Astrological symbols

Historically, astrological and astronomical symbols have overlapped. Frequently used symbols include
signs of the zodiac and classical planets. These originate from medieval Byzantine codices. Their current
form is a product of the European Renaissance. Other symbols for astrological aspects are used in various
astrological traditions.

History and origin

Symbols for the classical planets, zodiac signs, aspects, lots, and the lunar nodes appear in the medieval
Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved.[1] In the original papyri of these
Greek horoscopes, there was a circle with the glyph representing shine ( ) for the Sun; and a crescent for
the Moon.[2]

Classical planets

The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late
Classical Greek papyri.[3] The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are monograms of the initial letters of the
corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized caduceus.[3] A.S.D. Maunder finds
antecedents of the planetary symbols in earlier sources, used to represent the gods associated with the
classical planets. Bianchini's planisphere, produced in the 2nd century,[4] shows Greek personifications of
planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus; Venus has,
attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a
scythe; the Sun, a circlet with rays radiating from it; and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached.[5]
A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th-century Compendium of Astrology shows the Sun represented by
the circle with a ray, Jupiter by the letter zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology),
Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern
ones, without the cross-mark seen in modern versions of the symbols.[5]

The modern sun symbol, pictured as a circle with a dot (U+2609 ☉ SUN), first appeared in the
Renaissance.[2] (The conventional symbols for the signs of the zodiac also develop in the Renaissance
period as simplifications of the classical pictorial representations of the signs.) The modern sun symbol
resembles the Egyptian hieroglyph for "sun" – a circle that sometimes had a dot in the center,
(U+131F3 𓇳 EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N005). Similar in appearance were several variants of the
ancestral form of the modern Chinese logograph for "sun", which in the oracle bone script and bronze
script were . It is not known if the Egyptian and Chinese logographs have any connection to the
European astrological symbol.

Major planets discovered in the modern era

Symbols for Uranus and Neptune were created shortly after their discovery. For Uranus, two variant
symbols are seen. One symbol, , invented by J. G. Köhler and refined by Bode, was intended to
represent the newly discovered metal platinum; since platinum, sometimes described as white gold[a] was
found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for iron, ♂,
and gold, ☉.[6][7] An inverted version of that same symbol, was in use in the early 20th century.[8]
Another symbol, , was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as "un
globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your
name").[9] After Neptune was discovered, the Bureau des Longitudes proposed the name Neptune and the
familiar trident for the planet's symbol, though at bottom may be either a cross or an orb .[10]

Asteroids

The astrological symbols for the first four objects discovered at the beginning of the 19th century — Ceres,
Pallas, Juno and Vesta — were created shortly after their discoveries. They were initially listed as planets,
and half a century later came to be called asteroids, though such "minor planets" continued to be considered
planets for perhaps another century. Shortly after Giuseppe Piazzi's discovery of Ceres, a group of
astronomers ratified the name, proposed by the discoverer, and chose the sickle as a symbol of the
planet.[11] The symbol for Pallas, the spear of Pallas Athena, was invented by Baron Franz Xaver von
Zach, and introduced in his Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erd- und Himmels-Kunde.[12]
Karl Ludwig Harding, who discovered and named Juno, assigned to it the symbol of a scepter topped with
a star.[13]

The modern astrological form of the symbol for Vesta, ⚶, was created by Eleanor Bach,[14] who is credited
with pioneering the use of the big four asteroids with the publication of her Ephemerides of the Asteroids in
the early 1970s.[15] The original form of the symbol for Vesta, , was created by German mathematician
Carl Friedrich Gauss. Olbers, having previously discovered and named one new planet (as the asteroids
were then classified), gave Gauss the honor of naming his newest discovery. Gauss decided to name the
planet for the goddess Vesta, and also specified that the symbol should be the altar of the goddess with the
sacred fire burning on it.[16][17] Bach's variant was a simplification of 19th-century elaborations of Gauss's
altar symbol.[14]

Centaurs

The symbol for the centaur Chiron, ⚷, is both a key and a monogram of the letters O and K (for 'Object
Kowal', a provisional name of the object, for discoverer Charles T. Kowal) was proposed by astrologer Al
Morrison, who presented the symbol as "an inspiration shared amongst Al H. Morrison, Joelle K.D.
Mahoney, and Marlene Bassoff."[18]

A widely used convention for other centaurs, proposed by Robert von Heeren in the 1990s, is to replace the
K of the Chiron key glyph with the initial letter of the object: e.g. P or φ for Pholus and N for Nessus
(U+2BDB ⯛ PHOLUS, U+2BDC ⯜ NESSUS).

