CLIMATIC

DATA AND
ANALYSIS
GROUP 5
CLIMATIC DATA AND ANALYSIS

TOPICS:
• MICROCLIMATE AND SITE
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• CLIMATE DATA AND ANALYSIS
TOOLS AND METHODS
• CLIMATE ZONES FOR BUILDINGS
• CREATING THERMAL
CONDITIONS OF THE
ENVIRONMENT
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MICROCLIMATE
AND SITE DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
CARLOS, MAY QUEEN
CERVERA, ANGELO
DAVILA, DANILYN
MICROCLIMATE
•Any local deviation from the climate of a larger area, whatever the scale may
be.
•Immediate local climatic conditions such as temperature, humidity, solar,
radiation, wind, etc. – Climate of a small area whish is different from the larger
area around it.
•It can be of a space as small as the protected inner courtyard of a building and
as large as a city which have different climatic conditions of the larger area
around.

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SCALE OF MICROCLIMATE
•To a botanist, Microclimate can be of a single plant leaf, with its
temperature and moisture conditions, its population of insects and micro
organisms, on the scale of a few centimeters.

•To an urban geographer, micro climate may mean the climate of a

whole town.

•SITE CLIMATE: Climate of the area available and is to be used for the give
purpose, both in horizontal extent and in height.

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FACTORS AFFECTING LOCAL CLIMATE
•• Topography: Slope, orientation, exposure, elevation, hills or valleys at or near the ground.
•• Ground surface: (Whether natural or man-made): affect in terms of reflectance, permeability and the
soil temperature as these affect the vegetation and this in turn affects the climate. (wood, shrubs, grass,
paving, water, etc.)
••Three dimensional objects: such as trees, tree belts, fences, wails and buildings as these may influence
air movement, cast a shadow, etc.
•• Water bodies; such as lakes, rivers, and oceans, can influence the temperature and humidity of the
surrounding area. Water has a high capacity, meaning it can store and release large amounts of heat,
which Affect the local climate.
•• Human activity: such as construction, transportation, and industrial processes, can generate heat,
pollutants, and other emissions that impact the microclimate of an area. Urban areas with high levels of
human activity tend to have higher temperatures and lower air quality than rural areas.
•• Climate change: altering the global climate and efficient microclimates in different ways. For
example, rising temperature are causing heat waves to become more frequent and intense, while
changes in precipitation patterns are leading to more frequent droughts and floods. Architects must
consider these changes when designing buildings that are resilient to future climate conditions.

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TYPES OF MICROCLIMATE
•Microclimates can vary depending on the location and environmental
conditions. Here are some types of microclimates:

• Urban Microclimate • Indoor Microclimate

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TYPES OF MICROCLIMATE

• Coastal Microclimate •Mountain Microclimate

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TYPES OF MICROCLIMATE

• Forest Microclimate •Desert Microclimate

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DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MICROCLIMATE
•Architects can use a range of design strategies to create buildings that respond
to local microclimates. Here are some examples:

• •Passive Design Strategies

•Passive design strategies use the environment to regulates temperature,
lighting, and ventilation within a building.

•Some examples include:

•Natural ventilation
•Thermal mass
•Shading and insulation

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DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MICROCLIMATE
• • Active Design Strategies
•Active design strategies use mechanical or electrical systems to regulate
temperature, lighting and ventilation within a building.
•Some examples include:
•HVAC systems
•Artificial lighting
•Water management

