Technium: Romanian Journal of

Applied Sciences and Technology

Vol. 16, 1-6, October, 2023
ISSN: 2668-778X
www.techniumscience.com

The Use Of Social Media And Its Relationship With Vocational

School Learning Outcomes
Alfrina Mewengkang1, Keith Ratumbuisang2, and Hiskia Legesan3
1,2,3
Universitas Negeri Manado, ICT Education Department, Tondano, Indonesia
mewengkangalfrina@unima.ac.id

Abstract. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between the use of social media
and student learning outcomes at SMK Negeri 1 Tondano. This type of research uses a quantitative
approach with a correlational design. This research is correlational because this research seeks to
investigate the correlation between two variables. Quantitative research is a study that uses numbers to
collect data and provide an interpretation of the research results. The results of the research are based on
descriptive analysis that has been carried out using social media. Students of SMK Negeri 1 Tondano from
45 samples, there is a maximum value of 85 with a mean of 50.81. This means that most students use
social media. In this study, it was obtained that the student learning outcomes of SMK Negeri 1 Tondano
averaged 77.38 which indicated that the score was above the minimum passing criteria. Thus the
Relationship between Social Media Use and Student Learning Outcomes Based on simple linear
regression analysis, there is a significant negative relationship between social media use and Student
Learning Outcomes.

1
Corresponding author: mewengkangalfrina@unima.ac.id
1
 Technium: Romanian Journal of
Applied Sciences and Technology
Vol. 16, 1-6, October, 2023
ISSN: 2668-778X
www.techniumscience.com

1 Introduction exchange, business matters, and even as a form of

entertainment.
The rapid development of information technology Furthermore, in addition to the curriculum
in the current era of globalization has an undeniable delivered by teachers, students are also required to
impact on the field of education. The demands of the actively seek information about the learning materials
global world require the education sector to constantly through the internet. With this research, it is hoped that
adapt to technological advancements in order to we can understand the influence of social media on
improve the quality of education [1], especially in students' learning outcomes. This is what sparked the
terms of utilizing Information and Communication researcher's interest in conducting this study about the
Technology (ICT) in the learning process [2]. In this relationship between social media usage and students'
context, it is related to the use of social media, which is learning outcomes at SMK Negeri 1 Tondano.
more specific in terms of using applications or software
that we commonly know as Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. Social media is online media where users 2 Method
can easily participate, share information, and create
The research utilized a quantitative approach with a
content including blogs, social networks, wikis,
correlational design. This research aims to investigate
forums, and virtual worlds [3]. While traditional media
the correlation between two variables. Quantitative
uses print and broadcast media, social media relies on
research is a type of study that employs numerical data
the internet, social media invites anyone interested to
collection methods and interprets the research findings
participate by contributing and providing feedback
using statistical analysis [14].
openly, giving comments, and sharing information
In accordance with this research study, the
quickly and without limitations. As internet and mobile
researcher processed the data using statistical data
phone technologies advance, social media also grows
analysis techniques. This study utilized quantitative
rapidly. Now, accessing platforms like Facebook or
data obtained from questionnaires. Simple linear
Instagram can be done anywhere. The speed of social
regression analysis was performed using the Statistical
media has started to replace the role of conventional
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0.
mass media in disseminating news [4].
The following methods were employed:
The rapid development of social media is due to the
fact that anyone can have their own media platform
2.1 Descriptive Data Method
like Tiktok [5]. A social media user can access and
The examination of data involved employing the
utilize various social media and internet networks [6].
technique of simple linear regression analysis [15].
As users of social media, we are free to edit, add,
This approach was utilized to ascertain the impact of
modify, and create various types of content, including
the independent variable (social media) on the
text, images, videos, graphics, and other models [7].
dependent variable (students' learning outcomes).
Some important things in the development of
Before executing the simple linear regression analysis,
personality and individual behavior. The unavoidable
prerequisite assessments were conducted to verify the
progression of information technology during today's
normality, homogeneity, and linearity of the data.
era of globalization has profound implications for the
The normality test aimed to establish whether the
field of education [8]. The global requirements
collected data adhered to a normal distribution. This
necessitate educational institutions to consistently
evaluation employed the Lilliefors test, which involved
embrace technological advancements [9], aiming to
examining the Kolmogorov-Smirnov values through
enhance the quality of education. This involves
the use of the SPSS 16.0 software program. The
aligning the utilization of information and
hypothesis for the normality test was as follows:
communication technology in education, particularly
Ho: The sample data follows a normal distribution
within the realm of learning [10].
Ha: The sample data does not follow a normal
Basically, social media is the latest development of
distribution
new internet web development technology that makes
If the p-value > 0.05, the research data is considered to
it easy for everyone to communicate, participate, share
follow a normal distribution.
and go online to spread their content [11]. The use of
The homogeneity test was conducted to assess
alternative social media to support learning outcomes
whether the data to be analyzed in terms of regression
is expected to have a significant impact on learning
had relatively small variances. The homogeneity test is
outcomes and student grades [12]. Mobile learning had
important as it is a fundamental assumption of the
a positive effect on improving learning outcomes and
regression analysis. The homogeneity test was
changes students' study habits for the better [13].
performed using the Homogeneity of Variance test in
Based on observations during the Professional
the SPSS Statistic 16.0 program. If the probability
Practice Learning and interview results at SMK Negeri
value > 0.05, the data is considered homogeneous.
1 Tondano, it has been found that many students
Conversely, if the probability value < 0.05, the data is
currently experience learning outcomes that are lacking
considered non-homogeneous.
during the learning process. The presence of
After conducting the prerequisite tests for
smartphones or smart mobile phones enables everyone,
regression analysis, the next step involved performing
including students, to access social media anywhere.
the regression analysis. Regression analysis was
Students have become increasingly interested, and
conducted to determine whether there was an influence
many of them use social media for information
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 Technium: Romanian Journal of
Applied Sciences and Technology
Vol. 16, 1-6, October, 2023
ISSN: 2668-778X
www.techniumscience.com