Trans-Neptunian objects

Pluto, like Uranus, has multiple symbols in use. One symbol, ♇, is a monogram of the letters PL (which
can be interpreted to stand for Pluto or for astronomer Percival Lowell), was announced with the name of
the new planet by the discoverers on May 1, 1930.[19] Another symbol, which was popularized in Paul
Clancy's astrological publications, is based on Pluto's bident: . This symbol is described by Dane
Rudhyar as "suggest[ing] the planetary character of the Pluto mind by the circle, floating above the open
cup." Although, this meaning is readily debatable due to Blavatskian origins, rather than a properly
traditional understanding, such as may be found in Hermeticism.[20]
Symbols for other large trans-Neptunian objects have mostly been proposed on the Internet;[21] some
created by Denis Moskowitz have been used by NASA[22] and are used by the popular open-source
astrological software Astrolog, as well as being used less consistently by commercial programs.

Miscellaneous orbital stations

The symbol for retrograde motion is ℞, a capital 'R' with a tail stroke.[23][24][25] An 'R' with a tail stroke
was used to abbreviate many words beginning with the letter 'R'; in medical prescriptions, it abbreviated the
word recipe[26] (from the Latin imperative of recipere "to take" [27]), and in missals, an R with a tail stroke
marked the responses.[26]

Meanings of the symbols

A late-15th-century manuscript
with the twelve zodiac symbols.
Note the flat Cancer, upright
Sagittarius and cursive Capricorn.

A wheel chart produced by

A mid-18th-century manuscript Astrolog, showing symbols for
with symbols for the signs and the signs of the zodiac (outer
planets. Note the distinctive ring), classical planets, dwarf
shapes of Virgo (6), Scorpio (8), planets and asteroids (inner ring).
Capricorn (10) and Aquarius (11). In the inner ring, clockwise from
Gemini, are the Moon, Ceres,
ascending node, Sedna, Uranus,
Eris, Chiron, Neptune, Pallas,
Gonggong, Jupiter, Saturn, Pluto,
Quaoar, Juno, descending node,
Venus, Vesta, Haumea, Mercury,
Mars, Makemake, Hygiea and
Orcus.

Signs of the zodiac

♈️
Name Meaning Image Text[28] Emoji[29] Unicode Symbol represents

Aries Ram ♈︎ U+2648 Face and horns of a ram

Taurus Bull ♉︎ ♉️ U+2649 Face and horns of a bull

Gemini Twinned ♊︎ ♊️ U+264A Twins

Cancer Crab ♋︎ ♋️ U+264B Two arms/pincers of a crab

Leo Lion ♌︎ ♌️ U+264C A lion's head and tail

Virgo Maiden
♍︎ ♍️ U+264D Derived from the Greek letters ΠΑΡ, an
abbreviation of parthenos "virgin"
 Libra Scales ♎︎ ♎️ U+264E
Scales

♏️
The claws of Scorpio

Scorpio Scorpion ♏︎ U+264F Scorpion with stinging tail

Sagittarius Archer ♐︎ ♐️ U+2650 Bow and arrow of a centaur

Capricorn
Goat-
horned ♑︎ ♑️ U+2651
Body and head of a goat with the tail of a
fish[30]

Aquarius
Water-
♒︎ ♒️ U+2652 Ripples of water

♓️
carrier

Pisces Fishes ♓︎ U+2653 Two fish

Planets

The symbols of the planets are usually (but not always) broken down into four common elements by
astrologers: A circle denoting spirit, a crescent denoting the mind, a cross denoting practical/physical matter
and an arrow denoting action or direction.[31] This is not the historical origin of the symbols. (The cross, for
example, was an attempt to Christianize pagan symbols.)
Name[32] Image Text Unicode Symbol represents

Circle with a dot as a solar symbol from Apollo's round shield with a
Sun ☉ U+2609
boss

☽ U+263D
Moon A crescent moon
☾ U+263E

Mercury ☿ U+263F Mercury's caduceus; cross added in 16th c.