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ELEMENTS OF SITE DESIGN
•LANDSCAPING
•Landscaping can enhance the microclimate in both summer and winter by providing shading, evaporative cooling, wind channeling, and
shelter. Vegetation absorbs solar radiation, reducing temperatures and evapotranspiration. Shade trees, shrubs, and vines protect against
heat, while wind channeling provides efficient ventilation. Grass and ground cover planting lower ground temperatures due to
evapotranspiration and radiation reduction.
•ORIENTATION ATO SUN AND WIND
•The building’s orientation is crucial for reducing heat gain and improving wind circulation and ventilation. Major openings should be placed
north, with south faces protected with shading devices or vegetation. Proper cross ventilation improves comfort.
•BUILDING SHAPE AND PLANNING
•The building’s configuration and internal spaces affect solar radiation exposure, daylight availability, and airflow. Compact buildings have a
low surface to volume ratio, allowing control of heat gains. Other options include courtyards, pilot’s construction, and wing walls. Form and
thermal transmission aren’t critical, but rather the building’s impact on wind channeling, airflow patterns, and daylight use.
•NATURAL VENTILATION
•Ventilation in buildings uses air to cool the building and human body by transferring heat away from the building. Air movement can be
natural or mechanical, and pressure patterns vary. Buildings should be oriented to catch the prevailing summer breeze and maintain a low-
pressure environment. Indoor air movement enhances convective exchange and moisture evaporation, providing comfort during hot
conditions.
•LIMITATIONS OF WIND INDUCED VENTILATION
•Wind induced ventilation is ideal for sites, but variable winds and air changes can cause inconvenience. Reliable information on ventilation
enhancement measures is scarce due to lack of detailed studies.

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CLIMATE DATA,
ANALYSIS TOOL
AND METHODS
CURA, AKIRA
DAGDAGAN, MARK JOSH
CLIMATE DATA ANALYSIS TOOL AND
METHODS IN ARCHITECTURE
Why Climate Data Analysis and Methods are Important in Architecture?

1. Optimizing Building Design.

2. Natural Ventilation and Passive Design.

3. Mitigating Climate Change Impact.

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CLIMATE DATA ANALYSIS TOOL AND METHODS
1. Climate Data Software.
- Tools like EnergyPlus, Design Builder, and Climate Consultant provide architects with
climate data simulations. They enable the analysis of a building's energy performance under
different weather conditions.

2. Weather Data Sources.

- Use of local meteorological data to assess temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns.

3. Sun Path Analysis.

-Study how the sun's position changes throughout the day and across seasons, aiding in
optimizing shading and daylighting strategies.

4. CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics).

- Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations help architects analyze airflow within and
around buildings, ensuring effective natural ventilation strategies.

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CLIMATE DATA ANALYSIS TOOL AND METHODS
5. Climate Data Visualization Tools.
- These tools help architects visualize climate data in a user-friendly manner. They can generate
graphs, charts, and maps to display temperature, humidity, wind speed, and other relevant data.
6. Psychrometric Analysis.
- Psychrometrics is the study of the properties of air, including temperature, humidity, and
pressure.
7.Cooling and Heating Degree Days (CDD/HDD).
- Degree days are climate metrics used to estimate heating and cooling energy requirements.
CDD measures how much cooling a building needs during hot weather, while HDD quantifies
heating needs during cold weather.
8.Climate Resilience Modeling.
- This assess a building's ability to withstand extreme weather events, such as storms, flooding,
and heatwaves. They incorporate climate data to predict vulnerability.

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TOOLS, INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES USED
TO FORECAST WEATHER
•Weather Forecast
- A weather forecast is simply a scientific estimate of future weather
conditions. Weather condition is the state of the atmosphere at a given
time expressed in terms of the most significant weather variables. The
significant weather variables being forecast differ from place to place.

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TOOLS, INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES USED
TO FORECAST WEATHER
•Weather Forecast
- A weather forecast is simply a scientific estimate of future weather
conditions. Weather condition is the state of the atmosphere at a given
time expressed in terms of the most significant weather variables. The
significant weather variables being forecast differ from place to place.

