2016 International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)
Design of an E Shaped Patch Antenna for GPS
and IRNSS Application
G.Jeevagan navukarasu lenin#, Ganesh babu.T*, Rajkumar.R#, Ramanathan.A#
#
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Anna University
Address
*
University College of Engineering Ramanathapuram, TN, India
1
jeevaga@gmail.com
3
kraj5465@gmail.com
4
ramanathanrmnd@gmail.com
2
ganeshbabut2@gmail.com
Abstract— Microstrip antennas are used for several operation is to connect a stub or etching a slot on the
applications like military, commercial and space craft patch, knows as reactive loading of patch antenna.
applications. These antennas exhibit a few constraints Developments in the field of wireless communications
such as limited bandwidth and gain due to their resonant leads to need of low volume, compact, low profile
nature. In previous works square shaped microstrip
planar configurations antennas. Advantages of printed
patch suspended antenna with a rectangular slot is
designed and analyzed for radiating both in the frequency circuit technology make the microstrip patch antenna
band of GPS and IRNSS. In this context the shape is more vital in modern era. Limited power handling
modified to E shape and the height of suspension and capability, loss, half plane radiation, low bandwidth
dimension of the patch is reduced significantly. The shape and limitation on the maximum gain are some of the
of proposed antenna will provide high gain which is notable drawbacks associated with the basic microstrip
required for the good operation of communication structures. The advantages of microstrip antennas
systems. Squat volume, less profile formation, easily compensate their disadvantages. The antenna consists
mounted, light weight, low cost in fabrication are the of a metallic patch on a grounded substrate. The
notable advantages of this antenna. Co-axial feeding is
metallic patch can take many different configurations.
used for excitation. The substrate FR4 is used for the
antenna which has dielectric constant 4.4. Air is used as a The patches of rectangular and circular patterns are
second substrate which has dielectric constant 1. Air is most popular because of simplicity in investigation and
used here for easy achievement of multiband frequency fabrication, and their attractive emission characteristics,
operation. The substrate has a size of 100 mm x 100 mm. in particular low cross-polarization effects. The
Designing and simulation of this antenna is done by the microstrip antennas are low dimension, conformability
help of HIGH FREQUENCY STRUCTURAL to planar and non planar surfaces, straightforward and
SIMUATOR 13.0 software. cheap to fabricate using modern printed-circuit
technology, mechanically robust when mounted on
Keywords— Microstrip, polarization, IRNSS rigid surfaces, compatible with MMIC designs, and
very versatile in terms of impedance, polarization,
pattern, and resonant frequency. These antennas can be
I. INTRODUCTION flush mounted on the surface of spacecraft, high-
Modern wireless communication systems require multi performance aircraft, missiles, satellites, cars, and even
frequency band antennas to cover different applications, handheld mobile telephones.
which lead to the development of multiband antennas. Microstrip antennas, referred as patch antennas, having
With the advent of high frequency semiconductor the radiating elements and the feed lines photo etched
devices and MIC, microstrip type of antenna has on the dielectric substrate. There are diversified types
received the utmost attention of the antenna of losses in the antenna, one of which, due to the
community in recent years making it suitable for permittivity and thickness of the substrate material, is
wireless communication applications. Microstrip the surface wave loss. The excitation of such surface
antennas are used for several applications for their low waves the gain and efficiency of the antenna gets
profile, low weight and low cost. These antennas reduced considerably. The gain of the antenna can be
exhibit a few constraints such as limited bandwidth and enhanced by minimizing the loss due to surface wave
gain due to their resonant nature. This can be propagation. The substrate of patch with low dielectric
eliminated by cutting slots in the basic shape, changing values shall be preferred to counter the surface wave
the shape of the geometry, or using multi-layer loss. Single elements or arrays of microstrip antennas
techniques. Dual frequency antennas found in the can be used to achieve linear and circular polarizations.
literature can be divided into three categories Arrays of microstrip elements, with single or multiple
(a)Orthogonal mode dual frequency patch antenna, feed, may also be used to introduce scanning
(b)multi-patch dual frequency patch antenna, capabilities and achieve greater directivities.
(c)reactively loaded dual frequency patch antennas.
The easiest method for getting the dual frequency
ISBN No.978-1-4673-9545-8 179
2016 International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)
II.DESIGN METHODOLOGY
The patch shape is continuously changed to get the
desired frequency of operations; it is achieved by
making slots, slits in the patch, defecting the edges of
the patch, and by changing the feed position the return
loss is improved along with the VSWR.
A. Design considerations
The initial design involves in selecting the materials Fig. 2. Side view
for patch and substrate along with the required
thickness and optimizing it through series of 2) Design 2: Corner cut E shape
simulations. Then progressing through modifications The corners of the patch are disturbed by introducing
over the patch for required gain, frequencies and square slots. The dimension of d in figure is 4 mm and
bandwidth. of c is 2mm for top-bottom and centre arms
The width and length of the E shape microstrip patch respectively. The patch is fed by a co-axial probe.
