NOVELTY POLYTECHNIC, KISHI

INSTITUTE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

MAC113
COMPUTER APPLICATION PACKAGE FOR MASS MEDIA I

COMPILED BY:

MUIBI JAMIU AKANNI

September, 2023
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 INTRODUCTION
The computer is fast becoming the universal machine of the twenty-first century. Early computers were
large in size and too expensive to be owned by individuals. Thus they were confined to the laboratories
and few research institutes. They could only be programmed by computer engineers. The basic
applications were confined to undertaking complex calculations in science and engineering. Today, the
computer is no longer confined to the laboratory. Computers, and indeed, computing have become
embedded in almost every item we use. Computing is fast becoming ubiquitous. Its application in
engineering, communication, space science, aviation, financial institutions, social sciences, humanities,
the military, transportation, manufacturing, the extractive industries to mention but a few.
Definitions
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these
data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output
for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.
A computer has four functions:
a. accepts data Input
b. processes data Processing
c. produces output Output
d. stores results Storage
A diagram to define computer

A Computer System

Classification of Computer Based on Generations

The First Generation (1946 – 1958)

• The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were
often enormous, taking up entire rooms.

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 • They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated
a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions
• First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language
understood by computers, to perform operations and they could only solve one problem at a time.
• Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts

Vacuum tube

The Second Generation (1959 – 1964)

• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.
• One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes
• Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy efficient and more reliable
• Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer.
• Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or
assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words
• Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
• These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved
from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology
Transistor

The Third Generation (1965 – 1970)

• The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
• Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
• Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second generation computers.
• It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.
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 • Users interact with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced
with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time
with a central program that monitored the memory.
• Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and
cheaper than their predecessors
Integrated Circuit

The Fourth Generation (1971 – today)

• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated
circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.
• As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks,
which eventually led to the development of the Internet.
• Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
Microprocessor

The Fifth Generation (Today to future) • Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).

• Still in development.
• The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a
reality
• The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning
and self-organization.

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Computer Generations and Their Characteristics

Types of Computer
On the basis of working principle
Analog Computer
An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of computer that uses continuous
physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being
solved. .Example: Thermometer, Speedometer, Petrol Pump Indicator, Multimeter
Digital Computer
A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits,
usually in the binary number system.
Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)
A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital and analog
signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective method of performing complex
simulations.

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 On the basis of Size
Super Computer
The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized
applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather
forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid
dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.
Mainframe Computer
A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users
simultaneously. In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches, for example) at
the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers.
Mini Computer
A midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstations and mainframes. In
the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred,
however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a
minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users
simultaneously
Micro Computer
 Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk.
 Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and keyboard. It is
generally smaller in size than a desktop computer and larger than a notebook computer
 Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a hand-sized computer. Palmtops have no
keyboard but the screen serves both as an input and output device.
Workstations
A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this context, workstation is just a generic term for a
user's machine (client machine) in contrast to a "server" or "mainframe."
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER
SPEED
• Computer is a very fast device.
• It is capable of performing addition of very big data.
• The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond and even the picoseconds.
• It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who can spend many
months for doing the same task.
ACCURACY
• In addition to being very fast, computer is very accurate.
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 • The computer has performed calculations 100% error free.
• Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy.
STORAGE CAPABILITY
• Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.
• The computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.
• It can store large amount of data.
• It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and any other type.
DILIGENCE
• Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of concentration.
• It can work continuously without creating any error and boredom.
• It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy.
VERSATILITY
• A computer is a very versatile machine.
• A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
• This machine can be used to solve the problems relating to various different fields.
RELIABILITY
• A computer is a reliable machine.
• Modern electronic components have failure free long lives.
• Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.
AUTOMATION
• Computer is a automatic machine.
• Automation means ability to perform the task automatically.
• Once a program is given to computer i.e stored in computer memory, the program and instruction
can control the program execution without human interaction.
REDUCTION IN PAPER WORK
• The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in paper work and
speeds up the process.
• As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of maintenance of
large number of files gets reduced
DISADVANTAGES
I.Q
 A computer is a machine and has no intelligence of its own to perform any task.

