DI

CTI
ONARYOFELECTRONI
CS

A:Abbrevi ati
on f or "ampere" a uni tof
electricalcurrent .
Abs orption:Los sordi ss
i pationofenergy
asi ttravel sthroughamedi um,Exampl e:
radi owavesl os es omeoft heirenergyas
theyt ravelt hrought heat mos phere.
AC: Abbrevi at i
on f or "Al ternating
Current "
Accept or at oms : Trivalent at oms t hat
accept f ree el ectrons f rom pent avalent
atoms .
AC coupl ing:Ci rcui tthatpas ses an AC
signalwhi lebl ockingaDCvol tage.
AC/ DC: Equi pmentt hatwi lloperat e on
eitheranACorDCpowers ource.
AC generat or:Devi ce us ed tot rans f
orm
mechani cal energy i nto AC el ectrical
power.
AC l oad l ine:A graph repres ent i
ng al l
pos si
bl e combi nat ions of AC out put

Page1of1
voltageandcurrentf oranampl ifi
er.
AC power s uppl y: Power s uppl y that
deliversanACvol tage.
Act i
ve component : A component t hat
changest heampl itudeofas i
gnalbet ween
inputandout put .
Act i
ve f ilter: A f i
lter t hat us es an
ampl ifi
er i n addi tion t o react i
ve
component st o pas s or rej ect s el
ected
frequenci es.
Act i
veregi on:Theregi onofBJ Toperat ion
between s aturat i
on and cut offus ed for
linearampl ifi
cat i
on.
ACvol t
age:Avol t
agei nwhi cht hepol arity
alternates .
ADC:Abbrevi at i
on f or"anal ogt o digital
convert er"
Admi t
tance:( Symbol"Y")Meas ureofhow
eas i
ly AC wi llf l
ow t hrough a ci rcuit.
Admi t
tancei st hereci procalofi mpedance
andi smeas uredi ns iemens .
AF:Abbrevi ationf or"audi ofrequency".
AFC: Abbrevi ation f or "aut omat ic

Page2of2
frequencycont rol".
AGC:Abbrevi ati
on f or "aut omatic gain
cont rol"
Alkal inecel l
:A primarycel lthatdel i
vers
morecurrentt hanacarbon- zi
nccel l
.Al so
knownasan"al kalinemanganes ecell".
Alligatorcl ip:Springcl i
pont heendofa
testl ead us ed t o make a t emporary
connect ion.
Alpha: Rat io of col l
ector current t o
emi tter current i n a bi polar junct i
on
trans ist
or( BJT).Greekl etteral pha"a"i s
thes ymbolus ed.
Alternat ing current :An el ectri
c current
thatri sest oamaxi mum i nonedi rection,
fall
s back t o zero and t hen ri ses toa
maxi mum i nt he opposite direction and
thenrepeat s.
Alternat or:Namef oranACgenerat or.
AM: Abbrevi ati
on f or "ampl i
tude
modul ation"
Ammet er: A met er us ed t o meas ure
current .

Page3of3
Ampere:Uni tofel ect ricalcurrent .
Ampl i
fier:A ci rcui tt hat i ncreas es the
voltage,current ,orpowerofas i gnal .
Ampl i
tude:Magni tudeors izeofas ignal
voltageorcurrent .
Anal og: I nf ormat ion repres ent ed as
cont i
nuous ly varyi ng vol t
age or current
rathert han i n dis cret elevel sasoppos ed
to di gital dat a varyi ng bet ween t wo
discretel evel s.
Anode:Thepos itiveel ectrodeort ermi nal
ofadevi ce.The"P"mat erialofadi ode.
Ant enna, t rans mi tting: A devi ce t hat
convert s an el ectri cal wave i nt o an
electromagnet icwavet hatradi at esaway
from theant enna.
Ant enna, recei ving: A devi ce t hat
convert saradi atedel ectromagnet i
cwave
intoanel ectri calwave.
Apparentpower:Powerat tainedi nanAC
circuitasa productofef fecti
ve vol tage
and current ,whi ch reach t heir peak at
differentt i
mes .

Page4of4
Arc:Di s chargeofel ect rici
tyt hroughagas
suchasl ightni ngdi s chargi ngt hrought he
atmos phere.
Armat ure: The rot ati
ng or movi ng
componentofamagnet i
cci rcuit.
Arms t
rongos cil
lator; An os cil
latort hat
usesan i solation trans formert o achieve
pos i
tivef eedbackf rom out putt oi nput.
As t
abl e mul tivibrat or:An os ci
llatort hat
producesas quarewaveout putf rom aDC
voltage.
Atom: The s malles t part icle t hat an
elementcanbebrokendowni ntoands t
ill
mai ntai ni tsuni quei dent i
ty.
Atomi cnumber:Thenumberofpos i
tive
chargesorprot onsi nt henucl eusofan
atom.
Attenuat e:Toreducet heampl itudeofan
action or s i
gnal . The oppos ite of
ampl ificat i
on.
Audi o:Rel atingt of requenci est hatcanbe
heard byt hehuman ear.Approxi mately
20Hz.t o20kHz.

Page5of5
Autotrans f
ormer: A s i
ngl e wi nding
transformer where t he out putist aken
from tapsont hewi nding.
Average val ue: A val ue of vol tage or
currentwheret heareaoft hewaveabove
the value equal st he area oft he wave
below thevalue.
AVC:Abbrevi ationf or"aut omaticvolume
control"
Avionics:Aviationelectronics.
AWG:Abbrevi ati
on f or "Ameri can wire
gauge".A gauge t hatas signs a number
valuet othediamet erofawi re.

Page6of6
B

Balanced bri dge:Condi t

ion t hat occurs
when a bri dge ci rcuiti s adjus ted t o
produceazeroout put.
Band- pas sf il
ter:A tunedci rcuitdes i
gned
topas saband off requenci esbet ween a
lowercut -of ffrequency( f1)and ahi gher
cut-of ff requency( f
2).Frequenci esabove
and bel ow t he pas s band are heavi ly
attenuat ed.
Band- stopf il
ter:A tunedci rcuitdes i
gned
tos topf requenci esbet ween al owercut -
offf requency ( f
1) and a hi gher cut -
off
frequency ( f2) oft he ampl i
fier whi le
pas singal lot herf requenci es.
Bandwi dth: Wi dth of t he band of
frequenci es bet ween t he hal f power
point s.
Barri erpot ential:Thenat uraldi f
ference
ofpot ent ialt hatexi stsacros saf orward
bias edpnj unction.
Bas e:The regi on thatl ies between t he

Page7of7
emi tterandcol lect orofabi pol arj unction
trans is
tor( BJT).
Basebi asing:Amet hodofbi as ingaBJ Ti n
whi ch thebi asvol tagei ss uppl i
ed tot he
basebymeansofares istor.
Battery:A DC vol tage source cont aining
two ormorecel l
st hatconvertchemi cal
energyt oelectri calenergy.
Baud:A uni tofs ignalings peed equalt o
thenumberofs i
gnalevent spers econd.
Not neces s
arily t he s ame as bi t
s per
second.
Beta:( b)Therat i
oofcol l
ectorcurrentt o
base current i n a bi polar j unction
trans is
tor( BJT).
Bias:A DC vol tageappl iedt oadevi cet o
cont rolitsoperat ion.
Binary:Anumbers ystem havi ngonl ytwo
symbol s,0and1.Abas e2numbers ystem.
Bipol arj unctiont rans i
stor:( BJ T),at hree
termi nal devi ce i n whi ch emi tt
er t o
coll
ect or current i s cont rolled by bas e
current .

Page8of8
Bistabl e mul tivibrator: A mul ti
vibrat or
wi t
ht wos t
abl es tat
es .Anext ernals i
gnal
isrequi redt ochanget heout putf rom one
statet otheot her.Al socal ledal atch.
Bleeder current : A current drawn
cont i
nuous ly f rom a s ource. Bl eeder
currenti s us ed tos tabi l
ize the out put
voltageofas ource.
Bode pl ot: A graph of gai n vers us
frequency.
Branch current : The port ion of t otal
currentf lowi ngi n onepat h ofaparal lel
circuit.
Breakdown vol tage:Vol tageatwhi ch t he
breakdown of a di elect ric or ins ul
at or
occurs .
Break over vol tage :Mi nimum vol tage
requi red t o caus e a di act o break down
andconduct .
Bridge rect ifier: A ci rcuit us i
ng f our
diodest oprovi def ullwaverect i
fication.
Convert sanACvol taget oapul satingDC
voltage.

Page9of9
Buf f
er:Anampl if
ierus edtoisolateal oad
from as ource.
Bul kres ist
ance:Thenat uralresistanceof
a "P" t ype or "N" t ype semi conduct or
mat erial.
But t
erwort hfil
ter:A t ypeofact ivef i
lter
charact erized by a cons t
ant gai n ( f
lat
respons e) acros st he midband of t he
circuitanda20dBperdecaderol l-offrate
foreachpol econt ainedinthecircui t
.
BW:Abbrevi at
ionf orbandwi dth.
Bypas s capaci t
or: A capaci tor us ed t o
provideanACgroundats omepoi nti na
circuit.
Byte:Groupofei ghtbi narydigitsorbi ts.

Cable :Group oftwo ormore i ns

ul ated
wires.
CAD:Abbrevi at
ion f
or "computer ai ded
design"
Cali
bration:Toadj
ustthecorrectvalueof

Page10of10
areadi ngbycompari sont oas t
andard.
Capacitance:Theabi lityofacapaci torto
storean el ectricalcharge.Thebas icuni t
ofcapaci t
ancei stheFarad.
Capacitive react ance:The oppos it
ion to
current f l
ow provi ded by a capaci tor.
Capacitivereact ancei smeas uredi nohms
andvari esinvers elywi thfrequency.
Capacitor: An el ectronic component
havingcapaci tivereact ance.
Capacitor mi crophone: Microphone
whos eoperat iondependsonvari ationsin
capacitance caus ed by varyi ng ai r
pressure on t he movabl e pl ate of a
capacitor.
Carbon- fi
lm res ist
or: Devi ce made by
depos i
tingat hincarbonf ilm onacerami c
form.
Carbon mi crophone:Mi crophone whos e
operation dependson pres surevari at
ion
in carbon granul escaus ing a change i n
resis
tance.
Carbon res istor:Res istor off i
xed val ue

Page11of11
madebymi xingcarbon granul eswi t
ha
binderwhi chismoul dedandt henbaked.
Cas cadedampl i
fier:Anampl ifierwi tht wo
or more s t
ages arranged i n a s eries
conf iguration.
Cas cade ampl i
fier: A hi gh f requency
ampl if
ier made up ofa common- source
ampl if
ier wi th a common- gate ampl i
fier
ini tsdrainnet work.
Cat hode:Thenegat ivet erminalel ectrode
ofadevi ce.The"N"mat erialinaj unct i
on
diode.
Cat hode ray t ube:( CRT) Vacuum t ube
us ed t o display dat ai n a vi sualf orm.
Picturet ubeofat elevision orcomput er
termi nal .
Cel l
:Si ngleuni tus edt oconvertchemi cal
energyi ntoaDCel ectricalvoltage.
Cent erf requency:Frequencyt owhi chan
ampl if
ieri stuned.Thef requencyhal fway
bet weent hecut -
offfrequenci esofat uned
circui t
.
Cent er tap:Mi dway connect ion bet ween

Page12of12
thet woendsofawi ndi ng.
Cent ert appedrect ifier:Ci rcuitthatmake
use ofa cent ert apped t rans f
ormerand
two di odes t o provi de f ull wave
rectificat ion.
Cent er t
apped trans f
ormer: A
trans former wi th a connect ion at t he
electricalcent erofawi ndi ng.
Cerami ccapaci tor:Capaci tori nwhi cht he
dielect rici scerami c.
Charge:Quant ityofel ectri
calenergy.
Charge current : Current t hat f l
ows t o
charge a capaci tor or bat tery when
voltagei sappl ied.
Chas sis :Met albox orf rame i nt o whi ch
component saremount ed.
Chas sisground:Connect iont oachas s i
s.
Chebys hev f i
lter:A t ype ofact ive f il
ter
charact erizedbyhi ghrol l
-offrat es( 40dB
perdecade perpol e)and mi dband gai n
thati snotcons tant.
Choke:I nduct orus edt ooppos et hef low of
alternat i ngcurrent .

Page13of13
Circuit:Interconnect ionofcomponent sto
provideanel ect ricalpat hbet weent woor
morecomponent s
.
Circuitbreaker:A prot ecti
vedevi ceus ed
toopenaci rcui twhencurrentexceedsa
maxi mum val ue.I nef fectreus ablesfuse.
Clamper:A di odeci rcuitus ed to change
the DC l evel of a wavef orm wi thout
distorti
ngt hewavef orm.
Clapp os cill
ator: A vari ation of t he
Colpittsos cil
lator.An added capaci t
ori s
used t o el i
mi nat et he effect s of stray
capacitanceont heoperat ionoft hebas i
c
Colpittsoscillator.
Class A ampl i
fier: A l i
near ampl if
ier
biased s o t he act ive devi ce conduct s
through 360 degrees of t he i nput
wavef orm.
ClassB ampl ifier:An ampl ifierwi t
ht wo
activedevi ces.Theact ivecomponent sare
biased s o t hat each conduct s f or
approxi mat ely 180 degrees oft he i nput
wavef orm cycl e.

Page14of14
ClassC ampl ifier:An ampl ifieri n whi ch
the act i
ve devi ce conduct sf orl essthan
180degreesoft hei nputwavef orm cycl e.
Clipper:A di odeci rcuitus edt oel iminat e
partofawavef orm
Clipping:Di stort i
oncaus edbyoverdri vi ng
anampl ifier.
Clock: A s quare wavef orm us ed f or
synchroni zi
ng and t iming of s everal
circuits.
Closed ci rcuit:Ci rcui thavi ngacompl ete
pathf orcurrentf low.
Closed- l
oop gai n:Gai n of an ampl ifier
whenaf eedbackpat hispres ent .
Coaxi alcabl e:Trans missionl inei nwhi ch
thes ignalcarryi ngconduct ori scovered
byadi alectricandanot herconduct or.
Coefficient of coupl i
ng: The degree of
couplingbet weent woci rcuits.
Coerci ve f orce: ( H) Magnet izing f orce
neededt oreduceres idualmagnet i
smi na
mat erialt ozero.
Collector:Thes emi conduct orregi on ina

Page15of15
bipolarj unct iont rans istorthroughwhi ch
af l
ow ofchargecarri ersl eavest hebas e
region.
Collect orcharact eris t
iccurve:A graphof
collector vol t
age over col lector current
foragi venbas ecurrent .
Colorcode:Setofcol orsus edt oi ndicate
valueofacomponent .
colpitts os cill
at or:An os cill
at or wi tha
pairoft appedcapaci torsi nt hef eedback
network.
Common- anode di splay:A mul t
isegment
li
ghtemi tting di ode ( LED)wi th as i
ngle
positive vol tage i nput connect i
on.
Separat e cat hode connect ions are
provi dedf oreachi ndi viduals egment .
Commoncat hodedi spl ay:Amul t
isegment
li
ghtemi tting di ode ( LED)wi th as i
ngle
negat ive vol tage i nput connect i
on.
Separat eanodeconnect ionsareprovi ded
foreachi ndi viduals egment .
Common bas eampl i f
ier:A BJ T circuitin
whi ch t hebas econnect ion iscommon t o