Perhaps a copper hand mirror with handle or necklace with pendant;

Venus ♀ U+2640
cross added in 16th c. (see Venus symbol)

Mars ♂ U+2642 Mars' shield and spear

Monogram Ζ for Zeus with a cross-bar indicating an abbreviation

Jupiter ♃ U+2643
(perhaps later seen as a cross)

κρ for Cronus with a cross-bar indicating an abbreviation; cross added

Saturn ♄ U+2644
in 16th c.

♅ U+2645 An orb with a monogram H for the discoverer's last name, Herschel

Uranus Derived from the alchemical symbols of the planetary metals gold
⛢ U+26E2 (Sun) and iron (Mars) to create a symbol for platinum, then applied to
the planet

Neptune ♆ U+2646 Neptune's trident

⯓ U+2BD3 Pluto's orb and a bident

♇ U+2647 PL monogram for Pluto and Percival Lowell

Pluto ⯔ U+2BD4 Symbol used mainly in France, Spain, Italy and Germany.[33]

Symbol invented by German astrologer Hermann Lefeldt in 1946. Used

⯕ U+2BD5 by some followers of the Hamburg School of Astrology.[33] Also
proposed for Pluto's moon Charon.[21]

Pluto's orbit crossing that of Neptune. Symbol mostly used in German-

⯖ U+2BD6
speaking countries and Denmark.[33]

Asteroids and other celestial bodies

Since the 1970s, some astrologers have used asteroids and other celestial bodies in their horoscopes. The
symbol for the first-recognised centaur, 2060 Chiron, was devised by Al H. Morrison soon after it had been
discovered by Charles Kowal, and has become standard amongst astrologers.[34] In the late 1990s, German
astrologer Robert von Heeren created symbols for other centaurs based on the Chiron model, though only
those for 5145 Pholus and 7066 Nessus are included in Unicode, and only that for Pholus in Astrolog.[35]
The following list is by no means exhaustive, but for bodies outside this list, there is often very little to no
independent usage beyond the symbols' creators.[36]
 Category Name Image Text Unicode Symbol represents

A scythe (handle down), emblematic of Ceres

Ceres ⚳ U+26B3
as goddess of the Harvest

Pallas ⚴ U+26B4 A spear, emblematic of Athena

A scepter, emblematic of Juno as queen of the

Juno ⚵ U+26B5
gods, topped with a star

Asteroids Vesta ⚶ U+26B6 The fire-altar of Vesta's temple

Astraea [35] %, U+0025, The % sign (shift-5 on the keyboard for

⯙ U+2BD9 asteroid 5)

A caduceus (an apparent error for the rod of

Hygiea ⯚ U+2BDA Asclepius, itself an error for the snake as a
symbol of Hygieia)[35]
Stylized key; simultaneously the letters OK for
"Object Kowal", as the object was known when
announced as a new planet. The top is half of a
Chiron ⚷ U+26B7 "perfect X", with the staff rising above so that
they're radii of a circle centered where they
meet. The width and height of the oval are the
golden ratio.[37]

Pholus ⯛ U+2BDB

Centaurs

Nessus ⯜ U+2BDC
Symbols devised by German astrologer Robert
von Heeren in the late 1990s, based on
Chariklo Chiron's[35][37]

Hylonome

Cyllarus

Large trans- The Hand of Eris; also used non-astrologically

Neptunian ⯰ U+2BF0
by Discordians[38]
planetoids,
incl. dwarf Eris Based on the symbols for Pluto, Mars, and
planets ⯱ U+2BF1 Venus; proposed by Henry Seltzer and used in
Time Passages[38]

Conflation of Hawaiian petroglyphs for woman

Haumea 🝻 U+1F77B and birth, as Haumea was the goddess of
both[36]
Engraved face of the Rapa Nui god Makemake,
Makemake 🝼 U+1F77C
also resembling an M[36]

Chinese character 共gòng (the first character

Gonggong 🝽 U+1F77D in Gonggong's name), combined with a snake's
tail[36]
 a monogram of the Inuktitut syllabics for 'sa'
Sedna ⯲ U+2BF2 and 'n', as Sedna's Inuit name is 'Sanna'
(ᓴᓐᓇ)[36]
a Q for Quaoar combined with a canoe,
Quaoar 🝾 U+1F77E stylised to resemble the angular rock art of the
Tongva[36]
an O-R monogram for Orcus, stylised to
Orcus 🝿 U+1F77F
resemble a skull and an orca's grin[36]
Object and symbol are unrelated to the asteroid
⯘ U+2BD8
26 Proserpina.[35]

