MATTER

MATTER
 Essential
Questions
1. What distinguishes the various materials
in the environment from one another?

2. In what ways can various forms of matter

be identified and classified?

3. What is the importance of knowing how

diverse the materials are around us?
Particle Theory of Matter
● All matter is
made up of tiny
particles.
● These particles
are always
moving… they
have energy.
● There are spaces among particles.
● There are attractive forces between
the particles.
● The particles of one substance differ
from the particles of other
substances.
 MATTER

Anything that has mass and

takes up space.
Which would be easier to hold in your hands, a baseball or 100 ml of
dishwashing soap?
Phases of Matter

● Solid

● Liquid

● Gas
A B C
 SOLID
Particles of solids are
tightly packed, vibrating
about a fixed position.

Solids have a definite shape

and a definite volume.
LIQUID
▪ Particles of liquids are
tightly packed, but are far
enough apart to slide over
one another.

▪ Liquids have an indefinite

shape and a definite
volume.
 GAS
▪ Particles of gases are
very far apart and
move freely.

▪ Gases have an
indefinite shape and
an indefinite volume.
 But what happens if
you raise the
temperature to super-
high levels…
between Will
1000°C and everythin
g just be a
1,000,000,000°C ? gas?

W
i
l
l
e
 PLASMA

▪A plasma is an ionized
gas.

▪A plasma is a very good

conductor of electricity
and is affected by
magnetic fields.
STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in Close together Well separated Has no definite

a regular pattern with no regular with no regular volume or shape
Vibrate, but do arrangement. arrangement. and is composed
not move from Vibrate, move Vibrate and move of electrical
place to place about, and slide freely at high charged particles
past each other speeds
 PHASE
CHANGES
PHASE CHANGES
Description of Term for Phase Heat Movement During
Phase Change Change Phase Change

Heat goes into

Solid to Melting the solid as it
liquid melts.

Heat leaves the

Liquid to
Freezing liquid as it
solid
freezes.
PHASE CHANGES
Description of Term for Phase Heat Movement During
Phase Change Change Phase Change

Vaporization,
Liquid to which includes Heat goes into the
gas boiling and liquid as it vaporizes.
evaporation
Heat leaves the gas
Gas to liquid Condensation
as it condenses.
Heat goes into the
Solid to gas Sublimation
solid as it sublimates.
Properties of Matter

● Physical properties of matter are

those that can be observed and
measured without necessarily
changing their composition.
● odor, color, size shape and state
● density, boiling point, solubility
and viscosity
● Chemical properties of matter
are properties that can be
observed when matter
undergoes a chemical change.

● flammability, acidity, stability,

and other properties related to
the rectivity of one substance
to another
Intensive Properties

● Intensive properties: A physical property that will be the

same regardless of the amount of matter.

● Density
● Color
● Conductivity
● Malleability
● Luster
Extensive Properties

● Extensive Properties: A physical property that will change if

the amount of matter changes.

● Mass
● Volume
● Length
● Shape
Physical Change

● Change in which the matter's physical appearance is altered,

but composition remains unchanged
Chemical Change

● Chemical change results in one or more substances of entirely

different composition from the original substances.
How mixtures
are different
from pure
substances?
 Pure Substances... p.236

● ALWAYS appear as uniform throughout

● They contain either:

1. Only one type of particle

■ Gold and Oxygen.

2. Two or more particles chemically

combined to form a different substance.

■ Water is H²O which is 2

hydrogen's and 1 oxygen
ELEMENT

● An element is a chemical substance that

can't be divided or changed into other
chemical substances by any ordinary
chemical means. The smallest unit of an
element is the atom.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELEMENTS

● 1. An element is homogeneous in nature; it is a pure

substance, made up of only one kind of atoms.

● 2. An element cannot be broken down into simpler

substances by any physical or chemical methods such
as heat, light electricity, or chemical reactions with other
substances.
● 3. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that shows
all the properties of it.

● 4. Elements have sharp melting and boiling points.

● 5. Elements are classified as metals, non-metals, and

metalloids.
Metals

● Metals are the elements that readily lose an electron to

form a positive ion or a cation. Example: Gold, silver,
copper, iron, potassium etc.
Properties of Metals
• Metals have lustre. Example: Gold.

• Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

Example: Copper

• Metals are malleable. Example: Aluminum

• Metals are ductile.

• Metals are sonorous.

• Almost all metals are solids at room temperature.

NON METALS

● Non – metals are those elements that readily gain an

electron(s) to form a negative ion or anion. Examples
include Hydrogen, Oxygen, Iodine
PROPERTIES OF NON METALS

• Non-metals exist as solids, liquids, and gases.

• Non-metals are non-lustrous.

• Most non-metals have very low density. Example: Oxygen
and nitrogen are lighter than air.

• Yet, we have the diamond that is a form of carbon.

Diamond is one of the strongest known substances.

• They are not malleable.

• Non-metals, except for carbon are not ductile.

