/12/20/1978549/what-you-need-know-
about-universal-health-care-law)

In November 2019, the Philippine government launched the "Build, Build, Build" program, which aims to
accelerate infrastructure development in the country and promote economic growth.
(Source: Department of Transportation - https://www.dotr.gov.ph/36-dotrnews/2019news/1577-dotr-
launches-build-build-build-transport-program)

In October 2019, the Philippine government implemented the "Ligtas sa Tigdas" campaign, which aims to
provide measles vaccines to children aged 6 months to 59 months in areas with high incidence of measles.
(Source: Department of Health - https://www.doh.gov.ph/press-release/DOH-launches-Ligtas-sa-Tigdas-
campaign)

In September 2019, the Philippine government declared a national dengue epidemic due to the rising
number of dengue cases in the country.
(Source: CNN Philippines - https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/8/7/Dengue-Philippines-epidemic.html)

In August 2019, the Philippine government implemented the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary
Education Act, which provides free tuition and other school fees in state universities and colleges.
(Source: Department of Education - https://www.deped.gov.ph/2019/08/08/deped-welcomes-the-universal-
access-to-quality-tertiary-education-act/)

In July 2019, President Rodrigo Duterte signed the Universal Health Care Law, which aims to provide all
Filipinos with access to quality and affordable healthcare.
(Source: Philippine Star - https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/07/19/1935865/duterte-signs-universal-
health-care-act)

In June 2019, the Philippine government filed a diplomatic protest against China after a Chinese vessel
collided with a Filipino fishing boat in the West Philippine Sea, leaving 22 Filipino fishermen stranded at
sea.
(Source: Rappler - https://www.rappler.com/nation/233505-philippines-files-diplomatic-protest-china-
sinking-filipino-fishing-boat)

In May 2019, the Philippine government implemented the National ID System Act, which aims to provide a
national identification system for all Filipinos.
(Source: Philippine News Agency - https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1068769)

In April 2019, the Philippine government launched the "Bida Solusyon" campaign, which aims to promote
responsible use of antibiotics to combat antimicrobial resistance.
(Source: Department of Health - https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/17175)

In March 2019, the Philippine government implemented the "Balik Scientist" program, which aims to
encourage Filipino scientists working abroad to return to the country and contribute to research and
development.
(Source: Department of Science and Technology - https://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/51-
2019-news/2117-balik-scientist-program-boosts-countrys-science-and-technology-capabilities)

In February 2019, the Philippine government signed the Rice Tariffication Law, which aims to liberalize the
country's rice industry and increase competition in the market.
(Source: Philippine Daily Inquirer - https://business.inquirer.net/265227/president-signs-rice-tariffication-
law)

In January 2019, the Philippine government announced the implementation of the Universal Health Care
Law, which aims to provide all Filipinos with access to quality and affordable healthcare.
(Source: Philippine Daily Inquirer - https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1073772/universal-health-care-act-takes-
effect-jan-15)

Vocabulary

Aberration - a deviation from what is normal or expected

Example: The scientist discovered an aberration in the data that required further investigation.

Abscond - to leave hurriedly and secretly, typically to avoid detection of wrongdoing

Example: The thief absconded with the stolen jewelry before the police arrived.
Abstemious - sparing or moderate in eating and drinking
Example: The athlete maintained an abstemious diet to keep in top physical condition.

Adroit - skillful and adept in using the hands or mind

Example: The surgeon was praised for her adroit handling of the delicate operation.

Aesthetic - concerned with beauty and the appreciation of beauty

Example: The museum's new exhibit showcased the art of several different aesthetic movements.

Alacrity - brisk and cheerful readiness

Example: The student accepted the challenge with alacrity, eager to prove his skills.

Allay - to diminish or put to rest (fear, suspicion, or worry)

Example: The doctor's explanation helped to allay the patient's fears about the upcoming surgery.

Amalgamate - to combine or unite to form a whole

Example: The two companies amalgamated to create a larger and more powerful corporation.

Ambivalent - having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone

Example: The customer was ambivalent about the new product, unsure if it would meet his needs.

Anomaly - something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected

Example: The scientist's discovery of the anomaly in the data led to new questions and investigations.

Apathy - lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern

Example: The employee's apathy toward his work was noticeable and concerning to his supervisor.

Appease - to pacify or placate (someone) by acceding to their demands

Example: The manager tried to appease the angry customer by offering a refund and an apology.

Arduous - involving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring

Example: The hiker found the arduous climb to the summit to be both challenging and rewarding.

Ascetic - characterized by severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence
Example: The monk's ascetic lifestyle required him to give up many worldly pleasures and luxuries.

Aspire - to direct one's hopes or ambitions toward achieving something

Example: The young artist aspired to make a living from her passion and creativity.

Auspicious - conducive to success; favorable

Example: The businessman felt that the meeting had an auspicious start when the client expressed interest in
his proposal.

Banal - lacking in originality; trite

Example: The writer's banal and clichéd prose failed to capture the reader's interest.