Proserpina Symbol used for Proserpina and apparent

Fictitious synonym Kora by astrologers in Poland, and
planets ♁ U+2641 the astrology software Urania, who identify
Proserpina with the dwarf planet Eris.[36]

⯗
Fictitious planet beyond Pluto (arrow pointing
Transpluto[35] U+2BD7
beyond Pluto's orbit)

The Hamburg School of Astrology, also called Uranian Astrology, is a sub-variety of western astrology.[39]
It adds eight fictitious trans-Neptunian planets to the normal ones used by western astrologers:[39]

Name Image Text Unicode

Cupido ⯠ U+2BE0

Hades ⯡ U+2BE1

Zeus ⯢ U+2BE2

Kronos ⯣ U+2BE3

Apollon ⯤ U+2BE4

Admetos ⯥ U+2BE5

Vulcanus ⯦ U+2BE6

Poseidon ⯧ U+2BE7

Aspects

In astrology, an aspect is an angle the planets make to each other in the horoscope, also to the ascendant,
midheaven, descendant, lower midheaven, and other points of astrological interest. The following symbols
are used to note aspect:[40]
 Name Image Text Unicode Angle Ratio Explanation

Two or more planets in the same house

(zodiacal sign).
Conjunction ☌ U+260C 0° -
A circle with a line implying two objects are
aligned (or, the starting point of an angle)

V V U+0056
Vigintile 18° 20 Also known as semidecile.
U+0053
SD SD U+0044

One sign apart

⚺
The intersecting lines from the inner angles of
Semisextile U+26BA 30° 12
the upper half of a hexagon (see Sextile). Also
known as dodecile.

Undecile U U U+0055 32.73° 11

D D U+0044
Decile 36° 10
⊥ U+22A5

Novile N N U+004E 40° 9 Also known as nonile.

Half the angle of Square. Also known as

semiquartile and octile. The symbol was
Semi-square ∠ U+2220 45° 8 originally an 'L' shape (half a square), now
commonly an acute angle, though not actually
drawn as a 45° angle.

Septile S S U+0053 51.43° 7

Two signs apart

Sextile ⚹ U+26B9 60° 6 The intersecting lines from the inner angles of
a hexagon

Q Q U+0051
Quintile 72° 5
⬠ U+2B20

U+004E
Binovile N2 N2 U+00B2
80° 9/2 Also known as binonile.

Three signs apart / Same modality

Square □ U+25A1 90° 4 A regular quadrilateral that represents the right
angle. Also known as quartile.

U+0053
Biseptile S2 S2 U+00B2
102.86° 7/2

U+0044
D3 D3 U+00B3
Tredecile 108° 10/3 Also known as tridecile.
∓ U+2213

Four signs apart / Same elemental triplicity

Trine △ U+25B3 120° 3 An equilateral triangle. Also known as
trinovile.
The glyph of the Semi-Square under the glyph
⚼
of the Square, implying the sum of them both.
Sesquiquadrate U+26BC 135° 8/3
Also known as the sesquisquare, square-and-
a-half, and trioctile.
 U+0051
Q2 Q2 U+00B2
U+0062
Biquintile bQ bQ U+0051 144° 5/2

± U+00B1

Five signs apart

⚻
The intersecting lines from the inner angles of
Quincunx U+26BB 150° 12/5
the lower half of a hexagon (see Sextile). Also
known as the inconjunct.
U+0053
Triseptile S3 S3 U+00B3
154.29° 7/3 Also known as tridecile.

U+004E
Quadranovile N4 N4 U+2074
160° 9/4 Also known as quadnovile and quadranonile.

Six signs apart

The glyph of the Conjunction plus a

Opposition ☍ U+260D 180° 2
circle on top of its line, implying two
objects are opposed.

Conjunction with eclipse. Solar eclipse when

the Sun and Moon are in conjunction. Less
Occultation 🝵 U+1F775 0° commonly used for the Moon eclipsing any of
the planets, as opposed to a mere
conjunction.

Opposition with eclipse, or (rarely) any body in

Lunar eclipse 🝶 U+1F776 180° the shadow of the other. Lunar eclipse when
the Sun and Moon are in opposition.