Page16of16
bothi nputandout put .
Commoncol lectorampl ifier:ABJ Tci rcuit
in whi ch t he col l
ect or connect ion i s
commont obot hinputandout put.
Commondrai nampl ifier:A FETci rcuiti n
whi chthedrai nconnect ioni scommont o
bothi nputandout put .
Common emi t
terampl ifier:A BJ T circuit
in whi ch t he emi tter connect i
on i s
commont obot hinputandout put.
Common gat eampl i
fier:A FET ci rcuiti n
whi ch thegat econnect ion i scommon t o
bothi nputandout put .
Common s ourceampl ifier:A FET ci rcuit
inwhi cht hes ourceconnect i
oni scommon
tobot hinputandout put .
Common- mode rej ection rat io: (CMRR)
The rat io ofop- amp di f
ferent ialgaint o
common- modegai n.A meas ureofanop-
amp' s abi li
ty t o rej ect common- mode
signalssuchasnoi se.
Common- mode s ignal s: Si gnals t hat
appears i
mul taneous lyatt woi nputsofan

Page17of17
operat i
onalampl ifi
er( op-amp) .Common
mode s ignals are al ways equal i n
ampl itudeandphas e.
Comparat or: An op- amp ci rcuit t hat
comparest wo input sand provi desa DC
out puti ndicat i
ngt hepol arityrel ati
ons hip
betweent hei nputs.
Compl ement ary s ymmet ry ampl if
ier: A
class B ampl ifi
er us ing mat ched
compl ement ry t rans ist
ors . Does not
requi re a phas ei nverter f or pus h- pull
out put .
Compl ement ry trans i
stors: Two
trans istors,oneNPN andonePNPhavi ng
neari dent i
calcharas ti
cs.N- channelandP
-channelFETscanal sobecompl ement ry.
Compl exnumbers :Numberscompos edof
a realnumber part and an i magi nary
numberpart .
Compl iance:Themaxi mum pos s i
blepeak-
to-peakout putofanampl ifi
er.
Cons tantcurrentci rcuit:Ci rcuitus edt o
mai ntai n cons tant current t o a l oad

Page18of18
havingres i
stancet hatchanges .
Cont act:Currentcarryi ngpartofas wi
tch,
relayorconnect or.
Cont inuity:Occurswhenacompl etepat h
forcurrentexi sts.
Convent ionalcurrentf low :Conceptof
current produced by t he movement of
pos i
tive charges t owards t he negat i
ve
termi nalofas ource.
Copperl oss: Powerl os tint rans f
ormers ,
generat ors,connect ing wi res and ot her
parts of a ci rcuit due t o current f low
through t he res ist
ance of copper
conduct ors.
Core:Magnet icmat erialwit hinacoi lused
toconcent ratet hemagnet i
cf ield.
coulomb : Uni t of el ectric charge. A
negat ivecoulombchargecons istsof6.24×
1018electrons.
Count er el ectromot ive f orce: ( Count er
emf )Vol t
agei nducedi ntoani nduct ordue
to an al ternat i
ng or pul sating current .
Count eremfi salwaysi npol arityoppos ite

Page19of19
tot hatoft heappl iedvol tage.Oppos i
nga
changeofcurrent .
Coupl ing:To el ectronical ly connectt wo
circuitss ot hats i
gnalwi llpas sf rom one
tot heot her.
Coval ent bond :The way s ome at oms
compl etet heirval ences hel lsbys hari ng
valenceel ectronswi thnei ghbori ngat oms .
Cros sover di stortion :Di stortion caus ed
by bot h devi ces in a cl as s B ampl ifier
beingcut -offatt hes amet ime.
Crowbar: Ci rcui t us ed t o prot ect t he
out putofas ourcef rom as hortci rcui ted
load.Loadcurrenti slimi tedt oaval uet he
sourcecandel iverwi t
houtdamage.
CRT:Abbrevi ationf orcat hoderayt ube.
Crys t
al :Nat uralors ynthet icpi ezoel ectric
or s emi conduct or mat eri al wi th at oms
arranged wi t
hs omedegreeofgeomet ric
regul arity.
Crys t
al -
cont rolled os cil
lat or: Os cillator
thatus esaquart zcrys tali ni tsfeedback
path t o mai nt ain a s table out put

Page20of20
frequency.
Current:Meas ured in amperes ,itist he
flow ofel ectrons t hrough a conduct or.
Al s
oknow asel ectronf l
ow.
Currentampl ifier:Ampl i
fiert oi ncrease
signalcurrent .
Current di vider : Paral l
el net work
des igned todi videt het otalcurrentofa
circui t
Currentf eedback:Feedbackconf iguration
whereaport i
on oft heout putcurrenti s
fedbackt ot heampl i
fierinput .
Current -
limi ti
ngres i
s t
or:Res ist
ori nt he
pat hofcurrentf low tocont roltheamount
ofcurrentdrawnbyadevi ce.
Currentmi rror:Term us ed to describe
thef actthatDCcurrentt hrought hebas e
circui t of a cl ass B ampl ifi
er i s
approxi mat ely equalt othe DC col l
ector
current .
Cut of f
:Condi t
ionwhenanact i
vedevi ceis
bias ed such t hatout putcurrenti snear
zeroorbeyondzero.

Page21of21
Cutofffrequency:Frequencyatwhi cht he
powergai nofanampl if
ierfal
lsbelow 50%
ofmaxi mum.
Cycle:Whenarepeat i
ngwaveri s
esf rom
zerotoapos i
tivemaximum t henbackt o
zeroandon t oanegat ivemaxi mum and
backt ozeroi tissai
dt ohavecompl et ed
onecycle.

DAC:Abbrevi ati
on f or"di gitalt
o anal og
converter."
Dampi ng : Reduct ion i n magni tude of
oscil
lati
onduet oenergybei ngdissipated
asheat .
Darlingtonpair:Anampl i
fierconsistingof
twobi polarjunctiont ransist
orswi t
ht hei
r
coll
ectors connect ed t ogether and t he
emitterofoneconnect edtothebas eoft he
other. Circuit has an ext remely hi gh
currentgainandi nputi mpedance.
DC:Abbrevi ationfor"di rectcurrent".

Page22of22
DC l oad l ine:A graph repres enting all
possibl e combi nations of vol tage and
currentf or a gi ven load res i
stor in an
ampl ifier.
DC of fset:The change i ni nputvol tage
requiredt oproduceazeroout putvol tage
whennos ignalisappl i
edt oanampl if
ier.
DCpowers upply:Anys ourceofDCpower
forelect ricalequi pment .
Dead s hort :Short ci rcui t havi ng zero
resi
s tance.
Decade:Af requencyf act oroft en.
Decibel : ( DB) a l
ogarithmi c
repres ent ationofgai norl oss.
Degenerat i
ve f eedback: Al so cal led
negat ivef eedback.Aport ionoft heout put
ofanampl ifierisi nvert edandconnect ed
backt ot hei nput .Thiscont rolsthegai nof
theampl ifierand reducesdi st
ortion and
noise.
Delayt i
me:Thet imef orcol lectorcurrent
toreach 10% ofi tsmaxi mum val uei na
BJTs wi tchingci rcuit.

Page23of23
Depl eti
onregi on:Theareas urroundi nga
pnj unctiont hati sdepl etedofcarri ers .
Depl eti
on mode:I n aFET,an operat ing
modewhererevers egate-sourcevol t
agei s
used t o depl ete t he channel of f rees
carriers.Thi s reduces t he s ize of t he
channelandi ncreas esitsres istance.
Depl eti
on- mode MOSFET: A MOSFET
designed t o operat ei n ei ther depl eti on
modeorenhancementmode.
Devi ce:Acomponentorpart .
Diac: A t wo t ermi nal bi di rectional
thyristor.Has a s ymmet rical s wi tchi ng
mode.
Dielectric: Ins ulating mat erial bet ween
two pl ates where an el ectros taticf iel d
exists.
Dielectriccons tant :Propert yofamat eri al
thatdet ermineshow much el ectros tat ic
energy can be s tored per uni t vol ume
whenuni tvoltagei sappl ied.
Dielectric s trengt h : The maxi mum
voltage an i nsulati
ng mat eri al can

Page24of24
withs t
andwi thoutbreaki ngdown.
Different ial ampl if
ier: An ampl ifi
er i n
whi ch theout puti sin proport ion t ot he
differencesbet weenvol tagesappl iedt oi t
s
twoi nput s .
Different iator :A ci rcui tin whi ch t he
outputvol tagei sinproport iont ot herat e
ofchangeoft hei nputvol tage.Ahi ghpas s
RCci rcui t.
Diffusion :Tendencyofconduct i
on band
electronst owanderacros sapn j unct ion
tocombi newi thval encebandhol es.
Digital:Rel atingt odevicesorci rcui t
st hat
haveout putsofonl yt wodi scretel evel s.
Exampl es :0or1,hi gh orl ow,on orof f,
trueorf alseet c.
Diode : A t wo t ermi nal devi ce t hat
conduct si nonl yonedi rection.
DIP: Abbrevi ation f or "dual i n l ine
package. "
Directcoupl i
ng:Wheret heout putofan
ampl ifi
er i s connect ed di rectly t o t he
inputofanot herampl if
ierort oal oad.

Page25of25
Also known asDC coupl ing becaus e DC
signalsarenotbl ocked.
Directcurrent:Currentt hatf l
owsi nonly
onedi rect ion.
Discharge :Rel ease ofenergy s tored in
eitherabat t
eryoracapaci tor.
Discret ecomponent:Packagecont aini
ng
onlyas ingl ecomponentasoppos edt oan
integrat ed ci
rcui t cont ain many
component sinas i
ngl epackage.
Diss i
pat ion :Rel eas eofel ectricalenergy
int hef orm ofheat .
Distort ion: An undes ired change i n a
wavef orm ors i
gnal.
Distribut ed capacitance:Anycapaci t
ance
other t han t hatwi thin a capaci tor.For
exampl e, t he capaci t
ance bet ween
adjacentt urnsofwi reinacoi l.
Distribut ed inductance :Any i nduct ance
other t han t hat wi t
hi n an i nduct or.
Exampl ei nductancei nanyconduct or.
Domai n:A moveabl emagnet i
zedareai n
a magnet ized mat eri
al .Al s
o known as

Page26of26
magnet icdomai n.
Donorat oms :Pent avalentat omst hatgi ve
upel ect ronst ot heconduct ionbandi nan
Nt ypes emi conduct ormat eri al.
Dopi ng:Theproces sofaddi ngi mpuri ty
atoms t o i nt rins i
c ( pure) s il
icon or
germani um t oi mprovet heconduct i
vityof
thes emi conduct ormat erial.
Dot convent ion: St andard us ed wi th
trans f
ormers ymbol stoi ndi catewhet her
thes econdaryvol tageisi nphas eoroutof
phas ewi tht hepri maryvol tage.
Drift:Aprobl em t hatcandevel opint uned
ampl ifiers when t he f requency of t he
tunedci rcui tchangesduet ot emperat ure
orcomponentagi ng.
Droppi ng res istor:Res i
s t
or whos e val ue
has been chos en t o drop or devel op a
givenvol t
age.
Drycel l:DC vol t agegenerat ingchemi cal
cellus i
nganonl iquid(pas te)electrolyte.
Duali n- line package:I ntegrat ed circuit
package havi ng t wo rows ofconnect ing

Page27of27
pins.
Dualt raceosci
lloscope:Oscil
los
copet hat
cansimul t
aneous l
ydisplaytwosignal
s.
Dynami c:Relatingt oconditi
onsthatare
changingorinmot i
on.

E-core:Lami nated form i nt he s

hape of
thel et t
er"E",ont o whi ch i
nduct orsand
trans formersarewound.
Eddy current s:Currentsi nduced i ntoa
conduct ing core due t o the changi ng
magnet icf ield.Eddy current s produce
heatwhi chisal ossofpowerandl owers
theef ficiencyofani nduct or.
Efficiency:Theamountofpowerdel ivered
tothel oadofanampl if
ierasapercent age
oft he power requi red from t he power
suppl y.
Electriccharge:El ectri
cenergys toredon
thes urf aceofamat erial.Alsoknownasa
staticcharge.

Page28of28
Electricf i
eld:Af ieldorf orcet hatexi stsin
thes pacebet weent wodi f f
erentpot ent ials
orvol tages .Alsoknownasanel ect ros tatic
fiel
d.
Electricity: Sci ence s t ates t hat cert ain
particlespos ses saf orcef ield orcharge.
The charge pos ses s
ed by an el ect ron i s
negat i
vewhi let hechargepos ses sedbya
proton i s pos it
ive. El ectricity can be
divided i nto t wo groups ,s tat ic and
dynami c. St atic el ectri city deal s wi t
h
charges atres tand dynami c el ect ricit
y
dealswi t
hchargesi nmot ion.
Electric pol arizat ion:A di splacementof
boundchargesi nadi elect ricwhenpl aced
inanel ectricfield.
Electro acous ti
ct rans ducer:Devi ce t hat
producesanenergyt rans f
erf rom el ectric
to acous tic( sound)or f rom acous ti
ct o
electri
c.Exampl esi ncl udeami crophone,
earphonesandl ouds peakers .
Electrolumi nescence : Convers i on of
electri
calenergyi ntol ightenergy.

Page29of29
Electrol yte:El ectricallyconduct ingl iqui d
(wet )orpas te(dry)
Electrol yticcapaci tor:A capaci torhavi ng
an el ectrol yt ebet ween t het wo pl at
es .A
thinl ayerofoxi dei sdepos itedononl yt he
pos it
ive pl at e. The oxi de act s as t he
dielectri cf or t he capaci t
or.El ectrolyt i
c
capaci torsarepol arized and s o mus tbe
connect ed i n correctpol ari t
yt o prevent
breakdown.
Electromagnet : A coi l of wi re us ual l
y
woundonas oftironors teelcore.When
current i s pas sed t hrough t he coi la
magnet icf i eld is generat ed. The core
provi desan eas y pat hf or t he magnet i
c
linesoff orce.Thi sconcent ratest hef ield
int hecore.
Electromagnet iccommuni cat ion :Us e of
an el ect romagnet i
c wave t o pas s
informat ion bet ween t wo poi nt s. Al so
calledwi rel esscommuni cat i
on.
Electromagnet ic induction: Vol tage
producedi nacoi lduet orel ativemot i on

Page30of30
between t he coi land magnet iclines of
force.
Electromagnet ic s pect rum: Li st or
diagram showi ng t he range of
electromagnet icradiation.
Electromagnet icwave:Wavet hatcons ist
s
ofbot hel ectricandmagnet icvari ation.
Electromagnet ism: Rel at es t o the
magnet ic f ield generat ed around a
conduct orwhencurrenti spas s edthrough
it.
Electromechani cal t rans ducer: Devi ce
that t rans f
orms el ectrical energy i nto
mechani cal energy ( elect ric mot or) or
mechani calenergyi nt o el ectricalenergy
(generat or) .
Electromot i
ve f orce :( Emf ) Force t hat
causes t he mot ion of el ectrons due t o
potent ialdi fference bet ween t wo poi nts.
(Voltage)
Electron:Smal l
ests ub at omi cpart icleof
negat i
vecharget hatorbi tst henucl eusof
anat om.

Page31of31
Electronf low:El ect ricalcurrentproduced
by t he movement of f ree el ect rons
towardsapos itivet ermi nal.
Electros tatic: Rel at ed t o stat ic elect ric
charge.
Electros taticf iel d:Force f i
eld produced
bys taticel ectricalcharges .
Emi tter:Thes emi conduct orregi on f rom
whi ch charge carri ers are i njected i nt o
thebas eofabi pol arj unct i
ont ransistor.
Emi tter f eedback: Coupl i
ng f rom t he
emi tter out put t ot he bas ei nput of a
bipol arjunct i
ont rans i
stor.
Emi tter f ollower: A common col l
ect or
ampl if
ier.Hasa hi gh currentgai n,hi gh
input i mpedance and l ow out put
impedance.
Energi zed:Bei ngel ectricall
yconnect edt o
avol tages ources ot hedevi cei sactivat ed.
Energy:Capaci tyt odowork.
Engi neeri ng not at ion: A f loat i
ng poi nt
system i n whi ch numbersareexpres sed
as product s cons isti
ng of a number

Page32of32
great er than one mul ti
plied by an
appropri ate power oft en thati ss ome
mul tipleofthree.
Enhancement -mode MOSFET: A f ield
effectt ransi
stor in which there are no
chargecarri ersi nthechannelwhen t he
gates ourcevoltageiszero.
Equi valentresis
tance:Totalres i
stanceof
allthei ndivi
dualresist
ancesinaci rcuit.

