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Óôyl
≤ÃhflyÏ Óly
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lyà!Ó˚ܲ•z ÎyˆÏï˛ §yÙy!çܲñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ G Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ lƒyÎ˚!Óã˛yÓ˚ñ !ã˛hs˝yñ
Ùï˛≤Ãܲy¢ñ !ÓŸªy§ñ ôÙ≈ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õy§lyÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yñ §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y xç≈l
G §%ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §Ùï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙÎ≈yòy
~ÓÇ çyï˛#Î˚ ˙ܲƒ G §Ç•!ï˛ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ÎyˆÏï˛ ºyï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˲yÓ àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ §ï˛ƒ!l¤˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ¢˛õÌ @˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ àî˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏò xyç 1949 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 26 lˆÏ˲¡∫Ó˚ñ ~ï˛jµyÓ˚y
~•z §Ç!Óôyl @˝Ã•îñ !Ó!ôÓÂô ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚!SÈ– ÛÛ
 Constitution of India
Part IV A (Article 51 A)

Fundamental Duties
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India —
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the
National Flag and the National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle
for freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to
do so;
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all
the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or
sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes,
rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform;
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective
activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour
and achievement;
*(k) who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to
his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and
fourteen years.

Note: The Article 51A containing Fundamental Duties was inserted by the Constitution
(42nd Amendment) Act, 1976 (with effect from 3 January 1977).
*(k) was inserted by the Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002 (with effect from
1 April 2010).
 ç#Ó!Óòƒy
~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z

≤Ûï˛Ü˛Ó˚î

çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ïò≈ ñ lï%˛l !ò!Õ‘ –

xl%Óyò G x!˲ˆÏÎyçl
Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ïò≈ ñ !e˛õ%Óy˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ –
 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
2006 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ xT˛Ù ˆ◊!î
˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G í˛zFã˛≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ Ù%oî G ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ˛õy°l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ–

Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚hflψÏÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ G §Ù,Âôï˛Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !e˛õ%Ó˚y

Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ xT˛Ùñ lÓÙ G ~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ çlƒ 2019
!¢«˛yÓ£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ å~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ä
˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ§Ù)• @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚–

ÓyÇ°y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î
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≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ ÓSÈÓ˚ G•z§Ó ˛õ%hflÏܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ%lÙ%≈oî ܲÓ˚y •°– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ò¢Ù
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!¢«˛yӈϣÏ≈ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl í˛zˆÏՑრˆÎñ ÓyÇ°y !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢lyÓ˚
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!Ó¢y° ~•z ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛ ˆÎ§Ó !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛yñ xôƒy˛õܲÈüÈxôƒy!˛õܲyñ !¢«˛y!Óòñ

xl%Óyòܲñ xl%ˆÏ°áܲñ Ù%oîܲÙ#≈ G !¢“#Ó˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÓ˚°§Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÜœ˛yhs˝
˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙ ~•z í˛zˆÏòƒyà ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ §Ü,˛ï˛K˛ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ–

≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ G ˆ§Ô®Î≈ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yl%Ó˚yà# G

à%î#çˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–

xyàÓ˚ï˛°y í˛z_Ù Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ã˛yܲÙy

Ùyã≈˛ñ 2020 x!ôܲï≈˛y
Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò
!e˛õ%Ó˚y–
í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y
í˛É xî≈Ó ˆ§lñ §• xôƒy˛õܲñ ~l •z xyÓ˚ xy•z •z å~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛äñ !¢°Ç
í˛É xÓ˚)˛õ Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ §y•yñ §• xôƒy˛õܲñ xyÓ˚ xy•z •z å~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛äñ Ë%˛ÓˆÏlŸªÓ˚–

xl%Óyò
í˛/ ˆàÔÓ˚Ó Ó˚yÎ˚ xôƒy˛õܲ
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≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛îy §y•y xôƒy˛!õܲy
˛õyߨy ã˛Ü˛Óï˛# ≤Ãôyl !¢!«˛Ü˛y
˛õ!Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛y£Ï §y•y xÓ§Ó˚≤ÃyÆ §•Ü˛yÓ˚# ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛
x!˲!çÍ ã˛Ü˛Óï≈˛# !¢«˛Ü˛
˛õ%!Ó≈ï˛y §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
Ó˚yÙôl ˆòÓ !¢«˛Ü˛
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ˆ˛õÔ°Ù# ˲Ryã˛yÎ≈ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
ܲyܲ!° Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
˛õyÓ≈ï˛# òy¢à%Æ !¢!«˛Ü˛y

˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈ly
§%¢#° ã˛w Ó!îܲñ !¢«˛Ü˛
•z®%ÙyôÓ ã˛Ü˛Óï≈˛#ñ xÓ§Ó˚≤ÃyÆ !¢«˛Ü˛
≤ÃÓ%Âô §%®Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
§%!≤ÃÎ˚ ã˛Ü˛Óï≈˛#ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
 ≤Ãyܲ‰ÈܲÌl
çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy å2005äÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ç#Ól G fl%҈ϰÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §¡õÜ≈˛ Ìyܲy á%Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y Î!ò ¢%ô%Ùye fl%Ò°
~ÓÇ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ à![˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#!Ùï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ§•z§Ó !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ñ Óy!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ §¡±òyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
~•z !ï˛l çyÎ˚àyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÊÑ˛yܲ ÌyܲyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ù)°ï˛ ~•z ¢)lƒfiÌylê˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ•z çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù G lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%áfiÌ Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛#Ó˲yˆÏÓ
xyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Órô •ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ê˛yG xy¢y
ܲÓ˚ y •ˆÏ F SÈ ˆÎñ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ l çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛Ó˚ å1986ä !¢¢% ˆ Ï Ü ˛!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒˆÏ Ü ˛
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–

ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
!¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎÑyÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyˆÏç !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲ“ly¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy á%Ó çÓ˚%!Ó˚ñ !¢¢%Ó˚y Î!ò §ÙÎ˚ñ
fiÌyl ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ÓˆÏí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ K˛yl !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y
lï%˛l xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ܲÙye ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õy§ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüÈ Ù)°ï˛ ~•z
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lyñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ï˛ál•z §Ω˛Óñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y GˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ˆàyê˛y !¢ál ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye @˝Ã•#ï˛y ly ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚Ó–

ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z °«˛ƒ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ܲyÎ≈§)!ã˛ G ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
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ܲ# ˛õÂô!ï˛ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛ fl%҈ϰ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– !Óàï˛
!òlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÓyV˛y Ó•zˆÏï˛ ly •Î˚ñ ~•z lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï lçÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ
lï%˛l ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%là≈ë˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z
˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚yñ lï%˛l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓlyÈüÈ!ã˛hs˝yñ ï˛Ü≈˛ÈüÈ!Óï˛Ü≈˛ñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y @˝Ã%˛õ Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ •yˆÏï˛ÈüÈܲ°ˆÏÙ !¢«˛y ~•z§Ó !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
 ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c≤ÃyÆ §Ü˛° Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ ÎÑyÓ˚y ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛
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!lí˛z !ò!Õ‘ x!ôܲï≈˛y

20 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ñ2005 Ó˚yT˛…#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò
å~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ä
 TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
Chairperson, Advisory Group for Textbooks in Science and Mathematics
J.V. Narlikar, Emeritus Professor, Chairman, Advisory Committee, Inter University Centre for Astronomy
and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune University, Pune

Chief Advisor
K. Muralidhar, Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi

Members
Ajit Kumar Kavathekar, Reader (Botany), Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi
B.B.P. Gupta, Professor, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong
C.V. Shimray, Lecturer, Department of Education in Science and Mathematics, NCERT
Dinesh Kumar, Reader, Department of Education in Science and Mathematics, NCERT
J.S. Gill, Professor, Department of Education in Science and Mathematics, NCERT
K. Sarath Chandran, Reader (Zoology), Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi
Nalini Nigam, Reader (Botany), Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi
Pratima Gaur, Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad
Ratnam Kaul Wattal, Reader (Botany), Zakir Hussain College, University of Delhi, Delhi
R.K. Seth, UGC Scientist C, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi
R.P. Singh, Lecturer (Biology), Rajkiya Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya, Kishan Ganj, Delhi
Sangeeta Sharma, PGT (Biology), Kendriya Vidyalaya, JNU, New Delhi
Savithri Singh, Principal, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi; Former Fellow, Centre
for Science Education and Communication, University of Delhi, Delhi
S.C. Jain, Professor, Department of Education in Science and Mathematics, NCERT
Sunaina Sharma, Lecturer (Biology), Rajkiya Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya, Dwarka, New Delhi
Tejinder Chawla, PGT (Biology), Guru Harkrishan Public School, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi
T.N. Lakhanpal, Professor (Retd.), Department of Bio Sciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla
U.K. Nanda, Professor, Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneshwar

Member-Coordinator
B.K. Tripathi, Reader, Department of Education in Science and Mathematics, NCERT.
 A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) gratefully acknowledges
the contribution of the individuals and organisations involved in the development of the
Biology textbook for Class XI. The Council is grateful to Arvind Gupte, Principal (Retd.),
Government Collegiate Education Services, Madhya Pradesh; Shailaja Hittalmani, Associate
Professor (Genetics), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore;
K.R. Shivanna, Professor (Retd.), Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi; R.S.
Bedwal, Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur; P.S. Srivastava,
Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Hamdard University, New Delhi and Pramila
Shivanna, former Teacher, D.A.V. School, Delhi, for their valuable suggestions. The Council
is also thankful to V.K. Bhasin, Professor and Head, Department of Zoology, University of
Delhi, Delhi; P.P. Bakre, Professor and Head, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan,
Jaipur and Savithri Singh, Principal, Acharya Narendra Dev College, New Delhi for their
support. The Council is also grateful to B.K. Gupta, Scientist, Central Zoo Authority, New
Delhi for providing pictures of zoological parks and
Sameer Singh for the pictures on the front and back cover. All the other photographs used
in the book provided by Savithri Singh and taken at either at NCERT, IARI Campus or
Acharya Narendra Dev College is gratefully acknowledged.
NCERT sincerely acknowledges the contributions of the members who participated in
the review of the manuscripts – M.K. Tiwari, PGT (Biology), Kendriya Vidyalaya, Mandsaur,
Madhya Pradesh; Maria Gracias Fernandes, PGT (Biology), G.V.M.S. Higher Secondary, Ponda,
Goa; A.K. Ganguly, PGT (Biology), Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Roshnabad, Haridwar;
Shivani Goswami, PGT (Biology), The Mother’s International School, New Delhi and B.N.
Pandey, Principal, Ordinance Factory Sr. Sec. School, Dehradun.
The Council is highly thankful to M. Chandra, Professor and Head, DESM; Hukum
Singh, Professor, DESM, NCERT for their valuable support throughout the making of
this book. The contributions of V.V. Anand, Professor (Retd), Regional Institute of Education
(RIE), Mysuru; A.K. Mohapatra, Professor, RIE, Bhubaneswar; Abhay Kumar, Assistant
Professor, CIET, NCERT; G.V. Gopal, Professor, RIE, Mysuru; Ishwant Kaur, AHM, DMS,
Ajmer; Sunita Farkya, Professor, DESM, NCERT; Pushplata Verma, Assistant Professor,
DESM, NCERT; C. Padmaja, Professor, RIE, Mysuru and Jaydeep Mandal, Professor, RIE,
Bhopal in the review of this textbook in 2017-18 are acknowledged.
The Council also gratefully acknowledges the contribution of Deepak Kapoor, Incharge,
Computer Station; Mohd. Khalid Raza and Arvind Sharma, DTP operators; Saswati
Banerjee and Hari Darshan Lodhi, Copy Editor; Archana Srivastava, Proof Reader and
APC office and administrative staff of DESM, NCERT.
The efforts of the Publication Department, NCERT in bringing out this publication
are also appreciated.
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xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛yà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒyñ Ó˚§yÎ˚l!Óòƒy •zï˛ƒy!ò ¢yáyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~Ó˚
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x˲yÓ– ~SÈyí˛¸y í˛z!qòñ ≤Ãyî# G ç#Óyî%Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ Ó•% ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yG ˆË˛Ôï˛ÈüÈÓ˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù– ˆÜ˛y¢
ç#Ó!Óòƒyñ í˛z!qòñ ≤Ãyî# G xî%ç#ˆÏÓ âê˛y xy˛õyï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ˛õ)î≈ âê˛lyÓ!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l!•ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#Ó˚
~ܲ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ xyî!Óܲ !ÓK˛yl åˆÎÙl ç#Ó Ó˚§yÎ˚l!Óòƒy Óy xyî!Óܲ ç#Ó!Óòƒyä ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ê˛y
˛≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ í˛z!qòñ ≤Ãyî# G xî%ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~•z§Ó xy˛õyï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ˛õ)î≈ ç#Óà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ xyî!Óܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yG
~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ •Î˚– í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• Ÿª§lñ !Ó˛õyܲñ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ó,!Âôñ çll G ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùï˛ âê˛lyÓ!°ˆÏܲ §¡õÜ≈˛•#l
˛õ,Ìܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˜Ó!ã˛eƒ˛õ)î≈ ¢yáyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ~ܲ#ܲÓ˚î•zÈ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆàˆÏSñ
§¡õ)î≈ ~ܲ#ܲÓ˚î §Ω˛Ó •Î˚!l– ~ê˛y xy¢y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛î G !¢álˆÏ«˛ˆÏe âê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l§Ù)• Îál
~•z ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ lï%˛l §ÇflÒÓ˚î ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏï˛ í˛z!qò!Óòƒyñ ≤Ãyî#!Óòƒy G xî%ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓ˚G §Ùß∫!Î˚ï˛ Ó˚)˛õ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ
G ~!ê˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~•z ç#Ó!Óòƒy •ˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ myÓ˚yñ
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ !ÓK˛yl–
~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ç#Ó!Óòƒy ~•z lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ƒ§)!ã˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈l G ˛õ%làë≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ%l!°≈!áï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy å2005ä ~Ó˚ Ù)° l#!ï˛ G xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 22 !ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ ˛§Ù@˝Ã ˛õyë˛ƒÓ› xyÓyÓ˚ 5!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!˲!_ܲ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
§yÓ˚ÙÙ≈ˆÏܲ ˛≤Ãyôylƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓ,!ï˛ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ~ܲˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~ܲçl !Ó!¢T˛ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚ ç#Ól#G §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õ,¤˛yÎ˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚
í˛z˛õ!¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓ˚!îÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓ˚Ó# §Çáƒyï˛_¥ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ò¢!Ùܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z í˛z˛õ!¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ §Ç!«˛Æ§yÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z
xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# ܲ# !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ܲÌy ï˛y ~•z §yÓ˚yÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Ó˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ≤Ã!ï˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ß¿Ùy°y ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yñ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› fløÓ˚îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿– xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È ≤ß¿
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y í˛z_Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïîydܲ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆÓyôàÙƒï˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– !ܲS%È ≤ß¿ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôylÙ)°Ü˛– §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~Ùl !ܲS%È ≤ß¿G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϟ’£Ïî G xl%Ùyl !lË≈˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ܲyÓ˚î ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ~!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ à˲#Ó˚
!ã˛hs˝lÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÓyôàÙƒï˛y çˆÏß√ˆÏSÈ !ܲly ï˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüÈ
Óî≈ly˜Ï¢°#ñ !Ó¢ò#ܲÓ˚îñ ܲyÎ≈ÈüÈ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xl%¢#°l#ñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ˛≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ flõT˛ï˛yñ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õyë˛òyl ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚y– ˛õyë˛òyˆÏl !lÎ%=˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢!«˛Ü˛y §• ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ ˆÙôyÓ# ~ÓÇ
!ӣψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ!l¤˛ Óƒ!=˛ÓˆÏàÓ≈ ˚ ˙ܲy!hs˝Ü˛ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ ~•z x˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÜÏ ˛!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%რí˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ !SÈ°
!Óòƒy°Î˚hflψÏÓ˚ ç#Ó!Óòƒy !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# G !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÓyV˛yfl∫Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ ly òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ xy¢y ~•z ˆÎñ ç#Ó!Óòƒy !¢«˛î ~ÓÇ ç#Ó!Óòƒy !¢ál í˛z˲Î˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ ܲyÎ≈Ü˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ–

xôƒy˛õܲ
ˆÜ˛É Ù%Ó˚!°ôÓ˚
≤Ãyî#!Óòƒy !Ó˲yà
!ò!Õ‘ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚
 §)!ã˛ õe
~ܲܲ I
.
[ ç#ÓàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ ] ˛õ,¤˛y ÈüÈ å 1- 62ä
xôƒyÎ˚ / 1 §ç#Ó çàÍ
xôƒyÎ˚ / 2 ç#Ó!Óòƒy §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˆ◊!î !Ólƒy§
xôƒyÎ˚ / 3 í˛z!qò çàÍ
xôƒyÎ˚ / 4 ≤Ãyî# çàÍ
~ܲܲ II
[ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛lï˛sf ] ˛õ,¤˛y ÈüÈ å 63 - 122ä
xôƒyÎ˚ / 5 §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l
xôƒyÎ˚ / 6 §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ë˛l
xôƒyÎ˚ / 7 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyl
~ܲܲ III
[ ˆÜ˛y¢ / àë˛l G ܲyç ] ˛õ,¤˛y ÈüÈ å 123 - 172ä
xôƒyÎ˚ / 8 ˆÜ˛y¢ / ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲܲ
xôƒyÎ˚ / 9 ˜çÓ xî%§Ù)•
xôƒyÎ˚ / 10 ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl
~ܲܲ IV
[ í˛z!qò ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy ] ˛õ,¤˛y ÈüÈ å 173 - 254ä
xôƒyÎ˚ / 11 í˛z!qˆÏò ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
xôƒyÎ˚ / 12 á!lç ˛õ%!T˛
xôƒyÎ˚ / 13 í˛zß¨ï˛ í˛z!qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï
xôƒyÎ˚ / 14 í˛z!qˆÏò Ÿª§l
xôƒyÎ˚ / 15 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢
~ܲܲ V
[ ÙylÓ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy ] ˛˛õ,¤˛y ÈüÈ å 255 - 343ä
xôƒyÎ˚ / 16 ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢y£Ïî
xôƒyÎ˚ / 17 Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ~ÓÇ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xyòylÈüÈ≤Ãòyl
xôƒyÎ˚ / 18 ˆò•ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•l
xôƒyÎ˚ / 19 ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈ G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢
xôƒyÎ˚ / 20 ã˛°l ~ÓÇ àÙl
xôƒyÎ˚ / 21 fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ §Ùß∫Î˚
xôƒyÎ˚ / 22 Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ùß∫yÎ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ#˲Ól
 ~ ܲܲ 1 åUNIT 1ä
ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ
åDIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLDä
xôƒyÎ˚ 1 !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢yáyÎ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l§Ù)• G ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y§Ù)• !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§!ê˛•z ç#Ó!Óòƒy
ç#ÓçàÍ åBiologyä– ç#ÓçàÍ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó!ã˛e ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ç#Ó Ó› !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– xy!ò ÙylÓÓ˚y §•ˆÏç•z çí˛¸
Ó› G §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~Ó˚y !ܲS%È çí˛¸ Ó›ˆÏܲ åÓyÎ˚%ñ §Ù%oñ
xôƒyÎ˚ 2 xyà%l •zï˛ƒy!òä ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ K˛yl ܲÓ˚ï˛– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ç#Ó G çí˛¸
ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl §¡∫rô#Î˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ Ó›ˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !SÈ° ~•z ˆÎ ~Ó˚y §Ó•z !SÈ° xy!ò ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏl xyï˛Aܲ G ˲Î˚ §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚#
Ó› ~ÓÇ ~çlƒ•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚ï˛– ÙylÓ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ Ùyl%£Ï §• xlƒylƒ
xôƒyÎ˚ 3
í˛z!qòçàÍ §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏòÓ˚ Óî≈ly xˆÏlܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ÙylÓˆÏܲ!wܲ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ˆÎ §Ó §Ùyç
≤Ã◊Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §#!Ùï˛ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏò
xôƒyÎ˚ 4 ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §%§ÇÓÂô ~ÓÇ Óƒy˛õܲ Óî≈lyñ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ lyÙܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛
≤Ãyî#çàÍ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y §yÙˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ°– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y !òܲ!ê˛ !SÈ° ~•z ˆÎ
xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ G í˛zÕ‘¡∫ í˛z˲Î˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ç#Ó Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ §yò,¢ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚y– Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›•z ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ ~Ùl!ܲ ˆÎ§Ó ç#Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ
§ÙÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Óy§ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌG §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ~•z í˛z˛õ°!kô ~Ùl ~ܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ
!lˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°ñ Îy Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ áÓ≈ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ° G ˜çÓ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚
§)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !Ólƒy§!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§§•
≤Ãyî# G í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î ˛õy•z–
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í˛yÓ˚í˛z•zl Ó°y •ï˛– §Ó≈ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ¢ï˛ !Óáƒyï˛ !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲçl !SȈϰl
í˛yÓ˚í˛z•lz – 1953 §yˆÏ° ˆÙÎ˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚˲yí≈˛ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ܲ°y G !ÓK˛yl !Ó˲yˆÏà ˆÎyàòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology Emeritus í˛z˛õy!ô
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 xôƒyÎ˚ 1 åC 1ä HAPTER

ç#ÓçàÍ å THE LIVING WORLDä

1.1 Ú§ç#ÓÛ (Living) ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ ܲ# !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ ~•z ç#ÓçàÍú §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ !Ó!ã˛e Óƒy˛õܲ ôÓ˚l G ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò– §yôyÓ˚î Óy§fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚%
xÌ≈ ܲ#⁄ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ !˲ߨ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï Óy§fiÌyl ˆÎÙl ¢#ï˛° ˛õÓ≈ï˛Ùy°yñ ˛õî≈ˆÏÙyã˛# Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xÓ˚îƒñ §Ù%oñ
1.2 ç#Ó çàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ fl∫yò%çˆÏ°Ó˚ •…òñ ÙÓ˚%Ë)˛!Ù Óy í˛z£÷Ï≤ÃflÀÓˆÏîG xyÙÓ˚y §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ §rôyl ˛õy•zñ Îy §!ï˛ƒ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy܉˛Ó˚%Âô
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– S%Èê˛hs˝ ˆâyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ñ ˛õy!áÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Îyîñ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛y Óy xyï˛AܲòyÎ˚ܲ xyܲÙîydܲ •y.Ó˚ñ
§Ó•z x!ï˛ !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
1.3 !Ólƒy§!Ó!ôÓ˚ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚§Ù)•
ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óy›ï˛y!sfܲ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ~ÓÇ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ~Ùl!ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xî% ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚
1.4 !Ólƒy§!Ó!ôˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ã˛°yã˛°ñ xy§ˆÏ° Úç#ÓlÛ Ü˛# ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓ˚G ò%•z!ê˛
í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î§Ù)• ≤ß¿ !l!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ •° ˆÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ≤ß¿ñ Îy §ç#Ó Ó› ~ÓÇ çí˛¸Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# ܲ# ˜Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ •° ò¢≈lydܲ Îy ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ܲ#ñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç–
!ÓK˛yl# !•§yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y !mï˛#Î˚ ≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ ÎyÓ ly– §ç#Ó ÙyˆÏl ܲ#⁄ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy–

1.1 Ú§ç#ÓÛ ÙyˆÏl ܲ#⁄

Îál xyÙÓ˚y Ú§ç#ÓÛ ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ál ≤ÃÌyàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ !ܲS%È
fl∫ï˛sf ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ á%Ñ!ç– §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ó,!Âôñ ≤Ãçllñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÓòl
@˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl xyˆÏ§– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z
§ç#ÓÓ›Ó˚ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆÎÙl !Ó˛õyܲñ fl∫≤Ãçll¢#°ï˛yñ fl∫ÈüȧÇà!ë˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ xyhs˝/!ܲÎ˚y
~ÓÇ í˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲG ï˛y!°Ü˛yË%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲ!Ó˚–
§Ó §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚•z Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛– §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ÚÓ,!ÂôÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Çáƒy Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ï˛l Ó,!Âô
ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
4 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Çáƒy Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ï˛l Ó,!Âô ò%•z!ê˛ §ÙÓ˚)˛õ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#ÓˆÏܲy¢
!Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~•z Ó,!Âô §yÓ˚yç#Ólܲy°Óƒy˛õ# ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ ~•z Ó,!Âô ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
!l!ò≈T˛ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ âˆÏê˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ÓlT˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ ܲ°yˆÏï˛
ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl •Î˚– ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#Ó ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy°l ÙyôƒÙ ¢%ô%Ùye ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Çáƒy àîlyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÓ,!Âô ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà í˛zß¨ï˛ ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z Ó,!Âô
~ÓÇ çll •° ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf âê˛ly– ~ê˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸
ÎyGÎ˚yˆÏܲ•z Ó,!Âô !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ˲Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚yˆÏܲ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ Ùylò[˛
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ô!Ó˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ çí˛¸ Ó›G Ó,!Âô≤ÃyÆ •Î˚– ˛õÓ≈ï˛ñ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãÑ˛y•zñ Óy!°Ó˚ hfl)Ï˛õ ~Ó˚G
Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛– Î!òG çí˛¸ Ó›Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó›Ó˚ Ó!•˛õ,≈ˆÏ¤˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ hfl)Ï˛õ#Ü,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Óy çÙy •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚
˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ï˛Ìy §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ Ó,!Âô âê˛yÎ˚– !ܲv §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÚÓ,!ÂôÛˆÏܲ
§ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôÙ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ç#Ó
Ó›ˆÏï˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó
ˆÎ ~!ê˛ §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲly– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù,ï˛ ç#Ó Ó,!Âô≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ly–
~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ çll §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãçll
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ç!lï,˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ •%Ó•% ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§¡õߨ x˛õï˛ƒ ç#Ó §,!T˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~áyˆÏl
xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óy ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎÔl çlˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy•z Ó°!SÈ– xˆÏÎÔl çll ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛G
ç#Ó çll §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– SÈeyܲ x§ÇრˆÓ˚î% í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ á%Ó §•ˆÏç §ÇáƒyÎ˚ Ó,!Âô
˛õyÎ˚ G !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xl%ß¨ï˛ ç#Ó ˆÎÙlñ •zfiê˛ G •y•zí»˛y ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚yˆÏܲyÂàÙ
~ÓÇ Óy!í˛Ç °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– ≤’ƒyˆÏl!Ó˚Î˚y åã˛ƒy≤Wzy Ü,˛!Ùäˆï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛
•Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ!ê˛ á![˛ï˛ ç#Óñ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y Óy!ܲ xÇ¢ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ l)ï˛l §¡õ)î≈ ç#ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ SÈeyܲñ §)eyܲyÓ˚ ˜¢Óy°ñ
Ù§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y!lÙyñ ~ §Óà%ˆÏ°y•z á[˛#˲Ól ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ÓÇ¢Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yñ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ˜¢Óy° ~ÓÇ xƒy!ÙÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ çll ÙyˆÏl•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Çáƒy
Ó,!Âô âê˛ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛y ˆçˆÏl ˆà!SÈ ˆÎ Ó,!Âô Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Çáƒy Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ
˲Ó˚ÈüÈÓ,!Âô í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ °«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó,!Âô
~ÓÇ çllˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ≤ÃçllˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
§ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çí˛¸ Ó› ≤ÃçlˆÏl Óy !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õ
àë˛ˆÏl §«˛Ù lÎ˚–
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° !Ó˛õyܲ– §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›•z !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
Ó›Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yÈüÈÓˆÏí˛¸y !Ó!˲ߨ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ
ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y§¡õߨ •Î˚– ~•z Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ• x!ÓÓ˚yÙ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°y•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y !ܲS%È ˜çÓ xî% ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óy Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y Óy
!Ó˛õyܲ!ܲÎ˚y– ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# Óy Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# §Ó ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ •yçyÓ˚
•yçyÓ˚ !Ó˛õyܲ!ܲÎ˚y ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– í˛z!qòñ ≤Ãyî#ñ SÈeyܲ ~ÓÇ xî%ç#Ó §ÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z !Ó˛õyܲ!ܲÎ˚y
 ç#ÓçàÍ 5

˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• x!ÓÓ˚yÙ âê˛ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy §Ó Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ù!T˛àï˛
Ê˛°•z !Ó˛õyܲ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çí˛¸ Ó›•z !Ó˛õyܲ!ܲÎ˚y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏܲy¢#Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢG !Ó˛õyܲ!ܲÎ˚y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚yˆÏly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ylˆÏ° âê˛y
!Ó!˲ߨ !Ó˛õyܲ!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ç#Ó Óy çí˛¸ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ê˛•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Î!òG !Ó˛õyܲ!ܲÎ˚y
§Ó §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ âê˛y !Ó!FSÈߨ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– !ܲv ~Ó˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z §ç#Ó !Ó!ܲÎ˚y– ï˛y•z
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ §Çàë˛lñ §ç#Ó ˆò• àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
§Ω˛Óï˛ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚•z xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç!ê˛° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ!ê˛
•° !lˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zj#˛õly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Óy
˜ç!Óܲ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ í˛zj#˛õlyÎ˚ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
Ó!•/≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÎÙl xyˆÏ°yܲñ ç°ñ ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ xlƒylƒ ç#Óñ ò)£Ïܲ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §yí˛¸y !òˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ç!ê˛° •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Ó ç#Ó•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚
•z!Aàï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ §yí˛¸y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ
≤Ãyî# í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z }ï%˛!˲!_ܲ ≤ÃçllܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãçll xyˆÏ°yÜ˛Óƒy!Æܲy° myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
•Î˚– §Ó ç#Ó•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛≤ÈÏÓ¢ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛y•z §Ó ç#Ó•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ú§ˆÏã˛ï˛lÛ– Ùyl%£Ï •° ~ܲÙye ç#Ó ˆÎ
!ܲly !lˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l xÌ≈yÍ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ú§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÛ
§ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •Î˚–
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ç#!Óï˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ܲ!ë˛l– xyÙÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲ!Ó˚
ˆÎ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° ¢%ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ˆÜ˛yÙyÎ˚ xyFSÈߨ ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ •,Í!˛õ[˛ ~ÓÇ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ܲÎ˚y Ü,˛!eÙ
í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáy •Î˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yà#!ê˛Ó˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ§
§K˛yˆÏl ˆl•z– ~Ùl xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ìyܲy ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚y xyÓ˚ ܲálG fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ç#ÓˆÏl !Ê˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ
lyñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ç#Ó Ó°y •ˆÏÓ ly çí˛¸⁄
G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ §Ó §ç#Ó âê˛lyÓ!°•z x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xyhs˝/!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ°•z âˆÏê˛– ܲ°y àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ• ܲ°yÓ˚ ôÙ≈ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ !ܲv ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
xyhs˝/!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ܲ°y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% àë˛lܲyÓ˚# xî%§Ù)ˆÏ• xAàyî%Ó˚
ôÙ≈ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ lyñ !ܲv ~•z xyî!Óܲ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xyhs˝/!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– •yÎ˚yÏÓ˚y!Ü≈˛Ó˚ §ÓhflψÏÓ˚•z §yÇàë˛!lܲ ç!ê˛°ï˛y §,!T˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ §ï˛ƒ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó› fl∫≤Ãçll«˛Ùñ ï˛yG !ÓÓï≈˛l«˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ ~ܲ!ê˛
fl∫!lÎ˚!sfï˛ xyhs˝/!ܲÎ˚y ÓƒÓfiÌyñ ÎyÓ˚y Óy!•ƒÜ˛ í˛zj#˛õlyÎ˚ §yí˛¸y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ç#Ó!Óòƒy •° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
Ó%ˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à“– ç#Ó!Óòƒy ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚G •z!ï˛•y§– xï˛#ï˛ñ Óï≈˛Ùyl G
˲!ӣσÍÈüÈ~Ó˚ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›•z !Ó!˲ߨ ÙyeyÎ˚ !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î !çlàï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z ~Ó˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
6 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

1.2 ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ åDIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLDä

ï%˛!Ù Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ °«˛ ܲÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ç#Ó Ó› ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓñ ï˛y •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ê˛ˆÏÓ °yàyˆÏly àySÈñ ˛õï˛Aàñ ˛õy!áñ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ˛õy£Ïy ≤Ãyî# Óy xlƒylƒ ≤Ãyî# Óy àySÈ˛õy°y– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ùl
Ó•% ç#Ó Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù áy!° ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyG lyó xÌã˛È ~Ó˚y §Óy•z ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ÓyÓ˚ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ xyÓ˚G Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §ç#ÓÓ›Ó˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ G ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ xyÓ˚G Ó,!Âô
˛õyˆÏÓ– ï%˛!Ù Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âl xÓ˚îƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ§áyˆÏl xÓ¢ƒ•z xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛
~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ §ç#Ó Ó› ˆòˆÏá ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ xy°yòy ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àySÈñ ˛≤Ãyî# xÌÓy ç#Ó
Îy ï%˛!Ù ˆòáñ ~Ó˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1.7-1.8 !Ù!°Î˚l
≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §rôyl ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛•z ˜çÓ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ Óy ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛
Óï≈˛Ùyl ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Çáƒy G ï˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚l– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lï%˛l xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ çyÎ˚ày
~Ùl!ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly çyÎ˚àyˆÏï˛G xlÓÓ˚ï˛•z lï%˛l lï%˛l ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î •ˆÏFSÈ–
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ Ó=˛Óƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ í˛z!qò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚
≤Ãyî# G í˛z!qòÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fiÌyl#Î˚ lyˆÏÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~•z fiÌyl#Î˚ lyÙà%ˆÏ°y fiÌylˆÏ˲ˆÏò !˲ߨ
!˲ߨ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ Ùï˛ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÂô!ï˛ á%шÏç
ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ !Óºy!hs˝Ó˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y §Ω˛Óï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ï–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚•z ~Ùl §yôyÓ˚î lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÎyˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛
ç#Ó ~ܲ•z lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰ lyÙܲÓ˚î– ï˛ˆÏÓ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ܲÙye ï˛ál•z
lyÙܲÓ˚î Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ Î!ò ç#Ó!ê˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!° §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó!î≈ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•z lyÙ!ê˛ Î%=˛˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ~ˆÏܲ•z ӈϰ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î–
xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ !ÓK˛yl# ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyÙ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ !ܲS%È l#!ï˛ ≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ §yÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚ ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ •Î˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ §Ó≈§¡øï˛l#!ï˛ G ÙylòˆÏ[Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ lyÙܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ •zrê˛yÓ˚lƒy¢ly°
ˆÜ˛yí˛ Ê˛Ó˚ ˆÓyê˛y!lܲƒy° ˆlyˆÏÙlÜœ˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ åICBNä ÈüÈ~ ï˛y í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– ï%˛!Ù !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚⁄ ≤Ãyî# !Ólƒy§!Óò‰Ó˚y ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ •zrê˛yÓ˚lƒy¢ly° ˆÜ˛yí˛
xÓ ç%ˆÏ°y!çܲƒy° ˆlyÙƒylÜœ˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ åICZNä àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyÙà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ùye lyÙˆÏܲ•z §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Óî≈ly ~Ó˚)˛õ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly
≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ Ùyl%£•Ï z ~•z Óî≈lyÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ•z lyˆÏÙ G•z !l!ò≈T˛ ç#Ó!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ã˛lˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ò%•z xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛
§Çàë˛l ~ê˛yG §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÈÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#ÓˆÏܲ ≤Ãò_ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ lyÙ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly K˛yï˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚
lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly–
ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly K˛yï˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyÙܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó≈çl@˝Ãy•ƒ l#!ï˛§Ù)•ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ lyÙ ò%!ê˛ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÎÏ ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ÈüüüÈ ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ àîàï˛ lyÙ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õò!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛àï˛
lyÙˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò%!ê˛ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ~•zÓ˚)˛õ lyÙܲÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ !m˛õò lyÙܲÓ˚î åBinomial
nomenclatureä ӈϰ– !ÓK˛yl# ܲƒyˆÏÓ˚y°y§ !°!lÎ˚y§ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏîï˛y ÈüüüÈ ˆÎ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §yÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚
!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ã˛ã≈˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– ò%!ê˛ ˛õò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z lyÙܲÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ §%!Óôyçlܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛
!•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyÙܲÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y
xyÙˆÏܲ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ !l•z– Ùƒy!OˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y •z![˛Ü˛y åMangifera Indicaä– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
 ç#ÓçàÍ 7

~•z !m˛õò !Ó!¢T˛ lyÙ!ê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •°– ~•z lyÙ!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ùƒy!OˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y •° xyˆÏÙÓ˚ àîàï˛ lyÙñ xyÓ˚ •z!u˛Ü˛y
xyˆÏÙÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ lyÙˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xlƒylƒ §Ó≈çl#l !lÎ˚ÙyÓ!° !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õı
1É ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ lyÙà%ˆ°Ï y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ °ƒy!ê˛l ¢ˆÏ∑ ~ÓÇ ÓÑyܲy •Ó˚ˆÊÏ ˛ ˆ°áy •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_ ˆÎáyˆÏl•z
ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛ˆÏly lyÙà%ˆÏ°y °ƒy!ê˛l ¢ˆÏ∑ Óy °ƒy!ê˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq$ï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
2É ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ¢∑!ê˛ àîàï˛ lyÙˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !mï˛#Î˚ ¢∑!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛àï˛
lyÙ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
3É !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˛õòˆÏܲ•z •yˆÏï˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ !l¡¨ˆÏÓ˚!áï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
SÈy˛õyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ˆÎ °ƒy!ê˛l ˲y£Ïy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq$ï˛ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ÓÑyܲy •Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛ SÈy˛õˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
4É àîàï˛ lyÙ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ¢∑!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ x«˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚
lyÙ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ •Î˚– xyˆÏÙÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyÙ Ùƒy!OˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y •z![˛Ü˛yˆÏܲ
í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛G Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ç#Ó!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÎ !ÓK˛yl# Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ïÑ˛yÓ˚ lyÙ ≤Ãçy!ï˛àï˛ lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï xÌ≈yÍ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛
lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó§ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy •ˆÏÓ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Mangifera indica
Linn. ~•z lyÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ≤Ãçy!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl !ÓK˛yl# !°!lÎ˚y§–

ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚l ≤ÃyÎ˚ x§Ω˛Ó ï˛y•z ~•z x§Ω˛Ó !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
!ܲS%È ˆÜ˛Ô¢° í˛zqyÓl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~!ê˛•z ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§– ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÎyÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%ȈÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ §•ˆÏç ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îˆÏÎyàƒ ˆ§•z
Ó›Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ xyÙÓ˚y §•ˆÏç•z í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xÌÓy ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ñ ˆÓí˛¸y° xÌÓy ܲ#ê˛˛õï˛AàˆÏòÓ˚ ò°ˆÏܲ
!ã˛lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ˆÎ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ò°ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲y!Ó ï˛ál G•z ò°Ë%˛=˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ !ܲS%È ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲ!Ó˚– Îál ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˲yÓñ ï˛ál ܲ# SÈ!Ó ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆË˛ˆÏ§
í˛zˆÏë˛⁄ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ•z ˆò!áñ !Óí˛¸y°ˆÏܲ lÎ˚– ~ál Î!ò xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
Úxƒy°ˆÏ§!§Î˚ylÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ܲ# !lˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚Ó– ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ ôˆÏÓ˚y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •°ñ ï%˛!Ù xÓ¢ƒ•z ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚ ˆò• ˆ°yˆÏÙ
ì˛yܲy ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ Ó!•/ܲî≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z˲yˆÏÓ•z í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y àÙ àySÈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛
ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl àÙàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ !ã˛e•z ˆË˛ˆÏ§ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓñ ôylàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ lÎ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ÚÜ%˛Ü%˛Ó˚Ûñ ÚˆÓí˛¸y°Ûñ
ÚhflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚#Ûñ ÚàÙÛñ ÚôylÛ í˛z!qòˆÏày¤˛#ñ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏày¤˛# §Ó•z §•ˆÏç ˆÓyôàÙƒ •Î˚ ~Ùl ò°§Ù)•ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl òˆÏ°Ó˚
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò°ˆÏܲ
!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ÚTaxaÛ˛ ӈϰ– ~áyˆÏl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Taxa !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò°ˆÏܲ
!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §ÙhflÏ í˛z!qò !وϰ ~ܲê˛y ê˛ƒy:y åTaxaä •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ÚàySÛ !وϰG
~ܲê˛y Taxa •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ú˛≤Ãyî#Ûñ ÚhflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚#Ûñ ÚÜ%˛Ü%˛Ó˚Û ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ò°•z ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Taxa–
!ܲv ï%˛!Ù çyl ˆÎ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ hfllÏ ƒ˛õyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ hfllÏ ƒ˛õyÎ˚#Ó˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ú≤Ãyî#Û ÚhfllÏ ƒ˛õyÎ˚#Û
ÚÜ%˛Ü%˛Ó˚Û §Óy•z !˲ߨ !˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Taxa ˆÜ˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
8 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ï˛y•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó ç#ÓˆÏܲ•z !Ó!˲ߨ Taxa ˆï !ÓlƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ◊!î
!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ•z ӈϰ Taxonomy åê˛ƒyˆÏ:yl!Ùä Óy !Ólƒy§!Ó!ô– ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ àë˛l ~ÓÇ
x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î àë˛lñ ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ àîñ !Óܲy¢ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Óy›Ïï˛y!sfܲ ï˛Ìƒñ
xyô%!lܲ !Ólƒy§!Ó!ô xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyˆÏç•z !Ólƒy§!Ó!ô Óy Taxonomy-~Ó˚ Ù)° ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ !Ó£ÏÎà˚ ˆ% ° Ï y •ˆÏFSÈñ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚˛ !ÓÓÓ˚îñ
§ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ lyÙܲÓ˚î– Taxonomy Óy !Ólƒy§!Ó!ô lï%˛l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚– Ùyl%£Ï
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ñ §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!ã˛e ç#Ó §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ çylˆÏï˛
xy@˝Ã•#– xy!òܲyˆÏ° Ùyl%£ˆÏ ÜÏ ˛ áyòƒñ Óflf ~ÓÇ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧ á%çÑ ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛y– ܲyˆÏç•z ≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù
ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚Ü !òܲ!ê˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ó•%!òl xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ùyl%£Ï ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ç#Ó Ó› ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛e §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
çylˆÏï˛•z xy@˝Ã•# !SÈ° ~Ùl lÎ˚ñ ~•z§Ó ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ çylˆÏï˛G ï˛yÓ˚y
xy@˝Ã•# !SÈ°– ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yáyˆÏܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ùƒy!ê˛: åsystematicsä ӈϰ–
Systematics ¢∑!ê˛ °ƒy!ê˛l ¢∑ ‘systema’ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zqï$ ˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ §%§ÇÓÂô §IyÜ˛Ù–
!°!lÎ˚y§ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ÚSystema NaturaeÛ– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°
§ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ lyÙܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛Ü˛Ó˚î !§ˆÏfiê˛Ùƒy!ê˛: ~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë˛%≈ =˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà xyÓ˚G Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°–
§ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛làï˛ §¡õÜ≈˛à%ˆÏ°yG !§ˆÏfiê˛Ùƒy!ê˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ xhs˝Ë˛%≈=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–˛
1.3 ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ùܲ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ åTaxonamic Categoriesä
ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ Óy ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ܲôy˛õ !Ó!¢T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÂô!ï˛ lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ~!ê˛ Ü˛Ù˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ §!Iï˛ !ܲS%È
ôy˛õ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ §Çàë˛lñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ôy˛õ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ Óy ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚
Óy hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y•z §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§!Ó!ôÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ùܲ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚
ӈϰ– §Ó ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ùܲ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ùܲ •yÎ˚yÓ˚y!Ü≈˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Ü˛ƒyê˛yà!Ó˚
ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲñ Îy ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ
~•zÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ ê˛ƒy:l åTaxonä åÓ•%Óã˛ˆÏlı ê˛ƒy:yä ӈϰ–
ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ùܲ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚àˆ% °
Ï y ~ÓÇ •yÎ˚yÓÏ y˚ !ܲ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ܲ#ê˛˛õï˛Aà
~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !ï˛lˆÏçyí˛¸y §!rô° í˛z˛õyAà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl ܲ#ê˛˛õï˛Aà •° §%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆã˛ly ÎyÎ˚ ~Ùl ≤Ãyî#ˆÏày¤˛# ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚
~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~Ùl xyÓ˚G ˆÜ˛ylG ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ lyÙ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚⁄ ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆày¤˛# ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ xyÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ
!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ hflÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ê˛ƒy:l ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ– ~•z
ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ùܲ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf ~Ùl ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#ñ ÎyÓ˚y ¢%ô%Ùye ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ §yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ à!ë˛ï˛ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛# lÎ˚–
§Ó K˛yï˛ §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏòÓ˚ ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ù !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚Ó˚ §,!T˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlı Ó˚yçƒñ ˛õÓ≈ Óy !Ó˲yà åí˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒäñ ˆ◊!îñ Óà≈ñ ˆàyeñ àî ~ÓÇ ≤Ãçy!ï˛– í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ
~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ §Ó ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚•z §Ó≈!l¡¨ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚!ê˛ •° Ú≤Ãçy!ï˛Û– ~ál ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ß¿ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
!çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#ÓˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ù)°
 ç#ÓçàÍ 9

≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ç#Ó˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §%flõT˛ K˛yl– ~•z K˛yl ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù ç#Ó Óy !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§yò,¢ƒ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó§yò,¢ƒ §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

1.3.1 ≤Ãçy!ï˛ åSpeciesä

!Ólƒy§!Ó!ô !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §yò,¢ƒÎ%=˛ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ~ܲܲ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ò°ˆÏܲ Ú≤Ãçy!ï˛Û Ó°y •Î˚– fl∫ï˛sf Ó!•Ó˚yÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ á%Ó
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ xlƒ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y Mangifera indica,
Solanum tuberosum åxy°%ä ~ÓÇ Panthera leo ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãçyy!ï˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏܲ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
!•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚– indica, tuberosum ~ÓÇ leo å!§Ç•ä ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ lyÙ !ï˛l!ê˛
≤Ãçy!ï˛àï˛ í˛z˛õy!ôˆÏܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Mangifera, Solanum ~ÓÇ Panthera
•° ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ àîàï˛ lyÙ ˆÎ!ê˛ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ê˛ƒy:l Óy ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ àî
~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ܲyˆÏç•z ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ àˆÏî !Ó!˲ߨ ç#Ó xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y
Óy!•ƒÜ˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ tigris, •° leo SÈyí˛¸yG
Panthera ~Ó˚ xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ nigrum ~ÓÇ melongena ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Solanum
àî ~Ó˚ xyÓ˚G ≤Ãçy!ï˛àï˛ lyÙ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ùyl%£Ï ‘Homo’àˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ÚSapiensÛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ë%˛=˛
ç#Ó– ï˛y•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyÙ ÚHomo sapiensÛ– ˛
1.3.2 àî˛ åGenusä
xlƒ àîË%˛=˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ §ò,¢ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§¡õߨ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ !ܲS%È ≤Ãçy!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ÚàîÛ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ àî •° ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y !lÜ˛ê˛ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ò°– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚˛) õ
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ xy°% ~ÓÇ ˆÓà%l ò%ˆÏê˛y !˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ë%˛=˛ !ܲv ~ܲ•z àî Solamun ~Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛– !§Ç•
åPanthera leoäñ ˆlܲˆÏí˛¸ åPanthera pardusä ~ÓÇ Óyâ åPanthera tigrisä ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y
§ò,¢ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§¡õߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z §Óà%ˆ° Ï y ≤Ãçy!ï˛•z ÚàîÛ Panthera-~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë˛≈% =˛– ~•z Panthera
àî!ê˛ ˆÓí˛¸y°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ àî Felis ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚–
1.3.3 ˆàye˛ åFamilyä
àˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# í˛zFã˛ Ü˛ƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ •° ˆàye– ˆàye ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ÚàîÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ñ
ˆÎáyˆÏl ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÚàîÛ ~ÓÇ Ú≤Ãçy!ï˛ÛÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù §yò,¢ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛z!qò ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏòÓ˚
xAàç ~ÓÇ çllàï˛ í˛z˲Î˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàyˆÏeÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î
fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Solamum, Petunia ~ÓÇ Datura ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ àî ~ܲ•z ˆàye
Solanaceae ~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ !§Ç•ñ Óyâñ ˆlܲˆÏí˛¸ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ÚàîÛ
Panthera ~ÓÇ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÚàîÛ Felis ~•z ò%•zÈüÈ•z ÚˆàyeÛ Felidae ~Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Î!ò
ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È §yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
!ܲS%È ˜Ó§yò,¢ƒG á%шÏç ˛õyˆÏÓ– Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ G ˆÓí˛¸y° ò%!ê˛ xy°yòy ˆàye ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ ÚˆàyeÛ Canidae ~ÓÇ
ÚˆàyeÛ Felidae ~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛–
10 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

1.3.4 Óà≈˛ åOrderä

ï%˛!Ù ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ñ àî ~ÓÇ ˆàyˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ §ò,¢ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚
G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Óà≈ ~ÓÇ ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yl!Ùܲ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚àˆ% °
Ï yˆÏܲ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆ°
Ï y
§!¡ø!°ï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÚÓà≈Û ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÎ˚
~!ê˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ÚˆàyeÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ÎyÓ˚y !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆàyˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝Ë˛≈%=˛ àîà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ˆàyeà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §ò,¢ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚
§Çáƒy xˆÏlܲ Ü˛Ù– Convolvulaceae ~ÓÓÇ Solanaceae ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛z!qò ˆàyeà%ˆ° Ï y
ÚÓà≈Û Polymoniales ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ xhsË%≈˛=˛– ≤Ãôylï˛ Ê%˛ˆÏÏ°Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛•z G•z
ˆàyeà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Polymoniales ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ •Î˚– Felidae ~ÓÇ Canidae ~Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ãyî# ˆàyeà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãyî#Óà≈ Carnivora ~Ó˚˛ xhs˝à≈ï˛–
1.3.5 ˆ◊!î˛ åClassä

~•z ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ~ܲy!ôܲ Óà≈ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– í˛zòyÓ˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Primata
Óà≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî# ÓylÓ˚ñ à!Ó˚°yñ !àÓl ~Ó˚y §Óy•z Mammalia ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z
ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Carnivora Óà≈ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãyî# Óyâñ ˆÓí˛¸y° ~ÓÇ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Mammalia
ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È ˆàyeG Óï≈˛ÙylÈ–
Ó˚yçƒ (Kingdom) 1.3.6 ˛õÓ≈˛ åPhylumä
↑ ÙySÈñ í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ñ §Ó˚#§,˛õñ ˛õ«˛# G hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲˆÏe ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚
˛õÓ≈ Óy !Ó˲yà (Phylum or Division)
Ú˛õÓ≈Û àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
↑
ˆ◊!î (Class)
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙl ˆòˆÏ• lˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ÊÑ˛y˛õy fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ≈
ܲí≈˛yê˛y ~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë˛≈%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲS%È §ò,¢ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§¡õߨ ˆ◊!î !وϰ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚
↑ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ Ú!Ó˲yàÛ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
Óà≈ (Order) 1.3.7 ˛Ó˚yçƒ˛ åKingdomä
↑ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ §Ó ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y•z §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ Ü˛ƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ Ú≤Ãyî#ÈüÈÓ˚yçƒÛ
ˆàye (Family)
ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Úí˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒÛ!ê˛ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ §Ó í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚y
↑ !وϰ ~•z Ó˚yçƒ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ò%•z!ê˛ ò°ˆÏܲ Úí˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ G ≤Ãyî# Ó˚yçƒÛ lyˆÏÙ
àî (Genus) xyáƒy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚–
↑ !ã˛e 1.1 ~áyˆÏl ≤Ãçy!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚yçƒ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°y ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ˆÏܲ
≤Ãçy!ï (Species)˛
í˛zôÁ≈ܲÙyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yçyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y §Ó•z •° Ó,•Í ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§!Óò‰àî
!ã˛e 1.1 ı ê˛ƒyˆÏ : yˆÏ l y!Ùܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ê˛ƒy:yà%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G §!ë˛Ü˛ G !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ fiÌylË%˛!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çlƒ ~•z •yÎ˚yˆÏÓ!˚ Ü≈˛ˆÏï˛
ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ •yÎ˚yÓ˚y!Ü≈˛ˆÏÎ˚° xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È §yÓ Ü˛ƒyê˛yà!Ó˚G ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
§IyÜ˛Ù !ã˛e 1.1 ~ •yÎ˚yÓ˚y!Ü≈˛!ê˛ ˆòˆÏá ï%˛!Ù ~•z §IyܲˆÏÙÓ˚ !˲!_!ê˛ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚SÈ !ܲ⁄
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ ôˆÏÓy˚ xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ≤Ãçy!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù¢ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ Îy•zñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §ò,¢ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚
§Çáƒy Ü˛Ù¢ •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ü˛Ù¢ !l¡¨ï˛Ó˚ ê˛ƒy:yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ê˛ƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛
§ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ §ò,¢ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù¢ í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚àˆ% °
Ï yˆÏï˛
 ç#ÓçàÍ 11

~ܲ•z hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ê˛ƒy:yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲÓ˚y x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ܲT˛§yôƒ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
§Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y xyÓ˚G ç!ê˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖
§yÓ˚!î 1.1 ~ !ܲS%È ê˛ƒy:yˆÏly!Ùܲ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ùy!SÈñ Ùyl%£Ïñ xyÙ ~ÓÇ àÙ–

§yÓ˚!î 1.1 !ܲS%È ç#Ó G ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ùܲ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ı

§yôyÓ˚î lyÙ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyÙ àî ˆàye Óà≈ ˆ◊!î ˛õÓ≈‡!Ó˲yà

Ùyl%£Ï Homo sapiens Homo Hominidae Primata Mammalia Chordata

Man
à,•Ùy!SÈ Musca Musca Muscidae Diptera Insecta Arthropoda
Housefly domestica

xyÙ Mangifera Mangifera Anacardiaceae Sapindales Dicotyledonae Angiospermae

Mango indica

àÙ Triticum Triticum Poaceae Poales Monocotyledonae Wheat

Wheat aestivum

1.4 !Ólƒy§!Ó!ôˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î§Ù)•˛ åTaxonomical AIDSä

Ü,˛!£Ïñ Ól˛õy°lñ !¢“ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜çÓ §¡õòà%ˆÏ°yñ §ˆÏAà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒˆÏܲ çylyÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z!qòñ ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ç#ÓÜ%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ólƒy§!Ó!ô xôƒÎ˚l á%Ó•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~•z
xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ G §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ç#Ó!ê˛Ó˚ §¡∫ˆÏrô !Ó¢ò xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî# ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ lÙ%ly §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ Îy •ˆÏÓ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ !Ólƒy§!Ó!ô xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°
§)e– ~à%ˆ° Ï y ç#Ó §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xôƒÎ˚l ~ÓÇ !§ˆÏfiê˛ˆÏÙ!ê˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ ˛≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe lÙ%ly!ê˛ Ë˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ lÙ%ly G ~ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!° §M˛Î˚ G §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È ˛õÂô!ï˛ G
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ#ñ ï˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ~Ó˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ–
1.4.1 •yˆÏÓ!≈ Ó˚Îy˚ Ù˛ åHerbariumä

•yˆÏÓ!≈ Ó˚Îy˚ Ù !§ˆÏê˛ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ¢%‹Ò ~ÓÇ ã˛y˛õy ˆòGÎ˚y §Çà,•#ï˛ í˛z!qò lÙ%lyà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ã•¢y°y•z •° •yˆÏÓ!≈ Ó˚Îy˚ Ù–
~SÈyí˛¸y ~•z •yˆÏÓ≈!Ó˚Î˚yÙ §#ê˛à%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈çl@˝Ãy•ƒ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# §yçyˆÏly ÌyˆÏܲ– !Ó¢ò ï˛Ìƒ§•
§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ •yˆÏÓ≈!Ó˚Î˚yÙ §#ˆÏê˛Ó˚ lÙ%lyà%ˆÏ°y ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç@˝Ã•¢y°y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
12 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

§yÓ˚!î 1.2 §!M˛ï˛ lÙ%ly§• •yˆÏÓ≈!Ó˚Î˚yÙ

å!ã˛e 1.2 ˆòáä ~•z •yˆÏÓ≈!Ó˚Î˚yÙ !§ˆÏê˛ lÙ%ly §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ fiÌyl ~ÓÇ ï˛y!Ó˚áñ lÙ%lyÓ˚ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç lyÙñ fiÌyl#Î˚
lyÙ ~ÓÇ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ lyÙñ ˆàyeñ §Ç@˝Ã•Ü˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ lyÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ó ï˛ÌƒÓ•lܲyÓ˚# ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°ˆÏÓ°G ÌyˆÏܲ–
!Ólƒy§!Ó!ô xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •yˆÏÓ≈!Ó˚Î˚yÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ §•yÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
1.4.2 í˛z!qò í˛zòƒyl˛ åBotanical Gardensä
~!ê˛ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zòƒylñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛Ìƒ§Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ç#Óhs˝ àySÈ˛õy°yÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ã• ÌyˆÏܲ–
~§Ó í˛zòƒyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z!qò≤Ãçy!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ °yàyˆÏly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~áylܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê àySȈÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyÙ ~ÓÇ ˆàye !°ˆÏá ˆ°ˆÏÓ° ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !Óáƒyï˛ í˛z!qò í˛zòƒylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲí˛z
å•zÇ°ƒy[˛äñ •z![˛Î˚yl ˆÓyê˛y!lܲƒy° àyˆÏí˛≈ l å•yGí˛¸yñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ä ~ÓÇ lƒy¢ly° ˆÓyê˛y!lܲƒy° !Ó˚§yã≈˛ •zl!fiê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛
å °ˆÏ«¯˛Ôä–
1.4.3 §Ç@˝Ã•¢y°y˛ åMuseumä

˜çÓ §Ç@˝Ã•¢y°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ù•y!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
§Ç@˝Ã•¢y°yÎ˚ í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ lÙ%ly §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z §Çà,•#ï˛ lÙ%lyà%ˆÏ°y ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃòyˆÏl
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– lÙ%lyà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyˆÏe Óy §ÇÓ˚«˛Ü˛ÈüÈoÓî §Ù!ß∫ï˛ çyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •Î˚– ܲáˆÏly Óy í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ
≤Ãyî# lÙ%lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ¢%‹Ò lÙ%ly Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õG §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õï˛AàˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚
!˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ Insect Box ~ Ó˚yáy •Î˚– ˛õy!á ~ÓÇ hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ÓˆÏí˛¸y ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ
Ù,ï˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó !ܲS%È ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ x˛õã˛l¢#° ˛õòyÌ≈ ì%˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛
xyܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §Ç@˝Ã•¢y°yÎ˚ ܲálG ܲálG !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ܲAܲy°G
§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
 ç#ÓçàÍ 13

1.4.4 ˛˛≤Ãyî# í˛zòƒyl˛ åZoological Parkä

ç%°!çܲƒy° ˛õyÜ≈˛ •° Ùl%£Ïƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈yô#l ~Ùl §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ fiÌyl ˆÎáyˆÏl §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Ólƒ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
§ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zòƒyl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~áylܲyÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒy˲ƒy§ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó˚yáy ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
xl%Ó˚˛) õ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÜ≈˛ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚˛) õ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛
fiÌylˆÏܲ !ã˛!í˛¸Î˚yáyly ӈϰ–

§yÓ˚!î 1.3 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ç%°!çܲƒy° ˛õyˆÏÜ≈˛ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ≤Ãyî#

1.4.5 !Ólƒy§!Ó!ôˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î§Ù)• åTaxonomic Keysä
!Ólƒy§!Ó!ôˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îñ §yò,¢ƒ G ˜Ó§yò,ˆ¢Ï ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãyî# G í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î Óy Key à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ôÙ≈# ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏçyí˛¸ˆÏܲ !˲!_
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏçyí˛¸¸à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ܲ˛õ%ˆÏ°ê˛ åCoupletä– ~•z
ܲ˛õ%ˆÏ°ê˛à%ˆÏ°y ò%ˆÏê˛y !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˛õSÈ® ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ à,•#ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ Ó!ç≈ï˛ •Î˚– Key ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !ÓÓ,!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !°í˛ ålead)
ˆàyeñ àîñ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ùܲ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚Ó˚ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ xy°yòy xy°yòy Key
~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
14 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Key à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !ӈϟ’£ÏîôÙ≈# •Î˚– ˆÊœ˛yÓ˚yñ Ùƒyl%ˆÏÎ˚°§ñ ÙˆÏly@˝ÃyÊ˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒyê˛y°àÈüüüÈ !Ó!˲ߨ lÙ%lyÓ˚
!ÓÓÓ˚î !°!˛õÓÂô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õyÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÊœ˛yÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl !l!ò≈T˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ Óy§fiÌyl ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ !ÓÓÓ˚îˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~!ê˛ G•z !l!ò≈T˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z!qò ≤Ãçy!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏlG §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!l!ò≈T˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ lyÙ ~ÓÇ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!° ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG
~à%ˆ° Ï y xï˛ƒhs˝ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#– Ùƒyl%ˆÎÏ °
˚ §‰ ~ÓÇ ˆÙyˆÏly@˝ÃyÊ˛à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏï˛ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛ƒy:l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˛ÎyÓï˛#Î˚
ï˛Ìƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ åSummaryä

ç#ÓçàÍ Ó•% !Ó!ã˛e ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#ˆÏÓ §Ù,Âô– •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî# ¢ly=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G
~álG !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒÜ˛ ç#Ó xçyly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ Óî≈ñ Óy§fiÌylñ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚
~ÓÇ xAà§ÇfiÌylàï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó,•Í ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!ã˛e ç#ÓÜ%˛° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §ç#Ó
Ó›Ó˚ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§Ù)• xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ç#Ó Ó›§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ôÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ
§¡∫ˆrÏ ô xôƒÎ˚lˆÏܲ §•ç ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ lyÙܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!îÓÂôܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
!ܲS%È !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛ ≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆÎ ¢yáy ~ §ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ K˛yl !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ù åTaxonomyä Óy !Ólƒy§!Ó!ô ӈϰ– !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ ˛≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
!Ólƒy§!Ó!ô xôƒÎ˚lñ Ü,˛!£Ïñ Ól˛õy°lñ !¢“ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜çÓ §¡õòà%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylyÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#– ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ lyÙܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛y !Ólƒy§!Ó!ôÓ˚ !˲!_à%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈çlfl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏí˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfîyô#l– §yò,¢ƒ
~ÓÇ §%flõT˛ ˜Ó§yò,ˆ¢Ï ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛
lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆÎ lyÙ!ê˛ !m˛õò lyÙܲÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ò%!ê˛ ˛õò!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ó
ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyl òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌylˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§
ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏï˛ Ó•% ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚‡Ó˚ƒyÇܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ùܲ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ Óy ê˛ƒy:y
ӈϰ– §Óà%ˆÏ°y ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ùܲ •yÎ˚yÓ˚y!Ü≈˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ lyÙܲÓ˚î G ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛!=˛Ü˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ §•ç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ólƒy§!Óòàî !Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– •yˆÏÓ≈!Ó˚Î˚yÙñ §Ç@˝Ã•¢y°yñ í˛z!qò í˛zòƒyl ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî# í˛zòƒyˆÏl
§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ lÙ%ly ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çà,•#ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ lÙ%ly !lˆÏÎ˚ !Ólƒy§!Ó!ô §Çܲyhs˝
àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– •yˆÏÓ≈!Ó˚Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ §Ç@˝Ã•¢y°yÎ˚ lÙ%ly §Ç@˝Ã• ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ §ç#Ó lÙ%ly í˛z!qò í˛zòƒyl Óy ≤Ãyî#
í˛zòƒyˆÏl §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !Ólƒy§!Óòàî Ùƒyl%ˆÏÎ˚° ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly@˝ÃyˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ §Çܲyhs˝ !Ó!˲ߨ
ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!ÙÓ˚ xyÓ˚G !Ó¢ò xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛y §¡±ã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ùܲ Key •° ˆ§•z§Ó í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î Óy í˛z˛õyòyl Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ç#ÓçàÍ 15

xl%¢#°l# åExerciseä

1. §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÜ˛l⁄˛

2. §ÙÎ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
3. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ≤ÃyÎ˚•z §y«˛yÍ •Î˚ ~Ùl Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ùylò[˛ !•§yˆÏÓ
ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ܲ# ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlˆÏÓ⁄
4. ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲܲ ç#Ó Óy ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏܲ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄
5. l#ˆÏã˛ xyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ°áy lyÙ!ê˛ ¢ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚yı
Mangifera Indica
Mangifera indica
6. Úê˛ƒy:lÛ ~Ó˚ §ÇK˛y !°ˆÏáy– •yÎ˚yÓ˚y!Ü≈˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ñ !ܲS%È ê˛ƒy:yÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
7. ï%˛!Ù !ܲ !Ólƒy§!Ó!ôÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ §IyܲÙ!ê˛ ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄

ܲä ≤Ãçy!ï˛ Óà≈ ˛õÓ≈ Ó˚yçƒ

áä àî ≤Ãçy!ï˛ Óà≈ Ó˚yçƒ
àä ≤Ãçy!ï˛ àî Óà≈ ˛õÓ≈
8. §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° à,•#ï˛ Ú≤Ãçy!ï˛Û ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°y xÌ≈ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛
Ù•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ ≤Ãyî# G í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ú≤Ãçy!ï˛Û
¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ܲ# •ˆÏÓ ï˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇK˛y !°ˆÏáy ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
(i) ˛õÓ≈ åiiä ˆ◊!î åiiiä ˆàye åivä Óà≈ åvä àî
10. ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ùܲ Key ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
11. ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qò G ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ùܲƒy° •yÎ˚yÓ˚y!Ü≈˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Ó¢ò
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
 16 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xôƒyÎ˚˛2 (CHAPTER 2)
ÓyˆÏÎy˚ °!çܲƒy° ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§
(BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION)
2.1 Ó˚yçƒ ÙˆÏlÓ˚y §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛z£Ïy°@¿ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó•% ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
2.2 Ó˚yçƒ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛y !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùylò[˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ áyòƒñ Óy§fiÌyl ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏflfÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §•çyï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
2.3 Ó˚yçƒ SÈeyܲ xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛zê˛°ÈüÈ•z §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ !ÓK˛yl# !Î!l x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y
2.4 í˛z!qòÓ˚yçƒ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l §Ó˚° xAà§ÇfiÌy!lܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ Ó,«˛ñ à%Õ√ ~ÓÇ Ó#Ó˚%ÍÈüÈ~
2.5 ≤Ãyî# Ó˚yçƒ !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲG ò%!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlÈüÈ ~ܲò° •° °y°ÈüÈ Ó˚=˛
!Ó!¢T˛ ç#Óñ xyÓ˚ xlƒò° •° ÎyÓ˚y °y°ÈüÈ Ó˚=˛ !Ó!¢T˛ ç#Ó lÎ˚–
2.6 ˲y•zÓy˚ §ñ ˲y•zÓˆ˚ ÎÏ í˚ ˛
~ÓÇ °y•zˆÏܲl !°!lÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ ~ÓÇ ˛≤Ãyî#Ó˚yçƒ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%•zÈüÈ Ó˚yçƒ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§
˛õÂô!ï˛ à!ë˛ï˛ ˛•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ÎÌyÜ ˛ˆÏÙ §Ó í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ §Ó ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
x!ï˛ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ܲy° ˛õÎ≈ h s˝ G ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï ˛ •ï˛– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ •z í ˛z Ü ˛ƒy!Ó˚ G !ê˛Ü˛ G
ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚ G !ê˛Ü˛ñ ~ܲˆÏ Ü ˛y¢# G Ó•% ˆ Ï Ü ˛y¢# ~ÓÇ §yˆÏ ° yܲ§ÇˆÏ Ÿ ’ˆÏ £ Ï §«˛Ù å§Ó% ç ˜¢Óy°ä G
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï x«˛Ù åSÈeyܲä ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ !SÈ° ly – ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ
˛≤Ãyî# ~•z ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ˆÏï ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛G §•ç !SÈ°ñ !ܲhs˝% ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢y°
§ÇáƒÜ˛ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ˆÏï˛•z xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y Îy!FSÈ° ly – ï˛y•z Ó•%!òl ôˆÏÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ò%•z ÈüÈÓ˚yçƒ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ !SÈ° ly– fiÌ)° xAà §ÇfiÌy!lܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ SÈyí˛¸yG
xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È ã˛!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆÎÙl ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛lñ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ ˛õ%!T˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ
Óy§fiÌylñ çll ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ !ÓÓï≈˛làï˛ §¡õÜ≈˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yG
xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ܲyˆÏç•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ G ≤Ãyî# Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ó
ï˛sf•z x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ~•z Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ˆày¤˛# Óy §ç#ÓÓ›Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy !lÎ˚ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°– !Ó!˲ߨ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚G xlƒ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Óy ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
!lˆÏÎ˚ !˲ߨ Ùï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ÓyˆÏÎy˚ °!çܲƒy° ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ 17

§yÓ˚!î 2.1 ı ˛õM˛Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°

õM˛Ó˚yçƒ
ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
ÙˆÏlÓ˚y ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛y SÈeyܲ í˛z!qòÓ˚yçƒ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yçƒ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛
ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ñ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç !ܲS%È ç#ˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛
!Ó•#l å˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ åˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç 刧°%ˆÏ°yç
 xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ !Ó•#lä !Ó!¢T˛ä
!lí˛zܲœ #Î˚ ˛õò≈y xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ˆò• §Çàë˛l ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ Ó•% ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚‡ ܲ°y‡xAà ܲ°y‡xAà‡
!¢!Ì° ܲ°y xAàï˛sf
˛õ%!T˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ fl∫ˆÏ˲yç# å Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ fl∫ˆÏ˲yç# å§yˆÏ°yܲ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç# fl∫ˆÏ˲yç# ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç#
§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÜÏ ˛yÓ˚#ä åÙ,ï˛ç#Ó#‡˛ å§yˆÏ°yܲÈȧLjϟ’£ÜÏ ˛yÓ˚# 啈ϰyˆÏçy!Î˚ܲ‡
§yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚#ä ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç# õÓ˚ç#Ó#ä Ù,ï˛ç#Ó# •zï˛ƒy!òä
~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç#
åÙ,ï˛ç#Ó#‡˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#ä

R.H. Whittaker (1969) ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÑyã˛Ó˚yçƒ !Ó!¢T˛ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
˛≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°y !SÈ° ÙˆÏlÓ˚yñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛y , SÈeyܲñ í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ G ≤Ãyî# Ó˚y烖
ˆÎ ≤Ãôyl Ùylò[˛à%ˆÏ°y !ï˛!l ˆ◊!l!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùylò[˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüÈ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛lñ ̃y°y§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §Çàë˛lñ ˛õ%!T˛ ~ÓÇ çll ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓÓï≈˛l ç!lï˛ §¡õÜ≈˛– §yÓ˚!î 2.1
~ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝àï≈˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ï˛%°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!° ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ–

ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ §¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓly ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°

ï˛y ˆÏÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ã˛° xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ˛õÑyã˛ÈüÈÓ˚yçƒ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲy•z – xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§
˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y l#°y˲ §Ó%ç ˜¢Óy°ñ SÈeyܲ ñÙ§‰ñ Ê˛yl≈ñ Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# G à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qòñ ~
§Ó•z í˛z!qò Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !SÈ° – ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ~ï˛à%ˆÏ°y §ç#ÓÓ›ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z Ó˚yçƒ xÌ≈yÍ í˛z!qò
Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ï˛y •° ~•z §Ó ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ – xlƒ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ
˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏlܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G ~•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ•z !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yñ l#°y˲ §Ó%ç ˜¢Óy° ~ÓÇ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ !SÈ° ~Ùl
ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ G ~ܲe#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ˆày¤˛#ÓÂô ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È – ˆÎÙl í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õ Üœ˛ƒyÙy•zˆíÏ ˛yˆÏÙyly§ ~ÓÇ flõy•zˆÓÏ y˚ ày•zÓy˚ í˛z˲Î˚•z ˜¢Óy° ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛–
ˆ¢!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç# SÈeyܲ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏܲ fl∫ˆÏ˲yç# §Ó%ç í˛z!qò ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
Î!òG ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòyl !Ó!¢!T˛– SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ܲy•z!ê˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ ~ÓÇ §Ó%ç í˛z!qòÈüÈ~Ó˚
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç !l!Ù≈ï˛–
18 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Îál•z ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛ál•z SÈeyܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ Ó˚yçƒñ
Ó˚yçƒÈüÈSÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ åkingdom Fungi) xhs˝Ë˛≈% ˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– §Ó ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yçƒ ÙˆÏlÓ˚yÎ˚
xhs˛Ë≈%˛˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •° ~ÓÇ §Ó ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ó˚yçƒ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛yÓ˚ xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •°–
Üœ˛ƒyÙy•zˆÏí˛yˆÏÙyly§ñ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚Õ‘y å˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛z!qòÓ˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛ ˜¢Óy° ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ !SÈ° ~ÓÇ í˛z˲Î˚•z ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
!Ó!¢T˛ä ~ÓÇ ˆ§ §yˆÏÌ ˛õƒyÓ˚yˆÏÙ!§Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ xƒy!ÙÓy å ~Ó˚y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ Ó˚yçƒË%˛=˛ !SÈ° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y í˛z˲Î˚•z
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚!Ó•#lä ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛y Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝≈˲% =˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~•z ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆ§•z§Ó ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ° ÎyÓ˚y ˛õ)ˆÓÏ Ó≈ ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ó˚yçƒË%˛=˛ !SÈ°– ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ÙylòˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆlÏ •z ~•zÓ˛%̊ õ âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜ÏÓ!¢T˛ƒ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÓyôàÙƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôl ~ÓÇ !ÓÓï≈˛lç!lï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ë!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛G
âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà xlƒ ~ܲ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §,!T˛Ó˚ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆlGÎ˚y •°ñ ˆÎ!ê˛
¢%ô%Ùye xAà§ÇfiÌy!lܲñ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ G çllàï˛ §yò,¢ƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà çy!ï˛ç!làï˛ åPhyloge-
neticä xÌ≈yÍ ~!ê˛ !ÓÓï≈˛lç!lï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Whittaker ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ó˚yçƒ SÈeyܲÈüÈ~ÈÓ˚
xhs˝Ë%≈=˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÓ!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏÓy– Ó˚yçƒ Plantae ~ÓÇ Animalia ÎyÓ˚y §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ
í˛z!qòÈüÈÓy˚ çƒ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yçƒ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ G ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–

2.1 Ó˚yçƒÈüÈ ÙˆÏlÓ˚y (KINGDOM MONERA)

Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y •° Ó˚yçƒ ÙˆÏlÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲÙye §ò§ƒ– xî%ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ §Çáƒy•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢
~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó≈e•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲÙ%ˆÏë˛y Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y Óï≈˛Ùyl– í˛z£÷Ï ≤ÃflÀÓîñ
ÙÓ˚%Ë)˛!Ùñ ÓÓ˚Ê˛yFSÈy!òï˛ xM˛°ñ ~ÓÇ §%à˲#Ó˚ §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl á%Ó Ü˛Ù
§ÇáƒÜ˛ ç#Ó•z !ê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆ§áyˆÏlG fl∫FSȈϮ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z xlƒ ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ˆày°yÜ,˛!ï˛
ܲE˛y§ åÓ•%Óã˛lı ܲE˛y•zäñ ò[˛yÜ,˛!ï˛ Óƒy!§°y§ åÓ•%Óã˛lı Óƒy!§°y•zäñ ܲÙyÜ,˛!ï˛ !˲!ÓÎ˚yÙ åÓ•%Óã˛lı !˲!ÓGä

ˆflõyÓ˚
Spore ˆÊœ˛!ç!°Î˚yÙ
Flagellum

ܲE˛y•z
Cocci flõy•z!Ó˚°y ÓƒyˆÏQ!Ó˚Î˚y
Spirilla
Óƒy!§°y•z
Bacilli
Vibrio
!˲!ÓG

!ã˛e 2.1 !Ó!˲ߨ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏQ!Ó˚Î˚y–

ÓyˆÏÎy˚ °!çܲƒy° ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ 19

~ÓÇ §!˛õ≈°yÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ flõy•z!Ó˚°yÙ åÓ•%Óã˛lı flõy•z!Ó˚°yä å!ã˛e 2.1 ˆòáä–

Î!òG Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ àë˛l á%Ó•z §Ó˚°– !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î xï˛ƒhs˝ ç!ê˛° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– xlƒ Ó•% ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !ܲS%È Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y
fl∫ˆÏ˲yç# xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ x˜ÏçÓ Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ áyòƒ !lˆÏç §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y §yˆÏ°yܲ
§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# fl∫ˆÏ˲yç# xÌÓy Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# fl∫ˆÏ˲yç# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y•z
˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç# xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ !lˆÏçÓ˚y §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ~ÓÇ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çlƒ ~Ó˚y xlƒ ç#Ó
xÌÓy Ù,ï˛ ˜çÓ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
2.1.1 xy!Ü≈˛Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ åArchaebacteriaä
~•z Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#Ó Ó°y •Î˚– ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ °Óîy=˛ xM˛°ñ í˛z£÷Ï≤ÃflÀÓî ~ÓÇ
ï,˛îçyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qò §Ù,Âô ç°yË)˛!ÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢG ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xy!Ü≈˛Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÈüÈÓ˚ ArchaebacteriaÈ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àë˛l xlƒ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z ~Ó˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢ !ê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !ÙÌyˆÏlyˆÏç!lܲ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ à%ˆ°
Ï y
ˆàyÓ˚%ñ Ù!•ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó•% ˆÓ˚yÙrÌܲ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏsf Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y G•z ˆÓ˚yÙrÌܲ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù° ˆÌˆÏܲ
!ÙˆÏÌl åÓyˆÏÎ˚yàƒy§ä í˛zͲõyòˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

2.1.2 •zí˛zÓƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y åEubacteriaä

•yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Eubacteria Óy ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢ Óï≈˛Ùyl–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ §%ò,ì˛¸ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛– ~SÈyí˛¸y
§ã˛° Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ ˆÏï˛ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°yG ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– §yˆÏÎy˚ lyÓƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• å~ˆÏòÓ˚
l#°y˲ §Ó%ç ˜¢Óy° G Ó°y •Î˚ä §Ó%ç í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° Óy
Ó˚Oܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# fl∫ˆÏ˲yç# •Î˚ å !ã˛e 2.2ä–
§yÎ˚yˆÏlyÓƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ~ܲˆÏܲy¢#ñ §)eyܲyÓ˚ñ xÌÓy ܲˆÏ°yl# àë˛lܲyÓ˚#ñ !Ù!T˛
çˆÏ°‡§Ù%ˆÏo Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚#ñ xÌÓy fiÌ°ç ˜¢Óy°– ܲˆÏ°yl#à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛
!ç°y!ê˛l çyï˛#Î˚ xyÓÓ˚î# myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ò)!£Ïï˛ ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆ•ê˛yˆÏÓ˚y!§fiê˛
o%ï˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Óœ%Ù àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È ç#Ó ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ Ù%=˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlˆÏܲ §ÇÓrôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
!Ùí˛z!§ˆÏ°ç
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆ•ê˛yˆÏÓ˚y!§fiê˛ åHeterocystä– ˆÎÙl xyÓÓ˚î#
lfiê˛Ü˛ åNostocä ~ÓÇ xƒylyˆÏÓlyˆÏï˛ åAnabaenaä ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ•ê˛yˆÏÓ˚y!§fiê˛ åHeterocystä ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# fl∫ˆÏ˲yç#
åChemosynthetic Autotrophsä Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆ê˛ñ ly•zê˛∆y•zê˛ ~ÓÇ
xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ x˜ÏçÓ Ó›Ó˚ çyÓ˚î âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ
¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ~Ó˚y ˆòˆÏ• ATP í˛zͲõyòˆÏl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlñ
Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ñ xyÎ˚Ó˚l ~ÓÇ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏܲàˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓï≈˛ˆÏl
!Ó¢y° Ë)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãܲ,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛yç# Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚ §Çáƒy•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçܲ xî%ç#Ó ~ÓÇ xˆÏlˆÏܲÓ˚•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛e 2.2 ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛Î%=˛ l#°y˲ §Ó%ç ˜¢Óy° lfiê˛Ü˛
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ò%ô ˆÌˆÏܲ ò•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎy˚ !ê˛Ü˛
20 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈y
ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòlñ !§¡∫ˆàÏ ye#Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)ˆ° Ï ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôl •zï˛ƒy!ò ܲyˆÏç
~Ó˚y §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È •ˆÏ°y ˆÓ˚yà§,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# xî%ç#Ó Óy
˛õƒyˆÏÌyˆÏçl– ~Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ïñ Ê˛§°ñ áyÙyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy!°ï˛ ≤Ãyî#
~ÓÇ ˆ˛õy£Ïy ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ «˛!ï˛ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ˛Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y §,T˛ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
§%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚yà •° ÈüüüÈ Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚yñ ê˛y•zÊ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ñ !ê˛ˆÏê˛ly§ñ ˆ°Ó%Ó˚ ܲƒyAܲyÓ˚
ˆÓ˚yà–
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ≤Ãôylï˛ !Ê˛§l Óy !Ó˲yçl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÓÇ¢ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ å !ã˛e 2.3ä– Ü˛áˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ˆÓ˚î% í˛zͲõyòl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÔlçllG ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÙ
!ã˛e 2.3ı ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˲yçlÓ˚ï˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛!ê˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ ˆÏÙ xï˛ƒhs˝ §Ó˚° ˲yˆÏÓ DNA fiÌylyhs˝Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎÔlçll §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚–
Ùy•zˆÜÏ ˛y≤’yçÙy åMycoplasmaä §¡õ)îÓ≈ ˆ)˚ ˛Ï õ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚!Ó•#l •Î˚– Îï˛ò)Ó˚ çyly ˆàˆÏSÈñ ~Ó˚y•z
«%˛oï˛Ù ç#!Óï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y x!:ˆÏçl SÈyí˛¸y•z ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ó•% Ùy•zˆÏܲy≤’yçÙy ≤Ãyî# G
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

2.2. Ó˚yçƒÈüȈ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛y åKingdom- Protistaä

§ÙhflÏ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z Ó˚yçƒË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ~ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy
§%flõT˛ lÎ˚– ~ܲçl ç#Ó !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆÎ!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛ñ xlƒ ç#Ó !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛ ˆ§!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qòG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ˛õ%hflˆÏ ÜÏ ˛ ܲy•zˆ§Ï yÊ˛y•zê˛§ åChrysophytesäñ í˛y•zˆlÏ yÊœ˛ƒyˆÏçˆÏ°ê˛§
åDinoflagellatesäñ •zí˛z!@’lˆÏÎ˚í˛§ åEuglenoidsäñ fl‘y•zÙˆÏÙy”˛ åSlime mouldä ~ÓÇ xyòƒ≤Ãyî#
åProtozoansä ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ Ó˚yçƒ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛y Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ç°ç ç#Ó– ~•z Ó˚yçƒ!ê˛ xlƒ Ó˚yçƒ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y í˛z!qòñ ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ SÈeyܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ã≈˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎyà§)e fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛y Ó˚yçƒË%˛=˛ ç#Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢
§%flõT˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ~ÓÇ ˛õòy≈Óï, ˛ xAàyl%àˆ% ° Ï y ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓy˚ ܲyˆÏÓy˚ !§!°Î˚y xÌÓy Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛y Ó˚yçƒË%˛=˛ ç#ÓÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xˆÏÎÔl çllñ ~ÓÇ çy•zˆÏàyê˛ §,!T˛Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎÔl çll ܲˆÏÓ˚–

2.2.1 ܲy•zˆÏ§yÊ˛y•zê˛§ åChrysophytesä

í˛yÎ˚yê˛Ù ~ÓÇ ˆ§yly!° ˜¢Óy° ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl !Ù!T˛çˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ °Óîy=˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢG ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y xyl%Ó#«˛!îܲ ~ÓÇ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆflÀyˆÏï˛ !l!‹;Î˚˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛y§Ùyl
˜¢Óy°ÈüüüÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤’ƒyAܲê˛l åplanktonä– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà•z §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆ£Ï Ï §«˛Ù– í˛yÎ˚yê˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ~Ùl ò%!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y x!ôܲÙîÈüȈÎyàƒ ˆáy°Ü˛ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚y §yÓyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ áyˆÏ˛õ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ !§!°Ü˛yÓ˚ xyhflÏÓ˚î ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~•z ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ôÁǧ
≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ly– ï˛y•z í˛yÎ˚yê˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Óy§fiÌyˆÏl ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hfl)Ï˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ÓSÈÓ˚
~•z í˛yÎ˚yê˛Ù#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y çÙy •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛yÎ˚yê˛Ù#Î˚ Ù,!_ܲy åDiatomaceous earthä àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~•z Ù,!_ܲy òylyòyÓ˚ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ñ ~!ê˛ ˛õy!°¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçñ ˆï˛° ~ÓÇ !§Ó˚y˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– í˛yÎ˚yê˛ÙˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ Ù%რí˛zͲõyòܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
ÓyˆÏÎy˚ °!çܲƒy° ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ 21

2.2.2 í˛y•zˆlÏ yÊœ˛ƒyˆÏçˆÏ°ê˛§ åDinoflagellatesä

~•z ç#ÓÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà•z §yÙ%!oܲ ~ÓÇ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÜÏ ˛yÓ˚#– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
≤Ãôyl Ó˚OˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ •°%òñ §Ó%çñ Óyòy!Ùñ l#° xÌÓy °y°
!Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆòáyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó!•/˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç !l!Ù≈ï˛ ¢=˛
ˆ≤’ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ••z ò%ˆÏê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛
°¡∫y°!¡∫˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ xyí˛¸yxy!í˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ≤’ê˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ áÑyˆÏç
Óï≈˛Ùyl– ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•zñ °y° í˛y•zˆÏly Êœ˛ƒyˆÏçˆÏ°ê˛ åGonyaulaxä ~ï˛ o%ï˛ •yˆÏÓ˚
ÓÇ¢Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛° ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ °y° ˆòáyÎ˚
åRed tidesä– ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒÜ˛ ç#Ó !l/§,ï˛ !Ó£Ïy=˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ xlƒylƒ
§yÙ%!oܲ ≤Ãyî# ˆÎÙl ÙͧƒÜ%˛°ˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
åܲä
2.2.3. •zí˛z!@’lˆÏÎ˚퉲§ åEuglenoids)
~Ó˚y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà•z fl∫yò% çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy!§®y ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÓÂô Óy çÙyçˆÏ° ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §Ù,Âô hflÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚
~ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ!°Ü˛° ӈϰ– ˆ˛õ!°Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ•z ~ˆÏ˛òÓ˚ ˆò• lÙl#Î˚ •Î˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üÈ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ~ÓÇ xlƒ!ê˛ °¡∫y– Î!òG §)Îy≈ˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚
í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚y §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï §«˛Ùñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ §)Îy≈ˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y åáä
˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ï˛ál ~Ó˚y «%˛o «%˛o ç#Ó !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%!T˛
§yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ÙçyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ~•z ˆÎ •zí˛z!@’lˆÏÎ˚í˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚Oܲ
˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y í˛zß¨ï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚Oܲ à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï y•z˛ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î
•zí˛z!@’ly å!ã˛eÈüÈ 2.4åܲä
2.2.4. fl‘y•zÙ ˆÙy”˛ åSlime Moulds)
fl‘y•zÙ ˆÙy”˛ •° Ù,ï˛ç#Ó# ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛– ~Ó˚y ˛õã˛l¢#° í˛z!qò ܲy[˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ G•z§Ó ˛õã˛l¢#° Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜çÓ ˛õòyÌ≈ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ – xl%Ü)˛°
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ~Ó˚y ò°ÓÂô •ˆÏÎ˚ ≤’yçˆÏÙy!í˛Î˚yÙ lyÙܲ !ӈϢ£Ï àë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy
Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ Ê%˛ê˛ çyÎ˚ày ç%ˆÏí˛¸ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ åàä
G•z ≤’yçˆÏÙy!í˛Î˚yÙ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢#£Ï≈˲yˆÏà ˆÓ˚î% Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ Î%=˛ – ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó•z ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô«˛Ù
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó•% ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢG ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚–
ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ÓyÎ˚% ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
2.2.5 ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚yl§ (protozoans)
§Ó ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚ylÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç# •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ç#Ó# Óy ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# Ó˚%ˆÏ˛õ ˆÓшÏã˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ≤Ãyî#Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xy!ò ˛õ)Ó˛≈ õ%Ó£%˚ ÓÏ ˆ%˚ ˛Ï õ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚ylˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛
åâä
ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüÈ
!ã˛e 2.4 åܲä í˛y•zˆÏlyÊœ˛yˆÏçˆÏ°ê˛§
xƒy!ÙÓˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚y åAmoeboid protozoans) åáä •zí˛z!@’ly
~Ó˚y !Ù!T˛ç° ñ §Ù%o xÌÓy §ƒÑyï˛§ƒÑyˆÏï˛ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– áyòƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ~ÓÇ åàä fl‘y•zÙ ˆÙy”˛
ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÏÓˆ˚ ïÏ ˛ ~Ó˚y «˛î˛õò Óy pseudopodia ~Ó˚ §y•y΃ ˆlÎ˚– ˆÎ «˛î˛õˆÏòÓ˚ åáä ˛õƒyÓ˚yˆÏÙ!§Î˚yÙ
22 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ xƒy!ÙÓyˆÏï˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ – §yÙ%!oܲ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó!•/˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ !§!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆáy°§
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~SÈyí˛¸y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# åˆÎÙl ~rê˛y!ÙÓyä– Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y !Ó!¢T˛ ˛ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚y
(Flagellaled protozoa)~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ç#ÓÓ˚y fl∫yô#lç#Ó# Óy ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# ˛•Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˛Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y
Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# ç#ÓÓ˚y Úâ%Ù ˆÓ˚yàÛ (sleeping sickness) ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈü ê˛∆y•z˛õƒyˆÏlyˆÏ§yÙy åTrypansomaä–
!§!°Î˚yÎ%=˛ ˛ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚y (ciliated protozoa) ~Ó˚y ç°çñ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ• •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚
!§!°Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆî ~Ó˚y §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ §M˛Ó˚î¢#°– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ~ܲ!ê˛ ly°# Óy gullet Óï≈˛Ùylñ
Îy ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §y!Ó˚ §y!Ó˚ !§!°Î˚yÓ˚ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ç° §• áyòƒly°# Óy
gullet- ~ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ !§!°Î˚yÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ~Ó˚y ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ áyòƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüÈ ˛õƒyÓ˚yˆÏÙy!§Î˚yÙ å!ã˛eÈüÈ2.41ä
ˆflõyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏçyÎ˚yl‰§ åsporozoans)-
~•z ˆày¤˛# ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˜Ó!ã˛e˛õ)î≈ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ˛Ü˛yˆÏly ~ܲ
˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚î% §ò,¢ ò¢y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˲Î˚AܲÓ˚ ç#Ó!ê˛ •° Plasmodium
(ÙƒyˆÏ°!Ó˚Î˚y ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#ä ~ÓÇ ˆÎ!ê˛ ÙƒyˆÏ°!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ùl%£ÏƒÜ%˛° •ï˛Ë˛¡∫ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
2.3 SÈeyܲÈüÈÓ˚yçƒ åKingdom Fungi)
SÈeyÜ Ó˚yçƒ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÎÏ ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf Ó˚y烖 ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!•Ó˚yÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó¢y° ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ – ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õyí˛zÓ˚%!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Îál SÈyï˛y çß√yÎ˚ xÌÓy ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ü˛Ù°yˆÏ°Ó%!ê˛
Îál ˛õˆÏã˛ ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛ál ~!ê˛ SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z âˆÏê˛– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒˆÏ˛õyˆÏÎyà# Ùy¢Ó˚%Ù ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !Ó£Ïy=˛
Ùy¢Ó%̊Ùà%ˆÏ°yG SÈeyܲ– §!Ó˚£Ïy˛ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ §yòy ˆSÈy˛õ çß√yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îG ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇܲÙîñ
•zˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# SÈeyܲ Ó˚%!ê˛ ~ÓÇ Ùò ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– xlƒylƒ !ܲS%È SÈeyܲ í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ àˆÏÙÓ˚ Ù!Ó˚ã˛y ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# SÈeyܲ ˛õyܲ!§!lÎ˚yÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛T˛
í˛zòy•Ó˚î– xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È SÈeyܲ xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl ˆ˛õ!l!§!°Î˚yÙ lyÙܲ SÈeyܲ–
SÈeyܲˆÏòÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ §Ó≈e– ç°ñ ÓyÎ˚% ñÙy!ê˛ñ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî# ˆò• §Ó≈e ~ˆÏòÓ˚ x!hflc °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y í˛z£÷Ï
~ÓÇ xyo≈fiÌyˆÏl ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù xyŸã˛Î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓñ Î!ò ˲yÓ ˆÜ˛l xyÙÓ˚y áyÓyÓ˚
ˆÓ˚!Ê˛çyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y!á– •Ñƒyñ ~!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáy •Î˚ áyÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ SÈeyܲ ~ÓÇ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ §ÇܲÙî ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛yˆÏlyÓ˚
çlƒ –
~ܲˆÏܲy¢# SÈeyܲ •zfiê˛ Óƒï˛#ï˛ xlƒ §Ó SÈeyܲ §)eyܲyÓ˚ àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ò#â≈ñ §Ó˚%
§%ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xl%§)e myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ •y•z!Ê˛ ӈϰ– xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y •y•z!Ê˛Ó˚ çy°ˆÏܲ Ùy•z!§!°Î˚y٠ӈϰ–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ܲSÈ% •y•z!Ê˛ Ó•%!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ñ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ñ ≤ÃfiÌ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚•#l ly°#ܲyñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
!§ˆÏly§y•z!ê˛Ü˛ •y•z!Ê˛ ӈϰ– x˛õÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲS%È SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ •y•z!Ê˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃfiÌ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ñ ܲy•z!ê˛l G ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ !l!Ù≈ï˛–
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà SÈeyܲ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç# ~ÓÇ Ù,ï˛ ˛õã˛l¢#° ˜çÓÓ› ˆÌˆÏܲ oÓî#Î˚ ˜çÓ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆ¢y£Ïî
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ Ù,ï˛ç#Ó# SÈeyܲ– xyÓ˚ ˆÎ§Ó SÈeyܲ ç#!Óï˛ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çlƒ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# SÈeyܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !ÙˆÏÌyç#Ó# !•§yˆÏÓG Ó§Óy§
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È SÈeyܲ ˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙˆÏÌyç#Ó# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ °y•zˆÏܲl àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È SÈeyܲ í˛zߨï˛
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !ÙˆÏÌyç#Ó# Ùy•zˆÏܲyÓ˚y•zçy àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ˚î%ñ ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ Ü˛!l!í˛Î˚y
Óy ˆflõyÓ˚yl!çG ˆÓ˚î% Óy ã˛°ˆÏÓ˚î% §,!T˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xˆÏÎÔl çll ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zˆÏflõyÓ˚ñ xƒy§ˆÏܲyˆÏflõyÓ˚ G
ÓyˆÏÎy˚ °!çܲƒy° ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ 23

Óƒy!§!í˛GˆÏflõyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎÔl çll ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ˚î% ˆÎ §%!l!ò≈T˛ xˆÏAà í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Ê%˛ê˛Ó!í˛ ÓˆÏ°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÔlçll ã˛Ü˛ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ôyˆÏ˛õ âˆÏê˛ ÈüüüÈ
(i) ò%•z!ê˛ §ã˛° Óy !lŸã˛° àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ù°lÈüüüÈ ~!ê˛ ≤’yçˆÏÙyàƒyÙ#–
(ii) ò%•z!ê˛ àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ù°lÈüüüÈ ~ˆÏܲ ܲƒy!Ó˚GàƒyÙ# ӈϰ–
(iii) çy•zˆÏàyˆÏê˛ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÓ˚î% §,!T˛–
ˆÎÔl çll ܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly SeyˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÎÔˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ •ƒy≤’ˆÎÏ í˚ ˛ xl%§e)
Óy •y•z!Ê˛ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ !Ù!°ï˛ •Î˚– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È SÈeyˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛
•ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ù°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚•z !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ å2nä à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ xlƒ
!ܲS%È SÈeyˆÏܲ åxƒy§ˆÏܲyÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§ ~ÓÇ Óƒy!§!í˛G Ùy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ SÈeyˆÏܲä
~ܲ!ê˛ xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# í˛y•zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ò¢y ån+nñ xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ò%!ê˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
!Ó!¢T˛ä ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ í˛y•zܲƒy!Ó˚Gl ådikaryonä ~ÓÇ ~•z
ò¢y!ê˛ˆÏܲ SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛y•zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÊ˛ç ӈϰ– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙÎ˚ñ Ùyï,˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§mÎ˚
!Ù!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ Ê˛°ˆÏòˆÏ• åFruiting bodyä
•…y§ !Ó˲yçl âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÓ˚î% §,!T˛ •Î˚–
åܲä
Ùy•zˆÏ§!°Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ xAà§ÇfiÌylñ ˆÓ˚î% §,!T˛ ~ÓÇ Ê˛°ˆÏò• åfruiting
bodyä àë˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z SÈeyܲ Ó˚yçƒ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
2.3.1 Ê˛y•zˆÏܲyÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§ ˛ åPhycomycetes)
Ê˛y•zˆÏܲyÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§ xhs˝à≈ï˛ SÈeyܲˆÏòÓ˚ ç°ç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ xyo §Ñƒyï˛§ƒyˆÏï˛ fiÌyˆÏl
˛õã˛l¢#° ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xÌÓy í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Ùy•zˆÏ§!°Î˚yÙ!ê˛ ≤ÃfiÌ ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚!Ó•#l ~ÓÇ Ó•% !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ Î%=˛ Óy åáä
!§ˆÏly§y•z!ê˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y ç%ˆÏflõyÓ˚ å§ã˛°ä Óy xƒy≤’yˆÏlyˆÏflõyÓ˚ å!lŸã˛°ä
§,!T˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xˆÏÎÔl çll ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°y xhs˝ç≈!l£÷Ï$ åendogenousä
˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚î%fiÌ°#Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ò%!ê˛ àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ !Ù°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛
çy•zˆÏàyˆÏflõyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z àƒyˆÏÙê˛à%ˆÏ°y xAà§ÇfiÌy!lܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù •ˆÏ°
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ xy•zˆÏ§yàƒyˆÏÙê˛ ~ÓÇ SÈeyܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ xy•zˆÏ§yàƒyÙy§ñ ~ÓÇ àƒyˆÏÙê˛à%ˆÏ°y
!˲ߨÓÜ˚ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ •ˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xƒyly•zˆ§Ï yàƒyˆÏÙê˛ Óy |àƒyˆÏÙê˛ ÓˆÏ° ~ÓÇ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ SÈeyܲˆÏܲ
xƒyly•zˆÏ§yàƒyÙy§ Óy |àƒyÙy§ ӈϰ– !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •ˆÏ°yÈüüüÈ !Ùí˛zܲÓ˚
åMucorä å!ã˛e 2.5 ܲäñ Ó˚y•zˆÏçy˛õy§ åRhizopusä Ó˚%!ê˛ˆÏï˛ çß√yˆÏly SÈeyܲäñ
xƒy°Ó%ˆÏày åAlbugoÈüüüÈ §!Ó˚£Ïy àyˆÏSÈe í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# SÈeyܲä
2.3.2 xƒy§ˆÏܲyÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛ ˛ åAscomycetes)
~Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ú§ƒyܲ Ê˛yl‰çy•zÛ Óy Ú̈ϰ SÈeyÜ˛Û lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ åàä
SÈeyܲà%ˆ°
Ï y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢# •Î˚ñ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îı ˆ˛õ!l!§!°Î˚yÙä– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !ã˛e 2.5 SÈeyܲ ı åܲä !Ùí˛zܲÓ˚åáä xƒy§˛õyÓ˚!ç°y§
xhs˝à≈ï˛ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# SÈeyܲ á%Ó•z !ÓÓ˚°ñ í˛zòy•Ó˚îı •zfiê˛ åSaccharomycesä– åàä xƒyày!Ó˚ܲy§
24 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~Ó˚y Ù,ï˛ç#Ó#ñ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçܲñ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# xÌÓy ܲˆÏ≤Ãy!Ê˛°y§ å˛õ¢%Ó˚ وϰ çß√yˆÏly SÈeyÜ˛ä– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
Ùy•zˆÏ§!°Î˚yÙ!ê˛ ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃfiÌ ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– xˆÏÎÔl ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲ!l!í˛Î˚y ӈϰ ~ÓÇ
~Ó˚y ܲ!l!í˛GˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚ lyÙܲ !ӈϢ£Ï Ùy•zˆÏ§!°Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó!•ç≈!l£¯Ï%˲yˆÏÓ åExogenonsä §,!T˛
•Î˚– ܲ!l!í˛Î˚y xAÜ%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ùy•zˆÏ§!°Î˚yÙ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÔl ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xƒy§ˆÏܲyˆÏflõyÓ˚ åAs-
cosporeä ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y xƒy§Ü˛y•z åAsci, ~ܲÓã˛ˆÏl xƒy§Ü˛y§ä ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ì!°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
xhs˝ç≈!l£¯Ï%˛ åEndogenousä ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ~•z xƒy§Ü˛y•z åAsci ä à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ˲yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ Ê˛°ˆÏò• àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ åFruiting bodyä xƒy§ˆÏܲyܲ#˛õ≈ åAscocarpä ӈϰ– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° ÈüüüÈ xƒy§˛õyÓ˚!ç°y§ åAspergillusä !ã˛e 2.5 åáää Üœ˛ƒy!˲ˆÏ§˛õ§‰
åClavicepsä ~ÓÇ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏflõyÓ˚y åNeurosporaä ˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ~ÓÇ !çlàï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏflõyÓ˚y Ó•%°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÙyˆÏÓ˚° åmorelä ~ÓÇ ê˛∆yˆÏÊ˛° å truffleä ~Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È SÈeyܲ áyòƒˆÏ˛õyˆÏÎyà# ~ÓÇ §%fl∫yò% SÈeyܲ !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚–