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TOOLS USED TO WEATHER FORECAST
THERMOMETER ANEMOMETER
– MEASURES AIR TEPERATURE UNIT - MEASURES WIND SPEED UNITS INCLUDE MILES
INCLUDE CELSIUS, FAHRENHEIT ,KELVIN PER HOUR

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TOOLS USED TO WEATHER FORECAST
WIND VANE RAIN GAUGE
- MEASURES WIND DIRECTION - MEASURES AMOUNT ORPERSIPITATION UNITS
INCLUDE NORTH, SOUTH, WEST AND EAST USED INCHES OR MILIBARS

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TOOLS USED TO WEATHER FORECAST
BAROMETER HYGROMETER
- MEASURES AIR PRESSURE - MEASURES HUMIDITY OR WATERVAPOR UNITS
UNITS INCLUDE INCHES OR MILIBARS INCLUDE MILILITERS PER CUBIC CENTIMETERS

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TOOLS USED TO WEATHER FORECAST
RADAR WEATHER SATELLITE

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CLIMATE ZONES
FOR BUILDING

CORTEZ, AIRISH
FENIX, JUSTIN CARL
CLIMATE ZONES FOR BUILDINGS
•DEFINING CLIMATE
- When discussing climate in relation to building design, what is meant
are the long-term average weather conditions for a region.
- The type of building that should be constructed to ensure the
occupants' safety and comfort depends on the climate of the area.
-
- It's crucial to comprehend the various elements that make up a
climate, such as temperature, precipitation, wind, and sunlight, in order
to comprehend how the environment affects building design.

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IMPACT OF CLIMATE ON BUILDING DESIGN
- Any structure being built must consider the effects of climate on building design.
- The materials used, the building's location, and its orientation all depend significantly
on the climate.
- A structure's energy efficiency, sustainability, and safety can all be increased with the
right design, which also minimizes the need for energy use and other expensive
maintenance. -

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CLIMATE ZONES
- When adjusting a building to its surroundings, knowing the climate zone of a location
is essential knowledge. Architects and designers can create effective, cozy, and
sustainable structures by taking the UTCI index into consideration.
• HOT CLIMATES
- Minimizing the amount of heat gain inside the building is one of the most crucial
factors to take into account when designing for hot climates. To achieve this, an
-
airtight envelope made of robust and insulating materials can be built. Additionally, to
reflect the sun's rays and lessen absorbed heat, shading structures like awnings,
overhangs, and trellises should be put in place. Windows should be strategically
positioned from direct sunlight to reduce glare and let natural light in.

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CLIMATE ZONES
• COLD CLIMATES
- Buildings must be constructed with adequate structural integrity in cold climates. The
minimal required strength and stiffness of a building's frame are typically specified by
building codes and standards. In cold climates, increased building movement and
potential structural failure make the need for greater strength and stiffness even more
crucial.
• HUMID CLIMATES -
- Building materials can suffer significant deterioration and rot as a result of humidity. It's
crucial to use materials that can withstand high moisture levels when constructing in a
humid environment. This includes substances like metal, stone, and concrete as well
as some varieties of wood that have undergone moisture resistance treatments.
Additionally, waterproofing and ventilation should be taken into account since they
can aid in lowering the building's moisture levels.

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CLIMATE ZONES
•DRY CLIMATES
- Dry climates are characterized by a lack of precipitation, low humidity,
and warm temperatures. Building design in dry climates requires
special consideration of a number of factors due to their particular
environmental conditions. The need to lessen the amount of heat
entering the building is one of the - main factors. To achieve this, the
building must receive an adequate amount of insulation and shade,
which requires the use of the right materials and construction methods.

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• DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR DIFFERENT CLIMATES
- The environment in which a building will be built must be taken into account
when designing it. There are many different strategies that can be used to
design a structure that is properly adapted to the climate in which it will be
built because different climates present different challenges
•MATERIALS SELECTION
- In terms of building design, choosing - the right materials is essential to
producing a sturdy, long-lasting, and energy-efficient structure. The choice of
materials can have an impact on a building's performance in a number of
ways, including how susceptible it is to damage and how well it can withstand
temperature changes. When choosing building materials, climate is important
to consider because various climate conditions may call for different
materials.