Fallti
me:Ti mei tt akest hefall
ingedgeof
apul setogof rom 90% ofpeakvol t
aget o
10% ofpeakvol tage.
Farad:Thebas icuni tofcapacitance.
Feedback:A port ion oft heout putsignal
ofanampl ifi
erwhi chi sconnectedbackt o
theinputofthes ameampl if
ier.
Feedbackampl i
f ier:Anampl i
fierwithan
externalsi
gnalpat hf rom itsoutputback
toitsinput
.
Ferrit
e: A powdered, compres sed and

Page33of33
sintered magnet i
c mat erialhavi ng hi gh
res i
s ti
vi t
y. The hi gh res istance makes
eddy current l osses l ow at hi gh
frequenci es .
Ferri te bead:Ferri te compos iti
on i nt he
form ofabead.Runni ngawi ret hrough
thebead i ncreas est hei nduct anceoft he
wi re.
Ferri te-corei nduct or:Ani nduct orwound
onaf erri tecore.
Ferri tes: Compound compos ed of i ron
oxi de,amet allicoxi deand cerami c.The
met aloxi desi nclude zi nc,ni ckel,cobal t
ori ron.
Ferrous :Compos ed ofand orcont aining
iron.A f errousmet alexhi bitsmagnet i
c
charact eris t
icsasoppos edt onon- f
errous
mat erial.
Fiberopt ics:Las er'sl ightout putcarri es
informat iont hati sconveyedbet weent wo
poi ntsbyt hi ngl assopt icalfibers .
Field ef fect t rans ist
or:( FET) A vol tage
cont rolledt rans istori nwhi cht hes ource

Page34of34
todrai n conduct ion iscont rolledbygat e
tos ourcevol tage.
Filament : Thi n t hread of carbon or
tungs ten whi ch produces heat or l ight
wi t
ht hepas sageofcurrent .
Filter:Net work cons i
s ti
ng ofcapaci tors
,
resis t
ors and/ or induct ors us ed t o pas s
cert ainf requenci esandbl ockot hers .
Flip f l op: A bi stable mul ti
vibrat or. A
circui twhi chhast woout puts tatesandi s
swi tchedf rom onet ot heot herbymeans
ofanext ernals i
gnal( trigger) .
Float ingground:Commonconnect ioni na
circui tt hatprovi des a ret urn pat hf or
currentbuti snotconnect ed t oan eart h
ground.
Flow s oldering:Fl ow or wave s ol dering
techni que i n l arge s cal e el ectronic
assembl ytos olderal ltheconnect i
onson
a pri nt ed ci rcuitboard by movi ng t he
boardoverawaveofmol tens older.
Flux:Mat erialus edt oremoveoxi def ilms
from t hes urf aceofmet alsinpreparat ion

Page35of35
fors ol dering.
Flux:I n magnet ism,t he magnet i
cf ield
cons is t
ingofl i
nesoff orce.
Flux dens ity: The concent ration of
magnet ic l i
nes of f orce. Det ermi nes
strengt hoft hemagnet icfield.
Flywheel ef fect
: Sus tai
ning ef fect of
oscillat ioninanLCci rcuit.
Forward bi as :A PN j unct i
on bi aswhi ch
allows current t o f low t hrough t he
junct ion. Forward bi as decreas es t he
resis tanceoft hedepl etionlayer.
Freeel ectrons :Electronst hatarenoti n
anyorbi taroundanucl eus.
Free runni ng multivibrator: A
mul t i
vi bratort hatproducesacont inuous
out putwavef orm wi t
houtanys ignalinput .
As quarewavegenerat orus edt oproduce
acl ocks ignal.
Frequency: Rat e of recurrence of a
peri odi cwave.Meas uredi nHert z(cycles
pers econd) .
Frequency- divisi
on mul tiplex: ( FDM)

Page36of36
Trans mi ssionoft woormores i
gnal sover
a common pat h by us ing a di fferent
frequencybandf oreachs ignal.
Frequency- domai nanal ys i
s:A met hodof
repres enting a wavef orm by pl ot ti
ng i t
s
ampl itudeagai nstf requency.
Frequencymet er:Met erus edtomeas ure
frequencyofperi odi cwaves .
Frequency mul tipl i
er: A harmoni c
convers ionci rcuiti nwhi cht hef requency
oft heout puts ignali sanexactmul tipleof
thei nputf requency.
Frequency res pons e:I ndi cati
on of how
wel l a ci rcuit res ponds t o di fferent
frequenci esappl iedt oi t.
Frequency res pons e curve:A graph of
ampl itude over f requency i ndicat i
ng a
circuitrespons etodi fferentf requenci es.
Ful lscaledef lection:( FDS)Def l
ect i
onofa
met er'spoi ntert ot hef arthestpos itionon
thes cale.
Ful lwaverect i
fier:Rect ifierthatmakes
us eoft hef ullACwavei nbot hthepos it
ive

Page37of37
andnegat i
vehalfcycles.
Functiongenerator:Signalgenerat
orthat
canproduces i
ne,square,triangl
eandsaw
toothoutputwaveforms .
Fundament al frequency: Lowest
frequencyinacompl exwavef orm.
Fuse:A protecti
vedevi ceint hecurrent
patht hatmeltsorbreakswhen current
exceedsapredetermi nedmaxi mum val
ue.

Gain:I ncreasein voltage,currentand/ or

power.Gai ni s expressed as a rat io of
ampl if
ier out
put val ue to the
correspondi ngampl i
fieri nputvalue.
Gain bandwi dt
h product : A devi ce
paramet er thati ndicates the maxi mum
possibleproductofgai n and bandwi dth.
Thegai nbandwi dt hproductofadevi cei s
equalt otheuni tygainf requency( unity)of
thedevi ce.
Gamma rays: Hi gh frequency

Page38of38
electromagnet i
c radi ati
on f rom radi o
act i
vepart icles.
Ganged:Mechani calcoupl ing oft wo or
morecapaci tors,s witches,pot entiomet ers,
or any ot her adj us
t able component ss o
thatadj us t
ingonecont rolwi lloperat eal l
.
Gas :Anyvermi form orcompl etelyel asti
c
fluid whi ch i s nota s olid or a l i
quid.
Gas sesareproduced byheat ingal iquid
beyondi tsboi li
ngpoi nt.
Gei ger count er: Devi ce us ed t o det ect
nucl earpart icles.
Generat or: Devi ce us ed t o convert
mechani calenergyt oel ectricalenergy.
Gi ga:Met ricpref ixfor1bi ll
ion( 109).
Ground: An i ntentional or acci dental
conduct ing pat h bet ween an el ectri
cal
sys t
em orci rcuitand t heeart h ors ome
conduct ing body act ing in pl ace oft he
eart h.A ground i s of ten us ed as t he
common wi ring poi ntor ref erence i na
circuit.
Gun di ode:A s emiconduct or di ode t hat

Page39of39
ut
ilizes t
he Gunn Ef fect to produce
microwave frequency oscil
lat
ion or to
ampl i
fyamicrowavefrequencys i
gnal
.

Hal fpowerpoi nt :A f requency atwhi ch

the power i s 50% of maxi mum. Thi s
corres ponds t o 70. 7% of maxi mum
currentorvol t
age.
H-paramet ers: ( Hybri d paramet ers )
Trans istors pecif
icationst hatdes cribet he
componentoperat inglimi tsunders pecifi
c
circums t
ances .
Hal fwaverect i
fier:A di oderect i
f i
ert hat
convert s AC t o pul sating DC by
eliminat ing either t he negat i
ve or t he
pos i
tiveal ternationofeachi nputACcycl e.
Harmoni c:Sine wave t hati ss mal ler in
ampl itude and s ome mul ti
ple of a
fundament alfrequency.Exampl e:880Hz.
isthes econdharmoni cof440Hz.880Hz.
isthet hirdharmoni cof220Hz.
Hart l
eyos cill
ator:Anos cil
latort hatus es

Page40of40
a t apped i nductor i n t he f eedback
network.
Henry:Thebas icuni tofi nduct ance.
HERTZ:( Hz. )Uni toff requency.Onehert z
isequalt oonecycl epers econd.
High f i
del ity:( HiFi )
Sound reproduct ion
equi pmentt hatreproducess oundasnear
totheori gi nals oundaspos s i
bl e
High- pas sf ilter:A t unedci rcui tdes igned
topas sal lfrequenci esaboveades nigated
cut-of ffrequency.Frequenci esbel ow the
cut-of f f requency are rej ected or
attenuat ed
Hight ension:Let halvol t
agei nt heki l
ovolt
rangeandabove.
Hol e:Agapl eftint hecoval entbondwhen
aval enceel ectrongai nss uf f
i cientenergy
tojumpt ot heconduct ionband
Hol ogram: Three- dimens ional pi cture
creat edwi thal aser.
Hol ography: The s cience deal ing wi th
three- dimens i
onalopt i
calrecordi ng.
Hori zont ally pol arized wave:

Page41of41
Electromagnet i
cwavet hathast heel ectric
fieldint hehori zont alpl ane.
Hybri dci rcuit:Ci rcuitt hatcombi nest wo
technol ogies ( passive and act ive or
discret eandi ntegratedcomponent s)ont o
one mi croelectronic ci rcuit. Pas si
ve
component sareus uallymadebyt hinf ilm
techni ques ,whi leact ivecomponent sare
madewi ths emi conduct ort echniques .
Hys teres i
s: Amount that the
magnet ization of a mat erial lags t he
magnet izing f orce due t o mol ecul ar
fricti
on.I n Schmi ttTri gger circuits ,the
differencebet ween t heupperand l ower
triggerpoi nts
.

IC:Abbreviat
ionfor"integrat
edci
rcuit
"
IC voltage regulator: Three terminal
deviceusedtoholdt heoutputvol
tageofa
powers upplyconstantoverawi derange
ofloadvariati
ons.

Page42of42
IGFET: I ns ulated gat e f i
eld ef fect
transis
tor.Anot hernamef ora"MOSFET. "
Impedance:( Z)Meas uredi nohmsi tisthe
totaloppos iti
on t ot he f low ofcurrent
offeredbyaci rcuit.I
mpedancecons i
stsof
the vect or s um of res is
tance and
reactance.
Impedance coupl i
ng: Coupl i
ng of t wo
signalampl ifi
erci rcui t
st hrough t heus e
ofani mpedances uchasai nduct or.
Impedancemat ching:Mat chi ngtheout put
impedance of a s ource t o the i nput
impedanceofal oad t o att ain maximum
powert rans fer.
Incandes cence:St at eofa mat erialwhen
heated tot hepoi ntwherei temi tslight.
(Redhotorwhi tehot).
Induced vol t
age:Vol tage generat ed ina
conduct or when s ubjected t o a movi ng
magnet icfield.
Inductance: Propert y of a ci rcuit t o
oppos eachangei n current .Themovi ng
magnet icf ield produced by a change i n

Page43of43
current caus es an i nduced vol tage t o
oppos et heori ginalchange.
Induct ive ci rcui t
:Ci rcuithavi ng great er
induct ive react ance t han capaci tive
react ance.
Induct ive react ance: Oppos ition t o t he
flow of AC current produced by an
induct or.Meas uredi nOhmsandvari esi n
directproport iont ofrequency.
Induct or:Lengt h of conduct or us ed t o
introduce i nduct ance into a ci rcuit
.The
conduct ori sus uallywoundi ntoacoi lto
concent ratet he magnet i
cl i
nes off orce
andmaxi mi zet hei nduct ance.Whi l
eany
conduct or has i nductance, i n common
us aget het erm i nductorus uallyref erst o
acoi l
.
Inf rared:El ectromagnet icheatradi ation
whos e f requenci es are above t he
mi crowavef requencybandandbel ow red
int hevi s i
bleband.
Inhi bit:To s top an act i
on orbl ock dat a
from pas sing.

Page44of44
Inphas e:Whent woormorewavesoft he
same f requency have t hei r pos i
tive and
negat ivepeaksoccurri ngatt hesamet ime.
Inputi mpedance:Oppos ition tot hef low
ofs ignalcurrentatt hei nputofaci rcuit
orl oad.
Insul ated: When a non conduct ing
mat eri al i s used t o isolate conduct ing
mat eri alsf rom oneanot her.
Insul ating mat eri al: Mat erial that wi ll
preventt he flow ofcurrentdue t oi t
s
chemi calcompos ition.
Insul ation res istance: Res ist
ance of
insulat ing mat erial. The great er t he
insulat ion res istance, t he bet ter t he
insulat ion.
Integrat ed: When t wo or more
component sare combi ned i nto a circuit
and t hen i ncorporat ed i nto a s ingle
package.
Integrat or:A devi ce that approxi mat es
and whos e outputi sproport ionalt o an
integraloft he inputs ignal .A l ow pas s

Page45of45
filt
er.
Intermedi atef requency ampl i
f i
er:I n a
super het erodyne radi o i t ampl ifi
es a
fixed frequencyl owert han therecei ved
radi ofrequencyandhi ghert hant heaudi o
frequency.
Intermi tt
ent :A f aultoccurri ngatrandom
intervalsoft ime.I nt ermi tt
entprobl ems
areof tendi ffi
cul tt ol ocat ebecaus eoft he
random nat ure.They of ten don' toccur
whent het echni ciani spres ent.
Internal res i
stance: Every s ource has
someres istancei ns eri eswi t
ht heout put
current .Whencurrenti sdrawnf rom t he
source s ome power i sl ost due t ot he
voltage drop acros s t he i nternal
resistance. Us ually call
ed output
impedanceorout putres istance.
Intrinsic mat erial: A s emi conduct or
mat erial wi th el ect rical propert i
es
essent i
ally charact eri stic of ideal pure
crys t
al.Es sential l
ys ilicon orgermani um
crys t
alwi thnomeas urabl eimpuri t
ies.

Page46of46
Intrinsics tand- off rat io: A uni junction
trans i
stor( UJT)rat ingus edt odet ermi ne
thef i
ringpot ent ialoft hedevi ce.
Invertingampl ifier:Anampl i
fierthathas
a180°phas es hiftfrom i nputt oout put.
Inverting i nput : I n an operat ional
ampl ifier ( op amp) t he i nput t hat is
marked wi th a mi nus s ign. A s ignal
applied at t he i nverting i nput wi ll be
given180°phas es hiftbet weeni nputand
output .
Ion:Anat om wi thf ewerel ectronsi norbit
thant henumberofprot onsi nthenucl eus
isapos i
tivei on.An at om wi t
h agreat er
number of el ectrons i n orbi tthan t he
number ofprot ons i nt he nucl eus isa
negat i
vei on.
Ionized:At omsbecomei onizedwhent hey
gainorl oseaval enceel ectron

J
:A pref
ixus
edt
oindi
cat
ean i
magi
nary

Page47of47
number.( Operat orj )
Jack:Socketor connect or into which a
plugmaybei ns erted.
JFET: Abbrevi ation f or "J unct i
on field
effecttransistor".
Joule:Theuni tofworkandenergy.
Junction:Cont actorconnect i
on between
two or more wi res or cabl es.The area
where t he p- type mat erial and n- type
mat erialmeeti nas emiconduct or.
Junction di ode:Di ode.A s emi conductor
diode i
n whi ch the recti
fying
charact eri
stics occur at a j unction
between the n- t
ype and p-type
semi conduct ormat erial
s.