Russian aspects

In addition to the aspect symbols above, some Russian astrologers use additional or unique aspect
symbols:[41][40]
 Name Image Text Unicode Angle

Vigintile ⯳ U+2BF3 18°

Novile ⯴ U+2BF4 40°

Quintile ⯵ U+2BF5 72°

Binovile ⯶ U+2BF6 80°

Centile (Sentagon) ⯷ U+2BF7 100°

Tredecile ⯸ U+2BF8 108°

Miscellaneous symbols

Category Name Image Text Unicode Explanation

The ascendant (also known as the "ascensum

coeli") is the rising intersection of the ecliptic
Ascendant Asc Asc with the celestial horizon at a particular moment
in time; it is used in the construction of a
horoscope/natal chart
The midheaven (also known as the "medium

Mc Mc
coeli") is the point where the ecliptic crosses the
Angle Midheaven
local meridian; it is used in the construction of a
horoscope/natal chart

Vx Vx
The vertex and anti-vertex are the points where
the prime vertical intersects the ecliptic. A

🜊
Vertex or U+1F70A
or crucible symbol, 🜊, is used by Astrolog and the
HamburgSymbols font

Apparent
Retrograde Symbol represents the apparent retrograde
retrograde
motion
motion ℞ ℞ U+211E
motion of a planet in an astrological chart

Not all astrologers use the lunar nodes;

Ascending however, their usage is very important in Vedic
Node ☊ U+260A
astrology. They are alternately known as the
"Dragon's Head" (Rahu, Caput Draconis, or
Lunar node Anabibazon) and the "Dragon's Tail" (Ketu,
Cauda Draconis, or Catabibazon). The two
Descending nodes together are most commonly referred to
Node ☋ U+260B
simply as the nodal axis, the lunar nodes, or
the Moon's nodes.
Lunar apogee Black Moon, U+26B8 The original Black Moon was a fictitious second,
or Lilith ⚸ very dark moon of Earth. It is now often re-
interpreted as the position of the mean lunar
apogee as measured from the geocenter;
variants of the Black Moon include replacing the
mean orbit with a "true" osculating orbit or with
an interpolated orbit; charting the empty focus of
the Moon's orbit instead of the apogee; and
measuring the desired point's barycentric or
 topocentric position instead of its geocentric
position.[42]
The lunar apogee calculated from its current
True Black
Moon ⯞ U+2BDE position (disregarding solar perturbation), as
opposed to its mean position.[35]
Russian astrologer Pavel Globa invented this to
⯝
White Moon, serve as the symbolic opposite of the Black
U+2BDD
or Selena
Moon in the 1980s.[35]

True White Similar to White Moon, but calculated from the

symbols
Moon, or
Arta
⯟ U+2BDF "true" Black Moon rather than the mean Black
Moon.[35]
related to Lilith
Assumes an Earth-centered universe; the
heliocentric equivalent would be terrestrial
Solar aphelion. Used to derive the (true) White Moon
-- --
apogee from the (true) Black Moon: ⯟ = ☊ + 7⁄4(⯞ −
+ 180°)

🜍
Zodiacal Western astrological symbolism has common
modalities: U+1F70D early origin with alchemical shorthand glyphs,
cardinal and planetary divination has long been held in
association with alchemy's symbols; the three
🜔
Alchemical
primes of Paracelsus have been associated with
'Three primes' fixed U+1F714
the zodiac sign modalities, and tendencies of
their nature in an elementary way to be
construed as being mutable (Quick-Silver or
mutable ☿ U+263F
Mercury), fixed (Salt) or be cardinal (Sulfur).

Ophiuchus has been proposed as a thirteenth

Ophiuchus
Serpent-
holder ⛎︎ U+26CE
sign of the zodiac by astrologer Walter Berg in
1995, who gave it a symbol which gained some
popularity in Japan.

Earth Earth 🜨︎ U+1F728 Four quadrants of the Earth

Glyph for planet Earth rotated 45 degrees. In

Lot of
Lot
fortune 🝴 U+1F774 some fonts the tensor product, U+2297 ⊗, can
be used as a substitute for the symbol.

See also
Alchemical symbols
Aztec calendar
Behenian fixed star
Classical elements
Earthly Branches
Gender symbols
Heavenly Stems
Maya calendar
Monas Hieroglyphica
Planet symbol
Nakshatra
Navagraha
Sexagenary cycle
Sri Rama Chakra
 Vedic astrology

Notes
a. Today, white gold means a silvery alloy of gold mixed with another metal, usually nickel,
silver, or both.