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  Each and every instruction has to be given to computer.
 A computer can not take any decision on its own.
DEPENDENCY
 It can perform function as instructed by user.So it is fully dependent on human being.
 ENVIRONMENT
 The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable to it.
 NO FEELING
 Computer has no feeling or emotions.
 It cannot make Judgment based on feeling, taste, experience and knowledge unlike a human
being.
FUNCTIONS OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Personal computers can do a lot of things. The most common tasks computers perform include:
• Writing documents such as memos, letters, reports and briefs

• Budgeting and performing accounting tasks

• Analyzing numeric information

• Searching through lists or reports for specific information

• Scheduling and planning projects.

• Creating illustrations

• Communicating by using electronic mail

• Advertising products and services.

COMPONENTS OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER
A personal computer is not a single unit. A typical computer consists of several basic parts or components
that work together. To perform any computer task you need two major components: the hardware and the
software.
[1] The hardware is the physical components of a computer system. Generally you can think of the
hardware as any part of the computer that you can see or touch. Although the hardware of a
computer is capable of performing marvelous tasks, it cannot accomplish any of them without the
vital instructions that the software provides.
[2] The software is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. You can’t see or touch the
software, although you can see packages that contain the software. It is typically distributed on
CD-ROM disc and is installed on the computer hard drive.
HARDWARE COMPOINENTS
The major hardware components of the personal computer consist of the following:

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[1]Input Devices: Input devices are the computer hardware that accepts data and instructions from a user.
Input devices have been built in many forms to help in communicating with the computer. The most
common input devices are the keyboard and the mouse.
i. The Keyboard: The keyboard of the personal computer comes in a number of styles. The
various models may differ in size and shape, but except for a few special purpose keys,
MDS keyboards are laid out almost identifiably. The most common keyboard used today
was established by IBM. The computer keyboard is more than just a typewriter. It
contains all of the keys required for typing letters, numbers, plus the keys for entering
commands and moving around on the screen. There are 101 keys arranged in groups:
Alphanumeric, Numeric, Function and Arrow/Cursor movement keys, and Computer
keys.
ii. A mouse is a pointing device that enables you to quickly move around on the screen, and
to select commands from menus rather than type the commands. A mouse is useful
because it enables the user to point at items on the screen and clicks a button to select the
item. It is convenient for entering certain data.
iii. Track Balls: A trackball is an input device that works like an upside-down mouse. You
rest your hand on the exposed ball and the fingers on the button. To move the cursor
around the screen, you roll the ball with your thumb. Trackballs are much popular with
notebook computers. They require less desk space than the mouse.
iv. The Joystick: This is a pointing device commonly used for games. It is not used for
business applications.
v. The Pen: It is an input device that allows a user to write on or point at a special pad on
the screen of a pen-based computer, such as a personal digital assistant (PDAS).
vi. The Touch Screen: A computer screen that accepts input directly into the monitor; users
touch electronic buttons displayed on the screen. It is appropriate in environment where
dirt or weather would render keyboards and pointing devices useless.
vii. The Scanner: This is an input device used to copy images into a computer memory
without manual keying. It works by converting any image into electronic form by
shinning light on the image and sensing the intensity of reflection at every point. There
are several kinds of scanners. These includes: hand held, flatbed, and sheetfeds.
viii. The Bar-Code Reader: This is one of the most commonly used input devices after the
keyboard and mouse. It is commonly found in supermarkets and department stores. This
device converts a pattern of printed bars on products into a product number by emitting a
beam of light frequently from a laser that reflects off the bar code image. A light
sensitive detector identifies the bar-code image by special bars at both ends of the image.
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 Once it has identified the barcode, it converts the individual bar patterns into numeric
digits.
Input Devices