Kil
o:Met ri
cprefixfor1000.(103)
Kil
ovolt-
ampere:1000vol t
sat1ampere.
Kil
owatt-hour:1000wattsfor1hour.
Kil
owatt-hour met er:A met er used by
el
ectri
cut il
itycompaniest omeas urethe
amount of el ectri
c power us ed by a

Page48of48
cus t
omer.
Kinet i
c energy:Energy as s
oci ated wi th
mot ion.
Kickof f
’s current l aw:The s um of t he
current sflowi ngi ntoapoi ntinaci rcuitis
equalt ot hes um oft hecurrent sf lowi ng
outoft hats amepoi nt.
Kirchof f'
svol tagelaw:Theal gebrai cs um
of the vol tage drops i n a cl osed pat h
circuitisequalt otheal gebrai cs um oft he
sourcevol tagesappl ied.
Kneevol tage:Thevol t
ageatwhi chacurve
joinst worel ativelys traightport i
onsofa
charact eristic curve.For a PN j unct ion
diode,t hepoi nti nt hef orwardoperat ing
region oft hecharact eris t
iccurvewhere
conduct ions tartstoi ncreas erapi dly.For
azenerdi ode,t het erm i sof ten us ed in
referencet othezenervol tagerat ing.

Page49of49
L

Lag: Di ff
erence i n time bet ween t wo
wavef orms of t he s ame f requency
expres sed i n degrees . Exampl e: One
wavef orm l ags anot her wavef orm by a
cert ainnumberofdegrees .
Lami nat edcore:Coremadeupofs heet sof
magnet ic mat erial insul ated f rom one
anot herbyanoxi deorvarni sh.
Lamp:Devi cet hatproducesl i
ght .
Las er:Devi cet hatproducesaverynarrow
intens e beam ofl ight.The name i s an
acronym f or "l i
ght ampl ifi
cat ion by
stimul at edemi ssionofradi ation.
Lead:Theangl ebywhi choneal ternat ing
signall eadsanot heri nt ime.Oppos it
eof
lag.Al soawi ret hatconnect stwopoi ntsin
aci rcui t.
Lead- aci dcel l:Cel lmadeupofl eadpl ates
immers edi nas ulphuri caci del ect rolyte.
Anaut omobi lebat t
eryus uall
ycons istsof
sixl ead- acidcel ls.

Page50of50
Leakage: Smal l undes i
rabl e f low of
currentt hroughani nsulatorordi el ectric.
LED: Abbrevi ation f or "l ight emi t
ting
diode. "
Left -
hand- rul e:Iff ingersoft hel efthand
are pl aced around a wi re s ot hat t he
thumbpoi nt si nt hedi rectionofel ectron
flow,t he f ingerswi llbe poi nt
i ng i nt he
direction of t he magnet i
c f ield bei ng
producedbyt heconduct or.
Lenz' sl aw: The current i nduced i n a
circuitdue t o a change i nt he magnet ic
fieldi ssodi rect edast ooppos et hef lux,
ort oexertamechani calf orcet ooppos e
themot ion.
Leveldet ect or:An op- amp ci rcui tt hat
comparest wo i nput sand provi desa DC
out putindi cat i
ngt hepol arityrel ations hi p
betweent hei nput s.Acomparat or.
Lie det ect or: Pi ece of el ect roni c
equi pmental socal ledapol ygraphus edt o
determi newhet herapers oni st ellingt he
truth byl ooki ngf ordramat icchangesi n

Page51of51
blood pres s ure, body t emperat ure,
breat hing rat e, heart rat e and s kin
moi sturei nres pons et oques tions .
Light :El ect romagnet icradi ationi naband
off requenci est hatcanberecei vedbyt he
humaneye.
Lifetime:Thet imef rom t hecreat i
onofan
electron hol e pai r unt il recombi nation
occurs .
Light -emi tting di ode: A s emi conduct or
diode t hatconvert sel ectric energy i nto
electromagnet icradi ationatavi sibleand
near i nf rared f requenci es when i t
s pn
junct ioni sf orwardbi ased.
Limi ter:Ci rcui tor devi ce t hatprevent s
someport ion ofi tsi nputf rom reachi ng
theout put .Acl ipper.
Linear:Rel at ions hi p bet ween i nputand
outputi nwhi cht heout putvari esi ndirect
proport iont ot hei nput .
Linear s cal e: A s cale i n whi ch t he
divisionsareuni forml yspaced.
Line regul at ion:The abi li
ty ofa vol tage

Page52of52
regulatort o mai nt ain acons tantvol tage
whent heregul atori nputvol tagevari es .
Live:Term us ed to des cribea ci rcuitor
piece ofequi pmentt hati s on and has
currentf low wi t
hi ni t
.
Load:A s ource dri vesa l oad.What ever
component or pi ece of equi pment i s
connect edt oas ourceanddrawscurrent
from as ourcei sal oadont hats ource.
Load current : Current drawn f rom a
sourcebyal oad.
Loadi mpedance:Vect ors um ofreact ance
andres i
stancei nal oad.
Loadi ngef f
ect:Largel oadi mpedancewi ll
draw as mal lloadcurrentands oloadi ng
ofthes ourcei ss mal l.(Lightload) .As mal l
load i mpedance wi lldraw a l arge l oad
currentf rom thes ource.( Heavyl oad).
Load regul ation:Theabi l
ityofavol tage
regulatort o mai ntain a cons tantout put
voltageundervaryi ngl oadcurrent s.
Loadres i
stance:Res ist
anceofal oad.
Logic : Sci ence of deal i
ng wi th t he

Page53of53
pri
ncipleandappl icati
onsofgat esrelays
ands witches.
Loss:Term us edt
odes cri
beadecreas ein
power.
Low pas sfilter:A tuned ci
rcui
tdes igned
topassal lfrequenciesbelow adesignated
cut
-offfrequency.

Magnet :Bodyt hatcan beus edt oat tract

orrepelmagnet icmat erials.
Magnet i
cci rcui tbreaker:Ci rcui tbreaker
thatist ripped oract ivated byus eofan
elect
romagnet .
Magnet i
ccoi l
:Spi ralofaconduct orwhi ch
iscall
edanel ectromagnet .
Magnet i
ccore:Mat eri
alt hatexi st
sint he
center of t he magnet ic coi lt o eit her
physically s upport t he wi ndi ngs (non-
magnet icmat erial)ort oconcent rat
et he
magnet icflux( magnet icmat eri al).
Magnet i
cf ield:Magnet icl ines of f orce

Page54of54
travelingf rom t heNort hPol et othes outh
poleofamagnet .
Magnet icf lux:Themagnet iclinesoff orce
producedbyamagnet .
Magnet ic l eakage: The pas sage of
magnet icf lux out side t he pat h al ong
whi chitcandous efulwork.
Magnet icpol es:Poi ntsofamagnetf rom
whi chmagnet iclinesoff orcel eave( North
Pole)andarri ve(Sout hPol e).
Magnet ism:Propert yofs omemat erialsto
attractorrepelot hers.
Magnet izing f orce:Al so called magnet ic
fields trengt h.I tist he magnet o mot i
ve
forceperuni tlengt hatanygi venpoi ntin
amagnet icci rcuit.
Magnet o mot ive f orce: Force t hat
producesamagnet i
cf ield.
Maj ority carri ers:The conduct ion band
electronsi n an n- type mat erialand t he
valenceband hol esi n ap- typemat erial.
Producedbypent aval entimpuri tiesi nn-
typemat erialandt rivalentimpuri ti
esinp

Page55of55
-typemat erial.
Mat ched i mpedance: Condi tion t hat
occurswhen t he out puti mpedance ofa
sourcei sequalt ot hei nputimpedanceof
al oad.
Mat chi ng:Connect ion oft wocomponent s
or ci rcui tss ot hat maxi mum power i s
trans ferredbet weent het wo.
Maxi mum powert ransfer:At heorem t hat
states t hat maxi mum power wi l
l be
trans ferred f rom s ource tol oad when
inputi mpedance oft he load equal st he
out puti mpedanceoft hes ource.
Maxwel l: Uni t of magnet ic f lux. One
Maxwel lequal sonemagnet i
clineoff orce.
Mercury cel l: Pri mary cel l us i
ng a
mercuri coxi decat hode,azi ncanodeand
apot as sium hydroxi deelectrolyte.
Met alf ilm res i
s t
or:A res ist
ori nwhi cha
film ofmet aloxi deoral loyi sdepos ited
onani nsulat i
ngs ubs t
rate.
Met al oxi de f i
eld ef f
ect t ransist
or:
(MOSFET) A f ield ef f
ect trans ist
or i n

Page56of56
whi ch t he ins ulat ing l ayer bet ween t he
gateel ectrodeandt hechanneli samet al
oxidel ayer.
Met aloxi deres istor:Amet alf ilm res i
stor
inwhi chanoxi deofmet al(suchast in)is
depos itedasaf ilm ont ot hes ubs trat e.
Met er: Any el ect rical or el ectronic
meas uri ngdevi ce.I nt hemet rics ys t
em,i t
istheuni tofl engt hequalt o39. 37i nches .
Met erFSDcurrent :Val ueofmet ercurrent
neededt ocaus et heneedl etodef lectt oi t
s
maxi mum pos ition( fulls caledef lection).
Met er res is
tance:DC res istance of t he
met er'sarmat urecoi l.
Mica capaci tor:Capaci torus ing mi ca as
thedi electri
c.
Microphone:El ect ro acous t
ict rans ducer
thatconvert ss ound energy i nto el ectric
energy.
Microwave: Band of very s hort
wavel engt h radi o waveswi thint heUHF,
SHFandEHFbands .
Midband gai n: Gai n of an ampl if
ier

Page57of57
operat ingwi thini tsbandwi dth.
Mi d-poi ntbi as:Anampl i
fierbi asedatt he
cent erofi tsDCl oadl i
ne.
Mi l:Onet hous andt hofani nch( 0.
001i n.)
Mi ller'st heorem:A t heorem t hatal lows
you t orepres entaf eedbackcapaci t
oras
equi val ent i nput and out put s hunt
capaci tors .
Mi nori ty carri ers:The conduct i
on band
hol esi nn- t
ypemat eri alandval enceband
elect rons i n p- type mat erial. Mos t
mi nori ty carri ers are produced by
temperat urerat hert han bydopi ngwi th
impuri ties .
Mi smat ch: Term us ed t o des cribe a
differencebet weent heout puti mpedance
ofas ourceandt hei nputi mpedanceofa
load.A mi smat chprevent sthemaxi mum
trans ferofpowerf rom s ourcet ol oad.
Modul ation: Proces s by whi ch an
informat ions ignal s(audi oforexampl e)is
used t o modi fys ome charact eris ti
cofa
higherf requencywaveknownasacarri er

Page58of58
(radi of orexampl e).
Monos tabl e mul t
ivi brator: A
mul tivibrat orwi t
hones tabl eout puts t
at e.
When t riggered,t he ci rcui tout putwi ll
swi tch t o t he uns tabl e s t
at e f or a
predet ermi ned peri od oft ime and t hen
ret urnt ot hes tabl es tate.At imer.
Mol ecule:Smal lestpart icleofacompound
thats ti
llret ainsi tscharact eris
tics.
MOSFET:Abbrevi ation f or "met aloxi de
field ef fectt rans i stor"al so known asan
"ins ulat ed gat ef iel d eff ectt rans istor).A
field ef f
ect t rans istor i n whi ch t he
ins ulating l ayer bet ween t he gat e
elect rodeandt hechanneli samet aloxi de
layer.
Movi ngcoi lmi crophone:Mi crophonet hat
us esamovi ngcoi lwi thinaf ixedmagnet i
c
field.Dynami cmi crophone.
Movi ngcoi lpi ck-up:Dynami cphonograph
pick- upi nwhi cht hes tyluscaus esacoi lto
movewi thi naf ixedmagnet i
cfield.
Movi ng coi ll ouds peaker: Louds peaker

Page59of59
thatus es a movi ng "voi ce coi l" pl aced
wi thi n a f ixed magnet i c f i
eld. Audi o
frequencycurrenti nthevoi cecoi lcaus es
movement whi ch is mechani cal l
y
trans ferred t o t he s peaker cone. Al so
knownasadynami clouds peaker.
Mi l
limet er:El ectroni ctestequi pmentt hat
canperf orm mul tipl etasks .Typi callyone
capabl eofmeas uri ngvol tage,currentand
res istance. More s ophi s
t i
cat ed modern
di gital mi ll
imet ers al so meas ure
capaci tance,i nduct ance,currentgai n of
trans istorsand/ oranyt hingel set hatcan
bemeas uredel ectroni cally.
Mul tiplierres ist
or:Res istorconnect edi n
seri eswi thamovi ngcoi lmet ermovement
toext endt hevol tageranges .
Mul tisegmant di splay: Devi ce made of
severall ightemi t tingdiodesarrangedi na
numeri c or al phanumeri c pat tern. By
light ing s elected s egment s numeri c or
alphabetcharact erscanbedi splayed.
Mul tivibrat or:Acl assofci rcui t
sdes igned

Page60of60
to produce s quare waves or pul s
es.
As t
abl e multi
vi brat ors produce
cont i
nuous pul s
es wi thout an ext ernal
stimul us or trigger. Monos table
mul tivibratorsproduceas ingl
epul sef or
somepredet ermined peri od oftimeonl y
when t riggered.Bi stabl e mul t
ivibrators
produce a DC out putwhi ch i
ss tablei n
eitheroneoft wos tates .Eitherhighorl ow.
An ext ernal s t
imul us or t rigger i s
requi redf orthebi stabl ecircui
tt ochange
states,eitherhight ol ow orl ow tohigh.
Mut uali nductance:Abi li
tyofonei

N-type s emiconductor:A s emiconductor

compoundf ormedbydopi ngan intri
nsic
semiconduct or wi th a pent avalent
element .An n- t
ypemat eri
alcontainsan
exces sofconduct i
onbandel ect
rons.
Negat ive:Terminalt hathasan excessof
electrons.

Page61of61
Negat ivecharge:A charget hathasmore
electronst hanprot ons
Negat ivef eedback:A f eedbacks ignal180°
outofphas ewi thanampl ifi
eri nputs ignal .
Us ed t o i ncreas e ampl ifier s tability,
bandwi dth and i nput i mpedance. Al so
reducesdi stortion.
Negat ive ground: A s ystem where t he
negat ive t ermi nal of t he s ource i s
connect edt ot hes ys t
em' smet alchas sis.
Negat ive ion:An at om havi ng a great er
numberofel ectronsi n orbitt han there
areprot onsi nthenucl eus .
Negat ive res istance: A res i
stance s uch
thatwhent hecurrentt hroughi tincreas es
the vol tage drop acros st he res ist
ance
decreas es .
Negat ivet emperat urecoef fi
cient:A t erm
used t o des cribe a component whos e
res i
stanceorcapaci tancedecreas eswhen
temperat urei ncreas es.
Neonbul b:Glas senvel opef il
ledwi t
hneon
gas whi ch when i onized by an appl ied

Page62of62
voltagewi llglow red.
Net work:Combi nation ofi nt erconnect ed
component s,circui t
sors ystems .
Neut ral :A termi nal ,poi ntorobj ectwi th
balanced charges .Nei t
her pos i
tive nor
negat ive.
Neut ral at om: An at om i n whi ch t he
numberofnegat ivecharges( electronsi n
orbit )isequalt ot henumberofpos it
ive
charges( prot onsi nthenucl eus ).
Neut ral wi re: The conduct or of a
polyphas eci rcuitoras i
ngl e-phas et hree
wire ci rcuitt hati si ntended t o have a
groundpot ent i
al.Thepot entialdi fference
betweent heneut ralandeachoft heot her
conduct ors are approxi mat el y equali n
magni tudeandequal l
ys pacedi nphas e.
Neut ron: Subat omi c part icle i n t he
nucl eus of an at om and havi ng no
electricalcharge.
Nickel -cadmi um cel l:As econdarycel lthat
usesani ckeloxi depos itiveel ectrodeand
acadmi um negat iveel ectrode.

