1.
Total energy of revolving electrons – can never be positive
2. Major part of the current in an intrinsic semiconductor – conduction band electrons
3. voltage applied across PN junction – bias
4. intrinsic semicon doped with very small amount of boron – number of electrons and holes will decrease and
increase respectively
5. hall effect – causes the resultant electric field which is normal to both current and magnetic field
6. reverse current in an intrinsic semiconductor doubles for every 6 C increase in temp
7. w/o dc source, clipper acts as rectifier
8. clamper – introduces dc to ac signal
9. gallium compounds are used to fabricate LED because it emits more light
10. LED – normally forward biased PN junction
11. Laser signal characteristics – coherent, collimated, monochromatic
12. ideal amp – response only to the signals at the input terminal
13. in a CE amp, if voltage gain is increased, ac load resistance is also increased.
14. if bypass capacitor in CE amp is removed, voltage gain is reduced
15. negative output swing of transistor clips when Q is near saturation
16. positive output swing of transistor clips when Q is going towards cutoff
17. improper biasing – causes distortion to the output signal
18. bias stability – improved by keeping the base current constant
19. early effect – base narrowing; effective variations in the base width by collector voltage; also called base-
width modulation
20. voltage divider bias – independent of transistor beta
21. capacity of lead acid is NOT dependent on rate of charge
22. lead acid cell – lead peroxide, dilute sulfuric acid, sponge lead
23. Anderson bridge – measuring inductance with known capacitance and resistance
24. De Sauty bridge – comparing capacitances of two air capacitor
25. Maxwell’s Wien bridge – measures inductance
26. heaviside Campbell equal ratio bridge – measure self inductance with mutual inductance
27. moving coil can measure – both ac and dc current and voltage
28. digital comp does not use floating point hardware – because its costly
29. ho parameter – smallest among the h-parameters
30. h-parameters depend on – operating point, configuration, temperature
31. number of card read per minute of a card reader – 10,000
32. access to magnetic drum memory – partly random and part cyclic sequential
33. emmiter coupled monoshot – perfect gate wave generator
34. miller circuit – uses integrator to convert step waveform to ramp waveform
35. phantastron – uses pulses to convert step waveform to ramp waveform
36. bootstrap circuit –
37. thermal runaway – increase in temp, causes an increase in the collector current burning the transistor
38. magnetic deflection system used by CRT to deflect electron beam
39. cyclotron / magnetic resonator – Lawrence and Livingston
40. unbiased PN junction – 0.5um
41. nonservo controlled robot – high repeatability; high operating speed; low cost
42. servo controlled repeatability – 2mm
43. microcomputer communicates with the system with – 3 buses
44. walk through – programming a continuous path robot
45. robot is – mechanical engineering, electronics, computer science, control theories
46. karel capek – robot
47. ted hoff – microprocessor, 1969
48. volatile ROM – semiconductor ROM
49. semiconductor ROM – combinational logic circuit
50. % conductivity
a. Annealed silver wire – 108.8
b. 99.9% gold – 72.6
c. 99.5% aluminum – 63
51. 100Hz – 150kHz – converter transformer
52. 20kHz – 20MHz – carrier frequency transformer
53. power transformer – not operated in 100Hz
54. stray loss – not a transformer loss
55. copper loss – most losses in transformer
56. common drain – buffer amplifier
57. common gate – high frequency amplifier
58. common source – voltage amplifier
59. glass – strongest dielectric
60. ampacity of wire – maximum current the wire can safely carry
61. selsyn
62. 1dB – minimum audio power output that can be heard
63. 0dB – noise figure of an ideal opamp
64. emission coefficient / destability factor – account to the effect of recombination in the depletion region
65. ringing circuit – RLC with undamped oscillations
66. megger – used to measure high resistance
67. cut-in voltage / turn on voltage – amount of voltage where the current increases exponentially
68. impedance relay – used in medium transmission
69. skin effect – occurs at high frequency
