TOPIC 3: URBANIZATION

Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the
position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Question 1: A. urbanize B. illustrate C. important D. interest
Question 2: A. conclusion B. engaged C. familiar D. overload
Question 3: A. advantage B. presentation C. recommend D. economic
Question 4: A. gradually B. apparent C. benefit D. generate
Question 5: A. migrant B. access C. result D. social
Question 6: A. statistics B. generate C. surrounding D. congestion
Question 7: A. measure B. product C. massive D. increase
Question 8: A. develop B. agriculture C. proportion D. facility
Question 9: A. standard B. various C. resource D. migrate
Question 10: A. industry B. populate C. emission D. summarize
Exercise 2: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the
other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 11: A. definite B. demand C. present D. content
Question 12: A. fixed B. provided C. related D. naked
Question 13: A. mention B. confusion C. presentation D. nation
Question 14: A. introduce B. opportunity C. population D. information
Question 15: A. expand B. regard C. inhabitant D. traffic
Question 16: A. finalized B. concluded C. solved D. advised
Question 17: A. process B. proceed C. solved D. propose
Question 18: A. urbanized B. occurred C. happened D. discussed
Question 19: A. shortage B. disadvantage C. encourage D. message
Question 20: A. fluctuates B. researches C. focuses D. causes

Exercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following
questions.
Question 21: Urbanization is the process by which _______ areas grow bigger as more and more people
leave the countryside to live in towns and cities.
A. rural B. remote C. suburban D. urban
Question 22: The new policies include cutting subsidies _______ and trade barriers.
A. agriculture B. agricultural C. agriculturalist D. agriculturally
Question 23: Rapid urbanization happened during the period of _______ in Europe and North America
in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
A. industry B. industrial C. industrious D. industrialization
Question 24: A lot of people left their home villages for urban areas hoping to find jobs in the rapidly
_______ industries in big towns and cities.
A. spreading B. expanding C. surrounding D. boarding
Question 25: Since 1950s urbanization has become slower in most MEDCs. Now, some of the biggest
cities are losing population because people go back to live in rural areas. This is known as _______
A. counter-productivity B. counter-partnership C. counter-urbanization D. counter-effect
Question 26: People to _______ urban areas on a massive scale due to lack of resources in rural areas.
A. travel B. immigrate C. migrate D. emigrate
Question 27: Small farmers find it harder to _______ a living not just because of bad weather conditions
such as drought, floods, or storms, but because they can’t compete with large agricultural companies.
A. make B. get C. have D. try
Question 28: People living in rural areas are also "pulled" to cities, which are known to be places of
financial centers, services, _______ and opportunities.
A. health B. wealth C. stealth D. heath
Question 29: Believing that the standard of living in urban areas will be higher than in rural areas, many
people come to the city seeking their ______
A. luck B. opportunity C. fortune D. promotion
Question 30: Urbanization has provided job opportunities, higher _______ and better access to health
facilities and education.
A. wages B. salaries C. pensions D. incomes
Question 31: The urban population will continue to grow and it is expected that its will increase_______
to 70% by 2050. A. level B. population C. habitants D. proportion
Question 32: MEDCs stands for more _______ developed countries.
A. economic B. economical C. economically D. economics
Question 33: Thailand's urbanization rate has increased gradually over the past 50 years, bringing
_______ and wide-ranging benefits to the country.
A. apparent B. apparently C. unapparent D. unapparently
Question 34: In terms of economic benefits, the national income statistics have shown that Bangkok and
the surrounding areas usually _______ more than 50% of the gross domestic product.
A. produce B. create C. generate D. make
Question 35: Regarding the social benefits, Bangkok's inhabitants have access to better services and
facilities _______ to any other area of the country.
A. comparison B. compared C. comparing D. comparative
Question 36: In the South, _______ development concentrated on rice cultivation, and nationally, rice
and rubber were the main items of export.
A. industrial B. agricultural C. mining D. textile
Question 37: However, urbanization has also resulted in massive problems.
A. numerous B. huge C. plentiful D. abundant
Question 38: Thousands of migrants live in the modern _______ surrounded by poverty, crime and
drugs, and with no hope of getting a job.