Page63of63
Node:J unct ionorbranchpoi nti naci rcui t
.
Noise: Unwant ed elect romagnet ic
radiation wi t
hin an el ectrical or
mechani cals ystem.
Anoperat ionalampl ifi
erci rcui thavi ngno
phasei nvers ion bet ween t he i nputand
output.
Non-invert ingi nput :Thet ermi nalon an
operationalampl ifi
ert hati si dent i
fiedby
apluss ign.
Non-linear s cale:A s cal
ei n whi ch t he
divi
s i
onsarenotequal lyspaced.
Normalcl osed:Des i
gnat i
on whi ch s t
at es
thatthecont actsofas witchorrel ayare
clos
ed orconnect ed when atres t.When
acti
vat ed,t hecont actsopenors eparat ed.
Normal l
yopen:Des ignation whi ch s t
at es
thatthecont actsofas witchorrel ayare
normal ly open or notconnect ed.When
acti
vat ed t he cont acts clos e or become
connect ed.
NorthPol e:Pol eofamagnetoutofwhi ch
magnet i
cl i
nes off orce are as sumed t o

Page64of64
originat e.
Nort on'st heorem:Anynet workofvol tage
sourcesandres is
torscanberepl acedbya
single currents ource in paral l
elwi t
ha
singleres is
tor.
Not ch f ilter: A f il
ter whi ch bl ocks a
narrow bandoff requenciesandpas sesall
frequenci esaboveandbel ow theband.
NPN t rans i
s t
or: A bi polar j unction
trans i
s t
ori nwhi chap- t
ypebas eel ement
issandwi chedbet ween an n- t
ypeemi tter
andann- typecol lect
or.
Nucl eus :Core ofan at om.The nucl eus
cont ains bot h pos i
tive ( protons ) and
neut ral( neut rons)subatomi cpart icl
es.

Octave: Interval between two s ounds

whos efundament alfrequenci
esdifferby
a ratio of2 to 1.440 Hz.isone oct ave
above220Hz.
Offsetnull:Anopampcont rolpi
nus edt o
el
imi nate t he ef fects of i nternal

Page65of65
componentvol tageson t heout putoft he
device.
Ohm:Uni tofres i
stances ymbol i
zedbyt he
Greekcapi tall etteromega( W) .
Ohmmet er: Devi ce us ed t o meas ure
electricalresis tance.
Ohm' slaw:Rel ations hipbet weenvol tage,
currentand res istance.Ohm' sl aw s tates
that current i n a res istance vari es i n
directproport ion t o vol tageappl i
ed and
invers elyproport i
onalt ores is
tance.
Ohmspervol t:Ref erst oaval ueofohms
per vol t of f ul ls cale def ection f or a
movi ng coi l met er movement . The
numberofohmspervol ti sthereci procal
of the amount of current requi red t o
producef ulls cal edef lectionoft heneedl e.
A met errequi ring50mi croampsf orf ull
scaledef lectionhasani nternalres i stance
of20kW pervol t.Thehi ghert heohmsper
voltrat i
ng,t hemores ens i
tivethemet er.
One-s hot:Monos tabl emul tivi
brat or.
Op-amp: Abbrevi ation f or operat i onal

Page66of66
ampl i
fier.
Openl oopgai n:Gainofanampl ifi
erwhen
nof eedbacki spres ent.
Open l oop mode: An ampl ifier ci rcuit
havi ngnomeansofcompari ngt heout put
wi ththei nput .(Nof eedback. )
Operat ional ampl ifier:A hi gh gai n DC
ampl i
fiert hathasahi ghi nputi mpedance
andal ow out putimpedance.Op- ampsare
the mos tbas ictype ofl i
neari ntegrat ed
circuits.
Os cil
late:Toproduceacont inuousout put
wavef orm wi thoutani nputs ignalpres ent.
Os cil
lator: An el ectroni c ci rcui t t hat
producesa cont i
nuousout putwavef orm
wi thonl yDCappl ied.
Os cil
loscope: An i ns trument us ed t o
displayas ignalgraphi cally.Showss i gnal
ampl i
tude, peri od and wave s hape i n
addi ti
on t o any DC vol t
age pres ent .A
mul tiplet raceos cilloscopecan s how t wo
ormorewavef ormsatt hes amet imef or
phas e compari son and ti
mi ng

Page67of67
meas urement s.
Outofphas e:When t he maxi mum and
mi ni mum poi nt s oft wo or more wave
shapesdonotoccuratt hes amet i
me.
Out put :Termi nalatwhi ch acomponent ,
circui t or pi ece of equi pment del ivers
current ,vol tageorpower.
Out puti mpedance:I mpedancemeas ured
acros st he out putt erminal sofa devi ce
wi t
houtal oadconnect ed.
Out put power: Amount of power a
component ,ci rcuitors ystem can del i
ver
toal oad.
Overl oad:Condi ti
ont hatoccurswhent he
load i s great er t han t he s ys t
em was
des igned t o handl e.(Load res istancet oo
smal l
,l oad currentt oo hi gh.
)Overl oad
resul tsi n wavef orm di s t
ortion and/ or
overheat i ng.
Overl oad prot ect
ion :Prot ective device
such as a f us e or circuitbreaker t hat
aut omat ically di sconnectsa l oad when
currentexceedsapredet ermi nedval ue.

Page68of68
nductor'
sl ines of f
orce t
o l
ink wi
th
anotherinductor.

Paper capaci t
or:Fi xed capaci tor using
oil
edorwaxedpaperasadi el
ectric.
Parallel:Circuithavingt woormorepat hs
forcurrentf low.Al s
ocal leds hunt .
Parallelres onantci rcuit:Ci rcuithavi ng
an induct or and a capaci tor in parallel
with one anot her. Circuit of fers high
impedance at res onant f requency.
Somet imescal leda"t ankci rcuit.
"
Passband:Therangeoff requenci esthat
willbepas sed and ampl ifi
ed byat uned
ampl if
ier.Al sot he range off requencies
passedbyabandpas sf i
lter.
Passivecomponent:Componentt hatdoes
not ampl ify a s ignal. Res istors and
capacitorsareexampl es.
Passivef i
lter:A f il
tert hatcont ainsonl y
passiveornonampl ifyingcomponent s.

Page69of69
Passive s ystem: Sys tem t hat emi ts no
energy. I t onl y recei ves .I t does not
trans mi torreveali tspos it
ion.
Peak: Maxi mum or hi ghes t ampl it
ude
level.
Peaki nvers evol t
age:( PIV)Themaxi mum
ratedval ueofanACvol tageact ingi nt he
direction oppos i
tet o t hat in whi ch a
devicei sdes i
gnedt opas scurrent .
Peak t o peak :Di fference bet ween t he
maxi mum positive and maxi mum
negat iveval uesofanACwavef orm.
Pent aval ent el ement : El ement whos e
atomshavef iveval enceel ectrons .Usedi n
dopingi nt ri
ns icsilicon orgermani um t o
produce n- t
ype s emi conduct or mat erial
.
Mos t commonl y us ed pent avalent
mat eri alsarears eni candphos phorus .
Percent of regul at i
on: The change i n
outputvol tage thatoccurs bet ween no-
loadandf ul l
-loadi naDCvol tages ource.
Dividi ngt hischangebyt hef ull-l
oadval ue
and mul tiplyi ng the res ultby 100 gi ves

Page70of70
percentregul ati
on.
Percent of ri pple: The rat i
o of t he
eff
ect i
vermsval ueofri pplevoltaget othe
average val ue of t he t otal vol tage.
Expres sedasapercent age.
Period:Ti met ocompl eteonef ullcycleof
aperi odicorrepeat ingwavef orm.
Permanence: Magnet ic equi valent of
magnet ic i nductance and cons equent ly
equalt ot hereci procalofrel uctance,j ust
asconduct ancei sequalt othereci procal
ofres i
stance.
Permanent magnet : Magnet normal ly
made ofhardened s teelt hatret ainsi ts
magnet ismi ndefinit
el y.
Permeabi lity :Meas ure ofhow m how
much bet tersamat eri ali
sasapat hf or
magnet icl inesoff orcewi t
hres pectt oai r
which has a permeabi lity of one.
Symbol izedbyt heGreekl owercas el etter
mu( m) .
Phas e:Angul arrelations hipbet ween t wo
waves .

Page71of71
Phas e angl e:Phas e difference bet ween
twoormorewaves ,normal l
yexpres sedi n
degrees .
Phas es hi ft: Changei n phas eofa wave
form bet ween t wo poi nts,expres s
ed as
degreesofl eadorl ag.
Phas es hiftos cill
at or:An os cill
at ort hat
us est hree RC net worksi ni tsf eedback
pat h t o produce t he 180° phas e s hif
t
requi redf oros cillat i
on.
Phas es pl it
ter:Ci rcui tthatt akesas ingle
input s ignal and produces t wo out put
signalst hatare180°aparti nphas e.
Phonograph:Pi eceofequi pmentus ed to
reproduces ounds t oredonadi skcal leda
phonographrecord.
Phos phor:Lumi nes centmat erialappl ied
tot he i nnerf ace ofa cat hode ray t ube
thatwhenbombardedwi thel ectronswi l
l
emi tlightofvari ouscol ors.<OLORS.<p>
Phot oconduct i
ve cel l: Mat erial whos e
res i
stance decreas es or conduct ance
increas eswhenexpos edtol ight .

Page72of72
Phot oconduct ion:A proces sbywhi cht he
conduct ance ofa mat eri
ali schange by
inci dentel ectromagnet icradi ation int he
vis iblelightspect rum.
Phot odet ector:Componentus edt odetect
ors ensel i
ght .
Phot odiode:A s emi conduct ordi ode that
changes i ts el ectri
calcharact eri st
ics in
res pons et oill
umi nation.
Phot omet er:Met erus edt omeas urel i
ght
int ens i
ty.
Phot on: Discrete port ion of
elect romagnet icenergy.As mal lpacketof
light .
Phot o res i
s tor: Al so known as a
phot oconduct ive cellor l ightdependent
res istor.(LDR)A devi cewhos eres istance
decreas eswi thexpos uretol ight.
Phot ovoltaic cell:Componentcommonl y
cal led a s ol
arcel lus ed to convertl i
ght
energyi ntoel ectricalenergy.
Pi :Val uerepres entingt herat i
o bet ween
the ci rcumf erence and di amet er of a

Page73of73
circleandequalt oapproxi mat ely3.142.
Pierce os ci l
lat or: A vari at i
on of t he
colpittsos cillator.Thi sos cillator us esa
quart z crys t
ali n pl ace oft he induct or
found i nt he col pittsos cillat orf eedback
network.The crys t
almai nt ainsa hi ghly
stableout putf requency.
Piezoel ectriccrys tal:Crys talmat erialthat
wi l
lgenerat eavol tagewhen mechani cal
pres sure i s appl ied and convers ely wi l
l
undergo mechani cal s tres s when
subject edt oavol tage.
Piezoel ectricef fect:The product i
on ofa
voltage bet ween oppos i
te s ides of a
piezoel ectric crys tal as a res ul t of
pres sure or t wi sti
ng.Al s ot he revers e
effectwhi cht heappl icati
onofavol t ageto
oppos ites ides caus es a def ormat ion to
occur at t he f requency of t he appl ied
voltage.( Convert smechani calenergyi nto
electrical energy and el ect rical energy
intomechani calenergy. )
Pinch- off regi on: A regi on on t he

Page74of74
charact eristi
ccurveofaFETi nwhi cht he
gate biascaus est he depl eti
on regi on to
extend compl et el
y acros st he channel .
<FONT
Plasticf i
lm capaci tor:Capaci torinwhi ch
alternat el ayers of al uminum f oil are
separat ed by t hin f il
ms of pl asti
c
dielectric.
Plate:Conduct ive el ectrode in ei t
her a
capacitor or bat tery. I n vacuum t ube
technol ogy,i ti st he name gi ven tot he
anode.
Plug:Movabl econnect orthati snormal l
y
connect edi ntoas ocketorj ack.
Pnp t ransistor: A bi polar j unction
transistorwi thann- t
ypebas eandp- type
emi tt
erandcol lector.
Pole:Inanact ivef ilter,as i
ngleRCci rcuit.
A one pol ef il
t erhasone capaci t
orand
oneres ist
or.A t wopol efilt
erhast woRC
circuitsands oon.
Polarcoordi nat es:Ei theroft wonumbers
that locat e a poi nt i n a pl ane by i t
s

Page75of75
distancef rom af i
xedpoi ntandt heangl e
thisl i
nemakeswi thaf ixedl i
ne.
Polari ty:Term us ed t o describe pos i
tive
andnegat ivecharges .
Polari zed:A componentwhi ch mus tbe
connect ed i n correctpol ari
tyt of unction
and/ ord/ orpreventdes tructi
on.Exampl e:
Electrol yticcapaci t or.
Positive:Pol arity of poi nt that attract s
electrons as oppos ed t o negat i
ve whi ch
suppl iesel ectrons .
Positivecharge:A charget hatexi st
si na
body t hat has f ewer el ectrons t han
protons .
Positivef eedback:
Af eedbacks i
gnalt hati si nphas ewi than
ampl i
fieri nputs ignal .Pos it
ive feedback
isneces saryf oros ci l
lationt ooccur.
Positive ground:A s ystem whereby t he
positive t ermi nal of t he s ource i s
connect ed t o t he s ystem' s conduct ing
chas sis.
Positive i on:At om t hathasl ostone or

Page76of76
moreval enceel ectronsres ult
ingi nanet
pos i
tivecharge.
Potent i
al difference: Vol tage di fference
between t wo poi nts whi ch wi l
l caus e
currentt oflow inacl osedci rcuit.
Potent i
al energy: Energy t hat has
potent i
al t o do work becaus e of i ts
pos i
tionrelativet oothers .
Potent i
omet er:A vari able res i
s t
or wi t
h
three t erhree t erminal s. Mechani cal
turningofas haftcanbeus edt oproduce
variable res ist
ance and pot ential.
Exampl e:A vol ume cont roli sus uallya
potent i
omet er.
Power:Amountofenergyconvert edbya
circuitor componenti n a uni toft ime,
normal l
ys econds .Meas ured i n uni t
sof
wat ts.(J
oules/second).
Powerampl i
fier:Anampl if
ierdes ignedt o
delivermaxi mum powerout putt oal oad.
Exampl e:In an audi os ys tem,i ti st he
power ampl i
fier t hat dri ves t he
louds peaker.