References
1. Neugebauer, Otto (1975). A history of ancient mathematical astronomy. pp. 788–789.
2. Neugebauer, Otto; Van Hoesen, H. B. (1987). Greek Horoscopes (https://archive.org/details/
greekhoroscopesm00neug_004). pp. 1 (https://archive.org/details/greekhoroscopesm00neu
g_004/page/n6), 159, 163. ISBN 9780871690487.
3. Jones, Alexander (1999). Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus (https://books.google.com/
books?id=8MokzymQ43IC). pp. 62–63. ISBN 9780871692337. "It is now possible to trace
the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the
latest papyrus horoscopes (P.Oxy. 4272, 4274, 4275 ...). That for Jupiter is an obvious
monogram derived from the initial letter of the Greek name. Saturn's has a similar derivation
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38M).
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A5AAAAcAAJ) [About the Newly Discovered Planet]. Beim Verfaszer. pp. 95 (https://archive.
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adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1784vdne.book.....B).
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ails/bub_gb_uyANAQAAIAAJ). Smithsonian Institution. p. 5 (https://archive.org/details/bub_
gb_uyANAQAAIAAJ/page/n8).
8. "Appendix: Signs and symbols". Webster's New International Dictionary of the English
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Astronomical symbols: Uranus. ISBN 9110494065. ISBN 9789110494060.
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Observatory. 40: 306. Bibcode:1917Obs....40..306H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917
Obs....40..306H).
10. Gould, B.A. (1850). Report on the history of the discovery of Neptune (https://archive.org/det
ails/bub_gb_uyANAQAAIAAJ). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. 22 (https://archiv
e.org/details/bub_gb_uyANAQAAIAAJ/page/n25).
11. Bode, J.E., ed. (1801). Berliner astronomisches Jahrbuch führ das Jahr 1804 (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=6GElAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA98) [The Berlin Annual Astronomical
Handbook for the year 1804] (in German). Vol. 1804. pp. 97–98.
12. von Zach, Franz Xaver (1802). "[no title cited]" (https://books.google.com/books?id=nR04AA
AAMAAJ&pg=PA95). Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erd- und Himmels-
Kunde [Monthly Correspondence on the Advancement of the Terrestrial and Celestial
Sciences] (in German). 6: 95–96.
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AAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA471). Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erd- und
Himmels-Kunde [Monthly Correspondence on the Advancement of the Terrestrial and
Celestial Sciences] (in German). 10: 471.
14. "Asteroid symbols" (http://www.suberic.net/~dmm/graphics/astro/asteroids.html). suberic.net.
Graphics. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
15. "Eleanor Bach" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101130075136/http://www.solsticepoint.com/
astrologersmemorial/bach.html). Solstice Point. Memorial for Astrologer. Archived from the
original (http://www.solsticepoint.com/astrologersmemorial/bach.html) on 2010-11-30.
Retrieved 2010-05-20.
16. von Zach, Franz Xaver (1807). Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erd- und
Himmels-Kunde (https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rw4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA507) (in
German). Vol. 15. p. 507.
17. Carlini, Francesco (1808). Effemeridi astronomiche di Milano per l'anno 1809 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=LPMNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA100) [Astronomical Ephemeridies of Milan
for the year 1809].
18. Morrison, Al H. (1977). "Chiron". CAO Times. 3: 57.
19. Slipher, V. M. (1930). "The Trans-Neptunian planet" (http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bi
n/nph-journal_query?volume=38&plate_select=NO&page=415&plate=&cover=&journal=P
A...). Popular Astronomy. 38: 415.
20. Rudhyar, Dane (1966). "PART FIVE: Mercury and Pluto" (http://www.khaldea.com/rudhyar/a
stroarticles/planetssymbols_5.shtml). The Planets and their Symbols. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
21. "Symbols for large trans-Neptunian objects" (http://www.suberic.net/~dmm/astro/tno.html).
Suberic.net. 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
22. JPL/NASA (April 22, 2015). "What is a Dwarf Planet?" (https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographic
s/what-is-a-dwarf-planet). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
23. Randall, Sidney (2006). The ABC of the Old Science of Astrology (https://books.google.com/