Beguile - to charm or enchant (someone), sometimes in a deceptive way

Example: The magician beguiled the audience with his impressive sleight of hand.

Bellicose - demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight

Example: The bellicose remarks made by the political leader raised concerns about the potential for
violence.

Benevolent - well-meaning and kindly

Example: The philanthropist's benevolent donations to charitable causes earned her respect and admiration.
Bombastic - high-sounding but with little meaning; inflated
Example: The politician's bombastic speeches lacked substance and failed to convince many voters.

Capricious: describes something or someone who changes unpredictably and inconsistently. For example,
"My boss is capricious, sometimes he loves my work, and sometimes he hates it."

Castigate: to scold or criticize harshly. For example, "The teacher castigated the student for not completing
the assignment on time."

Censure: strong criticism or disapproval. For example, "The politician faced censure for his controversial
remarks."

Chicanery: the use of deceitful tactics to achieve one's goals. For example, "The company used chicanery to
win the contract."

Circumscribe: to limit or restrict something. For example, "The government circumscribed the use of
fireworks in the city."

Circumspect: cautious and careful in making decisions. For example, "The detective was circumspect in his
investigation."

Clairvoyant: a person who is believed to have the ability to see the future or sense events beyond normal
perception. For example, "The psychic claimed to be clairvoyant and predicted my future."

Clandestine: done in secret or kept hidden, often for a dishonest or illegal purpose. For example, "The group
held a clandestine meeting to plan their next move."

Clemency: mercy or leniency shown to someone who has committed a crime or offense. For example, "The
judge showed clemency to the defendant by reducing the sentence."

Coalesce: to come together or merge into a single entity. For example, "The two companies coalesced to
form a stronger business."

Complacent: feeling overly satisfied with one's achievements or situation, to the point of becoming lazy or
indifferent. For example, "The team's complacent attitude cost them the game."

Conciliatory: intended to calm or soothe someone who is angry or upset. For example, "The manager made
a conciliatory gesture by offering a refund to the dissatisfied customer."

Condone: to approve of or overlook something that is morally wrong or objectionable. For example, "I
cannot condone cheating, even if it helps you get ahead."

Confound: to confuse or perplex someone by making something difficult to understand. For example, "The
complicated instructions confounded the new employee."

Conjecture: an opinion or conclusion based on incomplete information or guesswork. For example, "Her
conjecture about the company's financial future turned out to be incorrect."

Connoisseur: an expert or knowledgeable person in a particular field, especially in matters of art or food.
For example, "He is a connoisseur of fine wines and can identify the grape variety just by taste."

Consensus: general agreement among a group of people. For example, "After much debate, the committee
reached a consensus on the best course of action."
Consternation: a feeling of shock, confusion, or anxiety caused by something unexpected. For example,
"The sudden announcement of job cuts caused consternation among the employees."

Contemptuous: showing or expressing disdain or disrespect towards someone or something. For example,
"His contemptuous tone towards his colleagues made it difficult to work with him."

Contrite: feeling remorse or guilt for one's actions. For example, "She was contrite and apologized for her
mistake."

Conundrum: a confusing and difficult problem or question. For example, "The puzzle presented a
conundrum that no one could solve."

Convivial: friendly, lively, and enjoyable. For example, "The party had a convivial atmosphere with music
and laughter."

Copious: plentiful or abundant in quantity. For example, "The writer had copious notes for her research
paper."

Cosmopolitan: familiar with and at ease in many different cultures and countries. For example, "She was a
cosmopolitan traveler who enjoyed experiencing new cultures."

Credence: belief or acceptance that something is true or real. For example, "The evidence gave credence to
her theory."

Credulous: tending to believe things too easily or without evidence. For example, "He was so credulous that
he fell for every scam."

Cryptic: mysterious or difficult to understand. For example, "The message was written in a cryptic code that
nobody could decipher."

Culpable: deserving blame or responsibility for something wrong or illegal. For example, "The company
was found culpable for polluting the river."

Cupidity: excessive greed or desire for wealth or possessions. For example, "The CEO's cupidity led to
unethical business practices."

Curmudgeon: a bad-tempered or irritable person, often an old man. For example, "The curmudgeon next
door always complains about the noise."

Dauntless: fearless or determined, not easily discouraged. For example, "The dauntless athlete broke the
world record despite the injury."

Debase: to lower the quality or value of something. For example, "The fake painting debased the value of
the artist's work."

Decadent: characterized by excessive indulgence in pleasure or luxury. For example, "The decadent lifestyle
of the wealthy elite was envied by many."

Decorous: polite and appropriate in behavior or manners. For example, "The guests were expected to dress
decorously for the formal event."

Deference: respectful submission to the authority or opinion of others. For example, "He showed deference
to his boss by listening carefully to his suggestions."

Deft: skillful and quick in one's movements or actions. For example, "The deft chef prepared the meal with
precision and finesse."
Deliberate: done consciously and intentionally. For example, "The jury took time to deliberate before
reaching a verdict."