of Instagram social media on students' photography 0,20 < rxy ≤ 0,40 High
skills. The appropriate regression analysis method used 0,00 < rxy ≤ 0,20 Very High
was simple linear regression analysis. It is used to
determine the influence of the independent variable on Reliability is a measure of consistency for a set of
the dependent variable. measures or a measuring tool when the measurement is
Formula: Y = a + bX repeated using the same instrument (Sugiono, 2016).
Explanation: Reliability testing examines the extent to which a test
Y = Dependent variable subject being predicted consistently measures the intended target.
a = Value of Y when X = 0 (Constant) To test the reliability of an instrument, the Cronbach's
b = Direction number/Regression coefficient, alpha formula is used as follows:
indicating the increase (+) or decrease (-) in the r11 = [K / (k-1)][1 - (∑▒〖σb〗^2 ) / (∑▒〖σt〗^2 )]
criterion variable based on the predictor variable. Explanation:
X = Subject on the predictor variable with a specific r11: Instrument reliability
value. k: Number of item questions
Ʃσb: Sum of item variances
2.2 Hypothesis Testing Σt: Total variance
Hypothesis is a temporary answer formulated in First, calculate the variance for each item by using the
response to the research problem, where the research formula:
problem is stated in the form of a question (Sugiyono, σ = (Ʃ(x^2) - 〖(ƩX)〗^2/N) / N
2016: 96). Explanation:
Based on the theoretical review and framework of α: Variance of each item
thinking above, the following hypotheses can be X: Sum of scores
formulated: 1)There is a significant relationship N: Number of respondents
between the usage of social media and students' Next, consult the obtained reliability value of the
learning outcomes at SMK Negeri 1 Tondano; and 2) research questionnaire with the critical value of the
There is no significant relationship between the usage product-moment correlation at a significance level of
of social media and students' learning outcomes at 5%. If the value of r11 is greater than the critical value,
SMK Negeri 1 Tondano. the instrument can be considered reliable.