2.3.3 Óƒy!§!í˛GÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§˛˛åBasidiomycetes)
Óƒy!§!í˛GÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ SÈeyܲà%ˆÏ°y •° Ùy¢Ó˚%Ùñ Ó ƒyˆÏÜ˛ê˛ SÈeyܲ Óy ˛õyʉ˛Ó°– ~Ó˚y
Ùy!ê˛ñ ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸ y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y Óy °à‰ñ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ à%Ñ!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ §ç#Ó í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Óy§
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ í˛zòy•Ó˚îñ Rusts åÓ˚yfiê˛ä ~ÓÇ Smuts (fløyê˛ )– Ùy•zˆÏ§!°Î˚yÙ!ê˛ ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃfiÌ
≤ÃyܲyÓ˚!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yôyÓ˚îï˛ı xˆÏÎÔl ˆÓ˚î% xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚y §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ á[˛#˲Ól
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xAàç çll §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• çll xAà xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ñ !ܲv !˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆfiê˛∆•zl Óy !çˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ ~Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ xAàç Óy ˆò•ˆÏܲy¢ !Ù!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ≤’yçˆÏÙyàƒyÙ# §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ í˛y•zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ àë˛l!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ Óƒy!§!í˛Î˚yˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– Óƒy!§!í˛Î˚yˆÏÙ Ü˛ƒy!Ó˚GàƒyÙ#
~ÓÇ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Óƒy!§!í˛GˆÏflõyÓ˚ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– Óƒy!§!í˛GˆÏflõyÓ˚
Óƒy!§!í˛Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó!•ç≈!l£¯Ï% åExogenousä ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– Óƒy!§!í˛Î˚yÙà%ˆÏ°y Ê˛°ˆÏòˆÏ•
§!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óƒy!§!í˛Gܲy˛õ≈ ӈϰ– ~•z ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ SÈeyܲ •°
Agaricus åÙy¢Ó˚%Ùä å!ã˛e 2.5 àäñ Ustilago (fløyê˛) ~ÓÇ Puccinia åÓ˚yfiê˛ SÈeyܲä

2.3.4 !í˛í˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚yÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§ ˛åDeuteromycetes)

~•z ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚y §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ çllàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ x§¡õ)î≈ SÈeyܲ !•§yˆÏÓ•z ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye xˆÏÎÔl xÌÓy xAàç ò¢yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ çyly ÎyÎ˚– Îál ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ SÈeyˆÏܲ
ˆÎÔlò¢y xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !l!ò≈T˛ SÈeyܲ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏ° SÈeyܲ!ê˛Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛ál
~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !í˛í˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚yÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§ ˆ◊!î ˆÌˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏl xƒyˆÏflÒyÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§ Óy Óƒy!§!í˛GÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§
ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !í˛í˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚yÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ xhs˝≈˲%=˛ SÈeyܲÓ˚y ܲ!l!í˛Î˚y lyÙܲ xˆÏÎÔl ˆÓ˚î%Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ÓÇ¢Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùy•zˆÏ§!°Î˚yÙ!ê˛ ≤ÃfiÌ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚!Ó!¢T˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛
!ܲS%È SÈeyܲ Ù,ï˛ç#Ó# xÌÓy ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# •Î˚– !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒÜ˛ V˛Ó˚y ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ
!Ó!˲ߨ á!lˆÏçÓ˚ xyÓï≈˛ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÓyˆÏÎy˚ °!çܲƒy° ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ 25

2.4 í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ ˛åKingdom Plantae)

§Ó •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ñ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛°Î%=˛ ç#Ó ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ í˛z!qò Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚y §Óy•z í˛z!qò Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚
åKingdom Plantaeä xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç# åˆÎÙl ˛õï˛AàË%˛Ü˛ í˛z!qòä xÌÓy
˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# •Î˚– ˛õyï˛yVÑ˛y!V˛ åBladderwortä ~ÓÇ §)Î!≈ ¢!¢Ó˚ åVenusflytrapä ˛õï˛AàË%˛Ü˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
~ÓÇ fl∫î° ≈ ï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# í˛z!qò– í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ°Ï y §%flõT˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yfiê˛ §• •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ àë˛l!Ó!¢T˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãôylï˛ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç !l!Ù≈ï˛– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xT˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
àë˛l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– ˜¢Óy°ñ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛yñ ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛yñ Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# G à%Æç#Ó# í˛z!qòÈüüüÈ
~Ó˚y §Ó•z í˛z!qò Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛–
í˛z!qò ~Ó˚ ç#Ólã˛ˆÏܲ ò%•z!ê˛ §%flõT˛ ò¢y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ åSporo-
phyticä ò¢yñ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y •ƒy≤’ˆÎ Ï í˚ ˛ !°AàôÓ˚ ågametophyticä ò¢y– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ
˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ò%•z ò¢yÓ˚ xyÓï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ Úçl%ܲÙÛ åAlternation of generationä ӈϰ– ~•z
•ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ G !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ò¢yÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z ò¢yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lç#Ó# xÓfiÌy xÌÓy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ ò¢yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qò ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z Ó˚yçƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xyÓ˚G !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ çylˆÏÓ–

2.5 ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yçƒ ˛åKINGDOM ANIMALIA )

~•z Ó˚yçƒË%˛=˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ~•z ˆÎ ~Ó˚y ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç#ñ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ñ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#Ó ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛– ~Ó˚y áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Óy ˛õˆÏÓy˚ «˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ @’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏçl xÌÓy ˆfl¨•˛õòyÌ≈ !•§yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y
áyòƒ §!M˛ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •ˆÏ°yç!Î˚ܲ ˛õ%!T˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ áyòƒ@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~Ó˚y
˛õ%!T˛ §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ l:y ågrowth patternä xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xyܲyÓ˚ G xyÜ,˛!ï˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ˛õ)î≈yAà ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– í˛zß¨ï˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• !Óhfl,Ïï˛
§ÇK˛yÓ• åSensoryä ~ÓÇ xyK˛yÓ• åNeuromotorä ܲyÎ≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà
≤Ãyî#•z àÙˆÏl §«˛Ù–
˛ õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ÓÇ flf# ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ù°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎÔlçll ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y §¡õߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ º%ˆÏîÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
âˆÏê˛– !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
2.6 ˲y•zÓ˚y§ñ !˲!Ó˚Î˚í˛ñ !≤ÃÎ˚l§ ~ÓÇ °y•zˆÏܲl ˛
åVIRUSES, VIROIDS, PRIONS AND LICHENS )
•%•zˆÏRܲyÓ˚ åWhittakerä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õM˛Ó˚yçƒ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG !ܲS%È xˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ ç#Ó ˆÎÙl ˲y•zÓ˚y§ñ
˲y•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ñ !≤ÃÎ˚l§ ~ÓÇ °y•zˆÏܲl ~Ó˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á •Î˚!l– ~áyˆÏl ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
xyÙÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ë˛y[˛y Óy Êœ%˛ˆÏï˛ Ë%˛ˆÏà!SÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲y•zÓ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y xÓàï˛ xy!SÈ– ï˛Ìy!˛õ xyÙÓ˚y ˲y•zÓ˚y§ˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ¢y!Ó˚Ó˚#ܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚ ly– ˲y•zÓ˚y§Ó˚y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÜ˛yl §ç#Ó ly •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
fiÌyl ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ܲyÓ˚îñ Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y §ç#Ó Ó› Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ àë˛lˆÏܲ Ó%!V˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ë˛y•zÓ˚y§ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛
§ç#Ó Ó› Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˲y•zÓ˚y§ ~Ùl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ Ó› ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •ˆÏ°y ~•z ˆÎ ~Ó˚y
§ç#Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!‹;Î˚ !ܲfiê˛y° Óy fl≥˛!ê˛Ü˛ òylyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àë˛l Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛
˲y•zÓ˚y§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ §ÇܲÙî âê˛yÎ˚ ï˛ál ˆ˛õy£Ïܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ §Çàë˛l !lˆÏçÓ˚
xyÎ˚ˆÏ_ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ G ˆ§•z §yˆÏÌ ˆ˛õy£Ïܲ ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– ï%˛!Ù
˲y•zÓ˚y§ˆÏܲ ܲ# Ó°ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ §ç#Ó ly çí˛¸ Ó›⁄ ˲y•zÓ˚y§ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˆÎ Ú!Ó£ÏÛ xÌÓy Ú!Ó£Ïy=˛ ï˛Ó˚°Û–
26 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ÙhflÜÏ ˛
Head

ܲ°yÓ˚
Collar
˛õ%Sheath
FSÈyÓÓ˚î#

RNA ܲƒy˛õ!§í˛
Capsid

˛õ%FSÈfibres
Tail ï˛v
åܲä åáä

!ã˛e ÈüÈ 2.6 åÜ˛ä ˆê˛yÓyˆÏܲy ˆÙyçy•zܲ ˲y•zÓ˚y§ åáä ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚GÊ˛yç

åTMVä
~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ ≤ÃÌ٠ӈϰ!SȈϰl !ÓK˛yl# ˛õy›Ó˚– !í˛ ˆç •z˲yˆÏly!flÒ åD.J. Ivanowskyä 1892 §yˆÏ° !ܲS%È
xî%ç#ÓˆÏܲ ï˛yÙyˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÙyçy•zܲ ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ç#Ó Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~Ó˚y Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛G
«%˛o ܲyÓ˚î Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏܲ xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ˆï˛Ùl ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚G ~Ó˚y ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ÙÉ
í˛!ÓœG ˆÓ•zçyÓ˚!l•zܲ åM. W. Beijerinekä 1898 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ xyܲyhs˝ ï˛yÙyܲ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚
!lÎ≈y§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%fiÌ àySȈÜÏ ˛ §Çܲ!Ùï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !ï˛!l ~•z ï˛Ó˚°!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙ ˆòl Ú§ÇܲyÙܲ ç#Óhs˝ ˛õòyÌ≈ÛÈüüüÈ
åContagium Vivum fluidumä– í˛!ÓœGÉ ~ÙÉ ˆfiê˛l!° åW.M. Stanleyä ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ
˲y•zÓ˚y§ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛°y!§ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆÜ˛°y§ ≤Ãôylï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §Ù,Âô •Î˚– !l!ò≈T˛ ˆ˛õy£Ïܲ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚ ˲y•zÓ˚y§ !lSÈܲ !l!‹;Î˚ Óy çí˛¸ Ó›– ˲y•zÓ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚y Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#– ˲y•zÓ˚y§ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
SÈyí˛¸yG x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ !•§yˆÏÓ !çlàï˛ Ó›G Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !çlàï˛ Ó› •Î˚ DNA lï%˛Óy RNA •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲y•zÓ˚yˆÏ§•z DNA ~ÓÇ RNA í˛z˲Î˚•z ~ܲ §yˆÏÌ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ˲y•zÓ˚y§ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˆÎÔà ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !çlàï˛ Ó›!ê˛ §ÇܲÙî •Î˚–
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• §ÇܲÙîܲyÓ˚# ˲y•zÓ˚y§à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲï˛sf# Óy !mï˛sf# RNA !Ó!¢T˛ xÌÓy
!mï˛sf# DNA !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚GÊ˛yç åÓƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÇܲÙîܲyÓ˚# ˲y•zÓ˚y§ !ã˛e 2.6 áä–
˲y•zÓ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l xyÓÓ˚î#ˆÏܲ ܲƒy˛õ!§í˛ ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y «%˛o «%˛o xô/~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚
à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z xô/~ܲܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲƒy˛õˆÏ§y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ ӈϰ– ܲƒy˛õˆÏ§y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆ•!°Ü˛ƒy° åHelicalä Óy
˛õ!°ˆÏ•í»˛y° åPolyhedralä çƒy!Ù!ï˛Ü˛ àë˛lÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˲y•zÓ˚y§ Ùy¡õ§ñ à%!ê˛ Ó§hs˝ñ •yÓ˚!˛õ§‰
~ÓÇ •zlÊœ%˛ˆÏÎ˚OyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ• AIDS ˆÓ˚yà!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y•zÓ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏî âˆÏê˛–
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲y•zÓ˚y§ â!ê˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°y Îy Îy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ˆÙyçy•zܲ §,!T˛ •GÎ˚yñ
˛õyï˛y à%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü%Ñ˛Ü˛ˆÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚yñ ˛˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Óî≈ •°ˆÏò •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !¢Ó˚yà%ˆÏ°y flõT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y ~ÓÇ
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ áÓ≈yÜ,˛!ï˛ •GÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ó,!Âô Óƒ•ï˛ •GÎ˚y–
ÓyˆÏÎy˚ °!çܲƒy° ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ 27

˲y•zÓˆ˚ ÎÏ í˚ ˛ åVIROIDSä
1971 §yˆÏ° T.O. Diener ˲y•zÓy˚ ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎG ˚ «˛%oï˛Ó˚ lï%˛l ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §ÇܲyÙܲ Ó› xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓl˚ ñ Îy
˛õˆÏê˛ˆÏê˛y !flõlí˛°‰ !ê˛í˛zÓyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%=˛ RNA– ˲y•zÓy˚ ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ˆÏܲ
!âˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l xyÓÓ˚î# ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛y xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z lyÙܲÓ˚î •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ˲y•zÓˆ˚ ÎÏ í˚ ˛
RNA Ü˛Ù xyî!Óܲ Gçl !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚–
!≤ÃÎl˚ §˛ åPRIONSä
xyô%!lܲ !ã˛!ܲͧy¢yˆÏflf ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !ܲS%È §ÇܲyÙܲ fl¨yÎ˚ˆ% ÓÏ y˚ à xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ ËÑ˛yçÎ%=˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•Ü˛ myÓ˚y Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z Óy•Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ˲y•zÓy˚ ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •Î˚– ~•z Óy•Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !≤ÃÎl˚ § ӈϰ–
!≤ÃÎl˚ § â!ê˛ï˛ á%Ó•z í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ˆÏÎyàƒ ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ˆÓy˲y•zl flõ!OÊ˛Ù≈ ~lˆÏ§Ê˛yˆÏ°y˛õƒy!Ì åBSEä– ~•z
ˆÓ˚yà!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ˆàyÓy!ò ˛õ¢%Ó˚ Ùƒyí˛Ü˛yí˛z !í˛!§ç åMad cow diseaseä ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆÓ˚yà!ê˛Ó˚ §ÙˆÏàye#Î˚
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆË˛ò!ê˛ •° ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ• §,T˛ ܲ% çˆÏÊ˛Œê˛ÈüÈ ˆçÜ˛Ó !í˛!§ç åCr-Jacob diseaseä Óy CJD–
°y•zˆÜÏ ˛l˛ åLICHENSä
°y•zˆÜÏ ˛l •ˆÏ°y ˜¢Óy° ~ÓÇ SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ !ÙˆÏÌyç#Ó#Î˚ §•yÓfiÌyl ˆÎáyˆÏl ˜¢Óy° G SÈeyܲ í˛z˲ˆÏΕ˚ z ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •Î˚– °y•zˆÜÏ ˛l ~Ó˚ ˜¢Óy° xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Ê˛y•zˆÜÏ ˛yÓyÎ˚rê˛ åPhycobiont) ~ÓÇ SÈeyܲ
xÇ¢!ê˛ •° Ùy•zˆÜÏ ˛yÓyÎ˚rê˛ åMycobiontä ÎyÓ˚y ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ fl∫ˆËÏ ˛yç# ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛yç# •Î˚– °y•zˆÜÏ ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜¢Óy°
xÇ¢!ê˛ SÈeyܲˆÏܲ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚– !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ SÈeyܲ ˜¢Óy°ˆÏܲ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ áyòƒ
≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ á!lç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §•yÓfiÌyl ~ï˛ê˛y•z !l!Óí˛¸ ˆÎ Î!ò
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢ °y•zˆÜÏ ˛l ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛“ly ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ °y•zˆÜÏ ˛l ò%•!z ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÎÏ ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– °y•zˆÜÏ ˛l ò)!£Ïï˛ xM˛ˆÏ° çß√yˆÏï˛ Óy !ê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛y•z °y•zˆÜÏ ˛l á%Ó•z ˲y° ò)£îÏ
!lˆÏò¢≈ ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ–˚
§yÓ˚yÇ¢˛ åSUMMARYä
!ÓK˛yl# xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛° §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ §Ó˚° xAà§ÇfiÌy!lܲ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!qòÜ%˛° G ≤Ãyî#Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!çܲƒy° ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !°!lÎ˚y§ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏܲ ò%•z!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ
í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y烖 Whittaker ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!Óhfl,Ïï˛ ˛õM˛Ó˚yçƒ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~•z
˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ó˚yçƒ •° ÈüüüÈ ÙˆÏlÓ˚yñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛yñ SÈeyܲñ í˛z!qòÓ˚yçƒ G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y烖 ~•z ˛õM˛Ó˚yçƒ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)°
Ùylò[˛à%ˆÏ°y !SÈ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ àë˛lñ ˆò• §Çàë˛lñ ˛õ%!T˛ ~ÓÇ çll ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓÓï≈˛làï˛ §¡õÜ≈˛–
˛õM˛Ó˚yçƒ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏày¤˛# Ó˚yçƒ ÙˆÏlÓ˚yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ !SÈ°– Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ §Ó≈e– ~•z
xî%ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˛õyܲ!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ ˜Ó!ã˛e °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˛õ%!T˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y fl∫ˆÏ˲yç# xÌÓy
˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç# ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §Ó ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ó ˆÎÙlñ ܲy•zˆÏ§yÊ˛y•zê˛ñ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏlyÊœ˛yˆÏçˆÏ°ê˛ñ
•zí˛z!@’lˆÏÎ˚í˛ñ fl‘y•zÙˆÏÙy”˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ç#ÓÓ˚y ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛y Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%¡õT˛
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ G xlƒylƒ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y xˆÏÎÔl ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔl í˛z˲Î˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ çll!ܲÎ˚y
§¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– SÈeyܲ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• àë˛l ~ÓÇ Óy§fiÌyˆÏl Óƒy˛õܲ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚
xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ◊!î •° Ê˛y•zˆÏܲyÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§ñ xƒy§ˆÏܲyÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§ñ Óƒy!§!í˛GÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§ ~ÓÇ !í˛í˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚yÙy•zˆÏ§!ê˛§–
§Ó ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛°Î%=˛ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ í˛z!qòÓ˚yçƒ à!ë˛ï˛– ˜¢Óy°ñ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛yñ ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛yñ à%ÆÓ#ç#
~ÓÇ Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# ÈüüüÈ ~Ó˚y §Óy•z ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛ˆÏܲ çl%Ü˛Ù ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛ˆÏܲ
!°AàôÓ˚ çl% ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ çl%Ó˚ xyÓï˛≈l âˆÏê˛– •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ñ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç#ñ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#Ó ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ñ ~Ó˚y ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%!T˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç# ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y ≤Ãôylï˛ ˆÎÔl çlˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÓÇ¢!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲y•zÓ˚y§ G ˲y•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È xˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ ç#Ó ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ °y•zˆÏܲlG
˛õM˛Ó˚yçƒ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ •Î˚!l–
28 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xl%¢#°l# (EXERCISES)

1É §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó•% ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §y!ôï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y !ÓÓ,ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2É !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ò%•z!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ à%Ó˚%c !°ˆÏáy–
Ü˛ä ˛õÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛yç# Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚
áä xy!Ü≈˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚
3É í˛yÎ˚yê˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y£Ï≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ⁄
4É ‘Algal bloom’ ~ÓÇ ÚRed--tidesÛ ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c ܲ# ï˛y á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5É Ë˛y•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛y•zÓ˚y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚⁄
6É §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î òyG–
7É í˛z!qòÓ˚y fl∫ˆÏ˲yç#– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~Ùl !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚y xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç#⁄
8É ÚÊ˛y•zˆÏܲyÓyÎ˚rê˛ ~ÓÇ Ùy•zˆÏܲyÓyÎ˚rê˛˛ ~•z ò%•z!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£ÏyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ܲ#⁄Û
9É l#ˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ò%•z!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ SÈeyܲ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ◊!îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛%°lyÙ)°Ü˛
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
åiä ˛õ%!T˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛–
åiiä çll ˛õÂô!ï˛
10É Ú•zí˛z!@’lˆÏÎ˚í˛ˆÏòÓ˚Û ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
11É ˆò• àë˛l G !çlàï˛ Ó›Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲y•zÓ˚y§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˲y•zÓ˚y§ â!ê˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ lyÙG ˆ°ˆÏáy–
12É Ë˛y•zÓy˚ §Ó˚y §ç#Ó ly çí˛¸ ÈüüüÈ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛Ó˚˛ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyã˛Ü˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
 í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ 29

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 (CHAPTER 3)

í˛z!qòÓ˚yçƒ (PLANT KINGDOM)
3.1 ˜¢Óy° ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛# xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y •%•zˆÏRܲyÓ˚ (Whittakerñ 1969) ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛õM˛Ó˚yçƒ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
3.2 ÓyˆÏÎy˚ Ê˛y•zê˛y §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˆ˛òˆÏá!SÈ ˆ§áyˆÏl ÙˆÏlÓ˚yñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛yñ SÈeyܲñ ≤’ƒy!rê˛ñ xƒy!lˆÏÙ!°Î˚y ~•z ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛
Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á !SÈ°– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G !Ó¢ò ˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚yçƒÈüÈ˛≤’ƒy!rê˛ (kingdom- plantae)
3.3 ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆíÏ ˛yÊ˛y•zê˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Óñ ˆÎ!ê˛ í˛z!qòÓ˚yçƒ lyˆÏÙ Ó•%° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛–
3.4 Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ í˛z!qòÓ˚yˆÏçƒ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛l≈ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈñ ~•z à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z
!ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚Ó– SÈeyܲ ÙˆÏlÓ˚y G ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛y Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §ò§ƒ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
3.5 à%ÆÓ#ç# !Ó!¢T˛ ç#Óñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛z!qòÓ˚yçƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG ˛õ)ˆÏÓÓ˚≈ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛
3.6 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~Ó˚y ~ܲ•z Ó˚yçƒ í˛z!qòÓ˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚•z xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !SÈ°– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §yÎ˚yˆÏly Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ÎyÓ˚y l#°y˲
G çl%Ü˛Ù §Ó%ç ˜¢Óy° lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~Ó˚y xyÓ˚ ˜¢Óy° !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ •ˆÏÓ ly– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y í˛z!qò
Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs≈˝àï˛ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛# !•§yˆÏÓ ˜¢Óy°ñ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛yñ ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛y Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# G à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
ã˛ˆÏ°y ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ùl !ܲS%È !Ó£ÏÎ˚ çylˆÏï˛ñ à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§!ê˛
°«˛ ܲ!ÏÓ˚– ≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ò,¢ƒÙyl fiÌ)° xAà§ÇfiÌy!lܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°
ˆÎÙl ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ fl∫˲yÓñ Ó˚Çñ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !˲!_ !•§yˆÏÓ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛– ~à%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãôylï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xAàç ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óy í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%ÇhflÏÓˆÏܲÓ˚ àë˛l ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚
G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ !°!lÎ˚y§ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ïà%ˆÏ°y !SÈ° Ü,˛!eÙ
˛õÂô!ï˛– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ùye ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ü,˛!eÙ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xAàç ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ~ÓÇ çllàï˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ §Ùyl à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xAàç ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~•z ˛˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛@˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ •Î˚!l– ~ ˆ•l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï !•§yˆÏÓ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ˛≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
!Ó!˲ߨ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ §yò,ˆ¢Ï ƒÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !ÓlƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛Ó° Ùye Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ lÎ˚ñ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ îÓ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°ñ
30 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆÎÙl ˆò•àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛xyî%Ó#«˛!îܲ àë˛lñ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ àë˛lñ º)î !Óòƒy ~ÓÇ í˛z!qò Ó˚§yÎ˚l!ÓòƒyÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲG !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl çç≈ ˆÓrÌyÙ
~ÓÇ ˆÏçyˆÏ§Ê˛ í˛y°ê˛l •%ܲyÓ˚–
!Ó!˲ߨ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓÓï≈˛làï˛ Óy çy!ï˛ç!làï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛l ç!lï˛
ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ– ~•z !Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ê˛y•z !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ•z ê˛ƒy:y
åTaxa) ˆï˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ܲ•z– ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ §Çܲyhs˝ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒy Óy ç!ê˛°ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y
§ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xlƒylƒ xyÓ˚G Ó•% í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!° §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– Îál
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ÓyŸ¬â!ê˛ï˛ ≤ÃÙyî ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyñ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~•z
§Çà,•#ï˛ ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°y xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ –
§Çáƒyï˛_¥ç!lï˛ ê˛ƒyˆÏ©yl!Ù Îy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Ó ò,¢ƒÙyl
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ó ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z !l!ò≈T §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏí˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ï˛ÌƒyÓ!°Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §Ùyl à%Ó˚%c ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z§yˆÏÌ ¢ï˛y!ôܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ –
ˆÜ˛y¢!˲!_ܲ ê˛ƒyˆÏ:yˆÏly!Ù Óy cytotaxonomy˛ ˆe´yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ §Çáƒyñ àë˛l G xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏÙyê˛ƒyˆÏ:yl!Ù Óy Chemotaxonamy
!Ó!˲ߨ m®µ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !Ólƒy§!Óò‰Óy˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛•z xÌ≈yÍ Cytotaxomoumy ~ÓÇ Chemotaxonomy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–

3.1 ˜¢Óy° (Algae)

˜¢Óy° •° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° Î%_´ §Ó˚° G ̃y°y§ çyï˛#Î˚ àë˛l !Ó!¢T fl∫ˆÏ˲yç# ~ÓÇ ≤Ãôylï˛ ç°ç åfl∫yò%
ç° G §Ù%o í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ•z Óï≈˛Ùylä ç#Ó– ~Ó˚y !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˛˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÎÙl §Ñƒyï˛§ƒyˆÏï˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚ ñ Ùy!ê˛
~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ çß√yÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §•yÓfliyˆÏl å°y•zˆÏܲlä ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛í˛z
ˆÜ˛í˛z xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌG §•yÓfiÌyˆÏl ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ fl‘Ì!ÓÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àyˆÏe ˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛
°«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ –
˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆò• àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G xyܲyÓ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ ˜Ó!ã˛e˛õ)î≈ •Î˚ å!ã˛eÈüÈ3.1) ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ÈüÈ
Üœ˛ƒyÙy•zˆÏí˛yˆÏÙylyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# xyî%Ó#«˛!îܲ ˆÎÙl •Î˚ñ ˆï˛Ù!l ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲°Ë˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏ°yl#Î˚
àë˛l ~ÓÇ •zí˛zˆÏ°y!Ì: G flõy•zˆÏÓ˚yày•zÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ §)eyܲyÓ˚ àë˛lG ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÜ˛°ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y x“ !ܲS%È ˜òï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚ §yÙ%!oܲ ˜¢Óy° Ó,•òyܲyÓ˚ í˛z!qò ˆò• àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜¢Óy°
xAàçñ xˆÏÎÔl ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔl çll ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ÓÇ¢!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xAàç çlˆÏl á[˛#˲Ól ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ §,T˛
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ á[˛Ü˛ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ìƒy°y§ Óy x!ÓˆÏÏ˲!òï˛ ˆò• §Çàë˛ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏÎÔl çll
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ˚î% ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ç%ÈüȈflõyÓ˚•z §Ó≈y!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°yÎ%=˛ §ã˛° ç%ˆÏflõyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y xAÜ%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ lï%˛l í˛z!qò §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜¢ÓyˆÏ° ò%!ê˛ àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ !Ù°ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎÔl çll §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z àƒyˆÏÙê˛ ò%!ê˛ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°yÎ%=˛ñ §ÙxyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ åÜœ˛ƒyÙy•zˆÏí˛yˆÏÙyly§ä xÌÓy
Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y!Ó•#l å!l/Ÿã˛°ä !ܲv §Ù xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ åflõy•zˆÏÓ˚yày•zÓ˚yä •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àƒyˆÏÙê˛mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
!Ù°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ˆÎÔl çllˆÏܲ xy•zˆÏ§yàƒyÙ# ӈϰ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ xƒyly•zˆÏ§yàƒyÙ#ˆÏï˛ ò%•z!ê˛ !˲ߨ
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ !Ù°l âˆÏê˛– Üœ˛ƒyÙy•zˆÏí˛yˆÏÙylyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎÔl çll ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸¸ !l/Ÿã˛° flf# àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ˆSÈyê˛ §ã˛° ˛õ%ÇàƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ !Ù°lˆÏܲ
|àƒyÙ# ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˲°Ë˛:ñ !Ê˛í˛zܲy§–
 í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ 31

åx˛õï˛ƒ ܲˆÏ°yl#ä

åç!lï,˛ ܲˆÏ°yl#ä

Ü˛È üÈ i

Ü˛È üÈ ii

ÓyÎ%̊Ì!°
Ê˛u˛
Ê˛u˛
Ùôƒ!¢Ó˚y
Ê˛u˛

fiê˛y•z˛õ
ˆ•y”˛ Ê˛ƒyfiê˛ fiê˛y•z˛õ
ˆ•y”˛Ê˛yfiê˛
áÈ üÈ ii
áÈ üÈ i áÈ üÈ iii

≤Ãôyl x«˛
Ê˛u˛

¢yáy

àÈ üÈ i
àÈ üÈ ii
!ã˛e 3.1 ˜¢Óy° ı åÜ˛ä §Ó%ç ˜¢Óy° åiä ˲°Ë˛: åiiä •zí˛zˆ°
Ï y!Ì:
åáä Óyòy!Ù ˜¢Óy° åiä °ƒy!Ùly!Ó˚Îy˚ åiiä !Ê˛í˛zܲy§ åiiiä !í˛Ü˛!ê˛Gê˛y
åàä ˆ°y!•ï˛ ˜¢Óy° åiä ˆ˛õyÓ˚Ê˛y•zÓy˚ åiiä˛õ!°§y•zˆÊÏ ˛y!lÎ˚y
32 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

˜¢Óy° !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xhs˝ï˛ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y 50 ˲yà ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z
x:y•zí˛ ˜¢Óy° §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# ç#Ó •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚y
!lܲê˛Óï≈˛# ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyey Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏÜ˛ã˛ˆÏܲ åfood cycleä ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
í˛zͲõyòܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ¢!=˛ §Ù,Âô ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ í˛zͲõyòܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆÎÔà §Ó ç°ç ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !˲!_ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– 70!ê˛ §yÙ%!oܲ
˜¢Óy° ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õÓ˚Ê˛y•zÓ˚yñ °ƒy!Ùly!Ó˚Î˚y ~ÓÇ §yÓ˚àƒyÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ áyòƒ !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚– !ܲS%È §yÙ%!oܲ Óyòy!Ù ~ÓÇ ˆ°y!•ï˛ ˜¢Óy° ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ç° ôyÓ˚ܲ Ó› •y•zˆÏí»˛yܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ í˛zͲõߨ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ í˛zòy•Ó˚î Algin åÓyòy!Ù ˜¢Óy°ä ~ÓÇ Carrageen 到y!•ï˛ ˜¢Óy°ä– ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !çˆÏ°!í˛Î˚yÙ åGelidiumä ~ÓÇ @˝Ãƒy!§°y!Ó˚Î˚y åGracilariaä lyÙܲ ˜¢Óy°
ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ ÚxyàÓ˚Û xl%ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xy•z§!ܲÙñ ˆç!° •zï˛ƒy!ò ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §Ù,Âô ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ˜¢Óy° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚Õ‘y áyòƒ §¡õ)Ó˚ܲ åFood supplimentä
!•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– Ù•yܲy¢ã˛yÓ˚#Ó˚yG áyòƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓÕ˚ y‘ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˜¢Óy° ˆày¤˛#ˆÏܲ ≤Ãôylï˛
!ï˛l!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ Ê˛y•z!§ñ åChlorophyceaeäñ !Ê˛GÊ˛y•z!§ åPhaeophyceaeä
ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•z!§ åRhodophyceaeä–