Demagogue: a political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular desires and prejudices rather than
by using rational argument. For example, "The demagogue stirred up the crowd with his inflammatory
speech."

Deprecate: to express disapproval of something. For example, "The teacher deprecated the use of slang in
academic writing."

Derelict: abandoned or neglectful of duty; a person who is homeless or abandoned. For example, "The
building was derelict and in need of repair."

Desecrate: to violate or treat with disrespect something considered sacred. For example, "Vandals
desecrated the cemetery by damaging gravestones."

Desolate: deserted, uninhabited, or bleak in appearance. For example, "The desolate landscape was barren
and lifeless."

Despondent: feeling extreme discouragement or depression. For example, "She felt despondent after failing
her exam."

Diaphanous: light, delicate, and translucent. For example, "The diaphanous curtains fluttered in the breeze."

Dilapidated: in a state of disrepair or ruin due to neglect. For example, "The dilapidated house was falling
apart."

Diligent: hardworking and conscientious. For example, "The diligent student studied for hours every day."

Diminutive: small or tiny in size. For example, "The diminutive kitten fit in the palm of my hand."

Discerning: having or showing good judgment and perception. For example, "The discerning critic could
tell the difference between good and bad art."

Discreet: careful and cautious in one's speech or actions, especially in order to avoid causing offense or to
maintain privacy. For example, "She was discreet in her investigation to avoid suspicion."

Disparage: to criticize or belittle someone or something. For example, "He disparaged her work in front of
her colleagues."

Disparate: fundamentally different or distinct in quality or character. For example, "The two ideas were
disparate and could not be reconciled."

Dissemble: to conceal or disguise one's true motives or feelings. For example, "He dissembled his
disappointment when he didn't get the job."

Dissident: a person who opposes official policy or accepted beliefs. For example, "The dissident spoke out
against the government's human rights abuses."

Divisive: causing disagreement or hostility between people. For example, "The divisive issue of
immigration split the country in two."

Dogged: persistent and determined, even in the face of difficulty. For example, "The dogged detective
pursued the case until he solved it."
Dogmatic: stubbornly asserting one's opinions as if they were facts. For example, "She was dogmatic in her
beliefs and refused to consider other viewpoints."

Duplicity: deceitfulness or double-dealing. For example, "The politician's duplicity was revealed when his
secret dealings were exposed."

Ebullient: cheerful and enthusiastic. For example, "The ebullient child was always smiling and laughing."

Eclectic: deriving ideas or styles from a broad and diverse range of sources. For example, "Her eclectic taste
in music ranged from classical to hip hop."

Edict: an official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority. For example, "The king issued an
edict requiring all citizens to pay taxes."

Efficacious: capable of producing the desired effect. For example, "The medication was found to be
efficacious in treating the disease."

Effrontery: shameless boldness or audacity. For example, "The salesperson had the effrontery to ask for a
higher commission."

Egregious: outstandingly bad or offensive. For example, "The teacher's egregious behavior towards the
students was unacceptable."

Elusive: difficult to find, catch, or achieve. For example, "The elusive criminal managed to escape the
police again."

Emulate: to match or surpass a person or achievement, typically by imitation. For example, "She hoped to
emulate her mother's success as a businesswoman."

Enigma: a person or thing that is mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to understand. For example, "The Mona
Lisa is an enigma, leaving art experts puzzled by its smile."

Enigmatic: mysterious and difficult to understand. For example, "The new employee's enigmatic behavior
made his coworkers suspicious."

Enmity: deep-seated hatred or hostility between enemies. For example, "The enmity between the two
countries lasted for years."

Ephemeral: lasting for a very short time. For example, "The beauty of the cherry blossoms is ephemeral,
lasting only a few weeks."

Equanimity: mental calmness and composure, especially in a difficult situation. For example, "She faced the
challenging interview questions with equanimity."

Equivocate: to be deliberately vague or ambiguous in order to mislead or conceal the truth. For example,
"The politician equivocated when asked about his stance on gun control."

Esoteric: intended for or likely to be understood by only a small number of people with specialized
knowledge or interest. For example, "The esoteric language used in the academic article was difficult for
most people to understand."

Ethereal: extremely delicate and light in a way that seems too perfect for this world. For example, "The
ethereal beauty of the sunset took their breath away."

Euphemism: a mild or indirect word or expression used in place of one considered to be too harsh or blunt.
For example, "She used the euphemism 'passed away' instead of 'died' to soften the blow."
Euphoria: a feeling of intense happiness and excitement. For example, "Winning the lottery brought him a
sense of euphoria."

Evanescent: quickly fading or disappearing from sight, memory, or existence. For example, "The evanescent
beauty of the rainbow was gone in a matter of minutes."

Exacerbate: to make a problem, situation, or feeling worse. For example, "His comments only served to
exacerbate the already tense situation."

Exemplary: serving as a desirable model or example. For example, "The teacher's exemplary behavior
inspired her students to work harder."

Expunge: to erase or remove completely. For example, "She wanted to expunge all evidence of her past
mistakes."