[2]Processing Devices: Basically two components handle processing in a computer: the central
processing unit (CPU) and the memory.
a. The Central Processing Unit (CPU): The central processing unit (CPU) is a tiny electronic
chip known as the micro processor located in the system unit. It is installed on the main circuit
board of the computer, the motherboard. The CPU as the name implies is where information is
processed within the computer. In this regard, you might think of the CPU (processor) as the
brain of the computer. The CPU is otherwise known as microprocessor. Every CPU has at
least two basic parts. The control unit and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The control unit
coordinates all the computer activities and contains the CPUs instruction to carry out
commands. The ALU is responsible for carrying out arithmetic and logic functions. In other
words, when the control unit encounters an instruction that involves arithmetic and logic it
refers it to the ALU.
b. Memory: What happens to all the information we put into the computer: before, while and
after information is processed? It is held in the computer memory or Random Access Memory
(RAM). The memory to which we are referring here is not the kind of long-term storage that
allows you to save work on a floppy disk and months later to use it, but rather a short term
holding area that is built into the computer hardware. While the CPU is fast and efficient, it
cannot remember anything by itself. It often refers to the memory in the computer for software
instruction and to remember what it is working on. The term RAM and memory are often

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 interchangeable. RAM refers to the way the CPU searches through memory for the
information it needs. For the workings of a memory, information is stored in memory chips.
The CPU can get information faster from RAM than it can from a disk. A computer then reads
information or instruction from disks and stores the information in the RAM where it can get
the information quickly. The CPU processes the information and then returns to the RAM.
Central Processing Unit (CPU Memory

[3]Storage Devices: Among the most important part of a computer system are the devices that allow you
to save data or information. The physical components or materials on which data are stored are called
storage media. A storage device is a piece of hardware that permanently stores information. Unlike
electronic memory, a storage device retains information when electric power is turned off. There are
several storage devices and primary among them are:
a. The Floppy Disk: The floppy disk is a circular flat piece of plastic made of a flexible (or
floppy) magnetic material on which data are recorded. Floppy disk drives store data on both
sides of the disks. Earlier computers stored data on only a single side of the floppy disk.
b. The Hard Disk: The hard disk is generally not visible because hard disks are usually enclosed
within the system unit. The hard disk is a stack of metal platters that spin on one spindle like a
stack of rigid floppy disks. Unlike floppy disks where the disk and drive are separate, the hard-
disk drive, or hard drive is the whole unit. Generally you cannot remove the hard disk from its
drive; however some manufacturers make removable hard disks that plug into a separate drive
unit.
c. The CD-ROM: CD-ROM disks are hard, plastic, silver – a colored disk. CD-ROM is an
acronym for Compact Disc Read – Only Memory. This implies that the disk can only be read.
You cannot change or overwrite the contents of a CD-ROM disk.
d. Tape Drives: A tape drive is a device that reads and writes data to the surface of a magnetic
tape, generally used for backing up or restoring the data of an entire hard disk.

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 e. The Zip Drive: Zip drives are an alternative to tape backup units or tape drives. A zip drive
can be internal or external. Zip drives have removable cartridges or disk. A zip drive holds
about 100MB to 250 MB of Data.
Storage Devices

[4]Output Devices: Output devices return processed data, that is, information back to the user. In other
words, output devices allow the computer „talk‟ to us. The most common output devices are the monitor
and the printer. Others include modems and speakers.
a. The Monitor: The monitor is an output device that enables the computer to display to the user
what is going on. It has a screen like that of a television. It is commonly referred to as the
screen or display. It is the main source for output of information from the computer. As data is
entered through an input device, the monitor changes to show the effects of the command.
Messages displayed on the screen allow the user to know if the command is correct.
b. The Printer: The printer is an output device that produces on hard copy or a print out on a
paper i.e. it takes data from its electronic form and prints it out on paper. There are three
principal types of printers; Laser, Inkjet and Dot – Matrix.
c. The Sound Card: Sound Cards, otherwise known as sound boards, is a hard ware board. It is a
device that produces audio sounds and usually provides ports in the back of a computer for
external speakers.
It is installed in one of the expansion slot inside the system unit‟s motherboard.
d. The Modem: The modem is a device that allows a computer to communicate with another
computer through a telephone line. Both computers need compatible modem. With a modem,
a computer and required software, you can connect with other computers all over the world.