are determined as follows, Return loss is improved by defecting the corners of the
Width, patch. Return loss at IRNSS frequency is improved
ଵ
ܹൌ with but at the cost of reduction at the GPS frequency
మ
ଶඨאఓට
ചೝశభ
Effective Dielectric constant,
ఌାଵ ఌିଵ ିǤହ
ߝ ݂݂݁ݎൌ ቀ ቁ ሾቀ ቁ ቂͳ ͳʹ ቃ ሿ
ଶ ଶ ௐ
Length extension, as the function of Width- height
ratio and effective dielectric constant, is given as
normalized length,
ೈ
ሺఌାǤଷሻሺ ାǤଶସሻ
ο ܮൌ ͲǤͶͳʹ݄ ೈ
ሺఌିǤଶହ଼ሻሺ ାǤ଼ሻ
The actual Length of the radiating patch,
ଵ
ܮൌቌ ቍ െ ʹοܮ
ଶටఌඥఌఓ
Effective Length, Le=L+2οܮ
B.Design Evolution: Fig. 3. Design 2-Corner cut E shape
1) Design1: Simple E shape
It compraises of a FR4 substrate of thickness 3mm and 3) Design 3: Corner cut E shape with slots
dimensions 100 x100 mm. A air gab of 3mm is A rectangular slot of dimension 4.5 x 27mm is made at
introduced between the substrate and the ground plane. upper arm of patch similarly at lower arm 3 x 35 mm
A square radiating patch of dimensions 60x60 mm is slot is etched. A slit of length 40mm and breadth of 1
employed. Two slots are made in the patch with mm is etched. Patch is radiating at GPS and IRNSS
dimension 4x40 mm. The patch is fed by co-axial frequency band but with the limited return loss.
probe at the top arm. Patch is radiating at the GPS
frequency only.
Fig. 1. Design 1- simple E shape
Fig. 4. Design 3-Corner cut E shape with slots
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2016 International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)
III. RESULTS
Effect of slots: The design 1, 2, 3 and final design are compared with
The slots and slits are introduced in the design 3 so as each other, the VSWR and return loss of final design is
to improve the impedance matching performance of the better than the other than designs at the GPS and
antenna. Resonating frequencies can be chosen with IRNSS frequency.
respect to the dimensions of the slots. By increasing
the width of the slot the resonating frequency is
switching backwards & reverse effect for length
variation.
4) Final Design: E shaped dual band antenna
The return loss at IRNSS frequency is improved by
reducing the width of the slots at the upper q & lower
arms, r, of the E shaped patch from 4.5 mm to 2.5 mm
& 3 mm to 2mm respectively.
Fig. 6. Comparison of S11 for all the design in the
progress
Fig. 5. E shaped dual band antenna
TABLE.1. Dimensions of the antenna
Dimensions mm
a 50
b 44
Fig. 7. Comparison of VSWR for all the design in the
c 4
progress
d 6
e 10 A. Radiation pattern:
f 6 The E plane Radiation pattern for two resonant
frequencies are shown in the figure (a) and (b) for GPS
g 44 and IRNSS respectively. Taken here for the azimuth
h 5 angle of 0 and 90 degrees.
i 4
j 30
k 14
l 8
m 5
n 36
p 2
q 2.5
r 2
s 2
a)
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2016 International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)
Return loss of -19dB at 1.6GHz and -16dB at 2.5GHZ
with VSWR of 1.66 and 2 at GPS and IRNSS
frequencies respectively are obtained by simulation
(b)
Fig. 8. E-plane pattern at a) 1.6 GHz b) 2.57 GHz
The 2- dimensional gain for the resultant antenna is Fig. 10. Measured Vs Simulated Return loss
shown below. The design produces decent values for
two operating frequencies. The advantage achieving
compactness results at the cost of little reduction in
gain and directivity.
Fig. 11. Measured Vs Simulated VSWR
The measured results show the close correspondence
with the simulated one.
Fig. 9. 2D gain at 1.6 GHz Table 2. Simulated Vs Measured results
It produces an optimum gain at both the operating Simulated Results of Measured Results of
frequency. The patch radiates with a gain of 6 dB and Parameters E shape navigation E shape navigation
antenna antenna
7.25 dB at GPS and IRNSS frequency respectively. Radiating 1.6
1.6 GHZ 2.57GHz 2.57GHz
frequency GHZ
Return loss -19.13 -16 -14 -12
VSWR 1.93 2.4 2.1 2.6
Fig. 9. 2D gain at 2.57GHz
Fig. 12. Photograph of the antenna
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2016 International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)
B. Different Substrates IV CONCLUSIONS
The E shaped navigation antenna was The E shaped navigation antenna is designed,
designed by using FR4 substrate. The performance can simulated, fabricated successfully. The simulation
be further improved by changing the substrate material results shows that the antenna resonates at 1.6 GHz,
to ROGERS TMM (4). 2.57 GHz giving return loss of -19.13 dB & -16 dB and
VSWR matching of 1.93 and 2.4 respectively. The gain
TABLE 3. Simulated Vs Measured results for different substrate produced by the antenna is 7.25 dBi, 6 dBi at the 1.6
Parameters Rogers TMM4 FR4 GHz, 2.57GHz frequencies respectively. Whereas the
Radiating 1.6 2.57 1.6 2.57 measured result shows that antenna is resonating well
frequency GHZ GHz GHZ GHz at both the frequencies of operations. Simulated and
Return loss -21 -18 -19.6 -17 measured are having closer correspondence. It has also
VSWR 1.66 2.02 1.93 2.41
been observed that the position of feed point has a
serious effect on the performance of the designated
antenna. By varying the feed position & introducing
designs at patch, parameters of antenna can further be
optimized. The E shaped navigation antenna is suitable
for navigating applications involving IRNSS and GPS
frequency spectrum.
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