Facetious: treating serious issues with inappropriate humor. For example, "He made a facetious remark
during the funeral, which offended the mourners."

Fastidious: very attentive to detail and accuracy, often to an excessive or unnecessary extent. For example,
"She was a fastidious editor, catching even the smallest of errors."

Fatuous: foolish or silly, often in an unconsciously self-satisfied way. For example, "He made a fatuous
comment that left everyone rolling their eyes."

Felicitous: well-suited, appropriate, or pleasant. For example, "The couple's felicitous choice of venue made
their wedding day even more special."

Feral: wild, untamed, or savage. For example, "The feral cat prowled the streets at night, hunting for prey."

Fetid: having a foul odor or smell. For example, "The fetid smell coming from the garbage bin made her
nauseous."

Flippant: disrespectful or not showing a serious attitude, often inappropriately. For example, "His flippant
attitude towards authority got him in trouble with the police."

Florid: excessively ornate, flowery, or intricate. For example, "The author's florid writing style made it
difficult to understand the main points."

Foment: to encourage or incite a change or action, often in a negative or violent way. For example, "The
extremist group tried to foment a rebellion against the government."

Fortuitous: happening by chance or luck, often in a positive way. For example, "The meeting with the CEO
was fortuitous, leading to a job offer."

Frivolous: not serious or important, often in an inappropriate way. For example, "The lawsuit was deemed
frivolous by the judge and thrown out of court."

Furtive: attempting to avoid attention or being secretive, often due to guilt or fear. For example, "He cast a
furtive glance at the door before slipping out of the room."

Garrulous: excessively talkative, often about trivial matters. For example, "The garrulous customer held up
the line, talking about the weather with the cashier."

Genial: friendly, kind, and welcoming. For example, "The genial host made her guests feel comfortable and
at home."
Glower: to stare or look at someone or something with an angry or sullen expression. For example, "The
teacher glowered at the student who was late for class."

Gratuitous: given or done without a good reason, often resulting in harm or expense. For example, "The
gratuitous violence in the movie was disturbing to some viewers."

Gregarious: sociable, outgoing, and fond of being in the company of others. For example, "She was a
gregarious person, always looking for opportunities to meet new people."

Guile: sly or cunning intelligence, often used to deceive others. For example, "The con artist used his guile
to swindle unsuspecting victims out of their money."

Hapless: unlucky, unfortunate, or doomed to fail. For example, "The hapless team lost yet another game,
despite their best efforts."

Harbinger: a sign or indication of something to come, often used in a negative context. For example, "The
dark clouds on the horizon were a harbinger of the impending storm."

Haughty: arrogantly superior or disdainful, often looking down on others. For example, "Her haughty
demeanor made it clear that she thought she was better than everyone else."

Hedonistic: characterized by the pursuit of pleasure and self-indulgence, often at the expense of others. For
example, "His hedonistic lifestyle left him with little regard for others or their needs."

Heretical: departing from accepted beliefs or standards, often in a way that challenges authority or tradition.
For example, "His heretical ideas on religion caused controversy within the community."

Histrionic: overly theatrical or dramatic, often in a way that is attention-seeking or insincere. For example,
"Her histrionic outburst at the restaurant made everyone uncomfortable."

Homogeneous: of the same kind or nature, often lacking in diversity or variety. For example, "The
homogeneous population of the small town made it difficult for outsiders to fit in."

Hubris: excessive pride or arrogance, often leading to a downfall. For example, "His hubris blinded him to
the consequences of his actions."

Hyperbole: exaggerated statements or claims, often used for emphasis or effect. For example, "The
salesman's hyperbole about the product's benefits made the customer skeptical."

Iconoclast: a person who attacks or challenges traditional beliefs or institutions. For example, "The artist
was seen as an iconoclast for her unconventional approach to art."

Idiosyncrasy: a peculiar or unique characteristic or habit, often particular to an individual. For example,
"Her idiosyncrasy of always wearing mismatched socks amused her friends."

Ignominious: deserving or causing public disgrace or shame. For example, "The politician's ignominious
downfall was widely covered in the media."

Imminent: about to happen or occur, often in a threatening or negative way. For example, "The hurricane's
landfall was imminent, causing residents to evacuate."

Immutable: unchanging over time, often seen as a negative quality. For example, "The company's
immutable policies made it difficult for employees to adapt to new situations."
Impartial: unbiased, fair, and just. For example, "The judge was known for his impartial rulings, regardless
of the parties involved."

Impassioned: filled with intense emotion or feeling, often used to describe a speech or argument. For
example, "The candidate's impassioned plea for change rallied the crowd."

Impetuous: acting or speaking without thinking or consideration, often leading to regret. For example, "His
impetuous decision to quit his job without a backup plan left him in a difficult financial situation."

Implacable: unable to be appeased or pacified, often seen as a negative quality. For example, "The terrorists
were implacable in their demands, refusing to negotiate."

Implicit: understood without being stated directly or explicitly. For example, "The implicit agreement
between friends was that they would always support each other."