3.1.1 ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÊ˛y•z!§ (Chlorophyceae)

~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˜¢Óy° Ú§Ó%ç ˜¢Óy°Û lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ~ܲˆÏܲy¢#ñ ܲˆÏ°yl# §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# Óy §)eÓÍ
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a ~ÓÇ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° b Ó˚OˆÏܲÓ˚ xy!ôˆÏܲƒÓ˚ çlƒ ~Ó˚y âyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §Ó%ç ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z Ó˚Oܲà%ˆÏ°y !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãçy!ï˛ˆÏ˲ˆÏò ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ Óy
àë˛l ã˛yܲ!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛yñ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛yñ çy°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ñ ܲy˛õ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ó!¢T˛ñ §!˛õ≈°yܲyÓ˚ Óy !Ê˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏ˛Ó˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ §M˛Î˚ܲyÓ˚# àë˛l Óï˛≈Ùylñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚˛
˛õy•z!Ó˚lˆÏÎí˚ ˛ ӈϰ– ~•z ˛õy•z!Ó˚lˆÏÎí˚ ˛à%ˆ°
Ï y ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ SÈyí˛¸y ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lG •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– !ܲS%È ˜¢Óy° ˜ï˛°!Ó®% !•§yˆÏÓG
áyòƒ §M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §Ó%ç ˜¢ÓyˆÏ° §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,ì˛¸ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yˆÏá– ~Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç ~ÓÇ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ˛õܲˆÏê˛yç !l!Ù≈ï˛ •Î˚–
~Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ á[˛#˲Ól xÌÓy !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚î% í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xAàç çll §¡õߨ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ç%ˆÏflõyˆÏÓ˚l!çÏÎ˚yˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõߨ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°yÎ%=˛ ç%ˆÏflõyÓ˚ myÓ˚yG ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏÎÔl çll §Çâ!ê˛ï˛
•Î˚– ˆÎÔl çlˆÏlÓ˚ çll ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôÓ˚l ~ÓÇ çll ˆÜ˛y¢ §,!T˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ï˛y•z ~Ó˚y xy•zˆÏ§yàƒyÙy§ñ xƒyly•zˆÏ§yàƒyÙy§ G |àƒyÙy§ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~Ùl
!ܲS%È §Ó%ç ˜¢Óy° •° Üœ˛ƒyÙy•zˆÏí˛yˆÏÙyly§ñ ˲°Ë˛:ñ •zí˛zˆÏ°y!Ì:˛ñ flõy•zˆÏÓ˚yày•zÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ˚y [!ã˛e 3.1
(ܲ) ˆòá]

3.1.2 !Ê˛GÊ˛y•z!§ åPhaeophyceae)

~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˜¢Óy° xÌyÍ Óyòy!Ù ˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚y ≤Ãôylï˛ §yÙ%!oܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ çß√yÎ˚ – xyܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ àë˛làï˛
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ – ~Ó˚y §Ó˚° ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ñ §)eyܲyÓ˚ ˆò•àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛
xÌÓy ˆÜ˛°‰˛õ åÎyÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y 100 !Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ä ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ¢yáy ÈüÈ≤âyáy !Ó!¢T˛ G •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ – ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˜¢ÓyˆÏ° Ó˚Oܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a xÌÓy ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° c ñ ܲƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛lˆÏÎ˚í˛ ~ÓÇ
çƒyˆÏrÌy!Ê˛° Óï≈˛Ùyl – ˆ˛òˆÏ• ˛í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ çƒyˆÏrÌy!Ê˛° ~ÓÇ Ê%˛ˆÏܲyçƒy!rÌl Ó˚OˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_
 í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ 33

ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚. ç°˛õy•z §Ó%ç ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óyòy!Ù ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ¢ˆÏí˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §!M˛ï˛ áyòƒ
!•§yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• °ƒy!Ùly!Ó˚l xÌÓy Ùƒy!lê˛° Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ç!ê˛° ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xAàç
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç !l!Ù≈ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xƒy°!çl åAl-
ginä ~Ó˚ !ç°y!ê˛l xyÓ˚Óî# myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤’y!fiê˛í˛ SÈyí˛¸yG ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yˆÏfiê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚ G !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ Óï≈˛Ùyl– í˛z!qò ˆò•!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yl ¢=˛ fiÌyÎ˚# àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆ•y”˛Ê˛yfiê˛ lyÙܲ
ˆò• àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏܲ xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~SÈyí˛¸y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,hs˝ Óy fiê˛y•z˛õ åstipä Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆòˆÏ•
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# xAà !•§yˆÏÓ Ê˛u˛ åFrondä lyÙܲ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xAà ÌyˆÏܲ– á[˛#˲Ól ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
xAàç çll §¡õߨ •Î˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà Óyòy!Ù ˜¢ÓyˆÏ° ò%•z!ê˛ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ç%ˆÏflõyÓ˚ myÓ˚y xˆÏÎÔl çll
§¡õߨ •Î˚– ç%ˆÏflõyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ xÓfiÌylÓ˚ï˛ ò%•z!ê˛ x§Ùyl Êœ˛ƒyˆÏçˆÏ°yÎ%=˛ ~ÓÇ lƒy§˛õy!ï˛Ó˚
xyÜ,˛!ï˛!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎÔl çll xy•zˆÏ§yàƒyÙ#ñ xƒylyˆÏ§yàƒyÙ# xÌÓy |àƒyÙ# ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ò%•z!ê˛ àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ !Ù°l çˆÏ° xÌÓy |ˆÏày!lÎ˚yˆÏÙ åí˛zàƒyÙy§ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeä âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
àƒyˆÏÙê˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õy•z!Ó˚Ê˛Ù≈ ålƒy§˛õy!ï˛Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ä ~ÓÇ ò%•z!ê˛ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y Î%=˛ •Î˚– §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚
~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˜¢Óy°à%ˆÏ°y •°ı ~ˆÏQyܲyÓ˚˛õy§ åEctocarpusäñ !í˛Ü˛!ê˛Gê˛y åDictiotaäñ °ƒy!Ùly!Ó˚Î˚y
åLaminariaäñ §yÓ˚ày§yÙ åSargassumä ~ÓÇ !Ê˛í˛zܲy§ åFucusä [ !ã˛e 3.1 á ˆòá]

3.1.3 ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•z!§ åRhodophyceae)

~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ú ˆ°y!•ï˛ ˜¢Óy°Û Ó°y •Î˚– ˆòˆÏ• r Ê˛y•zˆÏܲy~!Ó˚!Ìl lyÙܲ Ó˚OˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃyôyˆÏlƒÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óî≈ °y° Óy ˆ°y!•ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ°y!•ï˛ ˜¢Óy°•z §yÙ%!oܲ ~ÓÇ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
§Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ í˛z£÷Ï xM˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ âlÓ§!ï˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝
ˆÎáyˆÏl §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y ˆ˛õÑÔS%ȈÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl ~ÓÇ à˲#Ó˚ §Ù%o ˆÎáyˆÏl xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xyˆÏ°y
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z í˛z˲Î˚ xM˛ˆÏ°•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ°y!•ï˛ ˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
°y° ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ̃y°y§ Óy x!ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ ˆò• §Çàë˛l!ê˛ Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢# •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È §Ç჈ÏܲÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ç!ê˛° ˆò•
§Çàë˛lñ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• §!M˛ï˛ áyòƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÊœ˛y!Ó˚!í˛Î˚yl fiê˛yã≈˛ lyÙܲ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ çÙy
ÌyˆÏܲ–
§yÓ˚!î 3.1 ˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó˲yà§Ù)• ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%რã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°
ˆ◊!î §yôyÓ˚î ≤Ãôyl Ó˚Oܲ §!M˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°yÓ˚ §Çáƒy Óy§fiÌyl
lyÙ §Ù)• áyòƒ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
§!ߨ!ÓT˛
•GÎ˚yÓ˚ fiÌyl
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ Ê˛y•z!§ §Ó%ç ˜¢Óy° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a, b ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç 2-8, §Ù˜Ïòâ≈ƒ fl∫yò%ç°ñ •z£ÏÍ ˆlyly
!Ó!¢T˛ñ x@¿fiÌ
ç°ñ ˆlyly ç°
!Ê˛GÊ˛y•z!§ Óyòy!Ù ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a, c Ùƒy!lê˛°ñ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç 2ñ x§Ù ˜òâ≈ƒ fl∫yò% ç° åܲòy!ã˛Íä
ˆÊ˛yˆÏܲyçƒyl!Ìl °ƒy!Ùly!Ó˚l ~ÓÇ !Ó!¢T˛ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ •z £ Ï Í ˆlyly ç°ñ
xƒy°!àl ˆlyly ç°
ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•z!§ ˆ°y!•ï˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a, d ˆÊœ˛y!Ó˚!í˛Î˚yl ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yçñ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ fl∫ y ò% ç° å !ܲS% È
˜¢Óy° Ê˛y•zˆÜÏ ˛ye!Ó˚!Ìl fiê˛yã≈˛ ˆ˛õܲ!ê˛l ~ÓÇ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ä •z £ Ï Í ˆlyly
˛õ!° §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ ç°ñ ˆlylyç°
~fiê˛yÓ˚ åˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ä
34 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~•z ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚!ê˛ xƒyÙy•zˆÏ°yˆÏ˛õ˛õ!ê˛l ~ÓÇ @’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ˆ°y!•ï˛
˜¢Óy° §yôyÓ˚îï˛ á[˛#˲Ól ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xAàç çll ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y xã˛° ˆÓ˚î%Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xˆÏÎÔl çll ~ÓÇ
xã˛° àƒyˆÏÙê˛ myÓ˚y ˆÎÔl çll §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÔl çll |àƒyÙy§ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲy_Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î
ç!ê˛° ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˜¢Óy° ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~Ó˚y •°ÈüüüÈ ˛õ!°§y•zˆÊÏ ˛y!lÎ˚yñ ˆ˛õyÓ˚Ê˛y•zÓy˚ ñ
[ !ã˛e 3.1 (àä ˆòˆÏáy ]ñ @˝Ãy!§!°Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˆç!°!í˛Î˚yÙ–
3.2 ÓyˆÏÎy˚ Ê˛y•zê˛y åBryophyta)
~•z ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù§‰ ~ÓÇ !°Ë˛yÓ˚GÎ˚ê≈˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚y §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ §Ñƒyï˛§ÑƒyˆÏï˛ SÈyÎ˚yFSÈߨ ˛õy•y!í˛¸
xM˛ˆÏ° çß√yÎ˚ å!ã˛e 3.2 ˆòáä–
˛õ%Çôyl#ôÓ˚
Antheridiophore
Archegoniophore
flf#ôyl#ôÓ˚

àƒyÙy ܲy˛õ cup

Gemma àƒyÙy
Gemmaܲy˛õ cup

Rhizoids
Ó˚y•zçˆÏÎí˚ ˛ Rhizoids
Ó˚y•zçˆÏÎí˚ ˛
åܲä
(a) åáä
(b)

Antheridial
˛õ%Çôyl# ¢yáy
ܲƒy˛õ§%°
Capsule branch
¢yáy§Ù)•
Branches

Sporophyte
ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ ˆò•
Seta
!§ê˛y

˛õyï˛y
Leaves

Archegonial
flf#ôyl# ¢yáy
branch

Gametophyte
!°AàôÓ˚ ˆò•
≤Ãôylx«˛axis
Main
Rhizoids
Ó˚y•zçˆÏÎí˚ ˛

åâä
(d)
åàä
(c)
!ã˛e 3.2 ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛y ı !°Ë˛yÓ˚GÎ˚ê≈˛ ÈüÈ ÙyˆÏÜ≈˛l!§Î˚y ܲä flf# ̃y°y§ áä ˛õ%Ç Ìƒy°y§
Ù§‰ ÈüÈ àä !Ê˛í˛zly!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !°AàôÓ˚ âä fl≥˛ƒyàlyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò
 í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ 35

ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z!qòÓ˚yˆÏçƒ Úí˛z˲ã˛Ó˚Û Ó°y •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~§Ó í˛z!qò fïϰ Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G
ˆÎÔlçlˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ç°ç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ı ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆË˛çyñ §Ñƒyï˛§ÑƒyˆÏï˛ñ
xyo≈ ~ÓÇ SÈyÎ˚yFSÈߨ xM˛ˆÏ° çß√yˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– l@¿ ˛õÿÏÓ˚ Óy Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl
åSuccessionä ~Ó˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z!qòˆÏò• xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ Ìƒy°y§
§ò,¢ñ áyí˛¸y ~ÓÇ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# Óy Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# Ó˚y•zçˆÏÎ˚í˛ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl ¢=˛ !fiÌÓ˚ xLjϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ù)°ñ ܲy[˛ Óy ˛õyï˛y xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛yñ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Óy
ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àë˛l ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛z!qòˆÏò•!ê˛ •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛ çllˆÏܲy¢
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ~ˆÏܲ !°AàôÓ˚ Óy àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛yÊ˛y•zê˛ ÓˆÏ°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ çll xAà Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# •Î˚–
˛õ%ÇçllxAàˆÏܲ ˛õ%Çôyl# ӈϰ– ~ˆÏï˛ ò%•z!ê˛ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y!Ó!¢T˛ ¢%ܲyî% í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– flf# çll xAàˆÏܲ
flf#ôyl# ӈϰ– ~!ê˛ Êœ˛yˆÏflÒÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye !í˛¡∫yl% í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ܲyî%à%ˆÏ°y
çˆÏ° Ù%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ flf#ôyl#Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§– ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢%ܲyî% !í˛¡∫yî%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ çy•zˆÏàyê˛ §,!T˛
•Î˚– §,!T˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà•z çy•zˆÏàyˆÏê˛ •…y§!Ó˲yçl âˆÏê˛ ly– çy•zˆÏàyê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ˆò•
à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qò ӈϰ– ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qò!ê˛ fl∫yô#lç#Ó# lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï
§«˛Ù !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%!T˛Ó˚§ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È
ˆÜ˛y¢ •…y§ !Ó˲yçl å!ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ä ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÓ˚î% àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°y xAÜ%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
!°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§Ó ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛ˆÏòÓ˚•z !ܲS%È ly !ܲS%È xÌ≈ܲÓ˚# à%Ó˚%c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ù§‰ ¢yܲy¢# hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚#ñ
˛õy!á ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓG ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– fl≥˛ƒyàlyÙ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ Ù§‰ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ˛õ#ê˛
ò#â≈!òl ÎyÓÍ çµy°yl# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ç° ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ §ç#Ó Ó› ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ ˛õƒy!ܲÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ù§‰ ~ÓÇ °y•zˆÏܲl•z •ˆÏFSÈ ≤ÃÌÙ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛# ÎyÓ˚y l@¿ ˛õyÌ%ˆÏÓ˚ fiÌyˆÏl ≤ÃÌÙ Ó§!ï˛ fiÌy˛õl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛Óy›ï˛y!sfܲ à%Ó˚%c x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù– ~Ó˚y ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçl âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zß¨ï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ˛õòyÌ≈ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏà وϧÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚% xyhflÏÓ˚î Ùy!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó,!T˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚
≤Ã˲yÓ G Ë)˛!Ù«˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ !°Ë˛yÓ˚GÎ˚ê˛≈
G Ù§–

3.2.1 !°Ë˛yÓ˚GÎ˚ê≈ §˛ åLiverworts)

~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛yÓ˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §Ñƒyï˛§ÑƒyˆÏï˛ SÈyÎ˚yFSÈߨ xM˛° ˆÎÙl V˛Ó˚lyÓ˚ ï˛#Ó˚Óï≈˛# xM˛°ñ ôy˛õy
xM˛°ñ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ SÈy° ~ÓÇ à˲#Ó˚ xÓ˚ˆÏîƒ çß√yÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ̃y°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ çyï˛#Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl ÙyˆÏÜ≈˛l!§Î˚y–
̃y°y§ !Ó£Ï˛õ,¤˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ë)˛!ÙhflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õe§Ù!ß∫ï˛ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲy[˛ §ò,¢
àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ò%•z §y!Ó˚ ˛õe§ò,¢ xÇ¢ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ̃y°y•z ~Ó˚ á[˛#˲Ól myÓ˚y xˆÏÎÔl çll §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ xÌÓy àƒyÙy lyÙܲ !ӈϢ£Ï
àë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG xˆÏÎÔl çll âˆÏê˛– àƒyÙyà%ˆÏ°y §Ó%ç G Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# •Î˚– ~•z xˆÏÎÔl Ü%Ñ˛!í˛¸à%ˆÏ°y
̃y°y•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌï˛ Ü˛y˛õ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ ôyÓ˚ܲ àƒyÙy ܲyˆÏ˛õ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ~•z àƒyÙyà%ˆÏ°y
36 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Ùyï,˛ˆÏò• ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ G !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ lï˛%l í˛z!qò §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÔl çlˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
~ܲ•z Óy !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ̃y°y•zÈüÈ~ ˛õ%Ç G flf# çll xAà §,!T˛ •Î˚– ܲƒy˛õ§%ˆÏ°Ó˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ˆÓ˚î% §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°y xAÜ%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ fl∫yô#lç#Ó# !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–

3.2.2 Ù§‰ åMosses)

وϧ‰Ó˚ ç#Ólã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ò¢y!ê˛ •ˆÏFSÈ !°AàôÓ˚ ò¢y ˆÎáyˆÏl ò%!ê˛ ò¢y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y!lÙy ~ÓÇ ˛õe°
ò¢y– ≤ÃÌÙ ò¢y ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y!lÙy ò¢y!ê˛ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆÓ˚î% ˆÌˆÏܲ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z ò¢y!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó%çñ ˛¢y!Î˚ï˛ñ
¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z §)eÓÍ •Î˚– !mï˛#Î˚ ò¢y xÌ≈yÍ ˛õeÓÍ ò¢y!ê˛ ˆàÔî ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y!lÙyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚
Ü%Ñ˛!í˛¸ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ˆÏï˛ áyí˛¸yñ §Ó˚% ò[˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õуyã˛yˆÏly ˛õe§Iy ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y
Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢#ñ ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ Ó˚y•zçˆÏÎí˚ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ò¢y!ê˛•z وϧÓ˚ ˆÎÔl xAàà%ˆ° Ï y
Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– وϧÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆàÔî ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y!lÙyˆÏï˛ á[˛#˲Ól ~ÓÇ Ü%Ñ˛!í˛¸ í˛zͲõyòl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xAàç
çll âˆÏê˛– ˆÎÔl çlˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ ~ÓÇ àË≈˛ˆÏܲ¢ÓÓ˚ ˛õeÙ%Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yà ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
!lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ çy•zˆÏàyê˛ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏò ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ê%˛ê˛ñ !§ê˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒy˛õ§%° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
~Ó˚ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ ò¢y!ê˛ !°Ë˛yÓ˚GÎ˚ˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ ò¢yÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ •Î˚– ܲƒy˛õ§%° ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°y ôyÓ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§‰ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚î% í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– وϧÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ˚î% !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •°ÈüüüÈ !Ê˛í˛zly!Ó˚Î˚y åFunariaäñ ˛õ!°!ê˛∆ܲyÙ åPolytrichumäñ
fl≥˛ƒyàlyÙ åSphagnumä [!ã˛e 3.2 ˆòˆÏáy]

3.3 ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆíÏ ˛yÊ˛y•zê˛y åPteridophytes)

•§≈ˆÏê˛•z° åHorsetailä ~ÓÇ Ê˛yî≈çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°y ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ •Î˚– ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛yˆÏòÓ˚

§yôyÓ˚îï˛ Å£Ï!ô ~ÓÓÇ Ù,!_ܲyÓrôl# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆ¢y˲yÓÂô≈lܲyÓ˚# í˛z!qò !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓG ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÓ!¢ ÙyeyÎ˚ çß√yˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛ •° ≤ÃÌÙ fiÌ°ç í˛z!qòñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇÓ•lܲ°y !•§yˆÏÓ çy•zˆÏ°Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°y Óï≈˛Ùyl– £Ï¤˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ çylˆÏÓ– ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z ¢#ï˛°ñ §Ñƒyï˛§ÑƒyˆÏï˛ñ SÈyÎ˚yFSÈߨ xM˛ˆÏ°
çß√yÎ˚– Î!òG !ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z!qò xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏ° Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛G ˆÓ¢ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáñ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ç#Ólã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ò¢y!ê˛ !SÈ° !°AàôÓ˚ ò¢y !ܲv
ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãôyl ˆò•!ê˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qòñ ÈüüüÈ Îy ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ù)°ñ ܲy[˛ G ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ [!ã˛e 3.3 ˆòˆÏáy]– xÌ≈yÍ ~•z §ÙhflÏ xAà§Ù)ˆ•Ï §%!ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ §ÇÓ•l ܲ°y ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ùy•zˆÜÏ ˛yÊ˛y•z°§‰ Óy ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ ˛õyï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎÙl ˆ§°y!çˆÏlÕ‘y åselaginellaä–
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG Óy ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ÙƒyˆÏܲyÊ˛y•z°y§ Óy Óí˛¸ ˛õyï˛y ˆÎÙl Ê˛yî≈ åFernä– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚îô% Ó˚ ˆò•!ê˛
ˆÓ˚îfi% Ì°# ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛z˛õÓ,!Âô Óy ˆÓ˚î˛% õˆÏe !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ˚î˛% õe xyÓyÓ˚ §%flõT˛
~ÓÇ ë˛y§y àë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆfiê˛∆yÓy•z°y Óy ˆÜ˛yî ӈϰ 刧°y!çˆÏlÕ‘yñ •zܲ% ƒ•z!çê˛yÙä– ˆÓ˚îfi% Ì°#Ó˚
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÓ˚îÙ% yï,˛ˆÏܲy¢ §Ù)• !ÙˆÏÎy˚ !§§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚î% Óy ˆflõyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ˆÓ˚îà% ˆ% °
Ï y
ˆÌˆÏܲ xflõT˛ñ Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢#ñ «%˛oñ fl∫yô#lç#Ó# ≤Ãôylï˛ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÜÏ ˛yÓ˚# ̃y°y§Î%=˛ !°AàôÓ˚ ò¢y §,!T˛ •Î˚–˛
í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ 37

ˆfiê˛∆
yÓy•z°y§
Strobilus

˛õyï˛y

˛õÓ≈
Node
ܲy[˛
˛õÓ≈Ùôƒ
Internode
Ù)°

åÜ˛ä ¢yáy
Branch

Ó˚y•zˆç
RhizomeÏ yÙ

åáä
(b)

åâä
(d)
åàä
(c)

!ã˛e 3.3. ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏê˛yÊ˛y•zê˛§ Ü˛ä ˆ§!°!çˆÏlÕ‘y áä •zÜ%˛•z!çê˛yÙ àä Ê˛yî≈ âä ˆ§°!˲!lÎ˚y

38 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~•z !°AàôÓ˚ ˆò•!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ãỹy°y§ ӈϰ– Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢#ï˛°ñ §Ñƒyï˛§ÑƒyˆÏï ~ÓÇ SÈyÎ˚yFSÈߨ
xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ !ӈϢ£Ï !ܲS%È ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl çˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z
ç#!Óï˛ ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ §#!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ á%Ó §Ç!«˛Æ ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ xM˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛
§#ÙyÓÂô– !°AàôÓ˚ ò¢y!ê˛ ˛õ%Ççll xAà ˛õ%LjÏÜ¢Ó˚ ~ÓÇ flf# çll xAà àË≈˛ˆÏܲ¢Ó˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ%Çôyl#
ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ ˛õ%Ççll ˆÜ˛y¢ åAntherozoidä Óy ˛õ%ÇàƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ flf#ôyl#Ó˚ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢˛õˆÏÌ Óy Ù%ˆáÏ fiÌylyhs˝Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚
çlƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– flf#ôyl#!fiÌï˛ !í˛¡∫yî%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ%ÇàƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ !Ù°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° çy•zˆÏàyê˛ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙÎ˚ çy•zˆÏàyê˛!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ §%flõT˛ ˲yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ ˆflõyˆÏÓ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛ Óy ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qò àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ ò¢y!ê˛•z ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ò¢y– x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zˆÏê˛ §Ó ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÓ˚î%≤ç) åHomosporousä ӈϰ– ˆ§°!çˆÏl°y ~ÓÇ ˆ§°Ë˛y!lÎ˚y àîË%˛=˛
ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zˆÏê˛ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ˚î% í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ñ ˆÙàyˆÏflõyÓ˚ G Ùy•zˆÏܲyˆÏflõyÓ˚– ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÙˆÏÓ˚î%≤ç)
ӈϰ– ~•z ˆÙàyˆÏflõyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ùy•zˆÏܲyˆÏflõyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ flf#!°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ
˛õ%Ç!°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò!ê˛ ç!lï,˛ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÌˆÏܲ
ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛y°!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°– çy•zˆÏàyˆÏê˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õï˛ƒº%î §,!T˛Ó˚ âê˛ly!ê˛
flf# !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ••z âˆÏê˛– ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ Ó#ç àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈yÓfiÌyˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy !ܲly !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ–

ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆíÏ ˛yÊ˛y•zê˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •ÎÈ̊üüüÈ !§ˆÏ°y˛õ!§í˛y åPsilotumäó å°y•zˆÜÏ ˛y˛õ!§í˛yä
åSelaginella, Lycopodiumäó ˆfl≥˛ˆÏly˛õ!§í˛y åEquisitumä ~ÓÇ ˆê˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˛õ!§í˛y åDryopteris
Pteris, Adiantumä

3.4 Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qò åGymnosperm)

åGymnos: nakedñ Sperma: Seedsó xÌ≈yÍ xlyÓ,ï˛˛Ó#çä Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !í˛¡∫ܲà%ˆÏ°y

!lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚y í˛zß√%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!lˆÏ£ˆÏ ÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §,T˛ Ó#çà%ˆ°
Ï y xlyÓ,ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ l@¿ ÌyˆÏܲ– Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
Ó,«˛ Óy §%í˛zFã˛ Ó,«˛ ~ÓÇ à%Õ√ çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qò– å!ã˛e 3.4 ˆòáä– ˜òï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚í˛í˛zí˛ Ó,«˛ !§Ü%˛G•zÎy˚ åSequaiaä
•° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qò Îy §%í˛zFã˛ï˛Ù Ó,«˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛
fiÌy!lܲ Ù)° •Î˚– Óƒ=˛Ó#ç#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG ˆÜ˛ylG àˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ §•yÓfiÌyl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ӈϰ
Ùy•zˆÏܲyÓ˚y•zçy åmycorhyizaä ˆÎÙl ˛õy•zly§– xyÓyÓ˚ §y•zܲyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Óƒ=˛Ó#ç#ˆÏï˛ «%˛o !ӈϢ£Ï
àë˛l!Ó!¢T˛ Ù)° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛yÓ˚y°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ Ù)° åCoralloid rootä – ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôlܲyÓ˚# §yÎ˚yˆÏlyÓƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲy[˛ ¢yáy !Ó•#l å§y•zܲy§ä xÌÓy ¢yáy
Î%=˛ å˛õy•zly§ñ !§í»˛y§ä •Î˚– ˛˛õyï˛yà%ˆÏ°y §Ó˚° xÌÓy ˆÎÔ!àܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– §y•zܲyˆÏ§ ˛õ«˛° ˛õeà%ˆÏ°y
Ùye ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yà%ˆÏ°y ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ §%x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ ˆÎñ ~Ó˚y xï˛ƒ!ôܲ
ï˛y˛õÙyey xyo≈ï˛y ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓy• §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲ!lÊ˛yÓ˚ åConiferä çyï˛#Î˚ Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
˛õyï˛yà%ˆÏ°y §)Ñã˛yˆÏ°y •Î˚– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚% !ܲí˛z!ê˛Ü˛°
~ÓÇ !lˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ˛õeÓ˚rô ç°ˆÏÙyã˛l •…yˆÏ§ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
 í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ 39

Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qòÓ˚y x§ÙˆÏÓ˚î%≤ç) •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛

Ùy•zˆÏܲyˆÏflõyÓ˚ Óy˛ ˛õ%LjÏÓ˚î% ~ÓÇ ˆÙàyˆÏflõyÓ˚ Óy flf#ˆÏÓ˚î% §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò%•z
ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÓ˚î•% z ˆÓ˚î˛% õˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ çß√yˆÏly ˆÓ˚îfi% Ì°#ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ˆÓ˚î˛% õeà%ˆ°
Ï y
~ܲ!ê˛ x«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ §!˛õ≈°yܲyˆÏÓ˚ §!Iï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ë˛y§y ˆfiê˛∆yÓy•z°y Óy ˆÜ˛yî àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ%LjÏÓ˚î%˛õe ~ÓÇ ˛õ%LjÏÓ˚î%fiÌ°# Ó•lܲyÓ˚# ˆfiê˛∆yÓy•z°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%LjÏfiê˛∆yÓy•z°y
Óy ˛õ%Ç ˆÓ˚î%˛õeÙOÓ˚# ӈϰ– ˛õ%Ç ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°y Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%Ç!°AàôÓ˚ çl% àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy á%Ó•z §Ç!«˛Æ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z
§Ç!«˛Æ !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÓî˚ % ӈϰ– ˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÓî˚ Ó% ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õ%Ç ˆÓ˚îfi% Ì°#Ó˚
x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ âˆÏê˛– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yîà%ˆÏ°y !í˛¡∫ܲ§• flf# ˆÓ˚î%fiÌ°# Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
flf#ˆÏÓ˚î%˛õeÙOÓ˚# Óy flf#ˆÏfiê˛∆yÓy•z°y ӈϰ– ~•z ˛õ%Ç ~ÓÇ flf# ˛õeÙOÓ˚# ܲáˆÏly åܲä
ܲáˆÏly ~ܲ•z í˛z!qò •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ó ˆÎÙl ˛õy•zly§– xyÓyÓ˚ §y•zܲyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
˛õ%Ç ˆÓ˚î%˛õeÙOÓ˚# ~ÓÇ flf#ˆÏÓ˚î%˛õeà%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ !˲ߨ í˛z!qˆÏò í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
º)îˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ flf# ˆÓ˚î% Ùyï,˛ˆÏܲy¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
º)ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ܲ°y!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓÓ˚î# myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z §!¡ø!°ï˛
àë˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ !í˛¡∫ܲ ӈϰ– !í˛¡∫ܲà%ˆÏ°y flf# ˆÓ˚î%˛õˆÏeÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ çß√yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z flf#
ˆÓ˚î%˛õeà%ˆÏ°y à%FSÈyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ flf# ˆÓ˚î%˛õeÙOÓ˚# àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– flf#
ˆÓ˚î% Ùyï,˛ˆÏܲy£Ï !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ flf# ˆÓ˚î% §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ flf#ˆÏÓ˚î%fiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ xyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙÎ˚ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢#
flf# !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏò ˛õ!Ó˚îï •Î˚ñ Îy ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ flf# çll xAà Óy
flf#ôyl# Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# flf# !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò!ê˛G flf#ˆÏÓ˚î%fiÌ°#Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚–
Óƒ=˛Ó#ç#ˆÏï˛ ÓyˆÏÎy˚ Ê˛y•zê˛ G ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆíÏ ˛yÊ˛y•zˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ%Ç G flf# !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚
fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ G fl∫yô#lç#Ó# ˆÜ˛yl x!hflÏc ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ~Ó˚y ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• åá˛ä
ˆÓ˚î%fiÌ°#Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ%Ç ˆÓ˚î%fiÌ°# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÓ˚î% !là≈ï˛
•Î˚– ˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°y ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓy• myÓ˚y Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ flf#ˆÏÓ˚î%˛õˆÏe í˛zͲõߨ
áÓ≈ܲy[˛
!í˛¡∫ܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !SÈo˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§– ˛õ%ÇàƒyˆÏÙê˛ Ó•lܲyÓ˚# ˛õÓ˚yàly!°Ü˛y
!í˛¡∫ܲ ÙôƒfiÌÏ flf#ôyl#Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ çy•zˆÏàyê˛ Ó,!Âô
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ º%î àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !í˛¡∫ܲ Ó#ˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z Ó#çà%ˆÏ°y xlyÓ,ï˛ ò#â≈ܲy[˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–

3.5 à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qò åAngiosperms) Ó#ç

ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !í˛¡∫ܲà%ˆÏ°y l@¿ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§áyˆÏl à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚

åàä
!í˛¡∫ܲà%ˆÏ°y l@¿ ly ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– à%ÆÓ#ç# Óy §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
!ã˛e 3.4 Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qò Ü˛ä §y•zܲy§
˛õÓ˚yà ˆÓ˚î% ~ÓÇ !í˛¡∫ܲà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï àë˛ˆÏl í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z áä ˛õy•zly§ àä !àˆÏAày
!ӈϢ£Ï àë˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ê%˛° ӈϰ–
40 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