2. 3 Validity and Reliability of Research

Instruments 3 Results and Discussions
Validity Test
The questionnaire used to gather data on the
Validity is a measure that indicates the level of validity
relationship between social media usage and students'
or accuracy of an instrument (Arikunto, 2013: 96). An
learning outcomes at SMK Negeri 1 Tondano consisted
instrument is considered valid if it can be used
of 30 statement items, each statement item had 5
accurately to measure what it intends to measure. In
alternative answers: a (Score 5), b (Score 4), c (Score
other words, validity is also related to the
3), d (Score 2), and e (Score 1).
"appropriateness" of the measuring tool. With a valid
Validity test was conducted. Validity is an index that
instrument, valid data can be obtained as well.
indicates whether a measurement tool is accurate and
To test validity, the item-total statistic (r-value) needs
can measure what it is intended to measure. A valid
to be considered. An instrument can be considered
instrument means that the measurement tool used to
valid if the calculated r-value is greater than the tabled
obtain data is valid, meaning it can measure what it is
r-value at a significance level (α) of 0.05. If the
supposed to measure. After piloting the 30 test items, it
calculated r-value is negative for a particular item, it
was found that all 30 items were valid. Table 1 is the
indicates that the item is invalid, and therefore, that
calculation for the pilot test of item number 2.
item should not be used or should be eliminated.
Table 2. Tabulation of Questionnaire Item Validity
The formula used in the validity test is the product-
Scores for Item Number 1
moment correlation formula as follows:
r_xy = (NΣ_xy - Σ_xΣ_y) / √[(NΣ_x^2 - NO X Y X2 Y2 XY
(Σ_x)^2)(NΣ_y^2 - (Σ_y)^2)] 1 1 36 1 1296 36
Technical Explanation:
r_xy: Coefficient of correlation "r" (Product Moment 2 1 23 1 529 23
correlation)
3 4 51 4 2601 102
N: Number of cases
Σ_x: Sum of all X scores 4 4 85 16 7225 340
Σ_y: Sum of all Y scores
Σ_xy: Sum of all XY scores 5 4 44 4 1936 88
6 4 48 4 2304 96
Tabel 1. Validity Criteria
Interval Koefisien Kriteria 7 4 40 4 1600 80
0,80< rxy≤ 1,00 Very Low
0,60 < rxy ≤ 0,80 Low 8 4 59 4 3481 118
0,40 < rxy ≤ 0,60 Moderate 9 4 48 4 2304 96
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 Technium: Romanian Journal of
Applied Sciences and Technology
Vol. 16, 1-6, October, 2023
ISSN: 2668-778X
www.techniumscience.com

NO X Y X2 Y2 XY ฀ . ∑฀฀−∑ ฀ ∑ ฀
√{฀ . ∑฀2−(∑X)2}{฀ .∑฀2−(∑y)2}
10 1 33 1 1089 33 ฀฀฀= 45 . 4652−144.1912
√{45 . 288−(144)2}{45 .134208−(1912)2}
11 4 67 4 4489 134
= 0.542
12 1 27 1 729 27 From the above calculation, it is known that rxy is
equal to 0.542. To determine its validity, it is continued
13 1 34 1 1156 34 by referring to the table of Product Moment correlation
14 3 72 9 5184 216 coefficients with a sample size (N) of 45 at a
significance level of 5%. The critical value (r table) is
15 4 45 4 2025 90 0.294. Since the calculated rxy value of 0.542 is greater
16 3 72 9 5184 216 than the table value of 0.294, it can be concluded that
questionnaire item number 1 is valid.
17 1 25 1 100 25 The validation testing for other questionnaire items is
18 4 41 4 1681 82 performed in the same manner as above. Table 3 shows
the overall validity testing:
19 4 59 4 3481 118 Table 3. Overall Tabulation of Questionnaire Score
Validity
20 4 57 4 3249 114
N r Interpreta
Item r tabel
21 4 59 4 3481 118 o hitung si
Question
22 4 59 4 3481 118 1 0,542 0,294 Valid
no. 1
23 4 40 4 1600 80 Question
2 0,460 0,294 Valid
no. 2
24 4 51 4 2601 102
Question
3 0,529 0,294 Valid
25 4 60 4 3600 120 no. 3
Question
26 4 54 4 2916 108 4 0,361 0,294 Valid
no. 4
27 1 30 1 900 30 Question
5 0,307 0,294 Valid
no. 5
28 4 41 4 1681 82
Question
6 0,382 0,294 Valid
29 4 41 4 1681 82 no. 6
Question
30 1 32 1 1024 32 7 0,483 0,294 Valid
no. 7
31 4 59 4 3481 119 Question
8 0,531 0,294 Valid
no. 8
32 3 76 9 5776 228
Question
9 0,488 0,294 Valid
33 4 68 4 4624 136 no. 9
Question
34 4 62 4 3844 124 10 0,372 0,294 Valid
no. 10
35 4 84 16 7056 336 Question
11 0,378 0,294 Valid
no. 11
36 4 57 4 3249 114
Question
12 0,457 0,294 Valid
37 4 46 4 8464 92 no. 12
Question
38 1 26 1 676 26 13 0,543 0,294 Valid
no. 13
39 4 56 4 3136 112 Question
14 0,573 0,294 Valid
no. 14
40 1 28 1 784 28
Question
15 0,412 0,294 Valid
41 1 57 1 3249 57 no. 15
Question
42 4 49 4 9804 98 16 0,576 0,294 Valid
no. 16
43 4 57 4 3249 114 Question
17 0,280 0,294 Valid
no. 17
44 4 47 4 2208 94
Question
18 0,436 0,294 Valid
45 1 34 1 1156 34 no. 18
∑ 19
Question
0,378 0,294 Valid
N= ∑X= ∑Y=1 X2 ∑Y2=13 ∑XY=4 no. 19
45 144 912 =1 4208 652 Question
20 0,408 0,294 Valid
81 no. 20