Impregnable: unable to be captured, conquered, or defeated. For example, "The castle's walls were so thick
and strong that they were impregnable to enemy attacks."

Inane: silly or pointless, often lacking in substance or meaning. For example, "The comedian's inane jokes
left the audience unimpressed."

Incessant: never stopping, often in a way that is annoying or bothersome. For example, "The incessant noise
from the construction site kept the neighbors up all night."

Incisive: penetrating or cutting, often used to describe a person's intellect or analysis. For example, "Her
incisive critique of the novel revealed its underlying themes and structure."

Incontrovertible: indisputable or beyond doubt, often used to describe evidence or facts. For example, "The
DNA evidence presented at the trial was incontrovertible proof of the defendant's guilt."

Indefatigable: persisting tirelessly, often used to describe a person's energy or work ethic. For example, "Her
indefatigable efforts to raise funds for the charity paid off in the end."

Indignant: feeling or showing anger or annoyance at something perceived as unfair or unjust. For example,
"The workers were indignant at the company's decision to cut their benefits."

Indolent: lazy or idle, often lacking in motivation or energy. For example, "His indolent behavior at work
led to his eventual dismissal."

Ineffable: too great or extreme to be expressed or described in words, often used to describe emotions or
experiences. For example, "The beauty of the sunset was ineffable, beyond what words could describe."

Inept: lacking skill or competence, often resulting in poor performance or results. For example, "His inept
handling of the project led to delays and cost overruns."

Inexorable: impossible to stop or prevent, often used to describe a process or outcome. For example, "The
inexorable march of technology has changed the way we live and work."

Infamous: well-known for something bad or negative, often associated with a negative reputation or stigma.
For example, "The serial killer was infamous for his brutal crimes."

Inscrutable: impossible to understand or interpret, often used to describe a person's motives or behavior. For
example, "Her inscrutable expression made it difficult to know what she was thinking."

Insidious: proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, often with harmful effects. For example, "The insidious
effects of pollution on our environment are becoming increasingly apparent."
Insolent: rude or disrespectful, often showing a lack of deference or consideration for others. For example,
"His insolent behavior towards his boss got him fired."

Insular: narrow-minded or provincial, often lacking exposure to different cultures or ideas. For example,
"The town's insular attitude towards outsiders made it difficult for newcomers to feel welcome."

Intrepid: fearless or adventurous, often in the face of danger or difficulty. For example, "The intrepid
explorers set out to climb the mountain despite the harsh weather conditions."

Intransigent: refusing to compromise or change one's views, often seen as a negative quality. For example,
"The intransigent CEO was unwilling to consider any suggestions for improving the company's operations."

Intrinsic: belonging naturally or essential to something, often seen as a positive quality. For example, "The
intrinsic beauty of the artwork was evident to all who saw it."

Invective: insulting, abusive, or highly critical language, often used in a public or political context. For
example, "The politician's invective against his opponent was seen as uncivil and inappropriate."

Invidious: likely to cause resentment or envy, often due to an unfair comparison or situation. For example,
"The invidious distinction between the haves and have-nots in our society is a source of social unrest."

Inveterate: habitual or long-established, often used to describe a negative habit or behavior. For example,
"The inveterate smoker found it difficult to quit despite the

Imminent - (adj.) about to happen, impending

Example: The storm is imminent and we need to prepare for it.

Immutable - (adj.) unchangeable, fixed

Example: The laws of physics are immutable and cannot be altered.

Impassioned - (adj.) filled with intense emotion or feeling

Example: The impassioned speech by the activist moved the crowd to action.

Impartial - (adj.) unbiased, neutral, fair

Example: The judge promised to be impartial and make a fair decision.

Impervious - (adj.) unable to be affected or penetrated

Example: The new coating on the walls made them impervious to moisture.

Implacable - (adj.) unable to be appeased or pacified, unyielding

Example: The implacable enemy refused to negotiate a peace settlement.

Implicit - (adj.) implied but not explicitly stated

Example: The teacher's implicit message was that the students needed to study harder.

Impudent - (adj.) disrespectful, impertinent, rude

Example: The impudent child talked back to his teacher.

Inane - (adj.) lacking sense or substance, silly, foolish

Example: The inane comments of the talk show host made the audience groan.

Incandescent - (adj.) emitting light as a result of being heated, passionate, glowing

Example: The incandescent bulbs illuminated the room with a warm glow.

Incessant - (adj.) continuing without interruption, constant, unending

Example: The incessant noise of the traffic outside kept me up all night.

Inchoate - (adj.) not fully formed or developed, rudimentary, embryonic

Example: The inchoate idea needed more work before it could become a viable product.

Incisive - (adj.) penetrating, cutting, sharp

Example: The critic's incisive analysis of the movie exposed its flaws.

Incongruous - (adj.) not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings or other aspects of something, out of
place, inappropriate
Example: The clown's outfit was incongruous with the somber occasion.

Incontrovertible - (adj.) unquestionable, indisputable

Example: The evidence was incontrovertible and proved his guilt.