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DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR DIFFERENT CLIMATES
•VENTILATION AND INSULATION
- Insulation and ventilation are two elements that are essential to a building's
energy efficiency and environmental impact. Buildings that are properly
ventilated ensure that clean air is circulated throughout the living and working
areas while preventing the buildup of excess moisture and pollutants.
•GLAZING, SHADING, AND COOL ROOFS
-
- Glazing, shading, and cool roofs are critical components of the design process
when thinking about methods for reducing the effects of climate change on
buildings. In order to let natural light into the space while reducing solar heat
gain, glazing is used in wall, window, or roof assemblies. Shading, which
employs materials and structures to prevent direct sunlight from entering a
space, is crucial for reducing solar heat gain. By being reflective and highly
emissive, cool roofs have been specifically created and engineered to reduce
the amount of solar radiation absorbed into the building envelope.
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CREATING THERMAL
CONDITIONS ON
THE ENVIRONMENT

DE VERA, ARIEL
DAQUIGAN, TRISTAN JAN
CREATING THERMAL CONDITIONS ON
THE ENVIRONMENT
•Thermal environment
- In its broadest sense, the term ‘environment’ refers to all of the things around a certain
point. The thermal environment refers to the things that can affect heat transfer at
that point.

•Heat transfer
- is the process of thermal exchange between
different systems. Generally there will be a net
heat transfer from a hotter system to a cooler system.

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CREATING THERMAL CONDITIONS ON
THE ENVIRONMENT
•Aspects of the thermal environment that can affect heat transfer by these mechanisms
include:

•Air temperature.
•Radiant temperature (long wave infrared radiation (surface temperatures) and short
wave infrared radiation (solar radiation)).
•Air velocity.
•Humidity.
•The presence of surface water.
•The temperature of contacting objects

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CREATING THERMAL CONDITIONS ON
THE ENVIRONMENT
•The experience people have of the thermal environment that surrounds them will also
be affected by personal factors such as:
•Clothing.
•Metabolic heat.
•Wellbeing and sickness.
•This is a personal experience that cannot be accurately measured, but it may be
represented approximately by standards such as Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and
Percentage People Dissatisfied (PPD).When people are dissatisfied with their thermal
environment, not only is it a potential health hazard, It also impacts on their ability to
function effectively, their satisfaction at work, the likelihood they will remain a customer,
and so on.
•BS EN ISO 7730 defines thermal comfort as '…that condition of mind which expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment.', i.e. the condition when someone is not
feeling either too hot or too cold.
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THERMAL COMFORT
•'Thermal alliesthesia' goes beyond this, proposing that the hedonic qualities of the
thermal environment (qualities of pleasantness or unpleasantness, or 'the pleasure
principle') are determined as much by the general thermal state of the subject as by the
environment itself.

•Other factors
•Thermal Comfort (TG 22/2023) published by BSRIA in 2023, lists a number of other
personal factors that can affect thermal comfort:

•Furniture: The furniture in a space can affect the thermal comfort by producing air paths
that can focus draughts into occupied areas. The seating can also have an effect on
the heat losses from the occupants due to the added insulation afforded by the seat
and back of the seating installed.
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THERMAL COMFORT
•Age: The age of the occupants has an effect on the activity levels and heat produced
and for buildings with children in them, their ages will affect the overall surface area and
therefore the total heat into the occupied area.
•Personal preference: People have personal preferences for thermal comfort – not
everyone will have the same level of comfort in the same environment, even if personal
factors such as activity and clothing levels are the same. Also, when occupants are able
to adjust environmental factors such as temperature and air speed, they feel more
satisfied with their environment that when these factors are adjusted automatically, even
if the effect on actual temperature and air speed is the same. This is an important factor
which is often neglected in the design and management of buildings.
•It states: 'Where it is not possible to achieve ideal thermal comfort conditions, for
example where the process taking place in a space requires a very low or very high
temperature, mitigation strategies can be taken such as providing personal protective
equipment (PPE), scheduling breaks and providing water.'
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CONTROLLING THERMAL COMFORT
Thermal comfort can be controlled or adjusted by a number of different measures:
• Environmental monitoring and control (automated or user-controlled systems, active systems such as
heating and cooling and passive systems such as shading). NB: User-controlled systems require that users are
properly trained.