Page77of77
Powerderat ingf act or:A t rans i
storrat ing
that t ells how much t he maxi mum
all
owabl eval ueofPD decreas edf oreach
1°Crisei nambi entt emperat ure.
Powerdi s
sipat ion:Amountofheatenergy
generat edbyadevi cei nones econdwhen
currentf l
owst hroughi t.
Power f actor:Rat io ofact ualpower t o
apparentpower.
Power l os s:Rat i
o ofpower abs orbed t o
powerdel i
vered.
Powers upply:El ect ricalequi pmentus ed
todeliverei t
herACorDCvol t
age.
Powers upplyrej ect ion ratio:A meas ure
of an op- amps abi lit
y t o mai nt ain a
constantout putwhen t hes uppl yvol tage
varies.
Primary:Fi rs twi ndi ngofat rans former.
Wi ndingt hati sconnect edtothes ourceas
oppos edt os econdarywhi chi sawi ndi ng
connect edt oal oad.
Primarycel l
:Cel lt hatproducesel ect ri
cal
energy through an int ernal

Page78of78
electrochemi calact ion.Oncedi schargeda
primarycel lcannotbereus ed.
Print ed ci rcui t board:I ns ulating board
cont aining conduct ive t racks f or circuit
connect i
ons .
Programmabl eUJ T:Uni junct i
ont ransistor
wi t
havari abl eint rinsics t
and- offrat i
o.
Propagat ion: Travel li
ng of
electromagnet i
c, el ectrical or s ound
wavest hroughamedi um.
Propagat ion del ay:Ti me requi red for a
signalt opas st hroughadevi ceorci rcuit.
Propagat ion t ime :Ti me requi red f or a
wavet ot ravelbet weent wopoi nt s.
Protoboard: Board wi th provi sion f or
attachi ng component s wi thout s older.
Alsocal l
edabreadboard.Pri mari lyused
forcons tructi ngexperi ment alci rcuits.
Proton:Sub at omi c part icle wi thint he
nucl eusofanat om.Hasapos itivecharge.
Pulse: Ri se and f all of s ome quant ity
(usual lyvol tage)f oraperi odoft ime.
Pulsef al lt ime :Ti me f or a pul s
et o

Page79of79
decreas ef rom 90% ofi tspeak val ue to
10% ofi t speakval ue.
Puls erepet i
ti onf requency:Thenumberof
times per s econd t hat a pul se i s
trans mi tted.Pul serat e.
Puls e repet ition t ime: Ti me i nterval
between t he s tart of t wo cons ecutive
puls es.
Puls eris et i
me:Ti merequi redf orapul se
toi ncreas ef rom 10% ofi tspeakval uet o
90% ofi t speakval ue.
Puls e wi dth:Ti me i ntervalbet ween t he
leadi ngedgeandt raili
ngedgeofapul se
atapoi ntwheret heampl itudei s50% of
thepeakval ue.
Pus h>pus h-pul lampl ifi
er:Ampl if
ierus ing
twoact ivedevi cesoperat ing180°apart .
Pythagorean Theorem: A t heorem i n
geomet ry:TheSquareoft hehypot enus e
ofari ghtt riangl eequal st hes um oft he
squares of t he ot her t wo s i
des .I n
electroni csus edf orvect oranal ysisofAC
circui t
s.

Page80of80
Q

Q: Qual ity f actor of an i nduct or or

capaci tor.Itist herat ioofacomponent 's
reactance( energys tored)toi tsef fecti
ve
seriesres i
stance( energydi ssipated) .For
at unedci rcuit,af i
gureofmeri tus edin
bandwi dth calcul ations.Q i stherat ioof
reactive power t o res ist
ive power i na
tunedci rcuit.Al sot hes ymbolf orcharge
incoul ombs( Qf orquant ity)
.
Qui escent:Atres t.Foran ampl i
fiert he
term i sus edt odes cribeacondi ti
onwi th
noact ivei nputs ignal .
Qui escentpoi nt :(Q poi nt)A poi ntont he
DC l oad l ine ofa gi ven ampl ifier that
repres entst hequi escent( nosignal )value
of out put vol tage and current f or the
circuit.

Radar:Acronym f
or"radi
odet
ect
ionand

Page81of81
rangi ng" A s ys tem t hat meas ures t he
distanceanddi rect ionofobj ects .
Radi o as tronomy:Branch ofas tronomy
thats tudi est heradi owavesgenerat edby
celest ialbodi esandus est hes eemi ssi
ons
toobt aini nf ormat ionaboutt hem.
Radi o broadcas t:Trans mi ssion ofmus ic,
voice and ot her i nformat ion on radi o
carrierwavest hatcanberecei vedbyt he
generalpubl ic.
Radi o communi cation: Term us ed t o
descri be t he t rans fer of i nformat i
on
between t wo or more poi nt s by us e of
radioorel ectromagnet icwaves .
Radi o-f requency ampl i
fier: Ampl i
fier
havi ng one or more act ive devi ces t o
ampl ifyradi os ignal s.
Radi o-f requency generat or: Generat or
capabl e ofs uppl ying RF energy atany
desiredf requencyi nt heradi o-frequency
spect rum.
Radi o-f requency probe: Probe us ed i n
conjunct ionwi thanACmet ert omeas ure

Page82of82
radio-f
requencys i
gnals.
RC: Abbrevi ation for "res i
stance
capacitance"al soabbrevi ationf or"radi o
controlled"asi n"RCmodelai rplanes .
"
RC time cons t ant:Productofres i
stance
andcapaci tancei ns econds .
Reactance: Symbol "X". Oppos iti
on t o
currentf l
ow wi thoutt he di ssi
pat ion of
energy.Exampl e:Theoppos iti
onprovi ded
by i nduct ance or capaci tance t o AC
current.
Reactive power: Al so called i magi nary
powerorwat tlespower.I ti sthepower
value in "vol tamps "obt ained f rom t he
product of s ource vol tage and s ource
currenti nareact i
vecircuit.
Real number: Number havi ng no
imaginarypart .
Receiver:Uni torpi eceofequi pmentus ed
toreceivei nformat ion.
Recombi nation: Proces s by whi ch a
conduct ionbandel ectrongi vesupenergy
(i
nt hef orm ofheatorl ight)andf allsinto

Page83of83
aval encebandhol e.
Rect angular coordi nates : A Cart esian
coordi nate of a Cart esian coordi nate
system whos e s traight -l
ine axes or
coordi natepl anesareperpendi cular.
Rect angularwave:Al soknownasapul se
wave.Arepeat ingwavet hatonl yoperat es
betweent wol evelsorval uesandremai ns
atoneoft hes eval uesf oras mal lamount
oft i
merel ativet otheot herval ue.
Rect ifi
cation: Proces s t hat convert s
alternat i
ngcurrentt odi rectcurrent .
Rect ifi
er: Di ode ci rcui t that convert s
alternat i
ng currenti nto pul sating direct
current .
Reed rel ay:Rel ay cons isting oft wo t hin
magnet ics tripswi thin a gl assenvel ope.
When a coi l around t he envel ope i s
energi zed, t he rel ay’s cont acts s nap
toget her maki ng a connect i
on bet ween
leadsat tachedt othereeds trips .
Regenerat ivef eedback:
Pos i
tive f eedback. Feedback f rom t he

Page84of84
outputofan ampl ifiertot hei nputs uch
thatt hef eedbacks ignalisi n phas ewi th
the i nput s i
gnal . Us ed t o produce
oscill
at ion.
Regul ated power s uppl y:Power s uppl y
thatmai ntai nsacons t
antout putvol t
age
underchangi ngl oadcondi tions.
Regul ator: Devi ce or ci rcui t t hat
mai ntains a des ired out put under
changi ngcondi tions.
Relay: El ectromechani cal devi ce t hat
opensorcl os escont actswhenacurrenti s
passedt hroughacoi l
.
Relative:Noti ndependent .Comparedwi th
orwi th res pectt os omeot hermeas ured
quant ity.
Relaxat ionos ci
llator:Freerunni ngci rcuit
that out put s pul ses wi th a peri od
dependent or one or more RC t ime
cons t
ant s.
Reluct ance: Res ist
ance t o t he f low of
magnet icli nesoff orce.
Remanence:Amounta mat erialremai ns

Page85of85
magnet ized after the magnet i
zing f orce
hasbeenremoved.
Res i
dual magnet i
sm: Magnet i
sm
remai ni nginthecoreofanel ectromagnet
aftert hecoilcurrenti sremoved.
Res i
stance:Symbol i
zed"R"andmeas ured
in ohms .Oppos i
tion tocurrentf low and
dissipationofenergyi nt hef orm ofheat .
Res i
stive power: Amount of power
dissipatedasheati n aci rcuitcont aining
resistive and react ive component s
.True
powerasoppos edt oreact ivepower.
Res i
stive t emperat ure det ector: ( RTD)
Temperat uredet ect orcons i
s t
ingofaf ine
coilofconduct ingwi re( suchaspl atinum)
that wi ll produce a rel atively l inear
increas e in res istance as t emperat ure
increas es.
Res i
stivity: Meas ure of a mat erial'
s
resistancet ocurrentf low.
Res i
stor:Component made of mat erial
thatoppos esflow ofcurrentandt heref ore
hass omeval ueofres istance.

Page86of86
Res is
t or col or code: Codi ng s ystem of
colored s t
ri peson a res istort oi ndi cate
theres is
tor'sval ueandt olerance.
Res onance:Ci rcui tcondition thatoccurs
at t he f requency where i nduct ive
react ance( XL)equal scapaci tivereact ance
(XC).
Revers ebi as :Bi ason aPN j unction t hat
allows onl y l eakage current ( mi nority
carriers )tof low.Pos i
tivepol arityont hen
-t
ypemat eri alandnegat ivepol arityt ot he
p-typemat erial.
Revers e breakdown vol tage:Amountof
revers ebi ast hatwi llcauseaPN j unct ion
tobreakdownandconducti nt herevers e
direct ion.
Revers ecurrent :Currentthroughadi ode
whenrevers ebi ased.Anext remel ys mall
currental soref erredtoasl eakage.
Revers e s aturat ion current : Revers e
current t hrough a di ode caus ed by
thermal act i
vi ty. This current i s not
affectedbyt heamountofrevers ebi ason

Page87of87
the component , but does vary wi th
temperat ure.
RF:Abbrevi at ionf or"radiofrequency. "
Rheos tat :Twot ermi nalvariabl eres istors
usedt ocont rolcurrent .
Rightangl et riangl e:Trianglehavi nga90°
ors quarecorner.
Rippl efrequency:Frequencyoft heri pple
pres enti ntheout putofaDCs ource.
Rippl evol tage:Thes mal lvariat i
onsi nDc
voltage t hatremai n after filtering ina
powers uppl y.
Riset ime:Ti mef ort heleadingedgeofa
pulset ori sef rom 10% ofi tspeakval uet o
90% ofi tspeakval ue.
RL di fferent i
at or:An RL ci rcui t whos e
outputvol tagei sproport i
onalt ot herat e
ofchangeoft hei nputvoltage.
RLf ilter:Sel ect ivecircuitofres i
s t
orsand
induct ors t hat of fers l it
tl e or no
oppos ition t o cert ai
nf requenci es whi le
blockingorat tenuat i
ngot herf requenci es.
RL i ntegrat or:RL ci rcuitwi th an out put

Page88of88
proport ionat et othei ntegraloft heinput
signal .
Rms :Abbrevi at
ionf or"rootmeans quare"
Rmsval ue:Rmsval ueofanACs inewave
is0. 707t imest hepeakval ue.Thi sisthe
effective val ue ofan AC s ine wave.The
rmsval ueofas inewavei st heval ueofa
DC vol taget hatwoul d producet hes ame
amountofheati naheat ingel ement .
Rol l
-offrat e:Rat eofchangei ngai nwhen
an ampl i
fier is operat ed out side ofi ts
bandwi dth.
Rot ary s witch:El ectromechani caldevi ce
thathasarot ati
ngs haftconnect edtoone
termi nalcapabl eofmaki ngorbreaki nga
connect iont ooneormoreot hert ermi nals.
R-2Rl adder:Net workorci rcui tcompos ed
ofas equenceofLnet worksconnect edi n
tandem.Ci rcuitus ed in di gitalt oanalog
convert ers.

Page89of89
Saturat ion:Condi tion in whi ch af urther
increas e i n one vari able produces no
furtheri ncreasei nt heres ul t
antef fect.In
a bi pol ar j unct ion t rans istor, t he
condi t
i on when t he emi tter to col l
ector
voltage i sl esst han t he emi ttert o bas e
voltage.Thi scondi tionput sf orwardbi as
ont hebas et ocollect orjunct i
on.
sawt oot hwave:Repeat ingwavef orm t hat
rises f rom zero t o maxi mum val ue
linearlydropsbackt ozeroandrepeat s.A
rampwavef orm.
Scale: Set of marki ngs us ed f or
meas urement .
schemat i
c di agram: I llustration of an
electricalor el ectroni c circuitwi tht he
component srepres entedbyt hei rsymbol s
.
Schmi ttt rigger:Ci rcuitt oconvertagi ven
wavef orm t oas quarewaveout put .
Schot t
kydi ode:Hi ghs peeddi odet hathas
very l ittl
e j uncti on capaci tance. Al so
known as a "hot -carrier di ode" or a
"surface- barrierdi ode. "

Page90of90
scientifi
cnot ati
on:Numbersent eredasa
numberf rom onet ot en mul t i
plied bya
poweroft en.Exampl e:8765=8. 765×103.
Secondary: Out put wi nding of a
trans f
ormer.Wi ndi ngt hati sconnect edt o
al oad.
secondary cel l
:El ect rol
yt i
c cel lus ed t o
storeel ectricit
y.Oncedi schargedmaybe
res t
oredbyrechargi ngbyput tingcurrent
throught hecel li nt hedi rect ionoppos ite
tot hatofdi schargecurrent .
Selectivity: Chari sti
c of a ci rcuit t o
discrimi nate bet ween want ed and
unwant eds ignals.
selfbi asing:Gat e bi asf ora f ield effect
trans i
stor i n whi ch s ource current
through a res istor producest he vol t
age
forgat et osourcebi as .
selfi nduct ance:Propert yt hatcaus es a
count erelectromot i
ve f orce t o be
produced i n a conduct or when t he
magnet i
cf ieldexpandsorcol l
aps eswi tha
changeofcurrent .

Page91of91
Semi conduct or: An el ement whi ch i s
neither a good conduct or or a good
insulat or, but rat her l ies s omewhere
between t he t wo. Charact erized by a
valence s hellcont aining f our elect rons.
Sili
con,germani um and carbon are t he
semi conduct orsmos tf requent ly us ed in
electroni cs.
series ci rcui t: Circuit i n whi ch t he
component sareconnect edendt oends o
thatcurrenthasonl yonepat ht of ol
low
throught heci rcuit.
series paral lel net work: Net work t hat
contai ns component s connect ed i n bot h
seriesandparal l
el.
seriesres onance:Condi tiont hatoccursi n
as eriesLCci rcuitatt hef requencywhere
induct ive react ance equal s capaci tive
reactance.I mpedancei smi nmum,current
ismaxi mum l imitedonl ybyres i
stancei n
theci rcui t.
seven s egmentdi splay:Devi ce made of
severall i
ghtemi ttingdi odesarrangedi na

Page92of92
numeri c or al phanumeri c pat tern. By
lighting s elected s egment s numeri c or
alphabetcharact erscanbedi s
played.
shel l
sorbands :Orbi talpat hcont aini
nga
group of el ect rons havi ng a common
energyl evel .
Shi eld: Met al grounded cover us ed to
prot ect a wi re,component or pi ece of
equi pment f rom s tray magnet i
c and/or
electricf iel ds.
short ci rcui t:Al so cal led a s hort.Low
resi s
tance conect ion bet ween two point s
in a ci rcui tt ypi cally caus i
ng exces si
ve
current .
shunt res istor: Res istor connect ed in
paral lel or i n s hunt wi th anot her
componentorci rcui t.
Signal :El ect ricalquant ityt hat conveys
informat ion.
signal t o noi se rat i
o: Rat io of t he
magni tudeoft hes i
gnalt ot hemagni tude
ofnoi seus ual l
yexpres sedi ndecibels.
Silicon:( Si )Non met alicel ement( atomi c

Page93of93
number 14) us ed i n pure f orm as a
semi conduct or.
sil
icon-cont rolled rect ifi
er:( SCR) Three
termi nalact ivedevi cet hatact sasagat ed
diode.Thegat etermi nali sus ed t ot urn
the devi ce on al l owi ng currentt o pas s
from cat hodet oanode.
sil
iconcont rolleds witch:AnSCR wi than
added t ermi nalcal led an anode gat e.A
pos i
tivepul s eeitheratt heanodegat eor
thecat hodegat ewi l
lturnt hedevi ceon.
sil
icondi oxi de:Gl assl ikemat erialus edas
thegat eins ulatingmat erialinaMOSFET.
sil
icon t rans i
stor: A bi polar j unction
trans i
stor us i
ng s il
icon as t he
semi conduct ingmat eri al.
Silver:(Ag)Preci ousmet althatdoesnot
eas i
ly corrode and i s more conduct ive
thancopper.
sil
vermi cacapaci tor:Mi cacapaci torwi th
sil
ver depos ited di rect ly ont ot he mi ca
sheet sins t
ead ofus ingconduct ivemet al
foil.