Indefatigable - (adj.) tireless, unflagging, persistent

Example: The indefatigable athlete trained for hours every day to achieve his goals.

Indelible - (adj.) unable to be forgotten or removed, permanent

Example: The memory of her first love was indelible and stayed with her for life.

Indifferent - (adj.) having no particular interest or sympathy, unconcerned, apathetic

Example: The student was indifferent to the subject and didn't bother to study.

Indolent - (adj.) lazy, idle, sluggish

Example: The indolent cat spent most of the day sleeping in the sun.

Inept - (adj.) clumsy, unskilled, bungling

Example: The new employee was inept and made many mistakes on the job.

Inexorable - (adj.) impossible to stop or prevent, relentless

Example: The inexorable march of time cannot be halted.

Ingratiating - (adj.) intended to gain approval or favor, sycophantic

Example: The salesperson's ingratiating smile made me suspicious of his motives.

Inimical - (adj.) hostile, unfriendly, harmful

Example: The cold weather was inimical to the crops and caused them to wither.

Inscrutable - (adj.) impossible to understand or interpret, enigmatic, mysterious

Example: The CEO's motives were inscrutable and left the employees confused.

Insidious - (adj.) proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects, treacherous
Example: The insidious disease was not detected until it was too late.

Insipid - (adj.) lacking flavor, dull, bland

Example: The insipid soup was a disappointment to the food critics.

Insolent - (adj.) showing a rude and arrogant lack of respect, impudent

Example: The insolent child talked back to his parents and was punished.

Insular - (adj.) isolated, detached, narrow-minded

Example: The insular community was resistant to change and new ideas.

Intrepid - (adj.) fearless, adventurous, bold

Example: The intrepid explorer ventured into the unknown territory without hesitation.
Intrinsic - (adj.) belonging naturally, inherent, essential
Example: The intrinsic value of the artwork was recognized by the art collector.

Inundate - (v.) overwhelm (someone) with things or people to be dealt with, flood, deluge
Example: The office was inundated with emails after the announcement.

Inure - (v.) accustom (someone) to something, especially something unpleasant, harden, toughen
Example: The soldier was inured to the hardships of war.

Invective - (n.) insulting, abusive, or highly critical language, vitriol, diatribe

Example: The politician's invective against his opponent was seen as unprofessional.

Inveigle - (v.) persuade (someone) to do something by means of deception or flattery, coax, cajole
Example: The salesman tried to inveigle the customer into buying a product he didn't need.

Invidious - (adj.) likely to arouse or incur resentment or anger in others, unfair, unjust
Example: The boss's invidious favoritism of certain employees caused tension in the workplace.

Irascible - (adj.) easily angered, irritable, hot-tempered

Example: The irascible customer was difficult to deal with.

Ironic - (adj.) using words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning, paradoxical
Example: The ironic twist at the end of the movie surprised the audience.

Irreverent - (adj.) showing a lack of respect for people or things that are generally taken seriously, impious,
disrespectful
Example: The comedian's irreverent jokes offended some members of the audience.

Itinerant - (adj.) traveling from place to place, peripatetic

Example: The itinerant musician played in various cities around the country.

Jargon - specialized language or terminology used in a particular field or profession

Example: I had a hard time understanding the medical report because of all the jargon used by the doctor.

Jaundiced - affected by bitterness, resentment, or envy

Example: Her jaundiced views towards her colleagues made it difficult for her to work collaboratively with
them.

Jettison - to discard or abandon something or someone

Example: The company had to jettison some of its less profitable products to stay afloat.

Jocular - characterized by humor or jesting

Example: The party was lively and jocular, with everyone sharing jokes and funny stories.

Judicious - having or showing good judgment or sense

Example: The judge's decision was judicious and fair to all parties involved.

Keen - having or showing enthusiasm or eagerness

Example: She was keen to try out the new restaurant in town.

Kindle - to start a fire; to inspire or arouse a feeling or emotion

Example: The dry leaves easily kindled the fire in the pit.

Kinetic - relating to motion; energetic or dynamic

Example: The kinetic sculpture in the park was constantly in motion, captivating the attention of passersby.
Knotty - complicated or difficult to solve; having knots or gnarls
Example: The knotty problem required a lot of brainstorming to come up with a solution.

Kudos - praise or accolades for achievement

Example: The team received kudos from the manager for exceeding their sales target.

Lackadaisical - lacking enthusiasm or effort; lazy or apathetic

Example: The lackadaisical attitude of the employees was affecting the productivity of the company.

Laconic - using few words; concise or terse

Example: His laconic response to the question left everyone in the room puzzled.

Languid - lacking energy or vitality; slow or relaxed

Example: The hot weather made everyone feel languid and drowsy.

Largesse - generosity or liberality in giving; a gift or donation

Example: The company's largesse helped fund the local community center.

Lassitude - a state of physical or mental weariness; lack of energy

Example: The long hike left him with a feeling of lassitude and exhaustion.