70. surge absorber – used in low voltage, high frequency
71. Ferranti effect – when the load in the receiving end is removed, the sending end voltage is less than the
receiving end voltage
72. shunt capacitance / shunt admittance – negligible in short transmission
73. increase in transmission tower height, causes a change in capacitance
74. corona – causes radio interference
75. 105 – total number of elements including those in the laboratory
76. 1.6V – forward voltage of LED
77. transformer – two coils of wire wound in an iron core
78. saturation voltage of op amp is 2V smaller than power supply voltage
79. ceramic capacitor – used as a bypass capacitor in high frequency amplifier
80. control grid – single grid in vacuum triode
81. triode – most common type of tube used as an amplifier
82. solenoid – electromagnetic device used to convert electrical to mechanical energy
83. film IC – consists of passive elements
84. wheatstone bridge – used to measure medium resistance – 1ohm to few megaohm
85. wien bridge – used to measure capacitance in great accuracy
Diode
Boost converter Buck converter Buck-Boost converter
86. Schering bridge – used to measure capacitance
87. 3 – 8 inches – diameter of silicon before processing
88. multivibrator – not a common type of sine wave oscillators
89. Class A – low efficiency; 50% max efficiency; worst case: no input
90. Class B – push pull; darlington pair
91. 1,000,000 – ideal gain of an op amp
92. CMRR – infinity for different inputs
93. Feedback component
a. resistor – differentiation
b. capacitor - integrator
94. oscillation – barkhausen principle; power factor – 1; phase shift – 0o
95. monostable – 1µs to 1ms; 1ms to 10ms
96. free running oscillator no external pulse
97. floating battery – for telephone exchange; emergency lightning purposes
98. antimony lead alloy – sediment of lead acid
99. thin film – ceramic substrate
100.monolithic IC – digital circuits
101.jhonson noise – produce due to different energy produced
102.TTL – least propagation delay
103.ECL – least propagation time
104.CMOS –least dissipation power
105.Ic = Icbo + αIe
106.GaAs LED – needs infrared
107.EPROM – uses UV signal to remove memory
108.Comparator – no feedback
109.Fermi gap – forbidden gap
110.crystal – most stable
111.NAND latch – S-0 C-0
112.NOR latch S-1 C-1
113.bolometer
114.stroboscope
115.ondograph
116.VFET – square law device; parabolic transconductance; depletion mode
117.enhancement N MOSFET – high +V
118.gate current – extremely small
119.monolithic – high extensive components
120.candela – intensity of light
121.lux – illuminance
122.stable sine wave audio generator – astable multivibrator
123.half adder – adds 2 binary digits produced sum and carry
124.full adder – adds 2 binary digit and produces carry from the previous
125.binary system – mostly used in computers
126.temperature coefficient of semicon – negative
127.temperature coefficient of carbon – negative
128.hexadecimal – uses numbers and letters
129.water – is not created nor absorbed in Ni Fe
130.mean life time – creation and disappearance of electrons
131.opamp – same sign input – 0 output; infinite Zin, 0 current
132.universal motor – for as and dc, dependent on supply frequency
133.torque – controlled by commutation
134.series motor – high torque
135.inverting summer – has parallel inputs
136.bode plot – amplitude variation vs logarithm of input signal frequency
137.MOSFET – high input impedance
138.swinburne’s test – most economical test for motors
139.95% - current through the collector
140.grounding wire – 4 below 660V
141.resistance grounding – 3.3 kV to 11V
142.earthing – to prevent electric shock
143.curie law – paramagnetic proportional to 1/T
144.gross error / personal error – made by human
145.random error – unknown error
146.systematic error – from equipments
147.F.T. bacon – 1st fuel battery
148.common mode rejection of opamp – 100 to 10000 or 4odB to 80dB
149.ammeter-connected on series
150.50ohm – ideal Rin of op amp
151.opamp – high Zin, 0 current; low Zo, has negative feedback
152.microcontroller – stand alone system of microprocessor
153.thermopile – array / groups of thermocouple
154.wet cell – Zinc and Cooper
155.emergency cell – silver zinc
156.data in array – RAM
157.combinational logic circuits – CPU
158.Ni-Cd cells can be replaced
159.lead acid – 2.1 V
160.NMOS – 6X slower than PMOS