• Adapting or changing clothing. Businesses can allow people to wear different clothing depending on
conditions. They can also provide things like cloak rooms or lockers so that people can change clothes or
take off and put down coats. The golden rule is layering, generally 3 layers, and use zips and buttons to
regulate temperature.

• Allowing flexible working hours or changing start and finish times.

• Adjusting tasks. For example, allowing breaks or reducing the length of time people are exposed to
particular conditions.
• Providing information telling people what sort of conditions to expect so that they can dress and behave
appropriately.
• Providing or allowing personal equipment such as desk fans.

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CONTROLLING THERMAL COMFORT
• Separating people from sources of discomfort. For example, putting heat
generating equipment such as ICT equipment in separate rooms, insulating pipes,
preventing draughts and so on. NB: Draughts can be caused by high local surface temperature
differences even in a space where there is no air infiltration – for example, a cold down-draught
near a window.
• Providing protective clothing (PPE Personal Protective Equipment). This should be a last
resort option.
• Predicting thermal comfort
• There are a great number of techniques for estimating likely thermal comfort, including;
effective temperature, equivalent temperature, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), resultant
temperature and so on, and charts exist showing predicted comfort zones within ranges of
conditions.

However, BS EN ISO 7730 and BS EN ISO 10551 suggest thermal comfort can be expressed in terms
of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Percentage People Dissatisfied (PPD).
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CONTROLLING THERMAL COMFORT
PMV and PPD were developed by Professor Ole Fanger based on research undertaken at Kansas
State University and the Technical University of Denmark. Research was carried out to find out if
people felt comfortable in different conditions and this was used to develop equations that would
predict comfort. The equations take into account; air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air
movement, humidity, clothing and activity level.
Temperatures in the workplace are governed by the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare)
Regulations 1992, which oblige employers to provide a reasonable temperature in the workplace.

Within the built environment, the thermal environment can be influenced by:

•Passive building design (such as shading, windows, insulation, thermal mass, natural ventilation
and so on).
•Active building systems (such as heating, cooling and air conditioning).
•Personal behaviour (such as removing clothing, reducing activity and so on).

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CONTROLLING THERMAL COMFORT
Passive design
- uses layout, fabric and form to reduce or remove mechanical cooling, heating, ventilation and
lighting demand. Examples of passive design include optimising spatial planning and orientation
to control solar gains and maximise daylighting, manipulating the building form and fabric to
facilitate natural ventilation strategies and making effective use of thermal mass to help reduce
peak internal temperatures.

Passive design can include:

Passive cooling.
Passive heating.
Passive ventilation (or natural ventilation).
NB: Passive solar design is an aspect of passive building design that focusses on maximising the use
of heat energy from solar radiation.

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CONTROLLING THERMAL COMFORT
Passive design can include consideration of:
1. Location.
2. Landscape.
3. Orientation.
4. Massing.
5. Shading.
6. Material selection.
7. Thermal mass.
8. Insulation.
9. Internal layout.

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CONTROLLING THERMAL COMFORT
•Building services play a central role in contributing to the design of a
building, not only in terms of overall strategies and standards to be
achieved, but also in façade engineering, the weights, sizes and location
of major plant and equipment, the position of vertical service risers, routes
for the distribution of horizontal services, drainage, energy sources,
sustainability, and so on.

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CLIMATIC DATA AND ANALYSIS
REPORTER:
GROUP 5 (JUSTIN'S GROUP)
MEMBERS:
FENIX, JUSTIN CARL
CORTEZ, AIRISH
DAGDAGAN, MARK JOSH
CURA, AKIRA
DAQUIGAN, TRISTAN JAN
CERVERA, ANGELO
CARLOS, MAY QUEEN
DE VERA, AIREL
DAVILA, DANILYN

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