Magnanimous - generous or forgiving; showing a noble and courageous spirit

Example: His magnanimous gesture of forgiveness towards his rival surprised everyone.

Malaise - a general feeling of discomfort or unease; a sense of depression or uneasiness

Example: The country's economy was in a state of malaise due to the ongoing recession.

Malign - to speak evil of or slander; harmful or evil in nature

Example: He was accused of maligning his colleague's reputation by spreading false rumors about him.

Malleable - capable of being shaped or molded; easily influenced or controlled

Example: The material was highly malleable, making it easy to form into different shapes.

Maverick - an independent-minded person who does not follow the norm; a nonconformist
Example: He was a maverick in his industry, always coming up with unconventional ideas that challenged
the status quo.

Nadir - the lowest point; the point of greatest adversity or despair

Example: The company's profits reached their nadir during the recession.

Nascent - just beginning to exist or develop; in the early stages of growth

Example: The nascent industry was still in its experimental phase.

Neophyte - a beginner or novice; a person new to a field or activity

Example: The neophyte skier was struggling to keep up with the more experienced ones.

Nihilism - a belief in the rejection of all religious and moral principles; a sense of meaninglessness or
hopelessness
Example: His nihilistic worldview left him feeling disconnected from society and lacking a sense of
purpose.

Nomad - a member of a group of people who have no fixed home and move from place to place
Example: The nomad tribe traveled across the desert in search of water and food.

Obdurate - stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action

Example: Despite the evidence presented to him, he remained obdurate in his beliefs.

Obfuscate - to make something unclear or difficult to understand

Example: The politician's vague answers obfuscated the real issue at hand.

Oblique - slanting or sloping; indirect or evasive

Example: Her oblique remarks about the project's success made it hard to determine if it was a failure or a
triumph.

Obsequious - overly eager to please or obey; fawning or subservient

Example: The obsequious assistant was always trying to curry favor with his boss.

Obstinate - stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action; difficult to control or treat
Example: The obstinate child refused to eat his vegetables, even when offered his favorite dessert as a
reward.

Palatable - pleasant or acceptable to the taste; agreeable or satisfactory

Example: The chef's new recipe was a hit with customers, who found it both delicious and palatable.

Palpable - capable of being touched or felt; easily perceived or noticeable

Example: The tension in the room was palpable, making it hard to ignore.

Panacea - a solution or remedy for all problems or diseases

Example: The company thought that the new software would be a panacea for their workflow issues.

Paragon - a model of excellence or perfection; an ideal example

Example: She was a paragon of beauty and grace, admired by all who knew her.

Parsimony - extreme unwillingness to spend money or use resources; stinginess

Example: His parsimony meant that he always looked for the cheapest options, even if it meant sacrificing
quality.

Quagmire - a difficult or complicated situation; a soft, boggy area of land

Example: The company found itself in a quagmire when its financial records were audited, revealing
numerous irregularities.

Quaint - charmingly old-fashioned or picturesque; odd or peculiar in a pleasing way

Example: The quaint little town was a popular destination for tourists looking for a break from the hustle
and bustle of city life.

Quandary - a state of uncertainty or perplexity; a difficult situation or problem

Example: The teacher found herself in a quandary when two students gave conflicting accounts of an
incident in class.

Quell - to suppress or put an end to; to calm or soothe

Example: The police were called in to quell the riot that had broken out in the city center.

Querulous - complaining or whining in a peevish manner; full of complaints

Example: The querulous customer demanded to speak to the manager after being dissatisfied with the
service.

Rancor - bitter resentment or ill-will; hatred or hostility

Example: The rancor between the two families had been going on for generations, with no end in sight.

Rapacious - aggressively greedy or grasping; predatory

Example: The rapacious businessman was only interested in making a profit, regardless of the cost to others.
Ratify - to formally approve or confirm; to make a treaty or agreement official
Example: The board of directors voted to ratify the new contract with the company's employees.

Raze - to completely destroy or demolish; to level to the ground

Example: The old building was razed to make way for a new development.

Reclusive - avoiding the company of other people; solitary or isolated

Example: The reclusive author rarely left his home and preferred to spend his time writing in solitude.

Sagacious - having or showing good judgement; wise or shrewd

Example: The sagacious leader was able to navigate the company through difficult times and emerge
successful.

Salient - most noticeable or important; significant or prominent

Example: The salient points of the argument were summarized in the final paragraph of the essay.

Sanguine - optimistic or positive, especially in a difficult situation; blood-red in color

Example: Despite the setbacks, she remained sanguine and believed that things would work out in the end.

Sardonic - mocking or cynical; sarcastic or derisive

Example: The sardonic tone of his voice made it clear that he was not impressed with the proposal.

Scrupulous - diligent, thorough, and attentive to detail; having high moral standards or principles
Example: The scrupulous accountant went over every line item in the budget to make sure that everything
was in order.

Taciturn - tending to be quiet or reserved; uncommunicative or reticent

Example: The taciturn man rarely spoke, and when he did, his words were usually brief and to the point.