à%ÆÓ#ç#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó#çà%ˆÏ°y Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– à%ÆÓ#ç#Ó˚y í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!ï˛Ü˛ÙôÙ≈#
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢y° ˆày¤˛# ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ çß√yˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ x!ï˛ «%˛oñ ≤ÃyÎ˚
xyî%Ó#«˛!îܲ ˆÎÙl G°‰!Ê˛Î˚y åWolfiaä ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ 100 !Ùê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚G ˆÓ!¢ ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ •zí˛zܲƒy!°˛õê˛y§‰
àySÈ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒñ ˛õ¢%áyòƒñ çµy°y!lñ G£Ï%ô ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ Ó•% à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛
˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎÙl !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qò
~ÓÇ ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qò å!ã˛e 3.5 ˆòáä ˆÎáyˆÏl !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#ˆÏç ò%•z!ê˛ Ó#ç˛õe ÌyˆÏܲñ
ˆ§áyˆÏl ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#ˆÏç ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye Ó#ç˛õe Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ê%˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%Ççll xAà !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚
Óy Stamen ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò[˛yܲyÓ˚ ˛õ%Çò[˛ Óy !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ%ÇòˆÏ[˛Ó˚
x@˝Ã˲yˆÏà ˛õÓ˚yàôyl# Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˛õÓ˚yàôyl#ˆÏï˛ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yà ˆÓ˚î% §,!T˛ •Î˚– Ê%˛ˆÏ° flf#çll
xAà !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àË≈˛ˆÏܲ¢Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– àË≈˛ˆÏܲ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl– !í˛¡∫y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ Óy
~ܲy!ôܲ !í˛¡∫ܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– !í˛¡∫ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ á%Ó•z §Ç!«˛Æ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ flf# !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò!ê˛ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ï˛yˆÏܲ º)îfiÌ°# ӈϰ– !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ º)îfiÌ°# í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ï˛y•z º)îfiÌ°#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
ˆÜ˛y¢•z •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ º)îfiÌ°# !ï˛l ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó!¢T˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ àË≈˛Îsf åEgg apparatusäñ ~ܲ!ê˛
!í˛¡∫yî% ~ÓÇ ò%!ê˛ §•Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆÜ˛y¢äñ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyò ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù!T˛ ~ÓÇ ò%!ê˛ ˆ˛õy°yÓ˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ §Ù!ß∫ï˛
•Î˚– ˆ˛õy°yÓ˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ò%!ê˛ !Ù!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆàÔî Óy !lî≈#ï˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÓ˚yàôyl#
ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÓ˚î% ÓyÎ˚% xÌÓy xlƒylƒ Óy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ àË≈˛ˆÏܲ¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à˲≈Ù%ˆÏ[˛ ~ˆÏ§
ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ñ ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÎyà ӈϰ– ˛õÓ˚yà ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°y àË≈˛Ù%ˆÏ[˛Ó˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚ xAÜ%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
˛õÓ˚yàly!°Ü˛y §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õÓ˚yàly!°Ü˛y à˲≈Ù%[˛ ~ÓÇ àË≈˛ò[˛!fiÌï˛ Ü˛°yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚
!í˛¡∫ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚yàly!°Ü˛y º)îfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl ò%!ê˛ ˛õ%ÇàƒyˆÏÙê˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ
ܲˆÏÓ˚–

åܲä åá˛ä
!ã˛e 3.5. à%ÆÓ#ç# ı ܲä ~ܲ!ê˛ !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qò áä ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qò
 í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ 41

~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%ÇàƒyˆÏÙê˛ !í˛¡∫yî%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!°ï˛ å!l!£Ï=˛ä •ˆÏÎ˚ çy•zˆÏàyê˛ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
åSyngamyä ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ ˛õ%ÇçllˆÏܲy£Ï!ê˛ !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆàÔî !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!°ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ !ê˛∆≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ å3nä ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ §§ƒ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl ò%•zÓyÓ˚ !lˆÏ£Ïܲ âˆÏê˛ ÓˆÏ°
~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ !m!lˆÏ£Ïܲ Óy Double fertilization ӈϰ– ~•z !m!lˆÏ£Ïܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛
à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ çy•zˆÏàyê˛!ê˛ º)ˆÏî å~ܲ!ê˛ Óy ò%!ê˛ Ó#ç˛õe
§•ä ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ §§ƒ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§!ê˛ §ˆÏ§ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ñ Îy Óô≈l¢#° º)î!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ%!T˛ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚•z §•Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆÜ˛y¢Ï ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ôÁǧ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚– ~•z
âê˛lyÓ!°Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚•z !í˛¡∫ܲ Ó#ˆÏç ~ÓÇ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ç#Ólã˛Ü ˛!ê˛ !ã˛e ÈüÈ 3.6 ~ ˆòáyˆÏly •°–

å˛õÓ˚yàôyl#ä
åàË≈˛Ù%[˛ä

å˛õ%Çò[˛ä
åàË≈˛ò[˛Ïä å˛õ%LjÏÓî˚ fi% Ì°#ä

å!í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ä åflf#ˆÏÓî˚ % Ùyï,˛ˆÏܲy¢ä

å˛õ%LjÏÓî˚ ä%
åflf#ˆÏÓî˚ fi% Ì°# !í˛¡∫ܲä

åˆÓ˚îô% Ó˚ í˛z!qòÏä ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ å2nä çl% !°AàôÓ˚ ånä çl%

õ%LjÏÓî˚ % å˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÓî˚ ä%
åº)îä

å˛õ%Ç!°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qòä

åº)îyl%ä
å!í˛¡∫yî%ä åçll ˆÜ˛y¢ä

!ã˛e 3.6. à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛

 42 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

3.6 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ç%lÜ˛Ù åPlant life cycle and al-
çy•zˆàÏ yê˛
!ÙˆÏÎy˚ !§§ ternation of generation)
!§l
àƒy
Ù#
ˆÓ˚î% í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •ƒy≤’ˆÎÏ í˚ ˛ ~ÓÇ !í˛≤’ˆÎÏ í˚ ˛ í˛z˲Î˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢•z Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛y!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚˛
!Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ•z •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ~ÓÇ !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛yˆÏçˆÏl!§§ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆò•yÇ¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ í˛z!qò ˆò•ñ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ àƒyˆÏÙê˛ Óy
çll ˆÜ˛y¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z í˛z!qòˆÏò•!ê˛ !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò– !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ
•ƒy≤’l!ê˛Ü˛
çy•zˆÏàyê˛!ê˛G Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qò
§,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qò !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÓ˚î% ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙÎ˚ ~•z ˆÓ˚î% Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛
!°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò í˛z!qòˆÏò• Óy ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qò àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•zñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÎÔl çllܲyÓ˚# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ç#Ólã˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° àƒyˆÏÙê˛ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚î%
ˆÓ˚îô% Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çl%Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ï˛Ìy!˛õ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qòˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ~ܲܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚y
!l¡¨!°!áï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚ı
!í˛≤’l!ê˛Ü˛ 1. ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ çl%Ó˚ ~ܲÙye ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô •° ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# çy•zˆÏàyê˛– ~áyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
fl∫yô#lç#Ó# ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ ˆò• ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly– !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !Ó˲yy!çï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ çy•zˆÏàyê˛ •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÓ˚î% §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°y
çy•zˆàÏ yê˛ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z§Ó
Ù# !ÙˆÏÎy˚ !§§
àƒy
!§l í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãôyl §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# ò¢y!ê˛ fl∫yô#l !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ •ƒy≤’l!ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ ӈϰ– !ܲS%È ˜¢Óy° ˆÎÙl
àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛yˆÏçˆÏl!§§ !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò ˲°Ë˛:ñ flõy•zˆÏÓ˚yçy•zÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Üœ˛ƒyÙy•zˆÏí˛yˆÏÙylyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ •ƒy≤’l!ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– å!ã˛e 3.7 ܲ
ˆÓ˚îô% Ó˚ í˛z!qò ˆòáä–
çy•zˆàÏ ê˛
2. xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏò ç#Ólã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛~Ùl ôÓ˚l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛
!§là
ƒyÙ#
ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qò!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# fl∫yô#lò¢y– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !°AàôÓ˚
!ÙˆÏÎy˚ !§§ ò¢y!ê˛ •° ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó!¢T˛ •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò ˆò•–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ !í˛≤’l!ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ Ó°y •Î˚– §ÙhflÏ Ó#ç
xƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛yˆÏçˆÏl!§§
•ƒyˆÏ≤’y!í˛≤’l!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÓ˚î% ôyÓ˚îܲyÓ˚# í˛z!qò xÌ≈yÍ Óƒ=˛ç#Ó# ~ÓÇ à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qò í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– å!ã˛e 3.7 áä
3. ÙçyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •°ñ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛y ~ÓÇ ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •ƒy≤’l‰!ê˛Ü˛
!°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ !í˛≤’l‰!ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ólã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ
ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ •ƒyˆÏ≤’y !í˛≤’l!ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛– ~áyˆÏl ç#Ólã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ò¢y•z
!ã˛e 3.7. ç#Ólã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ôÓ˚l ı Ü˛ä •ƒy≤’l!ê˛Ü˛ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢#ñ Î!òG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ò¢yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
áä !í˛≤’l!ê˛Ü˛ àä •ƒyˆÏ≤’yÈüÈ!í˛≤’l!ê˛Ü˛
 í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ 43

ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ í˛z!qˆÏò •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ !°AàôÓ˚ ò¢y!ê˛ ≤Ãôylñ fl∫yô#lç#Ó#ñ §yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# ̃y°y§
çyï˛#Î˚ Óy áyí˛¸y ÓyÎ˚Ó xÇ¢ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ fl∫“ç#Ó#ñ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲˆÏÙ
xyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qò!ê˛ ˛õ%!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyÓÂô ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ §¡õ)î≈ Óy xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
!°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ í˛z!qˆÏò !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qò!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl
~!ê˛ fl∫yô#lç#Ó#ñ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# G §ÇÓ•lܲ°y !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ çl%!ê˛ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢#ñ fl∫ˆÏ˲yç#ñ fl∫yô#lç#Ó# !ܲv fl∫“ fiÌyÎ˚# •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ !°AàôÓ˚ çl%Ó˚
§!•ï˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲˆÏÙ xyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ •ƒyˆÏ≤’y!í˛≤’l!‰ ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ ӈϰ– §Ó ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆíÏ ˛yÊ˛y•zˆêÏ ˛
~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ å!ã˛e 3.7 ˆòáä–
xyŸã˛Î≈çlܲ˲yˆÏÓ Îál ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ˜¢Óy° ÚàîÛ à%ˆÏ°y •ƒy≤’l!ê˛Ü˛ ï˛ál !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆÎÙl
~ˆÏQyܲyÓ˚ õy§ñ ˛õ!°§y•zˆÏÊ˛y!lÎ˚yñ ˆÜ˛°‰˛õ ˜¢Óy° •ƒyˆÏ≤’y!í˛≤’l!ê˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !Ê˛í˛zܲy§ !í˛≤’l‰!ê˛Ü˛ ˜¢Óy° •Î˚–

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ åSummaryä
˜¢Óy°ñ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛yñ ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛yñ à%ÆÓ#ç# G Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# ˆ◊!îà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ í˛z!qòÓ˚yçƒ à!ë˛ï˛– ˜¢Óy° •ˆÏFSÈ
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛°Î%=˛ñ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï §«˛Ùñ x!ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ ˆò• §Çàë˛l!Ó!¢T˛ ç#Óñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà•z ç°ç– ˆòˆÏ•
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚Oܲ ~ÓÇ §!M˛ï˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜¢Óy°ˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙl
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÊ˛y•z!§ñ !Ê˛GÊ˛y•z!§ñ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•z!§– ˜¢Óy° §yôyÓ˚îï˛ á[˛#˲Ól ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xAàç çllñ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÓ˚î% í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xˆÏÎÔl çll ~ÓÇ xy•zˆÏ§yàƒyÙ#ñ xƒyly•zˆÏ§yàƒyÙ# xÌÓy |àƒyÙ# ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çll
ˆÜ˛y¢ Óy àƒyˆÏÙê˛ §,!T˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎÔl çll §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛y ~Ùl ~ܲ í˛z!qòˆÏày¤˛# ÎyÓ˚y Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ˆÎÔl çlˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y ̃y°yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùï˛ ˆò• àë˛l
!Ó!¢T˛ Îy Ó˚y•zçˆÏÎ˚í˛ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl !fiÌÓ˚ ܲ!ë˛l Ó›Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ áyí˛¸y˲yˆÏÓ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùï˛ñ
ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àë˛l ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ !°Ë˛yÓ˚GÎ˚ê≈˛
~ÓÇ Ù§‰– !°Ë˛yÓ˚GÎ˚ˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ ˆò• ̃y°y§ Î%=˛ •Î˚– ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˆò• àë˛l!ê˛ •ˆÏFSÈ àƒyˆÏÙê˛ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚#
!°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò– ~!ê˛ ˛õ%Çôyl# ~ÓÇ flf#ôyl# ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ%ÇàƒyˆÏÙê˛ ~ÓÇ flf# àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ !Ù°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° çy•zˆÏàyê˛ Óy
º)î à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ~•z º)î Óy çy•zˆÏàyê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qò §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qò ˆò• •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛
ˆÓ˚î% í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ˚î% xAÜ%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛z!qòˆÏò•!ê˛ •° ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ çl%– ~!ê˛ Ù)°ñ ܲy[˛ G ˛õyï˛yÎ˚
!ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛– ~•z ˆò•yÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ §%flõT˛ §ÇÓ•l ܲ°y Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏò í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆÓ˚î%fiÌ°#à%ˆÏ°y ˆÓ˚î%
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚î%à%ˆÏ°y•z xAÜ%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏò ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y ¢#ï˛°ñ §Ñƒyï˛§ÑƒyˆÏï˛ fiÌyˆÏl çß√yÎ˚–
!°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò!ê˛ ˛õ%Ççll xAà ˛õ%Çôyl# ~ÓÇ flf# çllxAà flf#ôyl# ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ%Ççll ˆÜ˛y¢ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ flf#
çllxAà flf#ôyl#ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– ˆ§áyˆÏl !lˆÏ£Ïܲ §¡õߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ çy•zˆÏàyê˛ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z
çy•zˆÏàyê˛!ê˛ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qò àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
44 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !í˛¡∫ܲà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yl !í˛¡∫y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ ly– !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ Ó#çà%ˆÏ°y Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ í˛zß√%=˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ~Ó˚y Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# Óy l@¿Ó#ç# í˛z!qò–
Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚î%˛õˆÏe §,T˛ ˛õ%LjÏÓ˚î%fiÌ°# ~ÓÇ flf# ˆÓ˚î%fiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ ˛õ%LjÏÓ˚î% ~ÓÇ flf#ˆÏÓ˚î% í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
ˆÓ˚î%˛õeà%ˆÏ°y ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ ˛õ%LjÏÓ˚î%˛õe ~ÓÇ flf#ˆÏÓ˚î%˛õe– ~Ó˚y ˆÓ˚î%˛õeÙOÓ˚#Ó˚ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §!˛õ≈°yܲyˆÏÓ˚
§!Iï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ ˛õ%LjÏÓ˚î% ˛õeÙOÓ˚# G flf#ˆÏÓ˚î%˛õeÙOÓ˚# àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÓ˚î% xAÜ%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yàly°#Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ%ÇàƒyˆÏÙê˛!ê˛ àË≈˛y¢ˆÏÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ !í˛¡∫ˆÏܲÓ˚ §y!ߨˆÏôƒ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§– ò%!ê˛ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ !Ù!°ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏ£Ïܲ
§Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ çy•zˆÏàyê˛!ê˛ º)ˆÏî ~ÓÇ !í˛¡∫ܲ Ó#ˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˛õ%ÇçllxAà ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ ~ÓÇ flf#çllxAà àË≈˛ˆÏܲ¢Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%Çò[˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yàôyl# !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z ˛õÓ˚yàôyl# !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%Ççll ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÓ˚î%
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!òˆÏܲ àË≈˛ˆÏܲ¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àË≈˛y¢ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ !í˛¡∫ܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– !í˛¡∫ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ º)îfiÌ°#ñ Îy
!í˛¡∫yî%ˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ˛õÓ˚yàly°# Ü˛Ù¢ Ó,!Âô ˛≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ º)îfiÌ°#Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~áyˆÏl ò%!ê˛
˛õ%ÇàƒyˆÏÙê˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%ÇàƒyˆÏÙê˛ !í˛¡∫yî%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!°ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛
!lî≈#ï˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl ò%•zÓyÓ˚ !Ù°l Óy !lˆÏ£Ïܲ âê˛yÓ˚ ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ !m!lˆÏ£Ïܲ ӈϰ–
!m!lˆÏ£Ïܲ à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ
~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qò G !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qò–
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÎÔlçllܲyÓ˚# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe àƒyˆÏÙê˛ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ !°AàôÓ˚ í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚î%
í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÓ˚î%ôÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çl%Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛Ìy!˛õ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qò ˆày¤˛# ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛
~ܲܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ ÈüüüÈ •ƒy≤’l!‰ ê˛Ü˛ñ !í˛≤’l!‰ ê˛Ü˛ xÌÓy ~ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# xÌ≈yÍ •ƒy≤’!í˛≤’l!‰ ê˛Ü˛
ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–

xl%¢#°l# åExercise)
1. ˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !˲!_ ܲ#⁄
2. ~ܲ!ê˛ !°Ë˛yÓ˚GÎ˚ê≈˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù§‰ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛yî≈ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qò G ~ܲ!ê˛ à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ܲál ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ •…y§ !Ó˲yçl âˆÏê˛⁄
3. ~Ùl !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z!qòˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ lyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ àË≈˛y¢Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛
Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤’Î˚!í˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ~ˆÏu˛yflõyÙ≈ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ñ وϧÓ˚
˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ñ Ê˛yˆÏî≈Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãỹy°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ñ ÙyˆÏÜ≈˛l!§Î˚yÓ˚ ˆàÙy ˆÜ˛y¢ñ ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yçܲ
ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ñ !°Ë˛yÓ˚ GÎ˚yˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ !í˛¡∫yî% ~ÓÇ Ê˛yˆÏî≈Ó˚ çy•zˆÏàyê˛–
5. ˜¢Óy° ~ÓÇ Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ à%Ó˚%c §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §Ç!«Æ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6. Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# ~ÓÇ à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qò í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z Ó#ç ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáy
•Î˚⁄
7. x§ÙˆÏÓ˚î%≤ç)ï˛y ܲ#⁄ ~Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛ly âˆÏê˛ ~Ùl ò%!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
òyG–
 í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ 45

8. í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚yı

Ü˛ä ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y!lÙy
áä xƒyˆÏrÌ!Ó˚!í˛Î˚yÙ Óy ˛õ%Çôyl#
àä xƒy!Ü≈˛ˆÏày!lÎ˚yÙ Óy flf#ôyl#
âä !í˛≤’l!ê˛Ü˛
.ä ˆflõyˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° Óy ˆÓ˚î%˛õe
ã˛ä xy•zˆÏ§yàƒyÙ#–
9. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ü˛ä ˆ°y!•ï˛ ˜¢Óy° ~ÓÇ Óyòy!Ù ˜¢Óy°
áä !°Ë˛yÓ˚GÎ˚ê≈˛ ~ÓÇ Ù§
àä §ÙˆÏÓ˚î%≤ç) ~ÓÇ x§ÙˆÏÓ˚î%≤ç) ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛y
âä !§làƒyÙ#˛ ~ÓÇ !ê˛∆˛õ°‰ !Ê˛í˛z¢l
10. ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï%˛!Ù ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# G !mÓ#ç˛õe#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
11. hflÏΩ˛ ˆÙ°yG åhflÏΩ˛ I ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà hflÏΩ˛ IIä
hflÏΩ˛ I hflÏΩ˛ II
ܲä Üœ˛ƒyÙy•zˆÏí˛yˆÏÙyly§ ܲä Ù§
áä §y•zܲy§ áä ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛y
àä ˆ§°y!çˆÏl°y àä Óƒ=˛Ó#ç#
âä fl≥˛ƒyàlyÙ âä ˜¢Óy°
11. Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
 46 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ4 (Chapter 4)

≤Ãyî#Èü Ó˚yçƒ (Animal Kingdom)

4.1 ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛ál !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ôÓ˚l G àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãyî# ˆòáˆÏï˛
!˲!_ ˛õyˆÏÓ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ °«˛y!ôܲ ≤Ãyî# ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z ~•z§Ó ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
4.2 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§Ü˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ à%Óc
%˚ G Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~•z ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ Ó!î≈ï˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ
§!ë˛Ü˛ ˆ◊!îàï˛ fiÌyˆÏl !ÓlƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛G §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

4.1 ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !˲!_ åBasis of Classification)

!Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l G ôÓ˚ˆÏl ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G !Ó!˲ߨ ~ܲܲ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚î
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎ ˆÎ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y
•° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ñ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒñ !§ˆÏ°yˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ï˛sf xÌÓy çllï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ôÓ˚l–
~•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y•z ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)° !˲!_ !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl ~Ùl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

4.1.1 §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ §Ù)• åLevels of Organisationä

Î!òG ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §Ó ≤Ãyî#•z Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢#ñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ §ÓyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ Óy ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ §Çàë˛l ~ܲ•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ ly– ˆÎÙl flõˆÏO ˆÜ˛y¢à%FSÈ !¢!Ì°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ xÌ≈yÍ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚#Î˚
§Çàë˛l ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏï˛ !ܲS%Èê˛y ◊Ù!Ó˲yçl °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲly°#ˆÏò•# Óy !§ˆÏ°lê˛yˆÏÓê˚ ˛yÈüÈ~Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ç!ê˛° •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲyÎ≈àï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
§!Iï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲ°y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ ܲ°yhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ §Çàë˛l Ó°y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG í˛zFã˛hflÏÓ˚#Î˚ §Çàë˛l
xÌ≈yÍ xAàhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ §Çàë˛l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ã˛ƒy≤WzyÜ,˛!Ù Óy ≤’y!ê˛ˆÏ•°!ÙlˆÏ̧ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ í˛zFã˛˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ•ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xAà àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xAà ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
ANIMAL KINGDOM
≤Ãyî#Èü Ó˚yçƒ 74
47

í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî# ˆÎÙl xAà%Ó#˚ Ùy°ñ §!rô˛õò#ñ ¢¡∫Ü% ˛ñ
ܲ^˝ê˛Ü˛cܲ ~ÓÇ Ü˛í≈˛yê˛yÓ˚˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ xAàà%ˆÏ°y §Çà!ë˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ï˛sf àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•zÓ˛)˚ õ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ï˛sf §%!l!ò≈T˛
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Çàë˛lˆÏܲ
xAàï˛sfhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ §Çàë˛l ӈϰ– !Ó!˲ߨ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ xAàï˛ˆÏsf
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ ç!ê˛°ï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ
≤’y!ê˛ˆÏ•°!ÙlˆÏ̈ϧÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ï˛sf ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye !SȈÏoÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z !SÈoy!ê˛•z Ù%á!SÈo ~ÓÇ ˛õyÎ˚%!SÈo !•§yˆÏÓ
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ï˛sfˆÏܲ x§¡õ)î≈
ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ï˛sf Ó°y •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ï˛ˆÏsf ò%!ê˛ !SÈo˛õÌ
!ã˛e 4.1 åܲä xÓ˚#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒ
ÌyˆÏܲÈüüüÈ Ù%á!SÈo ~ÓÇ ˛õyÎ%̊!SÈo– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ §ÇÓ•lï˛sfG ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ù%=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf G ÓÂô §ÇÓ•lï˛sf–
Ù%=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf ı ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe •Í!˛õu˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ xy§y Ó˚=˛ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚
ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°yÓ˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§–
ÓÂô §ÇÓ•lï˛sf ı ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚=˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Óƒ§!Ó!¢T˛ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
~ܲ Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ åôÙl#ñ !¢Ó˚y ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛ çy°Ü˛ä Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ §ÇÓy!•ï˛
•Î˚ !ã˛e 4.1 á ˆòˆÏáyä–
4.1.2 ≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒ åSymmetryä
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛§yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ !ÓlƒhflÏ
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– flõˆÏOÓ˚ ˆò• ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z x≤Ã!ï˛§Ù– xÌ≈yÍ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛ˆÏ°•z ܲyê˛y ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ
ˆò•ˆÏܲ §Ùyl ò%•!z ê˛ xLjϢ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆò•ˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ x«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛ˆÏ° ܲyê˛y •ˆÏ° Î!ò ˆò•!ê˛ ò%•z!ê˛ !ã˛e 4.1 åáä !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒ
§Ùyl xLjϢ !Ó˲=˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒˆÏܲ xÓ˚#Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒ ӈϰ– !§ˆÏ°lê˛yˆÏÓ˚ê˛yñ !ê˛ˆÏlyˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ܲy•zˆÏlyí˛yÙ≈yê˛y ˆÙˆÏ§y!@’Î˚y ~ˆÏQyí˛yÙ≈
Ectoderm
Mesoglea
˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ å!ã˛e ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÙ≈
Endoderm
4.1 åÜ˛ä ˆòáä– xyÓyÓ˚ xƒy!l!°í˛y ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÌ≈yˆÏ˛õyí˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò
˛˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ x«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏ° ܲyê˛ˆÏ°
í˛yl G ÓyÙ §Ùyl ò%!ê˛ xLjϢ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒˆÏܲ !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒ ӈϰ–
4.1.3 !mhflÓÏ #˚ Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ehflÓÏ #˚ Î˚ ˆò• §Çàë˛l åDiplobastic
and Triplobastic Organisationä ˆÙˆÏ§yí˛yÙ≈
Mesoderm
åܲä
(a) åáä
(b)
ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe º)îyÓfiÌyÎ˚ñ §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Ó!•/fiÌ
~ˆÏQyí˛yÙ≈ ~ÓÇ xhs˝/fiÌ ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÙ≈ ~•z ò%!ê˛ º)îhflψÏÓ˚ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ !ã˛e 4.2 º)îhflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò,¢ƒ ı ܲä !mhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ áä !ehflÏÓ˚#Î˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !mhflÏÓ˚# ≤Ãyî# ӈϰ– ˆÎÙl !§ˆÏ°lê˛yˆÏÓ˚ê˛y Óy ~ܲly°#ˆÏò•#–
 48 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~ˆÏQyí˛yÙ≈ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# xM˛ˆÏ° ˆÙˆÏ§y!@’Î˚y lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚
å!ã˛e 4.2 åÜ˛ä ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆÎ §Ó ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏQyí˛yÙ≈ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÙ≈ SÈyí˛¸yG ÓÂô≈l¢#° º)ˆÏî
ˆÙˆÏ§yí˛yÙ≈ lyÙܲ xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ º)îhflÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ehflÏÓ˚#Î˚ ≤Ãyî# ӈϰ åã˛ƒy≤Wzy Ü,˛!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲí≈˛yê˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Ó ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyî# å!ã˛e 4.2 á ˆòáä–
!§ˆÏ°yÙ ˆÙˆÏ§yí˛yÙ≈ 4.1.4 ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ åCoelomä
ˆ◊!î !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!°Ó˚
≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ Óy xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ˆÙˆÏ§yí˛yÙ≈ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ~•z ˆò• à•¥Ó˚ˆÏܲ !§ˆÏ°y٠ӈϰ–
!§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ !§ˆÏ°yˆÏÙê˛ åCoelomateä ӈϰ– ˆÎÙl
xAà%Ó˚#Ùy° Óy xƒy!l!°í˛y åAnnelidaä ܲˆÏ¡∫yç Óy ˆÙy°yflÒy
åMolluscaäñ §!rô˛õò# Óy xyˆÏÌ≈yˆÏ˛õyí˛y åArthropodaäñ
åܲä åáä ܲrê˛Ü˛cܲ Óy ~ܲy•zˆÏlyí˛yÓ˚Ùyê˛y å Echinodermata äñ
ˆ•!Ùܲí≈˛yê˛y åHemichordataä ~ÓÇ Ü˛í≈˛yê˛y åChordataä
˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y å!ã˛e 4.3 åÜ˛ä ˆòáä !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ ˆò•à•¥Ó˚
ˆÙˆÏ§yí˛yÙ≈ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˆÙˆÏ§yí˛yÙ≈ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ~ˆÏQyí˛yÙ≈
G ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yˆÏÙÓ≈ ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl Ì!°Ó˚ Ùï˛ xÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ !SÈ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛– ~•z ôÓ˚ ˆ Ï l Ó˚ ˆò•à•¥ Ó ˚ ˆ Ï Ü ˛ SÈpÈüÈ!§ˆÏ ° yÙ
åàä å Pseudocoelome äÓˆÏ ° – ˆÎÙl xƒyˆÏ fl Ò°!ÙlˆÏ Ì §
åAschelminthes ä å!ã˛e 4.3 á ˆòáä– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎ§Ó
!ã˛e 4.3 ˆSÈòò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ !ã˛e Ó˚)˛õ
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !§ˆÏ°yÙ!Ó•#l
åܲä !§ÈˆÏ°yÙ !Ó!¢T˛ åáä SÈp !§ˆÏ°yÙ !Ó!¢T˛
åàä !§ˆÏ°yÙ !Ó•#l åAcoelomateä ӈϰñ ˆÎÙl ≤’ƒy!ê˛ˆÏ•°!ÙlˆÏÙ§ñ åPlaty-
helminthesä å!ã˛e 4.1 à ˆòáä–
4.1.5 á[˛#˲Ól åSegmentationä
!ܲS%È ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛z˲Î˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xhs˝ï˛/ !ܲS%È xˆÏAàÓ˚ ܲ!Ùܲ
˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ §• á[˛ˆÏܲ !Ó˲=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ á[˛#˲Ól °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÙê˛yˆÏÙ!Ó˚çÙ åmetamerismä
4.1.6 ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ åNotochordä
!ܲS%È ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ º)ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôܲyˆÏ° ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏò¢ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏ§yí˛yÙ≈ÈüÈhflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛
ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ !Ó!¢T˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲí≈˛yê˛y åChordatesä ~ÓÇ ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ !Ó•#l
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ll ܲí≈˛yê˛y åNonüÈchordatesä ӈϰ– ˆÎÙl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲy•zˆÏlyí˛yÓ˚Ùyê˛y ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚
˛≤Ãyî#Ó˚y–
4.2 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§˛ åClassification of Animalsä
§yôyÓ˚î ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛yÓ!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# xLjϢ Ó!î≈ï˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó¢ò ˆ◊!î !Ólƒy§!ê˛ !ã˛e
4.4 ~ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •°–
ANIMAL KINGDOM
≤Ãyî#Èü Ó˚yçƒ 94
49

Ó˚yçƒ ˆò• §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚

hflÓÏ ˚ ˛õÓ≈
˛≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒ ˆò• à•¥Ó˚
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ hflÏÓ˚ !§ˆÏ°yÙ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÊÏ ˛Ó˚y

!lí˛y!Ó˚Îy˚

xÓ˚#Î˚
≤Ãyî#çàÍ !ê˛ˆÏlyˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y
åÓ•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢#ä
ܲ°y‡xAà‡xAàï˛sf ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ !Ó•#l ≤’ƒy!ê˛!Ó•#l ˆ•°!ÙlˆÏ̧
åxƒy!§ˆÏ°yˆÏÙê˛ä

SÈp!§ˆÏ°yÙ Î%=˛ xƒyˆÏflÒ° !ÙlˆÏ̧

!m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ å!§í˛zˆÏí˛y!§ˆÏ°yˆÏÙê˛ä˛
xAà%Ó#˚ Ùy°
§!rô˛õò#
˛≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏ¡y∫ ç
å!§ˆÏ°yˆÏÙê˛ä ܲ^˝ê˛Ü˛ cܲ
ˆ•!Ùܲyí≈˛ê˛y
ܲí≈˛yê˛y

D !Ó!˲ߨ ò¢yÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ܲ^˝ê˛Ü˛cܲ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ xÓ˚#Î˚ xÌÓy !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚
!ã˛e 4.4 §yôyÓ˚î ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !Ó¢ò ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§–
4.2.1 ˛õÓ≈ ÈüüüÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚yy˛ åPoriferaä
~•z ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ flõO lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~Ó˚y
§yÙ%!oÜ – ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z x≤Ã!ï˛§Ù ˆò• àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ å!ã˛e
4.5 ~ ˆòáä ~Ó˚y xy!ò Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢# ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛y¢hflÓÏ #˚ Î˚
§Çàë˛l ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– flõˆÏOÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îܲyÓ˚# ly!°Ü˛yï˛sf
Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ x!fiê˛Î˚y lyÙܲ §)-!SȈÏoÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ à•¥ˆÓÏ ˚ ç° ≤ÈÓÏ ¢ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ à•¥Ó!˚ ê˛ˆÏܲ
flõˆÏOy!§° ӈϰ– flõˆÏOy!§° ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y
!SÈo x§!ܲí˛z°yˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ly!°Ü˛yï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÌ!ê˛ flõOˆÏܲ áyòƒ §Ç@˝Ã•ñ àƒy§#Î˚
!Ó!lÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ Óç≈ƒ !l‹Òy¢ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏΈ˚ lÏ y§y•zê˛
Óy ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ åcallar cellä lyÙܲ !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛y¢ flõˆÏOy!§° ~ÓÇ åáä
(b)

ly!°Ü˛yï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ly!°Ü˛yàyeˆÏܲ xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xhs˝/ åܲä