Page94of94
silvers ol der:Sol dercompos ed ofs i
lver,
copper and zi nc.Has a mel ting poi nt
lowert han pure s ilver,buthi ghert han
lead- t
ins older.
Simpl ex: Communi cati
on i n onl y one
direct i
onatat i
me.Exampl e:FAX.
Simul cas t: Broadcas ti
ng a program
simul taneous l
yi ntwodi fferentf orms ,for
exampl eaprogram broadcas tinbot hAM
andFM.
Sine:Si ne ofan angl e ofa ri ghtangl e
trianglei s equal t o the oppos i
tes ide
dividedbyt hehypot enus e.
sinewave:Wavewhos eampl i
tudei st he
sine ofa l inear funct ion oft ime.I tis
plotted on a graph t hatpl otsampl itude
agai nstt i
meorradi aldegreesrel ativet o
theangul arrot ationofanal ternat or.
singlei n-linepackage:Packagecont aining
severalel ectroniccomponent s(general ly
res i
stors )wi thas i
ngl erow ofconnect ing
pins .
single pol e doubl et hrow:( SPDT)Three

Page95of95
termi nals wi tchi nwhi chonet erminalcan
be connect ed t o eitherone oft he ot her
termi nal s.
single pol e s ingle t hrow: ( SPST) Two
termi nals wi tchorrel ayt hetcanopenor
closeoneci rcui t.
single s ideband: ( SSB) AM radio
communi cat ion t echni que i n whi ch t he
transmi tt
ers uppres sesones idebandand
theref oret rans mitsonl yas inglesideband.
singlet hrow s wi t
ch:Swi t
ch cont aining
only one s etofcont acts whi ch can be
eitheropenedorcl osed.
Sink:Devi ces uchasal oadt hatcons umes
powerorconduct sawayheat .
Sinteri ng:Proces s of bondi ng ei ther a
met alorpowderbycol dpres singiti ntoa
des i
reds hapeandt henheat ingt of orm a
strongcohes ivebody.
Sinus oidal:Varyi ng in proport ion t ot he
sine of an angl e or t i
me f unct i
on.AC
voltagei n whi ch thei nstantaneousval ue
isequalt ot he s ine oft he phas e angl e

Page96of96
timest hepeakval ue.
SIP: Abbrevi ation f or "s ingle i n- l
ine
package. "
skin ef f ect:Tendancy ofhi gh-f
requency
(rf)current stof low neart hes urfacel ayer
ofaconduct or.
slew rat e:Themaxi mum rat eatwhi cht he
out putvol t
ageofanop- ampcanchange.
slide s wi tch: Swi tch havi ng a s liding
but ton,barorknob.
slow act ing relay:Sl ow operat ing rel ay
thatwhenenergi zedmaynotpul lupt he
armat uref ors everals econds .
slow- blow f use:Fus tthatcanwi thstanda
heavycurrent( up t oten timesi tsrat ed
val ue)f oras mal lperiodoft imebef oreit
opens .
snap s wi tch:Swi t
ch cont ai
ni ng a s pring
undert ens ionorcompres si
ont hatcaus es
the cont actst o come t ogether s uddenl y
whenact ivated.
SNR:Abbrevi ation f or "s i
gnalt o noi se
rat i
o."

Page97of97
sof t magnet ic mat erial: Ferromagnet i
c
mat erialthati seas ilydemagnet ized.
Sof tware:Program of i ns tructions t hat
di rectst heoperat ionofacomput er.
sol arcel l:Phot ovol taiccel lthatconvert s
lighti ntoel ectricenergy.Es peciallyus eful
asapowers ourcef ors pacevehi cles .
Sol der:Met alli
c al l
oy us ed t oj oint wo
met alsurfaces .
Sol dering:Proces sofj oini ngt womet alli
c
surf acest omakeanel ectricalcont actby
mel ti
ng s older ( us ually t in and l ead)
acros st hem.
sol dering i ron: Tool wi th an i nternal
heat ing el ement us ed t o heat s urfaces
bei ng s oldered t ot he poi nt where t he
sol derbecomesmol ten.
Sol enoi d:Anai rcorecoi l.Equi ppedwi tha
movabl e i ron core t he s ol
enoi d wi ll
produce mot ion.As a res ultofcurrent
through t he coi lt he i ron core i spul led
int ot hecent eroft hewi ndi ng.Whent he
coi li s deenergi zed,a s pring pul lst he

Page98of98
movabl ecoreawayf rom t hecent eroft he
wi ndi ng.Machani caldevi cesconnect edt o
themovabl ecorearemadet omoveasa
res ult of current t hrough t he coi l
.
Exampl e: Elect ric door l ocks on s ome
aut omobi les.
solid conduct or: Conduct or havi ng a
singl es oli
dwi rei ns t
eadofs t
randsoff i
ne
wi ret wi s
tedt oget her.
solids tate:Pert aining t o circuitswhere
signal spas sthroughs olids emi conduct or
mat erials uchast rans ist
orsanddi odesas
oppos ed t o vacuum t ubeswhere s ignals
pas st hroughavacuum.
Sonar:Acronym f or "s ound navi gati
on
and rangi ng."A s ystem us ing reflect
ed
soundwavest odet ermi net hepos itionof
somet arget.
Soni c:Pert ainingt os ound.
sound wave:Pres sure wavespropagat ed
throughai rorot herpl asti
cmedi a.Sound
wavesaregeneral lyaudi blet othehuman
ear i f t he f requency i s bet ween

Page99of99
approxi mat ely 20 and 20, 000 vibrations
pers econd.( hert z)
Source:Devi cet hatprovi dess ignalpower
orenergyt oal oad.
source f oll
ower:FET ampl ifierin whi ch
signali sappl ied bet ween gat eand drai n
wi t
h out putt aken bet ween s ource and
drain.Al socalled"commondrai n.
"
source i mpedance: I mpedance t hrough
whi ch out put current i st aken f rom a
source.
sout h pole:Pol eofa magneti nt
o whi ch
magnet i
cl ines off orce are as sumed t o
enter.
Spark:Moment arydi schargeofel ectrical
energy duet oi onization ofai rorot her
dialectricmat erials eparatingt wocharges .
SPDT:Si nglepol edoubl ethrow.
Speaker: Al so cal led "l oudspeaker. "
Trans ducer t hat convert s el ectrical
energy i nto mechani calenergy ataudi o
frequenci es.
Spect rum:Arrangementordi splayofl i
ght

Page100of100
or ot her f orms of el ectromagnet ic
radiation separat ed according t o
wavel ength, energy or s ome ot her
propert y.
spectrum anal yzer:I nst
rument us ed t o
display t he f requency domai n of a
wavef orm pl otting ampl i
tude agai ns t
frequency.
speed-up capaci tor:Capaci tor added t o
thebas ecircui tofaBJ Tswi tchingci rcui t
to improve t he s witchi
ng t i
me of t he
device.
SPST:Abbrevi at ionf or"s i
ngl epol es ingl e
throw. "
square wave: Wave t hat al ternat es
between t wo f ixed val ues f or an equal
amountoft i
me.
Stati
c:Crackl ingnoi seheardonAM radi o
receivers.Caus ed by el ectrics torms or
electricdevices .
stati
c el ectricity: St ati
onary el ect ric
charges .
stati
c revers e current :Revers e current

Page101of101
through azenerdi odewhen t herevers e
voltageacros st hedi odei sles st han the
zenervol tagerat ingoft hedevi ce.
Stator:St ationary part of s ome rot ary
devi cesuchasavari abl ecapaci tor.
step-down t ransf ormer:Trans former i n
whi ch theout putAC vol tagei sl essthan
thei nputACvol tage.
step-up t ransformer: Trans f ormer i n
whi ch the out putAC vol tage i s greater
thant hei nputACvol tage.
stereos ound:Sys tem i nwhi chreproduced
sound i sdel ivered t hrough two ormore
channel st ogiveas ens eofdirect iontot he
source.
stop band:Range off requenci esout side
thepas sbandofat unedampl ifier.
storaget ime:I naBJ Ts wit
chingci rcui
t,it
isthet imerequi redf orcol l
ect orcurrent
todropf rom 100% t o90% ofi tsmaxi mum
value.
strandedconduct or:Conduct orcompos ed
of a group of s trands of wi re t wisted

Page102of102
together.
stray capacitance: Undes irabl e
capaci tance t hat exi st s bet ween t wo
conduct orss uchast wol eadsoronel ead
andamet alchas sis.
Subas sembl y:Component scont ainedi na
unitf or conveni ence i n as sembl ing or
servicingequi pment .
Subat omi c:Part icl es s uch as el ect rons ,
protons and neut rons t hat are s mal ler
thanat oms .
Substrat e:Mechani cali ns ulatings upport
uponwhi chadevi cei sf abri cated.
summi ng ampl if
ier: An op- amp ci rcui t
whos eout puti sproport i
onalt ot hes um
ofitsins tant aneousvol tages .
Superconduct or:Met als uch as l ead or
niobium t hat,whencool edt owi thinaf ew
degrees of abs ol ut e zero,can conduct
currentwi thnores i st
ance.
superhet erodynerecei ver:Radi orecei ver
thatconvert sal lradi of requenci est oa
fixedi ntermedi atef requencyt omaxi mi ze

Page103of103
gainandbandwi dthbef oredemodul ation.
super hi gh f requency:( SHF)Frequency
band bet ween 3 GHz and 30 GHz.So
desigant ed by Federal Communi cations
Comi ssion( FCC) .
superpos iti
ont heorem:Theorem des i
gned
tos impl ify net works cont aining t wo or
mores ources .I ts t
atest hati nanet work
containing more t han one s ource,t he
currentatanyonepoi nti sequalt ot he
algebraics um oft hecurrent sproducedby
eachs ourceact ings eparat ely.
suppl y vol tage: Vol tage provi ded by a
powers ource.
surface-barri er diode: (Schottky
diode)Hi ghs peeddi odet hathasveryl itt
le
junction capaci tance.Al so known as a
"hot-carri erdi ode. "
surface l eakage current :Di ode revers e
currentt hatpas sesal ongt hes urfaceof
thes emi conduct ormat erials.
surgecurrent :Hi ghchargi ngcurrentt hat
flowsi ntoapowers upplyf ilt
ercapaci tor

Page104of104
asthepoweri sf i
rs tturnedon.
sweep generat or: Tes t i nstrument
designed t o produce a vol tage t hat
conti nously vari es inf requency over a
band off requenci es.Us ed asa s ouce t o
displayf requencyres ponseofaci rcuiton
anos cil
loscope.
Switch:El ectri caldevi cehavi ngtwos tates
,
on (cl osed)orof f(open) .Ideally havi ng
zeroi mpedancewhencl osedandi nf i
nite
impedancewhenopen.
switchi ng trans i
s t
or:t rans i
stor designed
tochangerapi dlybet weens aturationand
cut-of f
.
Synchroni zation:Al socal l
eds ync.Preci se
mat chi ngoft wowavesorf uncti
ons .
Synchronous :Twoormores i
gnalsi ns tep
orinphas e.
syncpul se:Pul seus edasaref erencef or
synchroni zat ion.
System:Combi nation ofs everalpi ecesof
equi pment t o perf orm i n a part icular
manner.

Page105of105
T

Tank ci rcui t
: Paral lel res onant ci rcuit
cont aining onl y a coi land a capaci tor.
Bot hthecoi landcapaci tors toreel ectrical
energyf orpartofeachcycl e.
Tant alum capaci t
or:El ect rol yti
ccapaci tor
havi ngat ant alum foi lanode.Abl etohave
al argecapaci t
yi nas mal lpackage.
Tap:El ectricalconnect ion t os omepoi nt
other t han att he endsofa res i
stor or
induct or.
Tapered: Nonuni f
rom di stri
but ion of
res i
stanceperuni tl engt ht hroughoutt he
elementofapot entiomet er.
Techni cian: Expert i n t roubl eshoot i
ng
circuit and s ystem mal f
unct i
ons .Al ong
wi th a t horough knowl edge of t est
equi pmentandhow t ous ei tt odi agnos e
probl ems ,t het echni cian i sal sof ami liar
wi th how t o repai r or repl ace f aulty
component s. Techni cians basically

Page106of106
trans latetheoryi ntoact ion.
Tel egraphy:Communi cati on bet ween t wo
poi ntsbys endi ngandrecei vi
ngas eriesof
currentpul s
esei thert hrough wi reorby
radi o.
Tel emet ry: Trans mi ssi
on of i ns trument
readi ngst o a remot el ocat i
on ei therby
wi reorbyradi o.
Tel ephone:Apparat usdes ignedt oconvert
sound wavesi ntoel ectricalwaveswhi ch
are s ent to and reproduced at di st
ant
poi nt.
Tel ephone l ine:Wi res exi sting bet ween
subs cribers and cent ral s tations i n a
telephones ystem.
Tel ephony: Tel ecommuni cat ions s ystem
invol ving t he t rans mi s
s ion of s peech
informat i
on, al lowi ng t wo or more
pers onst ocommuni cateverbal ly.
Tel etypewri t
er:El ectri
ct ypewri ter that
like a t eleprinter can produce coded
signal scorres pondi ngtot hekeyspres s ed
orpri ntcharact erscorres pondi ngt ot he

Page107of107
codeds ignal sreceived.
Television: Sys tem t hat convert s bot h
audi o and vi sual i nformat ion i nto
correspondi ngel ectricals i
gnal swhi chare
then t rans mi t
ted t hrough wi res or by
radio waves t o a recei ver whi ch
reproducest heori ginalinformat ion.
Telex:Tel etypewri terexchanges ervi ce.
Temperat ure coef fi
cient of f requency:
Rate at whi ch f requency changes wi th
temperat ure.
Tera:(T)Met ricpref ixthatrepres ents1012.
Termi nal : Poi nt at whi ch el ectri
cal
connect ionsaremade.
Tesla:(T)Uni tofmagnet i
cf luxdens i
ty.(1
tesl
a=1Wb/ m2).
Test:Sequenceofoperat ionsi ntended t o
verify t he correct operat ion or
mal functioningofapi eceofequi pmentor
system.
Thermal rel ay: Rel ay act ivated by a
heatingel ement .
Thermal runaway: Probl em t hat can

Page108of108
devel opi nanampl ifierwhenani ncreas e
in t emperat ure caus es an i ncreas e i n
collector current . The i ncrease i n
collector current caus es a f urt her
increas ei nt emperat ureands oon.Unl ess
the ci rcui ti s des i
gned t o prevent t his
condi tion,t hedevi cecan bedri ven i nto
saturat ion.
Thermals tabi li
ty:Theabi li
tyofaci rcui t
tomai nt ains tablecharact erist
icsins pite
ofincreas edt emperat ure.
Thermi s t
or: Temperat ure sens itive
semi conduct or t hat has a negat ive
temperat urecoef ficientofres ist
ance.As
temperat ure increas es , resistance
decreas es.
Thermocoupl e:Temperat ure t ransducer
cons istingoft wodi ssimi larmet al
swel ded
toget heratoneendt of orm aj unctiont hat
whenheat edwi llgenerat eavol tage.
Thermomet ry:Rel atingt ot hemeas uri ng
oftemperat ure.
Thermos tat:Devi cet hatopensorcl os esa

Page109of109
circui t i n res pons e t o changes i n
temperat ure.
Theveni n's t heorem: Theorem that
repl aces any compl ex net work wi th a
singl e vol t
age s ource i n s eries wi th a
singl eresistance.
Thi ck-fi
lm capaci tor:Capaci torcons i
sting
oft wot hi ck-filml ayersofconduct ivef il
m
separat ed by a depos i
t ed t hick-layer
dielectricf il
m.
Thi ck film res is
t or:Fi xed val ue resistor
cons isti
ngoft hick- f
ilm res i
s t
iveel ement
made f rom met al part icles and gl ass
powder.
Thi nf ilm capaci tor:Capaci tor in whi ch
bot ht heel ect rodesandt hedi electricare
depos i
tedi nl ayersonas ubs trat e.
Thi nf ilm det ector:( TFD)a t emperat ure
detect or cont aini ng a t hi n l ayer of
plat i
num and used for preci se
temperat urereadi ngs .
Three phas e s uppl y: AC s uppl y t hat
cons istsoft hreeAC vol tages120°outof