A. hostages B. mortgages C. slums D. inners
Question 39: Traffic _______ is another big problem in the city whose road system is unable to cope
with the increasing number of cars.
A. congestion B. jam C. rules D. troubles
Question 40: The traffic congestion combined with the large concentration of factories has severely
affected the air and water _______.
A. standard B. condition C. quality D. quantity
Question 41: For more than 20 years, the Vietnamese government has pursued the open-door _______
and continued to woo foreign investment.
A. policy B. way C. export D. guideline
Question 42: _______ zones are developing rapidly in the urban areas.
A. Agricultural B. Organizational C. Industrial D. Industrialized
Question 43: After a decade of economic liberalization, Vietnam has seen a dramatic rise in living
_______ in urban areas.
A. surface B. standards C. levels D. backgrounds
Question 44: A _______ is money that is paid by a government or other authority in order to help an
industry or business, or to pay for a public service.
A. capital B. subsidy C. investment D. salary
Question 45: The economic _______ in the U.S in the 1970s had a serious impact on the whole world.
A. difficulty B. crisis C. unbalance D. destruction
Question 46: Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase
in the _______ of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change.
A. number B. proportion C. figures D. amount
Question 47: Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including geography, sociology,
economics, urban _______ and public health..
A. making B. practicing C. planning D. growing
Question 48: Urbanization is a process _______ populations move from rural to urban area, enabling
cities and towns to grow.
A. nearly B. nearby C. whereby D. nowhere
Question 49: Accordingly, urbanization is very common in developing and developed worlds as more
and more people have the _______ of moving closer to towns and cities to acquire "privileged" social and
economic services as well as benefits.
A. tendency B. ambition C. intention D. dream
Question 50: Majority of people move to cities and towns because they view rural areas as places with
hardship and _______ or primitive lifestyle.
A. upward B. forward C. backward D. downward

Exercise 4: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 51: It also says something about the psyche of the Newcastle manager and the mindset which
he demands of his players.
A. outlook B. criteria C. strategy D. instruction
Question 52: This is a fascinating and thought-provoking book, laced with genuine wit and elegantly
written.
A. boring B. absorbing C. tedious D. exhausting
Question 53: He stressed that idea of the event is to grab the public’s attention with their favorite acts,
rather than to give them a diverse arts festival.
A. distract B. evaluate C. change D. attract
Question 54: Perhaps the Confederation of Indian Industry's plan to launch a massive skill upgradation
and training initiative over the next two years will help.
A. proposal B. course C. activity D. intention
Question 55: The weather-beaten faces staring out from old photographs are no longer around to tell of
the hardships of life in a remote mining community 100 years ago.
A. pale B. dark C. suntanned D. fair
Question 56: Why do they not follow where the interview goes instead of sticking to their boring
prepared questions?
A. expanding B. contributing to C. keeping away D. concentrating on
Question 57: The study emphasized a period of time beginning four years before the casino opened and
four years after.
A. carried on B. focused on C. relied on D. was based on
Question 58: Understanding the need for change is essential for the ability to successfully cope with
these challenges.
A. get rid of B. deal with C. go down D. keep up with
Question 59: The sharp increase in the percentage of children living with single parents that began
around 1960 has leveled off and was about the same in 2003 as it had been in 1990.
A. remained stable B. increased slightly C. reduce quickly D. fluctuated
Question 60: One thousand telephone surveys have been carried out by an independent market research
company as well as getting feedback and comments from local people.
A. brought B. continued C. conducted D. finished
Question 61: The Neighborhood Watch gets residents involved in keeping an eye out for suspicious
behavior and alerting police to possible law-breaking.
A. believing in B. participating in C. watching out D. wiping out
Question 62: All you need to do to get rid of a few butterflies m the stomach is just relax. Laughing
with, or talking to, others about your stress can help reduce it.
A. happiness B. joyfulness C. disappointment D. nervousness
Question 63: Without knowing the ins and outs of the legislation, I am broadly in favor of not sacking
people without a reason.
A. the details B. the general knowledge C. the main points D. the seriousness
Question 64: I’m sorry, I got hold of the wrong end of the stick. I thought you were complaining about
something.
