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Chapter 8

Planning involves setting goals, strategies, and plans. Managers plan to provide direction, reduce uncertainty, minimize waste, and establish goals. There are stated goals that an organization communicates and real goals that define its actions. Strategic plans apply organization-wide while operational plans focus on specific areas. Approaches to goal setting include traditional, mean-ends chain, and management by objectives. Managers review resources, determine goals, communicate goals, and review results. Environmental scanning detects trends while competitor intelligence allows predicting rivals' actions. Digital tools like business intelligence and data visualization help strategic decision making.

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27 views3 pages

Chapter 8

Planning involves setting goals, strategies, and plans. Managers plan to provide direction, reduce uncertainty, minimize waste, and establish goals. There are stated goals that an organization communicates and real goals that define its actions. Strategic plans apply organization-wide while operational plans focus on specific areas. Approaches to goal setting include traditional, mean-ends chain, and management by objectives. Managers review resources, determine goals, communicate goals, and review results. Environmental scanning detects trends while competitor intelligence allows predicting rivals' actions. Digital tools like business intelligence and data visualization help strategic decision making.

Uploaded by

vicknguyen7105
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 8: Planning and Goal-Setting

1. The WHAT and WHY of planning


- Planning: Management function that involves setting goals, establishing strategies for achieving
those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate work activities
- Why do managers plan:
 Planning provides direction
 Planning reduces uncertainty
 Planning minimizes waste and redundancy
 Planning establishes the goals or standards
2. Types of Goals
- Goals: Desired outcomes or targets
- Stated Goals: Official statements of what an organization says, and what it wants its various
stakeholders to believe, its goals are
- Real Goals: Goals that an organization actually pursues, as defined by the actions of its members
3. Types of Plans
- Goals: Documents that outline how goals are going to be met
- Strategic plan: kế hoạch áp dụng cho toàn bộ tổ chức và thành lập các mục tiêu chung của tổ
chức
- Operational plan: các kế hoạch bao gồm một lĩnh vực cụ thể lĩnh vực của hoạt động tổ chức

- Long-term plans: các kế hoạch có khung thời gian vượt quá 3 năm
- Short-term plans: kế hoạch 1 năm hoặc ít hơn
- Specific plans: Plans that are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation
- Directonal plans: các kế hoạch linh hoạt (flexibility) và đặt ra tổng thể hướng dẫn
- Single-use plan: A one-time plan specifically designed to meet the needs of a unique situation
- Standing plan: Ongoing plans that provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly
4. Approaches to Setting Goals
- Traditional goal-setting: An approach to setting goals in which top managers set goals that then
flow down through the organization and become subgoals for each organizational area
 But this have some problem
- Mean-ends chain: An integrated network of goals in which the accomplishment of goals at one
level serves as the means for achieving the goals, or ends, at the next levels
- Management by objectives (MBO): process of setting mutually agreed upon goals and using
those goals to evaluate employee performance
 Have 4 elements: goal specificity, participative decision making, an explicit time period, and
performance feedback
 Use MBO to motivate employee

5. Steps in goal-setting
- Review the organization’s mission, or purpose
- Evaluate available resources
- Determine the goals individually or with input from others
- Write down the goals and communicate them to all who need to know.
- Review results and whether goals are being met.
6. Developing Plans
- Contingency factors in planning: Three contingency factors affect the choice of plans:
organizational level, degree of environmental uncertainty, and length of future commitments
- Commitment concept: Plans should extend far enough to meet those commitments made when
the plans were developed
- Formal planning department: A group of planning specialists whose sole responsibility is helping
to write organizational plans
7. How can managers use environmental scanning
- Environmental scanning: Screening information to detect emerging trends
- Competitor intelligence: thu thập thông tin về đối thủ cạnh tranh cho phép manager dự đoán về
hành động của đối thủ cạnh tranh thay vì chỉ phản ứng
- Digital Tools:
 Business intelligence: data that managers can use to make more effective strategic decisions
 Digital tools: technology, systems, or software that allow the user to collect, visualize,
understand, or analyze data
- Data visualization tools: pie charts, bar charts, and trend lines
- Cloud computing: Refers to storing and accessing data on the Internet rather than on a
computer’s hard drive or a company’s network
- Internet of Things (IoT): Allows everyday “things” to generate and store and share data across
the Internet

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