Page110of110
phas ewi theachot her.
Thres hold:Mi nimum poi ntatwhi ch an
effectisproducedordet ected.
Thres hold vol tage:For an enhancement
MOSFET, t he mi ni mum gat e s ource
voltagerequi redf orconduct i
onofs ource
draincurrent .
Thyri st
or:A t erm us edt ocl assifyal lfour
layer s emi conduct or devi ces .SCRs and
triacsareexampl esoft hyri stors.
Time cons t ant :(t)Ti me requi red f or a
capaci t
ori nanRCci rcuitt ocharget o63%
of t he remai ning pot ent ial acros st he
circuit.Als ot i
merequi redf orcurrentt o
reach 63% ofmaxi mum val ue in an RL
circuit.Timecons tantofan RC ci rcuitis
theproductofR andC.Ti mecons tantof
an RL ci rcui ti s equal t o i nduct ance
dividedbyres i
stance.
Time di vi sion mul tiplexi ng: ( TDM)
Trans mi s
si on oft wo ormore s i
gnal son
thes amepat h,butatdi fferentt imes .
Time- domai n anal ysis: A met hod of

Page111of111
representi
ng a wavef orm by pl otting
ampl i
tudeovert ime.
Toggleswitch:Spri ngl oadeds wi tcht hatis
putinoneoft wopos it
ionsei theronorof f
.
Tolerance:Permi ssible deviation from a
specif
ied value normal ly expres sed asa
percentage.
TOpackage:Cyl i
ndri cal,met alcant ypeof
package of s ome semi conduct or
component s.
Toroidalcoil:Coi lwound on adoughnut
shapedcore.
Transconduct ance: Al s
o cal l
ed mut ual
conductance.Rat ioofachangei nout put
currenttothechangei ni nputvol taget hat
causedit.
Transducer:Devi cet hatconvert senergy
from oneform t oanot her.
Transformer:I nduct orwi t
ht woormore
windings. Through mut ual i nduct ance,
currentin onewi ndingcal led apri mary
will induce current i nto t he ot her
windingscalleds econdary.

Page112of112
Trans former coupl ing: Al so cal led
induct i
ve coupl ing. Coupl ing of t wo
circuitsby meansofmut uali nduct ance
provi dedbyat rans former.
Trans ist
or:Term deri ved f rom "t ransfer
resistor."Semi conduct ordevi cet hatcan
beus edasanampl i
fierorasanel ectronic
swi t
ch.
Trans mi ss
ion:Sendi ngofi nformat ion.
Trans mi ss
ionl ine:Conduct ingl i
neus edt o
transmi tsignalenergybet weent wopoi nts.
Trans mi t
ter:Equi pmentus ed t o achieve
transmi ssion.
Triac: Bi directional gat e cont rolled
thyristors imilart oanSCR,butcapabl eof
conduct ing i n bot h directions .Provi des
fullwavecont rolofACpower.
Triangul arwave:A repeat ing wave t hat
has equal pos iti
ve goi ng and negat ive
goingramps .Therampshavel i
nearrat es
ofchangewi tht i
me.
Trigger:Pul se us ed toi nitiate a circuit
action.

Page113of113
Triggeri ng:I nitiation ofan act i
on i na
circuit whi ch t hen f unctions f or a
predet ermi ned t ime. Exampl e: The
durat ion ofone s weep i n a cathode ray
tube.
Trimmer:Smal lval uevari ablecapaci tor,
resistorori nduct orus ed tof i
ne t une a
largerval ue.
Trivalent el ement : One havi ng t hree
valenceel ect rons .Us edasani mpuri tyin
semi conduct ormat erialt oproducep- type
mat erial.Mos tcommonl y used t ri
valent
element s are: Al umi num, Gal lium and
Boron.
Troubl es hoot ing:Sys temat icapproach t o
locating t he caus e of a f aul ti n an
electroni cci rcuitors ystem.
Tuned ci rcui t:Ci rcui tt hatcan have i ts
component val ues adj usted s o t hat i t
respondst o one s elect
ed f requency and
rejectsal lot hers .
Tunnel di ode: Heavi ly doped j unction
diodet hathasnegat iveres istancei nt he

Page114of114
forwarddi recti
onofi t
soperati
ngrange.
Turn- offtime:Sum ofs t
orage ti
me and
falltime.
Turn- ontime:Sum ofdel aytimeandri se
time.
Turnsrat io:Ratioofthenumberoft urns
int hesecondarywi ndingofatransformer
tot he number oft urnsint he primary
windi ng.
Two phas e: Two repeat i
ng wavef orms
havi ngaphas ediff
erenceof90°.

UHF: Abbrevi ation f or "ultra high

frequency.
Ultrasoni
c:Signalst hatarejustabovethe
frequency range of human heari ng of
approximately20kHz.
Uncharged:Mat erialhavi ng at
oms wi t
h
thes amenumberofel ect
ronsinorbitas
the number ofprot ons inthe nucleus.
Havi ngnoelectri
calcharge.

Page115of115
Unijuncti
on t rans i
st or: three terminal
devicesthatact sasadi odewi thitsown
int
ernalvol t
agedi viderbi asingci
rcuit
.
Unity gai n f requency: Frequency of
operati
on foradevi cewheret hegain of
thecomponentdropst ounity.

VA:Abbrevi ationf or"voltampere"

Vacuum t ube:El ectront ubeevacuat edt o
such a degree t hat i ts el ectrical
charact eristi
csarees sential
lyunaf fected
byt hepres enceofres idualgasorvapor.
Have been es senti
ally repl aced by
transistors f or ampl ifi
cation and
recti
f i
cation.Cat hode ray tubesare s ti
ll
usedasdi splaydevi ces.
Valence s hell: The out ermos t electron
shellf or a gi ven atom.The number of
electrons i n t hiss hell determines t he
conduct ivityoft heatom.
Varact ordi ode:PN j unctiondi odewi tha
high junct ion capaci t
ance when revers e

Page116of116
biased. Mos t of ten us ed as a vol tage
cont rol ledcapaci tor.Thevaract orisal so
called:vari cap,tuni ngdi odeandepi cal.
Vari abl e capaci tor: Capaci t
or whos e
capaci tancecanbechangebyvaryi ngt he
effect iveareaoft hepl atesort hedi st
ance
betweent hepl ates .
Vari abl e res i
st or: Res i
stor whos e
resist ance can be changed by t urning a
shaf t. See al so "pot entiomet er and
rheos tat."
VCR: Abbrevi ation f or "vi deo cas sette
recorder. "
Vect or:Quant it
y havi ng bot h magni t
ude
anddi rection.Normal l
yrepres entedbya
line. Lengt h of t he l i
ne i ndicates
magni tude and ori ent ati
on i ndicates
direct ion.
Vect ordi agram:Arrangementofvect ors
showi ngphas erel at
ions hipsbet weent wo
or more AC quant iti
es of t he s ame
frequency.
Vert icalMOS:Enhancementt ypeMOSFET

Page117of117
des i
gnedt ohandl emuchgreat ervaluesof
draincurrentt hans tandardE- MOSFET.
Very high frequency :
( VHF)
Electromagnet icf requencyband f rom 30
MHzt o300MHz.
Very l ow f requency: ( VLF) Frequency
bandf rom 3kHzt o30kHz.
Video:Rel ating to any pi ct
ure orvi s
ual
informat ion. From t he Lat in word
meani ng"Is ee."
Videoampl ifi
er:Ampl i
fierhavi ngoneor
mare s tages des igned t o ampl i
fy video
signals .
Virtualground:Poi nti n aci rcuitthati s
alwaysatapproxi mat el
ygroundpot enti
al.
Of t
en a ground f orvol tage,butnotf or
current .
Voicecoi l:Coi lat tachedt ot hedi aphram
ofamovi ngcoi llouds peaker.Thecoi li s
moved t hrough an ai r gap bet ween
magnet icpol epi eces .
Voice s ynt hes izer:Synt hesizer that can
simul ate s peech by s tringing together

Page118of118
phenomes .
Vol t: Uni t of pot ential di f
ference or
elect romot ive f orce. One vol t i s t he
pot ent ialdi fference needed t o produce
one ampere of current t hrough a
res i
s tanceofoneohm.
Vol tage: ( V) Term us ed t o des i
gnat e
elect ricalpres sure or f orce thatcaus es
currentt of l
ow.
Vol tage ampl ifier:Ampl ifi
erdes i
gned t o
bui ld up s ignal vol tage. By des ign
ampl ifierscanhaveal argevol tagegai nor
al argecurrentgai noral argepowergai n.
Vol tage ampl ifi
ers are des igned t o
maxi mi ze vol tage gai n of t
en at t he
expens eofcurrentgai norpowergai n.
Vol tage cont rolled os cill
ator: Os ci
llator
whos e out putf requency dependson an
inputcont rolvol tage.
Vol tagedi vi der:Fi xed orvari ables eries
res i
s tor net work connect ed acros s a
vol taget oobt ainades iredf racti
onoft hat
vol tage.

Page119of119
Vol tage di vi
der bi asing:Bi asing met hod
us ed wi th ampl ifiersi n which t wos eri es
res i
s t
orsconnect ed acros sa s ource.The
junct ion of t he t wo bi asing res i
s t
ors
provi des correct bi as vol tage f or t he
ampl ifi
er.
Vol tage drop:Vol tage or di fference i n
pot ent i
aldevel oped acros sa component
duet ocurrentf low.
Vol tagef eedback:Feedbackconf iguration
whereaport ion oft heout putvol t
agei s
fedbackt othei nputofanampl ifier.
Vol tage f oll
ower:Operat ional ampl ifi
er
circui t charact erized by a hi gh i nput
impedance,l ow out put i mpedance and
uni ty vol tage gai n. Us ed as a buf f
er
bet ween a s ource and a l ow i mpedance
load.
Vol tage gai n: Al so cal l
ed vol tage
ampl ifi
cation.Rat io ofampl if
ier out put
vol taget oinputvol tageus ual l
yexpres sed
indeci bels.
Vol tagemul tiplier:Rect ifi
erci rcuitus i
ng

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diodes and capaci tors t o produce a DC
out putvol taget hati ss omemul tipleoft he
peak val ue of AC i nput vol t
age. Cos t
effect i
ve way of produci ng hi gher DC
voltages .Vol tage doubl ers and vol tage
tri
pl ersareexampl es .
Volt age rat ing: Maxi mum vol tage a
component can wi ths tand wi thout
breaki ngdown.
Volt age regul ator:Devi ce orci rcuitt hat
mai nt ainscons t
antout putvol tage( within
cert ainl imits)i ns pi t
e ofchangi ng line
voltageand/ orl oadcurrent .
Volt age s ource: Ci rcui t or devi ce t hat
suppl i
esvol taget oal oad.
Volt aic cell: Pri mary cel l having t wo
unl ikeel ectrodesi mmers edi n as olution
that chemi cal lyi nt eract st o produce a
voltage.
Volt -ampere:Uni tofapparentpoweri nan
AC ci rcuit cont ai ning capaci t
ive or
induct ive react ance.Apparentpower i s
theproductofs ourcevol tageandcurrent .

Page121of121
Voltmeter:Inst
rumentus ed t
o meas ure
dif
ferenceinpotenti
albetweent wopoints
.
Volume: Magni t
ude or power l evel of
audio frequency. Measured in volume
units(VU).

Wat t:Uni tofel ectri

calpowerrequi redto
do work at t he rate of one j oule per
second.One wat tofpower i sexpended
whenoneampereofdi rectcurrentf lows
throughares i
stanceofoneohm.I nanAC
circui t
,t rue power i st he product of
effective vol t
s and ef fective amperes,
mul tipliedbyt hepowerf actor.
wat tagerat i
ng:Maxi mum poweradevi ce
cans af elyhandl econtinous l
y.
wat t-hour:Uni tofel ect ricalwork,equal
toapowerofonewat tbei ngabs orbedfor
onehour.
Wat tmet er:Ins trumentus ed to measure
electricpoweri nwat ts.

Page122of122
Wave:El ect ric,el ect romagnet ic,acous ti
c,
mechani calorot herf orm whos ephys ical
act ivity ris esand f allsor advancesand
ret reat speri odi callyasi ttravel sthrough
somemedi um.
Wavef orm:Shapeofawave.
Wavegui de:Rect angul arorci rcul arpipe
us ed t o gui de el ectromagnet i
c wavesat
mi crof requenci es .
Wavel ength: ( l) Di s t
ance bet ween t wo
poi nts of corres pondi ng phas e and i s
equalt o wavef orm vel ocity di vided by
frequency.
Weber:( Wb)Uni tofmagnet i
cf l
ux.One
weber i st he amountoff lux t hatwhen
linked wi t
h as inglet urn ofwi reforan
interval of one s econd wi lli nduce an
elect romot ivef orceofonevol t.
wi en- bridgeos cillator:Os ci
llatort hatus es
anRCl ow- pas sf ilt
erandanRChi gh-
pas s
filtert os ett hef requncyofos cill
ations.
wetcel l:Secondarycel lusingal iquidas
anel ectrol yt e.

Page123of123
Wet ti
ng: Term us ed i n s oldering t o
des cribet hecondi tion thatoccurswhen
themet alsbei ngs olderedarehotenough
to mel tt he s olders oi tf lowesovert he
surf ace.
wheat stone bri dge: Four arm bri dge
circui t us ed t o meas ure res istance,
induct anceorcapaci tance.
wi deband ampl if
ier: Al so called
"broadband ampl if
ier."Ampl ifierwi tha
flat res pons e over a wi de range of
frequenci es.
Wi ndi ng: One or more t urns of a
conduct orwoundi nthef orm ofacoi l.
Wi re:Si ngles olid or s tranded group of
conduct ors havi ng a l ow res ist
ance t o
currentf low.Us ed t o make connect ions
bet weenci rcui tsorpoi ntsinaci rcui t.
wi regauge:Ameri canwi regauge( AWG)i s
as ystem of numeri cal des i
gnat ions of
wi redi amet ers.
Wi reles s: Term describing radio
communi cation t hat requi res no wi red

Page124of124
betweent wocommuni catingpoi nts.
wirewoundres i
stor:Res istori nwhi cht he
resist
ive el ement i sa l engt h of hi gh
resist
ance wi re or ri bbon us uall
y
nichromewoundont oani ns ulatingf orm.
wire wrappi ng: Met hod of maki ng a
connect ion by wrappi ng wi re around a
rectangul arpin.
Woof er: Large l ouds peaker des igned
primari ly to reproduce l ow f requency
audios ignals.
Work:Work i sdone any t ime energy i s
transformed f rom one t ype t o anot her.
Theamountofworkdonei sdependenton
theamountofenergyt rans formed.

X:Symbolforreactance.
Xaxis:Hori
zontalaxis.

Page125of125
Y:Symbolforadmi t
tance.
Yaxis:Vert
icalaxi
s.

Zaxis :Axi sperpendiculart

obot hXandY
axes.
zener di ode: Semiconductor diode i n
whichrevers ebreakdownvol tagecurrent
causes t he diode to devel
op a constant
volt
age. Us ed as a cl amp for voltage
regulation.
Zeroing:Cal i
brati
ng a met er sothati t
showsaval ueofzerowhenzeroi sbei ng
meas ured.

………….
………….
………….
……………….
.….
…….
Thanksf
orReadi
ng.
..
Raji
vRanj anKumar
Elec
t r
icalEngineer
NGPPat naBihar
saytoraji
v.r
2k@gmai l
.com /
/7677920820
..
.…………………………………………………………

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