A. misapplied B. misunderstood C. admitted D. realized
Question 65: What beats me is why people are prepared to sit in a traffic jam every morning for half an
hour just to get to work.
A. What I cannot understand B. What I feel interested in
C. What I pay attention to D. What I cannot believe
Exercise 5: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE
in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 66: It's only quite recently that the long-lasting and devastating effects of such chemicals on
wildlife have come to light.
A. durable B. effective C. transient D. flexible
Question 67: The best hope of avoiding a downmarket tabloid TV future lies in the pressure currently
being put on the networks to clean up their act.
A. expensive B. cheap C. inferior D. economical
Question 68: One of the most efficient and cost-effective approaches to the late payment problem is
invoice finance
A. gainful B. unprofitable C. well-paid D. commercial
Question 69: They are not down-to-earth people who are willing to lower themselves
to see the reality of poor people’s lives.
A. practical B. reasonable C. sensible D. unrealistic
Question 70: Mr Robinson said the scheme could not work for every household and will only serve
15,000 homes in the most densely populated areas - Skipton, Settle and South Craven.
A. sparsely B. compactly C. heavily D. solidly
Question 71: If he gets bored with the lessons, he just switches off and looks out the window.
A. went off B. apologized for C. paid attention to D. kept on
Question 72: If you don’t make good money, you are a loser and may be looked down on, no matter
how civilized and ethical you are.
A. insulted B. respected C. underestimated D. given another chance
Question 73: As a southerner, he did not want to move north, fearing that he might never settle down in
the provinces.
A. inhabit B. navigate C. colonize D. migrate
Question 74: It turned out that they had spent days and nights at Internet cafes, one after the other until
their money was used up.
A. run out of B. invested C. conserved D. consumed
Question 75: The Persians were eating round bread with cheese in the 500s. That was nearly 1,000 years
before pizza caught on in Naples, Italy.
A. became unpopular B. became infamous
C. became well-known D. became common
Question 76: Through this new partnership we will continue the positive progress made in recent years
and ensure the area goes from strength to strength.
A. becomes worse and worse B. gets better and better
C. develops gradually D. decreases sharply
Question 77: Danny put the cat among the pigeons by suggesting that the company might have to make
some redundancies.
A. made other people disappointed B. made other people nervous
C. made a lot of people satisfied D. made a lot of people annoyed
Question 78: Dame Stella is out of touch with modern archive services, which can be innovative and
challenging.
A. old-fashioned B. popular C. up-to-date D. out-of-date
Question 79: While the Web was a dead loss, the cell-phone ringtone market seemed very promising.
A. completely useless B. profitable C. unsuccessful D. available
Question 80: It is now known that the government kept the lid on this controversial deployment for
more than two weeks.
A. kept a secret B. circulated the news C. concealed D. proclaimed

Exercise 6: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 81 to 92.
Setting up and running a car company was an expensive business and required a lot of workers. A
company that makes its money out of a smart app requires less capital, doesn't have to pay (81) _______
storage or transport in the way that car companies do and (82) _______ virtually no extra costs as the
number of users increases.
In the jargon of economics, the marginal costs per unit of output tend towards zero and the returns to
scale are high. This explains why tech entrepreneurs can get very rich very young. Technological change
has always been (83) _______ There was a polarization of income and wealth in the first wave of
industrialization at the beginning of the 19th century, and this gave rise to political and institutional
change over the 100 years between 1850 and 1950: the spread of democracy; the emergence of trade
unions; progressive taxation and the development of social safety nets. These helped create bigger
markets for the consumer goods that were spawned by the second Industrial Revolution: TVs, radios,
vacuum cleaners and the like. (84) _______ over the past four decades a political model that both
facilitated the spread of technology and provided some protection against its disruptive consequences has
come under attack. Welfare states have become less generous, levels of long-term unemployment are
much higher, taxation has become less progressive, and politics has increasingly been dominated by those
with the deepest pockets (85) _______ can lobby the loudest.