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Output Devices

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF HARWARE COMPONENTS

Computer hardware components serve specific functions in a computer system. Here are the basic
functions of some key hardware components:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):
Function: The CPU is the brain of the computer. It executes instructions and performs calculations for all
tasks, including data processing and running software applications.
2. Memory (RAM - Random Access Memory):
Function: RAM temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU is actively using. It provides fast
and temporary access to data and programs, allowing the CPU to work efficiently.
3. Storage Devices (e.g., Hard Drive, SSD):
Function: Storage devices are used to permanently store data and software. Hard drives and SSDs are
non-volatile, meaning they retain data even when the computer is turned off. They store the operating
system, applications, and user data.
4. Motherboard:
Function: The motherboard serves as the main circuit board connecting all hardware components. It
facilitates communication between components, such as CPU, memory, and peripheral devices.
5. Input Devices (e.g., Keyboard, Mouse):
Function: Input devices allow users to interact with the computer. Keyboards and mice are common
examples, enabling data entry and control of the graphical user interface.
6. Output Devices (e.g., Monitor, Printer):
Function: Output devices display information to the user. Monitors show text and graphics, while printers
produce hard copies of documents and images.
7. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU):
Function: The GPU is responsible for rendering images, graphics, and videos. It's essential for tasks like
gaming, video editing, and graphical design.
8. Network Interface Card (NIC):

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Function: NICs enable the computer to connect to networks, such as the internet or local area networks.
They facilitate data exchange between the computer and other devices over a network.
9. Optical Drives (e.g., CD/DVD/Blu-ray Drives):
Function: Optical drives read and write data to optical discs like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. They are
used for installing software, playing media, and creating backups.
10. Power Supply Unit (PSU):
Function: The PSU provides electrical power to the computer's components. It converts electricity from
the wall outlet into the voltages needed by the components.
11. Cooling Systems (e.g., Fans, Heatsinks):
Function: Cooling systems prevent components from overheating. They dissipate heat generated by the
CPU, GPU, and other parts to maintain optimal operating temperatures.
12. Sound Card or Integrated Audio:
Function: Sound cards or integrated audio components process and produce audio. They are responsible
for sound input and output, allowing the computer to play and record audio.
13. Expansion Cards (e.g., Graphics Cards, Network Cards):
Function: Expansion cards add functionality to a computer. For example, a dedicated graphics card can
enhance gaming and graphics performance, while a network card can improve network connectivity.
14. Battery (in laptops and mobile devices):
Function: Batteries in portable devices provide power when the device is not connected to a power
source. They allow laptops, tablets, and smartphones to operate without external power for a period of
time.
Each hardware component serves a specific role in the overall operation of a computer, enabling it
to perform a wide range of tasks and functions. These components work together to process data and
execute software applications, making computers versatile tools for various purposes.
SOFTWARE COMPOINENTS
Software is a set of instructions that operate a computer, manipulate the data and execute particular
functions or tasks. In other words, it is a programs, routines, and symbolic languages that control the
function of the hardware. For software (the instructions) to perform various functions, it must be
programmed. That is, the instructions need to be written in a programming language that the computer
can understand. Without a program, a computer is useless.
Computer program is a sequence of instructions that can be executed by a computer to carry out a process.
There are two kinds of software, systems software and applications software.
[1] Applications Software: Applications software includes programs that user access to carry out
work. They include applications for the following functions.