• They are bad conductors of heat and electricity. Yet,
graphite is a good conductor of electricity.

• Non-metals have low melting and boiling points.

METALLOIDS

● The elements which have intermediate properties

between those of metals and non-metals are
called metalloids. They are amphoteric in nature.
Metalloids react both with acids and bases.
Examples include boron, silicon, and germanium.
COMPOUND

● A compound is a chemical substance that forms

when two or more different elements combine in a
fixed ratio.
● Examples:
water – H2O
sodium chloride - NaCl
PROPERTIES OF A COMPOUND

• A compound is homogeneous in nature, made up of the

same type of molecules.
• The components of a compound cannot be separated by
physical methods. But, you can separate them by
chemical and electrochemical methods. Therefore, water
can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen by
electrolysis.
• A compound has a fixed composition.

• It has a distinct set of properties which is not similar with

the properties of its constituent elements.

• A compound has a sharp melting and boiling point.

Examples of Pure Substances
• sugar (C12H22O11)
• copper (Cu)
• distilled water (H2O)
• carbon dioxide (CO2)
• oxygen (O2)
Classification of Compounds

● Organic compounds ● Inorganic compounds

Carbohydrates Acids
Proteins Bases
Lipids Salts
Nucleic acids
Watch Now: What are the Differences Between Acids and
Bases?

https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-acids-and-
bases-603669
 Asynchronous:
Individual Work:

Make a graphic organizer to describe and

relate the nature, properties and some basic
attributes of acid and bases.
Mixtures
● They are the physical
combination of two or
more pure substances.

+ = ?
Sugar Water
 Mixtures
● MAY have distinct visible
components.
● MAY appear uniform
throughout.
Six of the possible kinds of mixtures
are:
A. a mixture of gases
B. a mixture of liquids
C. a mixture of gases in a liquid
D. a mixture of solids
E. a mixture of solids in a liquid
F. a mixture of solids and gases
Soft drinks are mixtures made
from:
- liquid water
- Solid sugar
- Carbon dioxide gas
 Commonly used mixtures

● Detergents
● Cleaners

○ Formed by adding water to

the cleaner
● Gasoline – oil mixtures

○ Lawn mower engines require

specific amounts of oil to be
mixed with gas
Heterogeneous
and
Homogeneous

Mixtures
What is a Mechanical Mixture?

● Mixtures composed of two or more

substances that remain visible even after
they are mixed.

● Sometimes need a microscope

●
● Can be solid, liquid or gas

● The particles do not evenly mix

● Mechanical mixtures are also known as
heterogeneous mixtures (uneven mixtures).

○ A salad dressing made of oil and vinegar is

considered a heterogeneous mixture because its
components:

■ oil and vinegar — remain separate and

distinct.

○
________________________________
________________________________
Heterogeneous Mixtures
● Example:

○ Smog-filled air

■ the amount of smog is not uniform

inside the air.

○ Granola cereal or trail mix

■ the individual ingredients such as

raisins, nuts, and dried fruit remain
visible even after mixing.

○ Concrete
Heterogeneous
Mixtures

Granola bar
What is a Solution?
● Solutions can be any combination of
the three states of matter— solid,
liquid, and gas.

● Particles appear to be mixed evenly

and to be the same throughout.
Components of a Solution

● Solute ● Solvent
Basis for Classifying Solutions

● Saturated ● Usaturated
● When the maximum ● When the solution
amount of solute is contains less solute
dissolved in the given particles that the solvent
solvent at particular can dissolve at the stated
temperature. temperature.
● Supersaturated
● When there are more
solute particles than the
solvent can normally
dissolved.
Factors that affect the Solubility of
Materials
● 1. Nature of Solute and
Solvent
2. Temperature
3 . Pressure of Gas over
Solvent
● Solutions are also called
Homogeneous mixtures
● Examples:

○ Sugar mixed with water

○ Air - dissolve carbon dioxide, oxygen, and argon into

nitrogen gas.

○ Brass- made up of copper and zinc.

Homogeneous Mixture
● The particles are evenly
mixed so that none of the
original substances are
Stainless
visible.
steel

Kool-aid
 AO: Cluster Work:

Design an experiment or science

investigation that illustrates how
some factors affect the solubility of
a given solute in a particular
solvent.
 AO: Individual Work:

Draw a concept map to describe

and relate the nature, properties
and attributes of a solution
 ASYNCHRONOUS:
Individual Work:
1. Do Assessment Task on p. 48

2. Do Assessment Task on p. 64

3. Answer Review on p.65

● Intensive properties are independent of the amount of
material.

● color, temperature, melting point and boililng point

● Extensive properties are dependent on the amount of

material.

● mass , length and volume

 AO: Individual Work

Make a collage of the physical

and chemical properties of
matter.

Prepare a position paper regarding

the positive and negative impacts
of the commercialization of a given
compound.
 AO: Individual Work

Engaging Scenario:
Promotional
Material for Waste
Segregation Project
 Thanks
and have a
good day!