(Adaptedfrom https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog)
Question 81: A. with B. for C. off D. on
Question 82: A. gives B. involves C. incurs D. takes
Question 83: A. disruptive B. disrupt C. disruption D. disruptively
Question 84: A. However B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. But
Question 85: A. what B. who C. which D. that

Exercise 7: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 86 to 93.
populations interact with their environment. Urban people change their environment through their
consumption of food, energy, water, and land. And in turn, the polluted urban environment affects the
health and quality of life of the urban population. People who live in urban areas have very different
consumption patterns than residents in rural areas. For example, urban populations consume much more
food, energy, and durable goods than rural populations. In China during the 1970s, the urban populations
consumed twice as much pork as the rural populations who were raising the pigs. With economic
development, the difference in consumption declined as the rural populations ate better diets. But even a
decade later, urban populations had 60 percent more pork in their diets than rural populations. The
increasing consumption of meat is a sign of growing affluence in Beijing; in India where many urban
residents are vegetarians, greater prosperity is seen in higher consumption of milk.
Urban populations not only consume more food, but they also consume more durable goods. In the early
1990s, Chinese households in urban areas were two times more likely to have a TV, eight times more
likely to have a washing machine, and 25 times more likely to have a refrigerator than rural households.
This increased consumption is a function of urban labor markets, wages, and household structure.
Urban consumption of energy helps create heat islands that can change local weather patterns and weather
downwind from the heat islands. The heat island phenomenon is created because cities radiate heat back
into the atmosphere at rate 15 percent to 30 percent less than rural areas. The combination of the
increased energy consumption and difference in albedo (radiation) means that cities are warmer than rural
areas (0.6 to 1.3 C). And these heat islands become traps for atmospheric pollutants. Cloudiness and fog
occur with greater frequency. Precipitation is 5 percent to 10 percent higher in cities; thunderstorms and
hailstorms are much more frequent, but snow days in cities are less common.
Urbanization also affects the broader regional environments. Regions downwind from large industrial
complexes also see increases in the amount of precipitation, air pollution, and the number of days with
thunderstorms. Urban areas affect not only the weather patterns, but also the runoff patterns for water.
Urban areas generally generate more rain, but they reduce the infiltration of water and lower the water
tables. This means that runoff occurs more rapidly with greater peak flows. Flood volumes increase, as do
floods and water pollution downstream.
Many of the effects of urban areas on the environment are not necessarily linear. Bigger urban areas do
not always create more environmental problems. And small urban areas can cause large problems. Much
of what determines the extent of the environmental impacts is how the urban populations behave - their
consumption and living patterns - not just how large they are.
(Source: https://www.prb.org )
Question 86: Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
A. The consumption of urban populations B. The environmental effects of urbanization
C. The benefits and drawbacks of urbanization D. The interaction of humans with environment
Question 87: Which of the following is TRUE about the food consumption of Chinese urban
inhabitants? A. People in urban areas ate less than those in rural areas in the past
B. Urban civilians prefer more milk in their diets than pork
C. People breeding the pigs in the past often had less pork in their diets than those in urban areas
D. The pork consumption in urban areas has experienced a downward trend.
Question 88: The word “their" in paragraph 2 refers to _______
A. the urban residents' B. the rural populations’ C. pigs'. D. Chinese citizens’.
Question 89: According to paragraph 3, the following are mentioned as examples of durable goods,
EXCEPT _______
A. televisions B. washing machines C. fridges. D. generators
Question 90: What does the word “Precipitation" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. the amount of the rain fall B. the bad weather with strong wind and rain
C. the rain that contains harmful chemicals D. air pollution
Question 91: The word “infiltration" in paragraph 5 could be best replaced by
A. penetration B. interruptionC. conservation D. accumulation
Question 92: In which paragraph does the writer mention the temperature in urban areas is higher than
that of rural ones?
A. Paragraph 3 B. Paragraph 4 C. Paragraph 5 D. Paragraph 6
Question 93: What can be inferred in the last paragraph?
A. Human activities have directly impacts on how the environment changes
B. There larger the urban areas are, The more complicated the environmental problems become.
C. People should not expand urban areas in order to protect the environment.
D. Global warming is the main factor that affects the environment.