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  Word processing is the most common applications software. The great advantage of word
processing over using a typewriter is that you can make changes without retyping the
entire document. Word processors make it easy to manipulate and format documents.
Example of word processing software is Microsoft Office Word, Microsoft Works Word,
Open Office Word, etc.
 Spreadsheets are computer programs that let people electronically create and manipulate
spreadsheets (tables of values arranged in rows and columns with predefined relationships
to each other). Spreadsheets are used for mathematical calculations such as accounts,
budgets, statistics and so on. Example; Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1, 2, 3, and SPSS.
 Database management applications are computer programs that let people create and
manipulate data in a database. A database is a collection of related information that can be
manipulated and used to sort information, conduct statistical analyses or generate reports.
Example is Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL, MySQL and Oracle database.
 Presentation packages and graphics are computer programs that enable users to create
highly stylized images for slide presentations and reports. They can also be used to
produce various types of charts and graphs. Many software applications include graphics
components including: paint programs, desktop publishing applications and so on.
Example is Microsoft PowerPoint.
 Communications applications typically include software to enable people to send faxes and
emails and dial into other computers.
[2] System software is a program that manages and supports the computer resources and
operations of a computer system while it executes various tasks such as processing data and
information, controlling hardware components, and allowing users to use application software.
Systems software works as a bridge between computer system hardware and the application software.
Systems software is of three types. They are as follows:-
 System management programs:-
These are programs that manage the application software, computer hardware, and data resources of
the computer system.
 System support programs :-
These are the programs that help the operations and management of a computer system. They
provide a variety of support services to let the computer hardware and other system programs run
efficiently. The major system support programs are system utility programs, system performance
monitor programs, and system security monitor programs
 System development programs
These are programs that help users develop information system programs and prepare user programs
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 for computer processing. These programs may analyze and design systems and program itself. The
main system development programs are programming language translators, programming environment
programs, computer-aided software engineering packages.

Systems Software: includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to function.
The most important program that runs on a computer is the operating system. Every general-purpose
computer must have an operating system in order to run other programs. This includes controlling
functions such as the coordination of the hardware and applications software, allocating storage facilities,
controlling the input and output devices and managing time sharing for linked or networked computers.

Operating System (OS): An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user
and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
Following are some of important functions of an operating System.
 Memory Management
 Processor Management
 Device Management
 File Management
 Security
 Control over system performance
 Job accounting
 Error detecting aids
 Coordination between other software and users
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
 Real-time operating system (RTOS) - Real-time operating systems are used to control
machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems. An RTOS typically has very little
user-interface capability, and no end-user utilities, since the system will be a "sealed box"
when delivered for use. A very important part of an RTOS is managing the resources of the
computer so that a particular operation executes in precisely the same amount of time, every
time it occurs. In a complex machine, having a part move more quickly just because system
resources are available may be just as catastrophic as having it not move at all because the
system is busy.
 Single-user, single task - As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage the
computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm
handheld computers is a good example of a modern single-user, single-task operating system.
 Single-user, multi-tasking - This is the type of operating system most people use on their
desktop and laptop computers today. Microsoft's Windows and Apple's MacOS platforms are

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 both examples of operating systems that will let a single user have several programs in
operation at the same time. For example, it's entirely possible for a Windows user to be writing
a note in a word processor while downloading a file from the Internet while printing the text of
an e-mail message.
 Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of
the computer's resources simultaneously. The operating system must make sure that the
requirements of the various users are balanced, and that each of the programs they are using
has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn't affect the entire
community of users. Unix, VMS and mainframe operating systems, such as MVS, are
examples of multi-user operating systems.

Software components play essential roles in making a computer perform various tasks and functions.
Here are the basic functions of some key software components:

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

1. Operating System (OS):

Function: The OS is the core software component that manages hardware resources, provides a
user interface, and facilitates communication between software and hardware. It enables the
execution of applications and manages processes, memory, and storage.