(a)
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ˛˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆòˆÏ• !flõ!ܲí˛z° Óy flõl!çl
ï˛v!l!Ù≈ï˛ Ü˛Aܲy° Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˛≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !°AàˆÏ˲ò
xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ñ xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚y í˛z˲!°Aà ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ ¢%ܲyî%
~ÓÇ !í˛¡∫yî% í˛z˲Î˚•z §,!T˛ •Î˚– flõO á[˛#˲Ól ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xˆÏÎÔl
çll §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ àƒyˆÏÙê˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎÔl çll
§¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xhs˝ı!lˆÏ£ÜÏ ˛ G ˛õˆÏÓy˚ «˛ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Óî˚ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ åàä
(c)
•Î˚– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe °y˲≈y ò¢y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ °yË≈˛y xAà§ÇfiÌy!lܲ
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ)îy≈ Aà ˛˛≤Ãyî# ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf •Î˚– !ã˛e 4.5 ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı åÜ˛ä §y•zܲl åáä
•zí˛zflõ!OÎ˚y åàä flõ!O°y
 50 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı Sycon åflÒy•zÊ˛yäñ Spongilla (fl∫yò% çˆÏ°Ó˚ flõO) ~ÓÇ Euspongia (ÓyÌ
flõO)–
4.2.2 ˛õÓ≈ÈüüüÈ !§ˆÏ°lê˛yˆÏÓ˚ê˛y ‡ !lÏí˛y!Ó˚Î˚y åCoelenterata / Cnidariaä
~•z ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ç°ç ~ÓÇ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà•z §yÙ%!oܲ ~ܲ•z çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ xyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ xÌÓy §M˛Ó˚î¢#°
•Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• xÓ˚#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù å !ã˛e 4.6ä – !lˆÏí˛yÓœyfiê˛ åCnidoblastsä xÌÓy !lˆÏí˛y§y•zê˛
åCnidocytesä ¢∑!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ú!lí˛y!Ó˚Î˚yÛ lyÙ!ê˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ–

åܲä Aurelia åˆÙí%˛§yä åáä Adamsia å˛õ!°˛õä

!ã˛e 4.3 !§ˆÏ°lê˛yˆÏÓ˚ê˛y ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

!lˆÏí˛yÓœyˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ òÇ¢Ü˛ Ì!° åStinging Capsuleä ÌyˆÏܲ– !lˆÏí˛yÓœyfiê˛à%ˆÏ°y ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ!£ÏÜ≈ ˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !lˆÏí˛yÓœyfiê˛à%ˆ°
Ï y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%ȈÜÏ ˛ xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ xydÓ˚«˛yˆÏÌ≈
~ÓÇ áyòƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ å!ã˛e 4.7 ˆòˆÏáyä– ~•z ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ°yhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ §Çàë˛l
°«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y !mhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye !SÈoÈüÈÙ%á!SÈoñ !Ó!¢T˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ àƒy§ˆÏê˛∆y˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚
à•¥Ó˚ åGastrovascular Cavityä Óï≈˛Ùyl •y•zˆÏ˛õyˆÏfiê˛yÙ lyÙܲ xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ù%á!SÈo!ê˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl–
˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ xhs˝/ˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ Óy Ó!•/ˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ í˛z˲Î˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÜ˛yÓ˚y° Óy ˛≤ÃÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È !lí˛y!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚
ˆòˆÏ• ܲƒy°y!§Î˚yÙ Ü˛yˆÏÓ≈yˆÏlê˛ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ܲAܲy° Óï≈˛Ùyl– !lÏí˛y!Ó˚Î˚y ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ò%!ê˛ Ù)° ˆò•
àë˛l ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ ˛õ!°˛õ åPolypä ~ÓÇ ˆÙí%˛§y åMedusaä !ã˛e 4.6 ~ ˆòáä– ˛õ!°˛õ!ê˛
!lŸã˛° ~ÓÇ l°yܲyÓ˚ åˆÎÙl •y•zí»˛yñ Adamsia Óy !§ xƒy!lˆÏÙylä xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆÙí%˛§y SÈeyܲyÓ˚ •Î˚
!ã˛e 4.7 !lˆÏí˛yÓœyˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Aurelia Óy ˆç!°!Ê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùï˛ fl∫yô#l §M˛Ó˚î¢#° •Î˚– !lí˛y!Ó˚Î˚y ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ˆÎ§Ó ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ•
!ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ ˛õ!°˛õ G ˆÙí%˛§y í˛z˲Î˚ ò¢y•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe çl%mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyÓï≈˛l åMetagenelisä ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛
•Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ ˛õ!°˛õ‰ xˆÏÎÔl çll ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÙí%˛§y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÙí%˛§y ˆÎÔl çlˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!°˛õ§
ò¢y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ å ˆÎÙlÈüÈ GˆÏÓ!°Î˚yä–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îı Physalia å˛õï%≈˛!àç Ùƒyl xÓ GÎ˚yÓ˚äñ Adamsia å!§ xƒy!lˆÏÙylä Pennatula
å!§ ˆ˛õläñ Gorgonia å!§ Ê˛ƒylä ~ÓÇ Meandrina åˆÓ•zl‰ ˆÜ˛yÓ˚y°ä !ê˛ˆÏlyˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚
ANIMAL KINGDOM
≤Ãyî#Èü Ó˚yçƒ 15
51

4.2.3 ˛õÓ≈ÈüüüÈ !ê˛ˆÏlyˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y åCtenophoraä

!ê˛ˆÏlyˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ !§ÈüÈGÎ˚y°lyê˛ å §Ù%o xyáˆÏÓ˚yê˛ä Óy Ü%˛¡∫ˆÏç!° lyˆÏÙ
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~Ó˚y §¡õ)îË≈ ˛yˆÏÓ §yÙ%!oܲ– ˆò• xÓ˚#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ùñ !mhflÓÏ #˚ Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°yhflÓÏ #˚ Î˚ §Çàë˛l
!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !§!°Î˚yÎ%=˛ ˆÜ˛y¡∫ˆÏ≤’ˆÏê˛Ó˚ xyê˛!ê˛ §y!Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~à%ˆÏ°y
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ– å!ã˛e 4.8 ~ ˆòáä– Ó!•/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ í˛z˲Î˚≤ÃܲyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ !ê˛ˆÏlyˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜çÓˆÏçƒy!ï˛ !ÓFS%ÈÓ˚î
åBioluminescenceä åˆÜ˛yl §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y !ÓFS%ÈÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yä ç!lï˛ ôÙ≈!ê˛
§%flõT˛ – ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !°AàˆÏ˲ò xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆÎÔlçll ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z çll!ܲÎ˚y
§¡õߨ •Î˚ – ~ˆÏ « ˛ˆÏ e Ó!•/!lˆÏ £ Ï Ü ˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏ Ó ˚ y «˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ fl ≥% ˛ Ó˚ î •Î˚ – í˛z ò y•Ó˚ î
åPleurobrachia (!≤’í˛zˆÏÓ˚yÓy!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ Ctenoplana å!ê˛ˆÏly≤’ƒylyä–
4.2.4 ˛õÓ≈ÈüÈ ≤’y!ê˛ˆÏ•°!ÙlˆÏ̧ åPlatehelminthesä
~•z ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xAܲ#Î˚ í˛z˲Î˚!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛ƒy≤Wzy •Î˚– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
ã˛ƒy≤WzyÜ,˛!٠ӈϰ å!ã˛e 4.9 ~ ˆòˆÏáyä– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z xhs˝ı˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#– Ùyl%£Ï §•
xlƒylƒ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ã˛ƒy≤WzyÜ,˛!ÙÓ˚y !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ
≤Ã!ï˛§Ùñ !ehflÏÓ˚#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !§ˆÏ°yÙ!Ó•#l •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xAàhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ §Çàë˛l åorgan
level organizationä ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z˛ õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• •%ܲ ~ÓÇ ˆã˛y£Ïܲ !ã˛e 4.8 !ê˛ˆÏlyˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚yÓ˚
Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ ≤Ãyî# ˆò•ï˛° myÓ˚y ˆ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î /
˛õ%!T˛Ó˚§ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !¢áyˆÏܲy¢ Óy ˆÊœ˛ÙˆÏܲy¢ lyˆÏÙÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ å!≤’í˛zˆÓÏ y˚ Óy!ܲÎ˚yä
ˆÜ˛y¢ x!˲flÀÓî !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚ã˛ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !°AàˆÏ˲ò ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝ı !lˆÏ£ÜÏ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î xˆÏlܲà%ˆ° Ï y °yË≈˛yÈüÈò¢yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ âˆÏê˛– ≤’yˆÏl!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ñ í˛zFã˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îı Taenia å!Ê˛ï˛yÜ,˛!Ùäñ Fasciola åÎÜ,˛Í Ü,˛!Ùä

(a) (b)
!ã˛e 4.9 ≤’ƒy!ê˛ˆÏ•°‰!ÙlˆÏ̈ϧÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î åܲä Taenia !Ê˛ï˛y Ü,˛!Ù åáä Fasciola ÎÜ,˛Í Ü,˛!Ù
 52 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

4.2.5 ˛õÓ≈ xƒyˆÏflÒ°!ÙlˆÏ̧ åAscheleminthesä

≤ÃfïÏFSȈÏò ~•z ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆò• ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ ˆòáyÎ˚ ӈϰ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆày°Ü,˛!Ù Ó°y •Î˚ å!ã˛e 4.10 ~ ˆòˆÏáyä– ~Ó˚y fl∫yô#lç#Ó#ñ ç°çñ
fiÌ°ç •Î˚ xÌÓy !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# !•§yˆÏÓ Óy§
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xAàï˛sf#Î˚ ˆò• §Çàë˛l ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y
!m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ùñ !ehflÏÓ˚#Î˚ ~ÓÓÇ SÈp !§ˆÏ°yÙ!Ó!¢T˛– ~ܲ!ê˛
§%à!ë˛ï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%° à°!Ó° §• §¡õ)î≈ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!° Óï≈˛Ùyl–
ˆÓ˚ã˛l!SȈÏoÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚ã˛lly!° ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆò•ç Óç≈ƒ
˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !°AàˆÏ˲ò Óï≈˛Ùyl å~ܲ!°Aà ≤Ãyî#ä xÌ≈yÍ
˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï G flf# ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%flõT˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z flf# ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y
˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ °¡∫y •Î˚– xhs˝/!lˆÏ£Ïܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ
˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ å!¢¢% ≤Ãyî#!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õ)î≈yAà ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •Î˚ä
˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ≤Ãyî# flf# ≤Ãyî# Óy ˛õˆÏÓy˚ «˛ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îı Ascaris å ˆày°Ü,˛!Ùäñ
!ã˛e 4.10 xƒyˆÏflÒ°!ÙlˆÏ̧ ÈüÈ Wuchereria åÊ˛y•zˆÏ°!Ó˚Î˚y GÎ˚yÙ≈ä Ancylostoma
ˆày°Ü,˛!Ù å•%ܲ GÎ˚yÙ≈ä–
4.2.6 xAà%Ó˚#Ùy° Óy xƒyˆÏl!°í˛y åAnnelidaä
~•z ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ç°ç å§yÙ%!oܲ Óy fl∫yò%çˆÏ°Ó˚ä xÌÓy fiÌ°ç
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y fl∫yô#lç#Ó#ñ ܲálG Óy ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#G •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
xAàï˛sfhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ §Çàë˛l ~ÓÇ !m˛õy¢≈#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y
!eflfÓ˚#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆò• Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛z˲Î˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z á[˛ˆÏܲ
!Ó˲=˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÙê˛yˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲ á[˛#˲Ól– ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y
!§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛– ˆò•ï˛° §%flõT˛ áu˛Ü˛ Óy ˆÙê˛y!ÙÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚ !Ó˲=˛ñ ï˛y•z ~•z
˛õÓ≈!ê˛ xƒy!l!°í˛y Óy xAà%Ó˚#Ùy°˛ ˛õÓ≈ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– åAnnelida
°ƒy!ê˛l annulus ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y xyÇ!ê˛ å!ã˛e 4.11 ~ ˆòáä–
ˆòˆÏ• Óï≈˛Ùyl xl%˜Ïòâ≈ƒ ~ÓÇ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ã˛°ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆl!Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùï˛ xlƒylƒ ç°ç xAà%Ó˚#Ùy° ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚
í˛z˛õyAà Óï≈˛Ùylñ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õƒyÓ˚yˆÏ˛õy!í˛Î˚y ӈϰ– ~•z í˛z˛õyAà ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
§hs˝Óˆ˚ îÏ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf ÓÂô ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Îy˚ å~ܲÓã˛l
ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚yÙä lyÙܲ xAàà%ˆÏ°y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• x!˲flÀÓî !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚ã˛ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf!ê˛ñ ò%!ê˛ xAܲ#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚Ó˚I%Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚
xÓ!fiÌï˛ Î%@¬ àƒyÇ!°Î˚yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z àƒyÇ!°Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ç°ç ˆl!Ó˚§ !˲ߨÓy§# ~ܲ!°Aà ≤Ãyî#–
!ܲv ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y ~ÓÇ ˆçÑyܲ í˛z˲!°Aà‡§•Óy§# •Î˚– çll!ܲÎ˚y ˆÎÔl çlˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §¡õߨ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îı Neris, Pheretima å ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yä
!ã˛e 4.11 xƒy!l!°í˛y ˛õÓ≈ Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
~ÓÇ Hirudinaria åÓ˚=˛ ˆã˛y£Ïܲ ˆçÑyܲä–
åÜ˛ä ˆl!Ó˚§ åáä !•Ó˚%!í˛ly!Ó˚Î˚y
ANIMAL KINGDOM
≤Ãyî#Èü Ó˚yçƒ 35
53

4.2.7 ˛õÓ≈ §!rô˛õ˛õò# Óy xyˆÏÌ≈yˆÏ˛õyí˛y åArthropodaä

˛õï˛AàˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~•z ˛õÓ≈!ê˛ •° ≤Ãyî# çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó≈Ó,•Í ˛õÓ≈–
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çyly Îï˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ò%•z
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y•z §!rô˛õò# ≤Ãyî# å!ã˛e 4.12 ~ ˆòˆÏáyä–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• xAàï˛sfhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ ˆò• §Çàë˛l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚y !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚
˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ùñ !ehflÏÓ˚#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆò• á[˛Ü˛ §Ùy!ß∫ï˛ !§ˆÏ°yÙ Î%=˛ ≤Ãyî#– åܲä åá˛ä
§!rô˛õò# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ܲy•z!ê˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ Ó!•/ܲAܲy° myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆò• ÙhflÏܲñ @˝Ã#Óy G í˛zòÓ˚ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ xLjϢ !Ó˲=˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §!rôÎ%=˛
í˛z ˛ õyAà Óï≈ ˛ Ùyl– å arthros-jointñ §!rôñ Poda-
appendages í˛z˛õyAà§Ù)•ä– Ÿªy§xAà !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ê%˛°Ü˛yñ
Ó•z Ê%˛°Ü˛yñ Ó•z Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ Óy ê˛∆y!ܲÎ˚yï˛sf– Ù%=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛
•Î˚– K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ åSensory organä !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%Aàñ ã˛«%˛
å˛õ%Oy!«˛ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚°y!«˛ä ~ÓÇ fiê˛ƒyˆÏê˛y!§fiê˛ xÌÓy ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛yܲyÓ˚#
xAà Óï≈˛Ùyl– Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl ly!°Ü˛y åMalpigian Tubulesä
~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÓ˚ã˛l!ܲÎ˚y §¡õߨ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z !˲ߨÓy§# åà˛ä åâ˛ä

•Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xhs˝ı!lˆÏ£Ïܲ âˆÏê˛– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z xu˛˝ç xÌ≈yÍ

!í˛Ù ˛õyˆÏí˛¸– ˛≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ xÌÓy ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı !ã˛e 4.12 §!rô˛õò# ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˲yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õï˛Aà ı Apis (ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ) Bombyx åÜ˛ä ˛ˆ°yܲyfiê˛ åáä ≤Ãçy˛õ!ï˛ åàä ÜÑ˛yÜ˛í˛¸y!ÓSÈy åâä !ã˛Ç!í˛¸
åˆÓ˚¢ÙÙÌäñ Lacifer å°y«˛y ˛õï˛Aàä– Óy•Ü˛ §rô#˛õò# ÈüüüÈ
Anopheles, Culex, ~ÓÇ Aedes åÙ¢Ü˛ ˆày¤˛#ä Î)Ìã˛Ó˚
ˆ˛õfiê˛ åGregariansä- Locusta 到Ïyܲyfiê˛ä ç#Óhs˝ ç#ÓyŸ¬
ÈüÈ Limulus åÓ˚yç ÜÑ˛yÜ˛í˛¸yä–
4.2.8 ˛õÓ≈ ܲˆÏ¡∫yç Óy ˆÙy°yflÒy åMolluscaä
˛~!ê˛ •° !mï˛#Î˚ Ó,•_Ù ≤Ãyî# ˛õÓ≈ å!ã˛e 4.13 ~ ˆòáä ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚
≤Ãyî#Ó˚y fiÌ°ç xÌÓy ç°ç å§yÙ%!oܲ ‡ fl∫yò%ç°ä •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆò•
§Çàë˛l xAàï˛sfhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ùñ !ehflÏÓ˚#Î˚
åܲä
~ÓÇ !§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛ ≤Ãyî#– ˆò• ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ !l!Ù≈ï˛ ˆáy°ˆÏܲ xyÓ,ï˛
~ÓÇ xá!u˛ï˛– ÙhflÜÏ ˛ñ Ùyǧ°˛õò G xyhs˝Ó˚Îsf#Î˚ Ü%Ñ˛ç åVisceralä
!lˆÏÎ˚ ˆò•!ê˛ à!ë˛ï˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ lÓ˚Ù ~ÓÇ flõO# ã˛yÙí˛¸y hflÏÓ˚ xyhs˝Ó˚Îsf#Î˚
Ü%˛Ñ ˆÏçÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙƒyˆÏrê˛° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ÙƒyˆÏrê˛° ~ÓÇ Ü%˛Ñ ˆÏçÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛#
fiÌylˆÏܲ ÙƒylˆÏê˛° à•¥Ó˚ åMantle Cavityä ӈϰ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˛õy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ Ê%˛°Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~à%ˆÏ°y Ÿª§l
~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚ã˛l ܲyˆÏÎ≈˛ xÇ¢ ˆlÎ˚– ÙhflψÏܲÓ˚ §¡ø%á˲yˆÏà §ÇˆÏÓò# ¢%Aà åá˛ä
åSensory tentaclesä Óï≈˛Ùyl– !ã˛e 4.13 ¢¡∫%ܲ çyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
åÜ˛ä ¢yÙ%ܲ åPilaä åáä xˆÏQy˛õy§ åOctopusä
 54 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Ù%áà•¥ˆÏÓ˚ áyòƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y áyòƒ §Ç@˝Ã•Ü˛yÓ˚# åRasping Organä
xAà ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏܲ Ó˚ƒyí%˛°y ӈϰ– ~Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !˲ߨÓy§# ~ÓÇ xu˛ç ≤Ãyî#– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ˛˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î âˆÏê˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı Pila åxƒyˆÏ˛õ° ¢yÙ%ܲä Pinctada åÙ%=˛y
!V˛l%ܲäñ Sepia åܲyê˛°!Ê˛¢äñ Loligo åfl%Ò•zí˛äñ Octopus åˆí˛!˲° !Ê˛¢äñ
Aplysia å§Ù%o ¢¢Ü˛äñ Dentalium åê˛yflÒ ˆ¢°‰ä ~ÓÇ Chaetopleura
åܲy•zê˛lä–
åܲä
4.2.9 ˛õÓ≈ÈüüüÈ Ü˛rê˛Ü˛cܲ Óy ~ܲy•zˆÏlyí˛yÙ≈yê˛y åEchinodermataä
~•z ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ˛≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ã)˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ ÜÑ˛yê˛y myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ xhs˝/ܲAܲy° Óï≈˛Ùyl– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲrê˛Ü˛cܲ ≤Ãyî# Ó°y •Î˚ ÜÑ˛yê˛yÎ%=˛ ˆò• å!ã˛e 4.14 ~ ˆòáä– ~Ó˚y §Óy•z §yÙ%!oܲ ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xAàï˛sfhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ ˆò• §Çàë˛l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛rê˛Ü˛cܲ ≤Ãyî#
xÓ˚#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù •Î˚ñ !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ °yË≈˛yÎ˚ !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y !ehflÓÏ #˚ Î˚
åáä ~ÓÇ !§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛ ≤Ãyî#– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏòˆÏ¢ xÌ≈yÍ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õyÎ˚% ~ÓÇ xAܲˆÏò¢
xÌ≈yÍ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Ù%á!SÈo !Ó!¢T˛ §¡õ)î≈ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly°# Óï≈˛Ùyl– ܲrê˛Ü˛cܲ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚
!ã˛e 4.14 ܲrê˛Ü˛cܲ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îı §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ fl∫ï˛sf ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ!ê˛ •°ñ ˆòˆÏ• ç° §ÇÓ•îï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ñ Îy ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
åܲä ï˛yÓ˚yÙySÈ åAstemiasä åáä ã˛°ˆÏlñ áyòƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî ~ÓÇ Ÿª§ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ˚ã˛lï˛s f xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛–
G!Ê˛í˛zÓ˚y åOphiuraä !°AàˆÏ˲ò Óï≈˛Ùyl– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ó!•/!lˆÏ£Ïܲ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔlçll §¡õߨ •Î˚–˛ õˆÏÓ˚y«˛
˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛l •Î˚ ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#l §M˛Ó˚î¢#° °yË≈˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı
Asterias åï˛yÓ˚y ÙySÈäñ Echinus å§Ù%o §çyÓ˚%ä Antedon å§Ù%o !°!°äñ
Cucumaria å§Ù%o ¢¢yä ~ÓÇ Ophiura å!ÓˆÏê˛°‰ fiê˛yÓ˚ä
4.2.10 ˛õÓ≈ÈüÈ ˆ•!Ùܲí≈˛yê˛y åHemichordataä
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÓy!§§ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆ•!Ùܲí≈˛yê˛yˆÏܲ ܲí≈˛yê˛y ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õ˛õÓ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •ï˛– !ܲv
~ál ˆ•!Ùܲí≈˛yê˛y llÈüÈܲí≈˛yê˛yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õÓ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •Î˚–
Ü,˛!ÙÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ x“ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ §yÙ%!oܲ ≤Ãyî# !lˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ˛õÓ≈!ê˛ à!ë˛ï˛–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xAàï˛sfhflÓÏ #˚ Î˚ ˆò• §Çàë˛l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y !ehflÓÏ #˚ Î˚ñ !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ùñ
!§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛ ≤Ãyî#ñ ˆò• ˆÓ°ylyÜ,˛!ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ x@˝ÃfiÌ ≤ÈÏÓy!§§ñ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
~ܲ!ê˛ °¡∫yÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆò•Ü˛yˆÏ[˛ !Ó˲=˛ å!ã˛e 4.15 ~ ˆòáä– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù%=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf
ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y Ê%˛°Ü˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°yÎ˚– ˆÓ˚ã˛l xAà !•§yˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤ÈÏÓy!§§
@˝Ã!rÌ– !°Aà ˆË˛ò Óï≈˛Ùyl– Ó!•/!lˆÏ£Ïܲ ~ÓÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
í˛z ò y•Ó˚ î Balanoglossus åÓƒy°yˆÏ l y@’§y§ä ~ÓÇ Saccoglossus
姃yˆÏE˛y@’§y§ä–
ˆò•Ü˛y[˛
4.2.11 ˛õÓ≈ÈüüüÈ Ü˛í≈˛yê˛y åChordataä
~•z ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ï˛l!ê˛ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !ÓòƒÙylÈüüüÈ ~à%ˆÏ°y •° ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛yl ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ÊÑ˛y˛õy fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚I% G Î%@¬ à°!Ó°#Î˚
!ã˛e 4.15 Óƒy°yˆÏly@’§y§
Ê%˛°Ü˛y !SÈo ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ å!ã˛e 4.16 ˆòˆÏáyä– ~Ó˚y !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ùñ !ehflÏÓ˚#Î˚ñ
ANIMAL KINGDOM
≤Ãyî#Èü Ó˚yçƒ 55
55

!§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛ ~ÓÇ xAàï˛sf hflÏÓ˚#Î˚ ˆò• §Çàë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ ≤Ãyî#– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%Ócord
Nerve ˚I% ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛
Notochord
˛õyÎ˚È%üÈ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xLjϢ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°ç ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÓÂô Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf
Óï≈˛Ùyl–
§yÓ˚!î 4.1 ˆï˛ ܲí≈˛yê˛y ~ÓÇ ll ܲí≈˛yê˛y ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛e ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛ ˛õyÎ˚%ÈüÈ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# part
Post-anal xǢ
Gill slits
Ê%˛°Ü˛y !SÈo

!ã˛e 4.16 ܲí≈˛yê˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §Ù)•

§yÓ˚!î 4.1 ܲí≈˛yê˛y ~ÓÇ ll ܲí≈˛yê˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly
Ü ˛!Ùܲ
§Çáƒy ܲí≈˛yê˛y llÈüÈܲí≈˛yê˛y
1. ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛
2. ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚ï˛sf!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xAܲˆÏòˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~!ê˛ ÊÑ˛y˛õy G §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ !lˆÏÓ˚ê˛ G §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ •Î˚É
3. à°!Ó°#Î˚ Ê%˛°Ü˛y !SÈo Óï≈˛Ùyl à°!Ó°#Î˚ Ê%˛°Ü˛y !SÈo xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛
4. •,Í!˛õu˛!ê˛ xAܲˆÏò¢#Î˚ •Î˚ •,Í!˛õu˛ ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏò¢#Î˚ åÎ!ò ÌyˆÏܲä
5. ˛õyÎ˚% ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xÇ¢ 到çä Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õyÎ˚% ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˆ°ç xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛

õÓ≈ ܲí≈˛yê˛y !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õ˛õˆÏÓ≈ !Ó˲=˛ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yܲí≈˛yê˛y xÌÓy !ê˛í˛z!lˆÏܲê˛yñ

ˆ§Ê˛yˆÏ°y ܲí≈˛yê˛y ~ÓÇ Ë˛y!ê˛≈Óyê˛y–
í˛z˛õ˛õÓ≈ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yܲí≈˛yê˛y ~ÓÇ ˆ§Ê˛yˆÏ°yܲí≈˛yê˛yˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yܲˆÏí≈˛ê˛§G Ó°y •Î˚– å!ã˛e 4.17ä ~Ó˚y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ §yÙ%!oܲ
≤Ãyî#– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yܲí≈˛yê˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye °yË≈˛y ò¢yÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ °ƒyˆÏç
ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– x˛õÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆ§Ê˛yˆÏ°y ܲí≈˛yê˛yÎ˚ ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛!ê˛ ÙhflÏܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ °ƒyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ÓhflÏ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ç#Ól ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• xÓfiÌyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îı •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yܲí≈˛yê˛yÈüÈ(Ascidia)ñ §y°˛õy (Salpa)ñ ˆí˛y!°G°yÙñ
(Odiolum) ˆ§Ê˛yˆÏ°yܲí≈˛yê˛yÈÈüÈ (Branchiostoma) åxƒy!¡≥˛G:y§
xÌÓy °ƒyl!§ˆÏ°ê˛ä–
í˛z˛õ˛õÓ≈ ˲y!ê≈˛Óyê˛yÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• º)îyÓfiÌyÎ˚
ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛y!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌ Óy x!fiÌ
!l!Ù≈ï˛ ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛ myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z §Ó ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# Óy ˲y!ê≈˛Óyê˛y•z !ã˛e 4.17 xƒy!§!í˛Î˚y (Ascidia)
ܲí≈˛yê˛y !ܲv §Ó ܲí≈˛yê˛y•z ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# Óy ˲y!ê˛Óyê˛y lÎ˚– ܲí≈˛yê˛yÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y SÈyí˛¸yG ˆÙÓ%̊òu˛# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ò%•zñ !ï˛l Óy ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ !Ó!¢T˛
xAܲˆÏò¢#Î˚ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%° •,Í!˛õu˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚ã˛l G x!˲flÀÓî !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
Ó,E˛ ~ÓÇ Î%@¬ í˛z˛õyAà !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õyályñ ≤Ãï˛ƒAà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
 56 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

í˛z˛õ˛õÓ≈ ˲y!ê≈˛Óyê˛y xyÓyÓ˚ !l¡¨Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !Ó˲=˛ •Î˚ ı

ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛#
Vertebrata
!Ó˲yà
Division

Agnatha
xyàlyÌy Gnathostomata
lƒyˆÏÌyˆÏfiê˛yÙyê˛y
(lacks jaw)
åˆã˛yÎ˚y°!Ó•#lä (bears jaw)
åˆã˛yÎ˚y°Î% =˛ä
Super
x!ôˆÏClass
◊!î

Ùͧ Pisces
å ˛õyályÎ%=˛ä Tetrapoda
ã˛ï%˛‹õò#
(bear fins) (bear limbs)
åí˛z˛õyAàÎ%=˛ä
ˆ◊!îClass
§y•zˆÜÏ ˛œ yˆÏfiê˛yÙyê˛y ˆ◊!î
Class Class
ˆ◊!î
1. Cyclostomata ܲl‰Chondrichthyes
1.1. !í»˛Ü˛!̧ 1. Amphibia
1. í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚
x§‰Osteichthyes
2.2. !ê˛Ü˛!̧‰ 2. Reptilia
2. §Ó˚#§,˛õ
3. Aves
1. ˛õ«˛#
4. Mammals
2. hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚#

4.2.11.1 ˆ◊!îÈüÈ §y•zˆÏÜœ˛yˆÏfiê˛yÙyê˛y åCyclostomataä

~•z ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ §Ó ≤Ãyî#•z xlƒ !ܲS%È ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• Ó!•ı˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•!ê˛ °¡∫yˆÏê˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
çlƒ ˆòˆÏ• 6-15 ˆçyí˛¸y Ê%˛°Ü˛y!SÈo Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
Ù%á ˆã˛yÎ˚y°!Ó•#lñ ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢y£Ïî í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •Î˚– ˆòˆÏ•
xÑy¢ ~ÓÇ Î%@¬ ˛õyály xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛– ˆÜ˛!lÎ˚yÙ ~ÓÇ ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛!ê˛
ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌ!l!Ù≈ï˛ •Î˚– §ÇÓ•l ÓÂô §ÇÓ•l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚– ~Ó˚y §yÙ%!oܲñ
!ã˛e 4.18 ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆã˛yÎ˚y°!Ó•#l ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆yÙy•zˆÏçyl
!ܲv !í˛Ù ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° fl∫yò%çˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ !í˛Ù ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚
åpetromyzonä
˛õÓ˚•z ÙyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ °y˲≈y Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ)î≈yAà xÓfiÌy
≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §Ù%ˆÏo !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îı Petromyzon
å°ƒyˆÏ¡±ä ~ÓÇ Myxine 啃yà!Ê˛§ä–
4.2.11.2 ˆ◊!î ÈüÈ Ü˛l‰!í»˛Ü˛!̧‰ åChondrichthesä
~Ó˚y §yÙ%!oܲ ≤Ãyî#– ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ˆÏò• ÙyÜ%˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚
åܲä ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏ ò Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ • ï˛Ó˚ % î y!fiÌ!l!Ù≈ ï ˛ xhs˝ ı ܲAܲy° Óï≈ ˛ Ùyl–
Ù%á!So!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xAܲˆÏòˆÏ¢ xÓ!fiÌï˛– ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛!ê˛ §yÓ˚yç#Ól
ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ܲylˆÏܲy!Ó•#l Ê%˛°Ü˛y!SÈoà%ˆÏ°y
˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ cܲ ¢=˛ ~ÓÇ «%˛o «%˛o
≤’ƒyܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ xÑy•z¢Î%=˛ •Î˚– ≤’ƒyܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ xÑy•z¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
åá˛ä òÑyˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õy!hs˝ï˛ •Î˚– òÑyï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õŸã˛yÍÈüÈx!˲Ù%á# xÌ≈yÍ ˆ˛õSȈÏlÓ˚
!ã˛e 4.19 ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌÙÎ˚ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏܲ ÓÑyܲyˆÏly ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yÎ˚y° á%Ó•z ¢!=˛¢y°# ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y
åÜ˛ä ˆflÒy!°Gí˛l (Scoliodon) !¢Ü˛yy!Ó˚ •Î˚– ˆòˆÏ• ˛õê˛Ü˛y ly ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ñ çˆÏ° í%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚
åáä !≤Ã!fiê˛§ (Pristis) •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ !lÓh̊sÓ˝ ˚ çˆÏ° §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyê˛ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
ANIMAL KINGDOM
≤Ãyî#Èü Ó˚yçƒ 75
57