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 Technium: Romanian Journal of
Applied Sciences and Technology
Vol. 16, 1-6, October, 2023
ISSN: 2668-778X
www.techniumscience.com

N r Interpreta at other times, students are reserved and quiet.

Item r tabel Unfortunately, some students with low motivation to
o hitung si
Question learn fall into this category. Motivation also affects
21 0,418 0,294 Valid learning outcomes. Additionally, infrastructure and
no. 21
Question facilities also play a role in learning outcomes.
22 0,576 0,294 Valid Infrastructure refers to everything that directly affects
no. 22
Question the smoothness of the learning process, such as
23 0,531 0,294 Valid learning media, educational tools, school supplies, etc.,
no. 23
Question while facilities encompass aspects indirectly
24 0,361 0,294 Valid supporting the success of the learning process, such as
no. 24
school lighting, restrooms, and others.
Question
25 0,307 0,294 Valid Based on the simple linear regression analysis, a
no. 25
significant negative relationship was found between
Question social media usage and students' learning outcomes at
26 0,382 0,294 Valid
no. 26 SMK Negeri 1 Tondano. However, these results are not
Question consistent with the study conducted by Tommy
27 0,372 0,294 Valid
no. 27 Wijayanto [15], which explored the relationship
Question between students' activity on Facebook and their
28 0,378 0,294 Valid
no. 28 learning outcomes in the field of architectural drawing
Question in Class XI at SMK N 1 Seyegan, Yogyakarta. The
29 0,457 0,294 Valid
no. 29 analysis in that study found a significant positive
Question relationship between students' activity on Facebook
30 0,543 0,294 Valid
no. 30 and their learning outcomes. Therefore, due to the
contrasting results, the relationship between social
After obtaining 30 valid items on the questionnaire, the media usage and learning outcomes needs further
research instrument is further tested for reliability investigation, considering previous studies that have
using Cronbach's Alpha. The variance sum of the items shown a negative correlation between the two.
is calculated as:
∑ ฀฀2 = 22.0956
Total variance = 4. Conclusions
s_t^2 = 150023 - (2693^2/45) Based on the field research and data analysis
= 248.882 conducted, the following conclusions are drawn: There
Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient is calculated as: is a significant relationship between the usage of social
r = K / (K-1) * (1 - ∑_Sb▒2) / S_t^2 media and students' learning outcomes at SMK N 1
= 23 / (23-1) * (1 - 22.0956) / 248.882 Tondano. The obtained result of t = -4.106, with a
= 0.952 negative value, indicates an inverse relationship
Based on the calculation above, the Cronbach's Alpha between social media usage and students' learning
coefficient is found to be 0.952 at a significance level outcomes. This inverse relationship can be interpreted
N = 45, which exceeds the critical value of 0.294. as follows: the higher the usage of social media, the
Therefore, it can be concluded that the items in the lower the students' learning outcomes, and vice versa.
instrument are reliable. The contribution of social media usage to learning
From the data analysis in this study, the following outcomes is 24.8%, while the remaining 75.2% is
results were obtained: explained by other variables not studied in this
Social media is an online platform where users can research. From this study, the hypothesis (Ha) that
share, participate, and create content such as blogs, there is a significant relationship between social media
wikis, forums, social networks, and virtual worlds usage and students' learning outcomes at SMK N 1
supported by advanced multimedia technology. Based Tondano is supported. Thus, it can be concluded that
on the descriptive analysis conducted on the social there is a significant relationship between social media
media usage of students at SMK Negeri 1 Tondano usage and students' learning outcomes at SMK N 1
from a sample of 45 students, the maximum value Tondano.
obtained was 85 with a mean of 50.81. This indicates
that the majority of students use social media.
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ISSN: 2668-778X
www.techniumscience.com

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