2. Application Software:

Function: Application software is designed for specific tasks and user applications. It allows users
to perform various functions, such as word processing, web browsing, graphic design, and more.
Examples include Microsoft Word, Google Chrome, and Adobe Photoshop.

3. Utility Software:

Function: Utility software assists in maintaining and optimizing the computer system. Examples
include antivirus software, disk cleanup tools, backup software, and system monitoring
applications.

4. Device Drivers:

Function: Device drivers are software components that allow the operating system to
communicate with and control hardware devices. They enable hardware components like printers,
graphics cards, and sound cards to work with the OS and applications.

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 5. Programming Languages and Compilers:

Function: Programming languages are used to write software applications and systems. Compilers
and interpreters translate code written in high-level programming languages into machine code
that the CPU can execute.

6. System Software:

Function: System software includes software components that work closely with the OS to ensure
the efficient operation of the computer. This may include system drivers, firmware, and system
tools.

These software components work together to make computers versatile tools for various tasks and
functions, from business and productivity to entertainment and communication. The combination of
hardware and software allows computers to process and execute specific functions efficiently and
effectively.

WORD PROCESSOR
A word processor is an electronic device or computer application software that performs word
processing: the composition, editing, formatting and sometimes printing of any sort of written
material. Word processing can also refer to advanced shorthand techniques, sometimes used in
specialized contexts with a specially modified typewriter.
The word processor emerged as a stand-alone office machine in the 1970s and 1980s, combining the
keyboard text-entry and printing functions of an electric typewriter with a dedicated computer
processor for the editing of text.
Characteristics
Word processing typically implies the presence of text manipulation functions that extend beyond a
basic ability to enter and change text, such as automatic generation of:
 batch mailings using form letter template and an address database (also called mail merging);
 indices of keywords and their page numbers;
 tables of contents with section titles and their page numbers;
 tables of figures with caption titles and their page numbers;
 cross-referencing with section or page numbers;
 footnote numbering;
 new versions of a document using variables (e.g. model numbers, product names, etc.)
Examples of different word processing software are:
 WordPerfect
 Microsoft Word
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  WordMark
 Lotus WordPro
 Procedure Write
Types of word processor:-
 Dedicated word processor
 Standard word processor software packages
 Word processing packages on minicomputer
Features of Word :
1) Word wrap
2) Editing of text
3) Page formatting
4) Paragraph formatting
5) Text formatting
6) Retriving of your work
7) Mail Merge
8) Spelling & grammar check
9) Use of thesaurus
10) Online Assistant
Each of the tabs contains the following tools:
 Home: Clipboard, Fonts, Paragraph, Styles, and Editing.
 Insert: Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Links, Header & Footer, Text, and Symbols
 Page Layout: Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph, Arrange
 References: Table of Contents, Footnote, Citation & Bibliography, Captions, Index, and Table
of Authorities
 Mailings: Create, Start Mail Merge, Write & Insert Fields, Preview Results, Finish
 Review: Proofing, Comments, Tracking, Changes, Compare, Protect
 View: Document Views, Show/Hide, Zoom, Window, Macros
Create a New Document
There are several ways to create new documents, open existing documents, and save documents in
Word:
 Click the Microsoft Office Button and Click New or
 Press CTRL+N on the keyboard
Opening an Existing Document
 Click the Microsoft Office Button and Click Open, or
 Press CTRL+O on the keyboard, or
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  If you have recently used the document you can click the Microsoft Office Button and click
the name of the document in the Recent Documents section of the window Insert picture of
recent docs
Saving a Document
 Click the Microsoft Office Button and Click Save or Save As, or
 Press CTRL+S on the keyboard, or
 Click the File icon on the Quick Access Toolbar
Renaming Documents
To rename a Word document while using the program:
 Click the Office Button and find the file you want to rename.
 Right-click the document name with the mouse and select Rename from the shortcut menu.
 Type the new name for the file and press the ENTER key.
Working on Multiple Documents