books?id=m1antzbw_DcC&pg=PA14). p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59605-920-7. "...the ℞ with the
stroke across the tail stands for Retrograde."
24. Lilly, William (1659). Christian Astrology (http://www.skyscript.co.uk/texts.html). pp. 35, 37. "A
chart with "℞" by a retrograde Jupiter appears on p. 35; on p. 37, describing the construction
of the chart, Lilly says: "And because [Jupiter] is noted Retrograde I place the letter 'R', the
better to informe my judgement." "
25. Booth, Janet (2005). "Mercury Retrograde" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101114084238/ht
tp://janetsplan-its.com/info/MercRetro.shtml). JanetsPlan-Its.com. Archived from the original
(http://janetsplan-its.com/info/MercRetro.shtml) on 2010-11-14. Retrieved 2010-10-20. "The
symbol for retrograde looks like an "R" with an "X" going through it, the same as the symbol
for a prescription."
26. E.B.G. (1852). Smith, Frances Gurney (ed.). "(Review) The Prescriber's Complete
Handbook" (https://books.google.com/books?id=1hYCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA804). The
Medical Examiner, and Record of Medical Science. 8: 804.
27. "Recipe definition" (http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=recipe). M-
w.com. 2007-04-25. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
28. Text format can be forced by appending the character U+FE0E to the sign
29. Emoji format can be forced by appending the character U+FE0F to the sign
30. Behari, Bepin (2003). Myths & Symbols of Vedic Astrology. p. 155. "Of the two emblems
related to [Capricorn], one is a horizontal line terminating with a downward moving arc
ending with a loop having an extended arc , and the other has a V-shaped beginning
whose downward arc convexing to the right ."
31. "Glyphs of the general astrological and Uranian planets" (http://www.uranian-institute.org/bfg
lyphs.htm). Uranian-institute.org. 2001-10-22. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
32. Hand, Robert (1981). Horoscope symbols. Para Research. ISBN 0-914918-16-8.
33. Faulks, David (2016-08-12). "L2/16-067R: Astrological Plutos" (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L
2016/16067r-astrological-plutos.pdf) (PDF).
34. Faulks, David (May 9, 2006). "Proposal to add some Western Astrology Symbols to the
UCS" (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06171-astroprop.pdf) (PDF). p. 4. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20180615214658/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06171-astroprop.
pdf) (PDF) from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2017. "In general,
only the signs for Vesta have enough variance to be regarded as different designs. However,
all of these Vesta symbols ... are differing designs for 'the hearth and flame of the temple of
the Goddess Vesta' in Rome, and can thus be regarded as extreme variants of a single
symbol."
35. Faulks, David (2016-05-28). "Additional Symbols for Astrology" (https://www.unicode.org/L2/
L2016/16080r-add-astrology.pdf) (PDF). L2/16-080.
36. Miller, Kirk (26 October 2021). "Unicode request for dwarf-planet symbols" (https://www.unic
ode.org/L2/L2021/21224-dwarf-planet-syms.pdf) (PDF). unicode.org.
37. Miller, Kirk; Stein, Zane (26 August 2021). "Comment on U+26B7 CHIRON" (https://www.uni
code.org/L2/L2021/21225-chiron-comment.pdf) (PDF). L2/21-225.
38. Faulks, David (June 12, 2016). "Eris and Sedna Symbols" (https://archive.today/201705081
60706/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16173-eris-sedna.pdf) (PDF). unicode.org. Archived
from the original (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16173-eris-sedna.pdf) (PDF) on May 8,
2017.
39. Faulks, David (2016-03-06). "L2/16-064: Extra Symbols from Uranian Astrology" (https://ww
w.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16064-uranian-planets.pdf) (PDF).
40. Suignard, Michel (2017-01-24). "L2/17-020R2: Feedback on Extra Aspect Symbols for
Astrology" (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17020r2-fdbk-extra-aspect-sym.pdf) (PDF).
41. Faulks, David (2016-06-09). "L2/16-174R: Extra Aspect Symbols for Astrology" (https://www.
unicode.org/L2/L2016/16174r-astrology-aspects.pdf) (PDF).
42. Revilla, Juan Antonio. "The Black Moon Apogee and its Variants" (http://www.expreso.co.cr/
centaurs/blackmoon/barycentric.html). Retrieved 2010-08-20.

External links
Lang-Wescott, Martha, ed. (January 2015). "Glyphs and keywords for asteroids (often
different from the astronomical ones)" (https://marthalangwescott.com/wp-content/uploads/20
15/01/Glyphs-and-Keywords.pdf) (PDF).

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