Tantamount - equivalent in value or significance; having the same effect or meaning

Example: His actions were tantamount to admitting guilt, even though he never actually said the words.

Temerity - excessive confidence or boldness; audacity or recklessness

Example: The young man had the temerity to challenge the CEO's decision in front of the entire board.

Tenacity - persistent determination or stubbornness; the quality of being able to grip or hold onto something
tightly
Example: The athlete's tenacity and drive helped her overcome numerous obstacles and win the
championship.

Terse - brief and to the point; using few words; curt or blunt
Example: His terse reply made it clear that he was not interested in continuing the conversation.

Ubiquitous - present or found everywhere; omnipresent

Example: In today's world, smartphones are ubiquitous and can be found in the hands of people of all ages.

Ulterior - existing beyond what is obvious or admitted; hidden or secret

Example: The ulterior motives behind the company's decision were not immediately clear, but some
suspected that it was a ploy to increase profits.

Umbrage - offense or annoyance; a feeling of resentment

Example: The client took umbrage at the company's failure to deliver the product on time.

Unctuous - excessively flattering or ingratiating; oily or greasy

Example: The salesman's unctuous demeanor made it clear that he was only interested in making a sale.
Undulate - to move in a smooth, wavelike motion; to have a wavy or rippling appearance
Example: The wheat fields undulated in the breeze, creating a mesmerizing effect.

Vacuous - having or showing a lack of thought or intelligence; empty or devoid of content

Example: The vacuous statement revealed the politician's lack of understanding of the issue.

Vehement - showing strong feeling or passion; intense or forceful

Example: The speaker's vehement defense of his position won over many of the audience members.

Venerate - to regard with great respect or reverence; to honor or admire

Example: The ancient temple was venerated by locals as a sacred site.

Veracity - truthfulness or accuracy; conformity to facts or reality

Example: The journalist's commitment to veracity meant that he always double-checked his sources and
facts.

Vestige - a trace or remnant of something that is disappearing or no longer exists; a small amount or hint of
something
Example: The abandoned house was now just a vestige of its former grandeur, with only a few crumbling
walls remaining.

Wanton - deliberate and unprovoked; reckless or uncontrolled

Example: The wanton destruction of the forest angered environmental activists.

Wary - feeling or showing caution about possible dangers or problems; watchful or guarded
Example: The wary hiker kept a lookout for signs of bears as she trekked through the wilderness.

Whimsical - playfully quaint or fanciful, especially in an appealing and amusing way; unpredictable or
capricious
Example: The artist's whimsical paintings were a hit with collectors who appreciated their unique style.

Wily - skilled at gaining an advantage, especially deceitfully; cunning or sly

Example: The wily politician was able to manipulate the media to his advantage.

Winsome - attractive or appealing in a sweet or innocent way; charming or engaging

Example: The child's winsome smile won over even the sternest of critics.

Xenophobic - having a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers; exhibiting a dislike or prejudice against
people from other countries or cultures
Example: The xenophobic rhetoric of the politician was criticized by many as being divisive and harmful.

Xeric - characterized by or adapted to a dry climate or environment

Example: The xeric landscape of the desert was home to a variety of unique plants and animals.

Xylophonic - relating to or resembling the sound of a xylophone; pertaining to the playing or construction of
a xylophone
Example: The xylophonic music of the street performer drew a crowd of curious onlookers.

Xylograph - a wood engraving, especially one used for printing; a print made from such an engraving
Example: The museum featured a collection of xylographs from different periods of history.

X-axis - the horizontal axis on a graph, typically representing the independent variable
Example: The researcher plotted the data on the x-axis to show how the temperature affected the growth of
the plants.
Yearning - a feeling of intense longing for something; a strong desire or craving
Example: The young woman's yearning for adventure led her to quit her job and travel the world.

Yielding - giving way under pressure or force; accommodating or compliant

Example: The yielding nature of the negotiator helped to diffuse the tense situation.

Yoke - a wooden crosspiece that is fastened over the necks of two animals and attached to the plow or cart
they are pulling; a symbol of bondage or subjection
Example: The oxen were yoked together to plow the field.

Yonder - at or in that place; over there; distant or far off

Example: The hikers gazed at the mountain range yonder, marveling at its majestic beauty.

Youngster - a young person, especially a child or teenager

Example: The youngsters in the neighborhood enjoyed playing soccer together in the park.

Zealot - a person who is fanatical and uncompromising in pursuit of their religious, political, or other ideals
Example: The zealot's extreme views often put him at odds with others who did not share his beliefs.

Zenith - the highest point or peak; the point in the sky or celestial sphere directly above the observer
Example: The singer's career reached its zenith with the release of her chart-topping album.

Zephyr - a gentle breeze; a soft, mild wind

Example: The zephyr blew through the trees, rustling their leaves and filling the air with the sweet scent of
flowers.

Zest - great enthusiasm or enjoyment; energy or excitement

Example: The chef added a dash of zest to the dish with a sprinkle of fresh herbs