Several documents can be opened simultaneously if you are typing or editing multiple documents at
once. All open documents will be listed in the View Tab of the Ribbon when you click on Switch
Windows. The current document has a checkmark beside the file name. Select another open document
to view it.
Document Views
There are many ways to view a document in Word.
 Print Layout: This is a view of the document as it would appear when printed. It includes all
tables, text, graphics, and images.
 Full Screen Reading: This is a full view length view of a document. Good for viewing two
pages at a time.
 Web Layout: This is a view of the document as it would appear in a web browser.
 Outline: This is an outline form of the document in the form of bullets.
 Draft: This view does not display pictures or layouts, just text.
To view a document in different forms, click the document views shortcuts at the bottom of the screen
or:
 Click the View Tab on the Ribbon
 Click on the appropriate document view.
Close a Document
Click the Office Button
 Click Close
There are many features to help you proofread your document. These include: Spelling and Grammar,
Thesaurus, AutoCorrect, Default Dictionary, and Word Count.

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 Editing text selecting – to select text with the mouse use the following steps –
1) Take the mouse pointer before the place you want to select text from and drag it to the place till
you want.
2) Select the text with keyboard
Inserting & Deleting Text – You can insert or delete text in several ways.
1) Select a block of text from beginning to the last character. To delete press Del key from the
keyboard this process will delete the entire block.
2) To delete single character use Del key or backspace key.
3) To Insert the text select the text copy the text and paste the text where ever you want.
4) There are different pasting options you can use.
Formatting Features of Ms word:-
Text Selecting –
You can select the text in two ways –
 By using shift key
 By using mouse
Once the text is selected you can change the formatting of the selected text. You can delete, move the
text from one position to other.
Previewing the document –
Before printing the documents you can preview the document. In preview option we can change the
margin, page layout, size etc features of your document. The step to preview the document is as
follows –
1) Click MS-Office button
2) Click on print button & then
3) Click on print preview
Printing Document to a file page –
You can print the document. There are two different features to print the document are as follow –
 Print – In print option you can change the number of copies, Select page no., choose
printer etc before printing.
 Quick Print – In quick print the document is directly send to the printer without making
any changes.

Reduce the no. of pages by one –

You can shrink the document pages to by one page. Attempt to shrink the document by one page by
slightly reducing the size and spacing of the text. The option to reduce number of pages by one can be
selected from Print Preview option.

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 Paragraph Formatting
Paragraph formatting provide us the facility to format the paragraph written in the document. The
paragraph formatting include the formatting features –
 Alignment – There are different alignments like left, center, rights & Justified.

 Line Spacing - In Line Spacing option you can change the spacing between the lines.
 Shading – In this option you can Color the background of the selected text or paragraph.
 Border – You can customize the border of the selected text or cell.
 Sorting options - In sorting option we can sort the text in alphabetical order or numerical order.
 Numbering / Bullets – We can create bullet list or numbering list through this option.
 Indent – Indentation determine the distance of paragraph from either the left or right margin.
Headers and Footers
Header & footer may be text or graphics printed on top & bottom of the document. Header is printed
on top margin area & footer is printed on bottom margin area.
Headers and footers are pieces of text or graphics that appear at the top and bottom of a page. After
you set up a header and footer, they will appear on all of your pages. You can add a page number to a
header or footer, and Microsoft Word will automatically insert the right page number for you.
To set up a header and footer for your document, click on the Insert tab at the top of Word. Now
locate the Header & Footer panel:
Footers
Microsoft Word allows you to insert page numbers into your document. This is done (usually) in the
Footer area of the page. The Footer is just the opposite of the Header. You can do the same things with
the Footer as you can with the Header. We'll see how to insert page numbers into the Footer. Make sure
the Design tab is select at the top of Word. Now locate the Navigation panel again. Click the item that
says "Go to Footer":

Multiple Columns –
With the use of multiple column option you can Spilt text into two or more columns. You can select
this option from Page layout tab.

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