•,Í!˛õu˛ ò%•z ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛!Ó!¢T˛ å~ܲ!ê˛ x!°® G ~ܲ!ê˛ !l°Î˚ä– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛
≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ ï˛!í˛¸Í í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# xAà åí˛zòy•Ó˚îı ê˛ˆÏ˛õ≈ˆÏí˛yä ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È §Ç჈ÏܲÓ˚
!Ó£Ï !l/§Ó˚îܲyÓ˚# •%° í˛zòy•Ó˚î / ê˛∆y•zàl Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~Ó˚y xl%£÷ψϢy!îï˛
åPoikilothermousä ≤Ãyî# xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyey !lÎ˚sˆf îÏ x«˛Ù– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !°AàˆÏ˲ò Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˆ◊y!î ˛õyályÎ˚ ˆÎÔl !Ù°ˆÏl §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚#
í˛z˛õyAà Üœ˛yflõyÓ˚ !ÓòƒÙyl– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xhs˝/!lˆÏ£ÜÏ ˛ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z çÓ˚yÎ%̊çñ
xÌ≈yÍ §hs˝yl ≤Ã§Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı (Scoliodon) í˛à!Ê˛§ åPristisäñ
§ÈüÈ!Ê˛§ñ Carcharodon åGreat white sharkäñ (Trygon åSting
rayä–
4.2.11.3 ˆ◊!îÈüÈ x!fiê˛Ü‰˛!̧ åOsteichthyesä
~Ó˚y §yÙ%!oܲ xÌÓy fl∫yò%çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy!§®y í˛z˲Î˚•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•
x!fiÌ!l!Ù≈ï˛ Ü˛Aܲy° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙyÜ%˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆò• ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚
Ù%á!SÈo!Ó!¢T˛ å!ã˛e 4.20ä– ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ˆçyí˛¸y Ê%˛°Ü˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y í˛z˲Î˚!òˆÏܲ•z ܲylÜ%˛Î˚y Óy G˛õyÓ˚Ü%˛°yÙ myÓ˚y ì˛yܲy ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ cܲ
§y•zÜœ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ xÌÓy !ê˛lˆÏÎ˚í˛ xÑy•z¢ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˛õê˛Ü˛y
åܲä åáä
çˆÏ° ≤’Óï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆòˆÏ• ò%•z ≤ÈÜÏ ˛y¤˛!Ó!¢T˛ •,Í!˛õu˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl–
~Ó˚y xl%£÷ψϢy!îï˛ ≤Ãyî#– !°AàˆÏ˲ò ~ÓÇ Ó!•/!lˆÏ£Ïܲ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛e 4.20 x!fiÌÎ%=˛ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
x!ôܲyÇ¢•z xu˛˝ç xÌ≈yÍ !í˛Ù ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ)î≈yAà åܲä !•ˆÏØyܲƒy¡õy§‰
≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– åáä ܲyï˛°y
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı §yÙ%!oܲ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ ÈüüüÈ Exocoetus åí˛zí%˛E%˛ ÙySÈäñ Hippocampus
å§Ù%o xŸªäñ fl∫yò%çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛≤Ãçy!ï˛ó Labeo åÓ˚%•z ÙySÈäñ Catla åܲyï˛°yäñ
Clarias åÙyà%Ó˚äó xƒyÜ%˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏÙ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ı Betta åÊ˛y•z!ê˛Ç
!Ê˛¢äñ Pterophyllum åxƒyˆÏO° !Ê˛¢ä–
4.2.11.4 ˆ◊!î ÈüÈ í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ åAmphibiaä
xƒy!¡≥˛!ÓÎ˚y åAmphibiaä ~•z lyÙ!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y
ç° ~ÓÇ fiÌ° í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢•z Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ å!@˝Ãܲ‰ Amphiıdual í˛z˲Î˚ñ åܲä
bios, life - ç#Ólä å!ã˛e 4.21 )– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yˆÏàÓ˚•z ò%•z ˆçyí˛¸y í˛z˛õyAà
ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆò• ÙhflÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆò•Ü˛yˆÏ[˛ !Ó˲=˛– ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ ˆ°ç
Óï≈˛Ùyl– í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ cܲ !§=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ åxÑy¢ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ä– ˆã˛yˆÏá ã˛«%˛˛õÕ‘Ó Óï≈˛Ùyl–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛î≈˛õê˛• åTympanumä ܲˆÏîÓ≈ ˚ xÓfiÌyl Ó%V˛yÎ˚– ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly°#ñ Ù)ely°#
~ÓÇ çllly!° ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ ˆÜœ˛yÎ˚yܲyÓy xÓ§yÓ˚î#ˆÏï˛ Ù%=˛ •Î˚ñ Îy
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜœ˛yÎ˚yܲy !SÈo Óy xÓ§yÓ˚!î !SÈo ˛õˆÏÌ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚– Ê%˛°Ü˛yñ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§
~ÓÇ cˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~Ó˚y Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°yÎ˚– •,Í!˛õ[˛!ê˛ !ï˛l ≤ÈÜÏ ˛y¤˛ !Ó!¢T˛ åò%•!z ê˛
x!°® ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l°Î˚ä– ~Ó˚y xl%£ˆÏ÷ ¢Ï y!îï˛ ≤Ãyî#– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !°AàˆÏ˲ò í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛– åáä
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó!•/!lˆÏ£ÜÏ ˛ âˆÏê˛˛– ~Ó˚y xu˛˝ç ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õˆÏÓy˚ «˛ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î °«˛ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îı Bufo åÜ%˛ˆÏlyÓƒy.äñ Rana åˆÜ˛y°yÓƒy.äñ Hyla åˆàˆÏSÈy Óƒy.äñ !ã˛e 4.21 í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ ~Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
Salamander (§ƒy°yÙƒyu˛yÓ˚ä Ichthyophis åí˛z˛õyAà!Ó•#l í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ä– åÜ˛ä §ƒy°yÙƒyu˛yÓ˚
åáä ˆÜ˛y°y Óƒy.
58 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

åܲä åáä åà˛ä åâ˛ä

!ã˛e 4.22 §Ó˚#§,˛õ ı åܲä !àÓ˚!à!ê˛ åáä Ü%˛!ÙÓ˚ åàä ܲFSÈ˛õ åâä ˆÜ˛yÓÓ˚y

4.2.11.5 ˆ◊!î §Ó˚#§,˛õ åReptiliaä

~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ lyÙ!ê˛ÈüÈ•z •z!Aàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ~•z ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àÙl ˛õÂô!ï˛ •ˆÏÓ Ó%ˆÏܲ ˲Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°y
xÌÓy •yÙyà%!í˛¸ ˛!òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°y– °ƒy!ê˛l ¢∑ repere xÌÓy reptum ÙyˆÏl creep xÌ≈yÍ Ó%ˆÏܲ ˲Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
ã˛°yñ xÌÓy crawl xÌ≈yÍ •yÙyà%!í˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°y– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà•z fiÌ°ç ≤Ãyî#– ˆò•ñ ¢%‹Ò ~ÓÇ
ܲƒyÓ˚y!ê˛lÎ%=˛ cܲ– Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚ xÑy¢ xÌÓy fl%Òê˛§ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 4.22 ~ ˆòáä– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!•/ܲî≈
!SÈo xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ñ Ó!•/ܲî≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ܲî≈˛õê˛• Óy Tympanum xÇ¢!ê˛ÈüÈ•z !ÓòƒÙyl– Î!ò àÙl
xAà ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ò%•z ˆçyí˛¸y àÙl xAà °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– •,Í!˛õ[˛ñ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !ï˛l≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ !Ó!¢T˛– !ܲv
Ü%˛Ù#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛ ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– §Ó˚#§,ˆÏ˛õÓ˚y xl%£÷ψϢy!îï˛ ≤Ãyî#– §y˛õ ~ÓÇ !ê˛Ü˛!ê˛!ܲ Óy
!àÓ˚!à!ê˛ ˆáy°§ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xÑy•z¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !°AàˆÏ˲ò Óï≈˛Ùyl– xhs˝/!lˆÏ£Ïܲ âˆÏê˛–
~Ó˚y xu˛ç xÌ≈yÍ !í˛Ù ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚l âˆÏê˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı Chelone åܲy!SÈÙäñ
Testudo åܲFSÈ˛õäñ Chameleon å!àÓ˚!à!ê˛äñ Calotes åí˛zòƒyl !ê˛Ü˛!ê˛!ܲäñ Crocodilus åÜ%˛Ù#Ó˚äñ
Alligator åâ!í˛¸Îy˚ °äñ Hemidactylus åˆòÎ˚y° !ê˛Ü˛!ê˛!Ü˛ä– !Ó£ÏôÓ˚ §y˛õÈüüüÈ Naja åˆÜ˛yÓÓ˚y‡ˆàyáÓ˚yäñ
Bangarus å ˆÜ˛•zê˛äñ Viper å˲y•z˛õyÓ˚ä
4.2.11.5 ˆ◊!î ˛õ«˛# åAvesä
˛õy!áˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ˆòˆÏ• ˛õy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛– í˛zU˛Î˚ˆlÏ x«˛Ù ˛õy!á åí˛zê˛˛õy!áä SÈyí˛¸y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
˛õy!á•z í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛M$˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å !ã˛e 4.2.3~ ˆòˆÏáyä– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x@˝Ã˛õò í˛ylyÎ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õŸã˛yò˛õò §yôyÓ˚îï˛ı xÑy•z¢Î%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ •Ñyê˛yñ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyê˛y xÌÓy ˛àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ í˛y° xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ°ˆÏçÓ˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÎ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˜ï˛° @˝Ã!rÌ SÈyí˛¸yñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%‹Ò cˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl @˝Ã!rÌ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– xhs˝/
ܲAܲy° §¡õ)îË≈ ˛yˆÏÓ x!fiÌ!l!Ù≈ï˛– °¡∫y Óy ò#â≈ x!fiÌ Óy •yí˛¸àˆ% ° Ï y ÊÑ˛y˛õy ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚à% •¥ÓÎ˚ =% ˛ åPneumaticä
•Î˚– ˛õy!áÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛˛õ åCropä ~ÓÇ !àçyí≈˛ åGizzardä lyˆÏÙ ò%•z!ê˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– •,Í!˛õ[˛ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y í˛z£÷ψϢy!îï˛ åhomoiothermousä ≤Ãyî#ñ
xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ï˛y˛õÙyey ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù–
ANIMAL KINGDOM
≤Ãyî#Èü Ó˚yçƒ 95
59

åÜ˛ä ¢Ü%˛l åáä í˛zê˛˛õy!á åà˛ä !ê˛Î˚y˛õy!á åâ˛ä ÙÎ˚)Ó˚

!ã˛e 4.23 !ܲS%È ˛õy!á

˛õy!á Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°yÎ˚– Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÓyÎ%̊Ì!° åair sacäà%ˆÏ°y Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈ !ӈϢ£Ï
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– !°AàˆÏ˲ò Óï≈˛Ùyl– xhs˝/!lˆÏ£Ïܲ âˆÏê˛– ~Ó˚y xu˛˝çñ xÌ≈yÍ !í˛Ù ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îı Corvus åܲyܲäñ Culumba å˛õyÎ˚Ó˚yäñ Psittacula å!ê˛Î˚y˛
˛õy!áäñ Struthio åí˛zê˛˛õy!áäñ Pavo åÙÎ˚)Ó˚äñ Aptenodytes åˆ˛õAà%•zläñ Neophron å¢Ü%˛lä–
4.2.11.6 ˆ◊!î ˛hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# åMammaliaä
hfllÏ ƒ˛õyÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlı ÓÓ˚Ê˛ÈüÈì˛yܲy ˆÙÓ%̊ xM˛°ñ ÙÓ%̊˲) !Ùñ ˛õÓ≈ï˛ñ ÓlË)˛!Ùñ
ï,˛îË)˛!Ù ~ÓÇ xrôܲyÓ˚ à%•y– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z Gí˛¸yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z çˆÏ° Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– hfllÏ ƒ˛õyÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ!ê˛ •° ˆòˆÏ• ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# hfllÏ @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚
í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%≤Ãyî# ˛õ%!T˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ò%•z ˆçyí˛¸y çllyAà Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y •Ñyê˛yñ
ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸yˆÏlyñ àyˆÏSÈ ã˛í˛¸yñ ˛àï≈˛ ˆáyí˛¸yñ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyê˛y xÌÓy Gí˛¸yÓ˚ çlƒ x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ å !ã˛e 4.24 ~
ˆòáä

åà˛ä Óyò%í˛¸
åܲä ≤’y!ê˛˛õy§

åâ˛ä l#° !ï˛!Ù

åáä ܲƒyAàyÓ˚%
!ã˛e 4.24 ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî#
 60 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ˆ°yˆÏÙ ì˛yܲy ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– Ó!•/ܲî≈ xÌÓy ܲî≈!SÈo í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– hfllÏ ƒ˛õyÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yÎ˚yˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ òÑyï˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– •,Í!˛õ[˛!ê˛ ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÜÏ ˛Ô¤˛!Ó!¢T˛– ~Ó˚y í˛z£Ï÷ ˆ¢y!îï˛
≤Ãyî#– Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ myÓ˚y Ÿªy§!ܲÎ˚y ã˛y°yÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !°AàˆÏ˲ò ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xhs˝/ !lˆÏ£Ïܲ âˆÏê˛–
!ܲS%È Óƒ!ï˛Ü˛Ù SÈyí˛¸y ~Ó˚y §Óy•z çÓ˚yÎ˚%ç ≤Ãyî#– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛l âˆÏê˛–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı xu˛ç ≤Ãyî#ÈüüüÈ Ornithorhynchus å≤’y!ê˛˛õy§‰äñ çÓ˚yÎ%̊ç ≤Ãyî# Macropus åܲƒyAàyÓ%̊ä
Pteropus åí˛zí˛¸hs˝ ˆ¢Î˚y°äñ Camelus åí˛zê˛ä Macaca åÓÑyòÓ˚äñ Rattus å•zÑò%Ó˚äñ Canis
åÜ%˛Ü%˛Ó˚äñ Felis å!Óí˛¸y°äñ Elephas å•y!ï˛äñ Equus åˆâyí˛¸yäñ Delphinus åí˛°!Ê˛läñ
Balaenoptera ål#° !ï˛!Ùäñ Panthera tigris åÓyâäñ Panthera leo å!§Ç•äÉ
≤Ãyî#Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl §ly=˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§Ù)• §yÓ˚!î 4.2 ˆï˛ §Ç!«˛Æ
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚y •°ı

!ã˛e 4.2 ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÓ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°

˛õÓ≈ §Çàë˛lhflÓÏ ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒ !§ˆÏ°yÙ áu˛yÎ˚l ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲï˛sf §ÇÓ•lï˛sf Ÿªy§ï˛sf fl∫ï˛sf

˜Ó!¢¤˛ƒyÓ!°

ˆò• !SÈo!Ó!¢T˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆò• ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚
ly!°Ü˛y Óï˛≈Ùyl
!§ˆÏ°lê˛yˆÏÓ˚ê˛y ܲ°y
å!lí˛y!Ó˚Îy˚ ä xÓ˚#Î˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ x§¡õ)î≈ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ !lˆÏí˛yÓœyQ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛

!ê˛ˆÏlyˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y ܲ°y xÓ˚#Î˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ x§¡õ)î≈ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ àÙlyAà !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü%˛¡∫ˆÏŒê˛
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛

≤’ƒy!ê˛ˆÏ•°!ÙlˆÏ̧ xAà G ã˛ƒy≤Wzy ˆò•ñ ˆã˛y£Ïܲ Óï˛≈Ùyl

!m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ x§¡õ)î≈ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛
xAàï˛sf
≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z Ü,˛!ÙÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛
xƒyˆÏflÒ°!ÙlˆÏ̧ xAàï˛sf !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ SÈp !§ˆÏ°yÙ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ §¡õ)î≈ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ !Ó!¢T˛ °¡∫yÜ,˛!ï˛ •Î˚–

ˆò• xyÇ!ê˛Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚

xƒy!l!°í˛y xAàï˛sf !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §¡õ)î≈ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛
áu˛Ü˛ !Ó!¢T˛

xAàï˛sf !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §¡õ)î≈ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !ܲí˛z!ê˛°Ü˛° !l!Ù≈ï˛ Ó!•ı
xyˆÏÌ≈yˆÏ˛õyí˛y ܲAܲy° §!rô° í˛z˛õyAà

xAàï˛sf !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ §¡õ)î≈ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ı ˆáy°yܲyÓ,ï˛

ˆÙy°yflÒ Ó!•/ܲAܲy° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛

ç°§ÇÓ•lï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ñ
~ܲy•zˆÏlyí˛yÓ˚Ùyê˛y xAàï˛sf xÓ˚#Î˚ !§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ §¡õ)î≈ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ˆò• xÓ˚#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§ÙÏ

ˆò• Ü,˛!ÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛yñ

ˆ•!Ùܲí≈˛yê˛y xAàï˛sf !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ §¡õ)î≈ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ≤ÈÏÓy!§§ñ ܲ°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆò•Ü˛yˆÏ[˛ !Ó˲=˛

ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ñ ˛õ,¤˛yÎ˚ ÊÑ˛y˛õy

ܲí≈˛yê˛y xAàï˛sf !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §¡õ)î≈ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚I%ñ Ê%˛°Ü˛y!So ~ÓÇ
í˛z˛õyAà Óy ˛õyály
ANIMAL KINGDOM
≤Ãyî#Èü Ó˚yçƒ 16
61

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ

ˆò• §Çàë˛lñ ≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒñ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Çàë˛lñ !§ˆÏ°yÙñ á[˛#˲Ól ˆlyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ •zï˛ƒy!òñ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ãôyl ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !Ó¢ò ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî ˛§ÙÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~§Ó Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ §%flõT˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óy ã˛!Ó˚e Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˛≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î Óy ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ çlƒ !l!ò≈T˛–
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢#– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚#Î˚ §Çàë˛l ~ÓÇ Êœ˛yˆÏç°yÎ%=˛ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yˆÏly
§y•zê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ Óï≈˛Ùyl– !§ˆÏ°lê˛yˆÏÓ˚ê˛y Óy ~ܲly!°ˆÏò•# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆê˛lê˛yܲ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !lˆÏí˛yÓœyfiê˛
Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z ˆÜ˛yl !fiÌÓ˚ ܲ!ë˛l Ó›Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏá– xÌÓy fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ
˲y§Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ– ç°ç !ê˛ˆÏlyˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y §yÙ%!oܲ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛y¡∫ˆÏ≤’ê˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ≤’y!ê˛ˆÏ•°!ÙlˆÏ̧ Óy ã˛ƒy≤Wzy
Ü,˛!ÙˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• !m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù ~ÓÇ ã˛ƒy≤Wzy •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•
§%flõT˛ ˆã˛y£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ •%ܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xƒyˆÏflÒ°!ÙlˆÏ̧ ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ˛˛≤Ãyî#Ó˚y Óy ˆày° Ü,˛!ÙÓ˚y SÈp!§ˆÏ°yÙ!Ó!¢T˛˛
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# Óy x˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# í˛z˲Î˚ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xAà%Ó˚#Ùy° ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• xyÇ!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y x§Çრá[˛Ü˛ Óy ˆÙê˛y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ
~Ó˚y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !§ˆÏ°yÙ!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ~•z á[˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ ~ÓÇ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲñ í˛z˲Î˚!òˆÏܲ•z
§%flõT˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ãyî# çàˆÏï˛ §!rô˛õò# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢– Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•
§!rô° í˛z˛õyAà Óï˛≈Ùyl– ˆÙy°yflÒy Óy ܲˆÏ¡∫yç ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ lÓ˚Ù ˆò•!ê˛ ã)˛l!l!Ù≈ï˛ Ó!•/ˆáy°ˆÏܲ xyÓ,ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆò• ܲy•z!ê˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ Ó!•ıxyÓ˚Óî#ˆÏï˛ ì˛yܲy ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲy•zˆÏlyí˛yÙ≈ Óy ܲrê˛Ü˛cܲ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•cܲ
ܲ^˝ê˛Ü˛Î%=˛ •Î˚– í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ç° G fiÌ° í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ•z x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ •Î˚– ¢%‹Ò G ÜÑ˛yê˛yÎ%=˛ cˆÏܲÓ˚
í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ §Ó˚#§,˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– §y˛õ í˛z˛õyAà!Ó•#l •Î˚– Ùͧƒñ í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ G §Ó˚#§,˛õ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y
˛õÎ˚!ܲˆÏ°yÌyÙ≈y§ Óy xl%£÷ψϢy!îï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ«˛# ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y í˛z£÷ψϢy!îï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆò• ˛õy°ˆÏܲ ì˛yܲy ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ x@˝Ã˛õò í˛zU˛Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ í˛ylyÎ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ«˛#ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õŸã˛yͲõò •Ñyê˛yñ §hs˝Ó˚îñ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚
ôÓ˚y G çy˛õˆÏê˛ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ •Î˚– hflÏl@˝Ã!rÌ G cˆÏܲ ˆ°yˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚
fl∫ï˛sf ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ~Ó˚y §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ çÓ˚yÎ˚%ç •Î˚–
62 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xl%¢#°l#

1. Î!ò ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°ˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÎ≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î !Ólƒy§Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ܲ# x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÓ⁄
2. Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ lÙ%ly ≤Ãyî# ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ≤Ãyî#!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!î !Ólƒy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ
ܲ# ôy˛õ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
3. ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !§ˆÏ°yˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xôƒÎ˚î ܲï˛ê˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄
4. xhsıˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó!•/ˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5. ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ G ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# ܲ# ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
6. ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# ã˛ƒy≤WzyÜ,˛!ÙˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
7. ≤Ãyî#çàˆÏï˛ §!rô˛õò#Ó˚y §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˆày¤˛# àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ# ܲ# ܲyÓ˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚–
8. ç° §ÇÓ•lï˛sf l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒıÈüÈ
Ü˛ä ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y åáä !ê˛ˆÏlyˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y åàä ܲ^˝ê˛Ü˛cܲ åâä ܲí≈˛yê˛y–
9. ÚÚ§Ó ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛#•z ܲí≈˛yê˛yñ !ܲv §Ó ܲí≈˛yê˛y ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# lÎ˚ÛÛÈüüüÈ !ÓÓ,!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10. ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˛õê˛Ü˛y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
11. ˛õy!áÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛zU˛Î˚î §•yÎ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ܲ !ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
12. xu˛ç G çÓ˚yÎ˚%ç ≤Ãyî# §Ù§ÇáƒÜ˛ !í˛Ù Óy x˛õï˛ƒç#Ó §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲñ ܲyÓ˚î ò¢≈yG–
13. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˛ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ á[˛#˲Ól ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ܲä ≤’y!ê˛ˆÏ•°‰!ÙlˆÏ̧
áä xƒyˆÏflÒ°!ÙlˆÏ̧
àä xƒy!l!°í˛y
âä xyÓ˚ˆÏÌyˆÏ˛õyí˛y
14. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ à%ˆÏ°y ˆÙ°yG ı
ܲä G˛õyÓ˚!ܲí˛z°yÙ‡Ü˛ylÜ%˛Î˚y i) !ê˛ˆÏlyˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y
áä ˛õƒyÓ˚yˆÏ˛õy!í˛Î˚y ii) ˆÙy°yflÒy
àä xÑy¢ iii) ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÊÏ ˛Ó˚y
âä ˆÜ˛y¡∫ ˆ≤’ê˛ iv) ˆÓ˚!˛õ!ê˛!°Î˚y
.ä ˆÓ˚í%˛°y v) xƒyˆÏl!°í˛y
ã˛ä ã%˛l vi) §y•zˆÏÜœ˛yˆÏfiê˛yÙyê˛y G ܲl‰!í»˛Ü˛!̧
SÈä ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yˆÏly§y•zê˛‰ vii) ÙƒyÙy!°Î˚y
çä Ê%˛°Ü˛y!SÈo viii) x!fiê˛Ü˛!̧‰
15. Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# !•§yˆÏÓ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
 ~ܲܲ ÈüÈ2 (UNIT 2)

í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ àyë˛!lܲ §Çàë˛l

(STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION
IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS)
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ5 ≤ÃÌÙ!òˆÏܲ áy!° ˆã˛yˆÏá G ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓô≈ܲ ÜÑ˛yã˛ ~ÓÇ xî%Ó#«˛îΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
§õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xAà§ÇfiÌyl ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ˛õ)î≈ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~ê˛y
!SÈ° Ù)°ï˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ G xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î fiÌ)° àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Óî≈ly– ~SÈyí˛¸y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 6 í˛z˛õ°!kôÙ)°Ü˛ ç#Óç âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°yG ~•z Óî≈lyÓ˚ xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ l!ÌË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
§˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ó!Óòƒy åExperimental Biologyä Óy xyˆÏÓy˚ !l!ò≈T˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚
xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ¢%ô%Ùye ç#Ó!Óòƒy !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ àë˛l
ï˛y•z ò#â≈ܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ ç#Ó!Óòƒy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ •z!ï˛•y§ åNatural Historyä !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !SÈ°–
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ àë˛l §Çܲyhs˝ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓhflïÏ, ˛ Óî≈ly•z ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò !SÈ°– Î!òG ~•z !ÓhflïÏ, ˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ≤ÃÌÙ!òˆÏܲ
xôƒyÎ˚È üÈ 7 !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ˚ °yàˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛yG ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ !Ó˚í˛yܲ¢!lT˛
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àyë˛!lܲ §Çàë˛l ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!ç åReductionist Biologyä ˆï˛ ~•z !Óhfl,Ïï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly!ê˛ ˆ§áyˆÏl•z ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
ˆÎáyˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Óî≈ly G àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ç#Ól ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲÙyeyÎ˚
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ~•z àë˛l§Çܲyhs˝ Óî≈ly ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy G !ÓÓï≈˛lÙ)°Ü˛
ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §•yÎ˚ܲ G xÌ≈Ó•– ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚
G xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ âê˛Ùyl !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ àë˛làï˛ !˲!_§• í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ §yÇàë˛!lܲ xAà §ÇfiÌyl Óî≈ly
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §%!Óôy •Î˚ ˆ§çlƒ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ xAà§ÇfiÌy!lܲ G
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§Ù)• ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°–
 ܲƒyˆÏÌ!Ó˚l xƒy§% åKatherine Esauä 1898 §yˆÏ° •zí˛zˆÏܲlÈüÈ~ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l
Ó˚y!¢Î˚y G çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£Ï!Óòƒy xôƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ 1931 §yˆÏ° xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚ !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚
í˛QˆÏÓ˚ê˛ !í˛!@˝Ã °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ!òˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy˛õˆÏe í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ ܲy!°≈ ê˛˛õ ˲y•zÓ˚y§ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• áyòƒ §ÇÓ•lܲ°y Óy ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– Dr. Esau ~Ó˚ ˆ°áy ÚPlant AnatomyÛ 1954 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
~•z ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ~Ùl à!ï˛¢#° G ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ §yçyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyˆÏï˛
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l ˜Ó!¢¤˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y §•ˆÏç•z ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚– §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ~•z ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛ !Ó˛õ%° §yí˛¸y
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z í˛z!qò!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ~•z ¢yáy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%I#Ól âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– ܲƒyˆÏÌ!Ó˚l
xƒy§%ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ°áy ÚAnatomy of seed PlantsÛ ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛ 1960 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
~•z ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛ Webster- í˛z!qò ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚ åPlant Biologyä !ÓŸªˆÏܲy¢ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛
•Î˚– 1957 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!l lƒy¢ˆÏl° ~ܲyˆÏí˛!Ù xÓ §yˆÏÎ˚™ åNational Academy of
ScienceäÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ò§ƒ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l•z £Ï¤˛ Ù!•°y !Î!l ~•z §¡øyl ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl
~•z ÙÎ≈yòy˛õ)î≈ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ SÈyí˛¸yG !ï˛!l 1989 §yˆÏ° xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛òyl#hs˝l ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛rê˛ çç≈
Ó%ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ lƒy¢ˆÏl° ˆÙˆÏí˛° xÓ‰ §yˆÏÎ˚™ åNational Medal of Scienceä
˛õ%Ófl˚ ÒyÓ˚!ê˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
Katherine Esau
1997 §yˆÏ° ܲƒyˆÏÌ!Ó˚l xƒy§%ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !وϧÔÓ˚# í˛z!qò í˛zòƒyˆÏlÓ˚ åMissouri
(1898 – 1997) Botanical Gardenä ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl G xAà§ÇfiÌyl !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ x!ôܲï≈˛y !˛õê˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ƒyˆÏ˲l
åPeter Ravenä ӈϰ!SȈϰl ˆÎ 99 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆ§ Ï G í˛z!qò ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈
xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ !SÈ°–
 xôƒyÎ˚ Èü 5 (CHAPTER 5)
§flõ%‹õܲ í˛!z qˆÏòÓ˚ xAà§ÇfiÌyl
(MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS)

5.1 Ù)° í˛zß¨ï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏl Óƒy˛õܲ ˜Ó!ã˛e ÌyܲˆÏ°G ~ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ çylyÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
5.2 ܲy[˛ !Ó®%ÙyeG ܲˆÏÙ!l– à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ àë˛l Óy xAà§ÇfiÌyˆÏl !Ó¢y° ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ ÌyܲˆÏ°G ~ˆÏòÓ˚
§Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z ˆòˆÏ• Ù)°ñ ܲy[˛ñ ˛õyï˛yñ Ê%˛°ñ Ó#ç Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
5.3 ˛õyï˛y
˛5.4 õ%‹õ!Ólƒy§ 2Î˚ G 3Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xAà §ÇfiÌy!lܲ G xlƒylƒ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ◊!î !Ólƒy§ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– í˛zß¨ï˛ í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ §yÌ≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î !Ólƒy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ
5.5 Ê%˛°
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ åxÌÓy ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeä
5.6 Ê˛° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyò¢≈ ≤ÃyˆÏÎy˚ !àܲ ¢∑ ~ÓÇ xyò¢≈ §ÇK˛y çylyÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛
5.7 Ó#ç •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xˆÏAà ˆÎ §Ω˛yÓƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y âˆÏê˛ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛G xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çylyÓ˚
5.8 ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ §˛õ%‹õܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z x!˲ˆÏÎyçlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üÈ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xô≈ÈüÈ≤ÃyˆÏÎy˚ !àܲ xydÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒñ xyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ áyòƒ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl–
åSemi-technicalä
~ܲ!ê˛ xyàySyˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏ° ~ˆÏï ï%˛!Ù˛ Ù)°ñ ܲy[˛ G ˛õyï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ– ~SÈyí˛¸y
Óî≈ly
~•z í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ê%˛° G Ê˛° ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!l¡¨fiÌ xÇ¢ Ù)°ï˛sf ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚Ó
5.9 !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z!qò xÇ¢ !Óê˛˛õï˛sf àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ å !ã˛e 5.1)–
ˆàyˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î–

5.1 Ù)° åTHE ROOTä

ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏò xAÜ%˛!Ó˚ï˛ Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ º%îÙ)° xÇ¢ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ù)° àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z Ù)° ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ܲˆÏÙ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ Ù)° ˆÓÓ˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆàÔî Ù)°ñ ≤ÈÏàÔî Ù)° •zï˛ƒy!ò ӈϰ– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ù)° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ¢yáyÈüÈ≤âyáy !وϰ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ≤Ãôyl
 66 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Ê˛%°
Flower Ù)°ï˛sf å!ã˛e 5.2 ܲ ˆï˛ §!Ó˚£Ïy í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃôylÙ)°ï˛sf
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä– ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏò ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ù)°
«˛îç#Ó# •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ x§Çრ§)eyܲyÓ˚ Ù)° myÓ˚y
Ê˛°
Fruit
≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ~•z Ù)°à%ˆÏ°y ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆàyí˛¸y ˆÌˆÏܲ
ܲy[˛
Stem í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ à%FSÈÙ)°ï˛sf àë˛l
˛õyï˛y
Leaf !Óê˛˛õ ï˛sf
Shoot
ܲˆÏÓ˚– å!ã˛e 5.2 á ˆï˛ àÙ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ à%FSÈÙ)°ï˛sf ˆòáyˆÏly
system
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä– ây§ñ ÙlˆÏfiê˛Ó˚y åMonsteraäñ Óê˛ çyï˛#Î˚
!ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ º)îÙ)° Óƒï˛#ï˛ xlƒ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲG Ù)°
˛õÓ≈
Node
ˆÓÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xfiÌy!lܲ Ù)° ӈϰ å!ã˛e
˛õÓ≈Ùôƒ
Internode { Ù%Bud
Ü%˛° 5.2 à ˆòˆÏáyä– Ù)°ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛≤Ãôyl ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y •° Ùy!ê˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° G á!lç °Óî ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲÏÓ˚y Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ §!•ï˛
í˛z!qòˆÏܲ ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÓÂô ܲÓ˚yñ áyòƒ §M˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
˛≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ù)°
Primary í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲÓ˚y–
root Ù)°ï˛sf
Root
Secondary system
ˆàÔîÙ)°
root

!ã˛e 5.1 ~ܲ!ê˛ §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢

≤Ãôyl Ù)°

˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ Ù)°

à%FS ÈÙ)° xfiÌy!lܲ Ù)°

åܲä åáä åàä

!ã˛e 5.2 !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° åܲä fiÌy!lܲ Ù)° åáä à%FSÈ Ù)° åàä xfiÌy!lܲ Ù)°
 í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ àyë˛!lܲ §Çàë˛l 67

5.1.1 Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛° åRegions of the Rootä

Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yà ~ܲ!ê˛ ê%˛!˛õÓ˚ Ùï˛ xÇ¢ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏܲ
Ù)°e ӈϰ å!ã˛e 5.3 ˆòˆÏáyä– Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ ~!ê˛ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ lÓ˚Ù x@˝Ã˲yàˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù)°ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ
!Ù!°!Ùê˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ !Ó˲yçl«˛Ù xM˛°– ~•z xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ fiÌyÎ˚#
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ á%Ó•z ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yñ ˛õyï˛°y ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ ~ÓÇ âl xM˛°
Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yÙ
§y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ ˛õ)î≈ •Î˚– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚–
!Ó˲yçl«˛Ù xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ o%ï˛
ò#â≈yÎ˚ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î G ˛õ!Ó˚Óô≈l âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ Óô≈l¢#° xM˛°
çlƒ òyÎ˚#– ~•z xM˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óô≈l¢#° xM˛° ӈϰ– Óô≈l¢#° xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Ü˛Ù¢ı !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Óô≈l¢#°
!Ó˲yçl«˛Ù
xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xM˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ fiÌyÎ˚# xM˛° ӈϰ– ~•z xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xM˛°
Ù)°e
!ܲS%È Ó!•ıcܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ á%Ó•z §)-ñ lÓ˚Ù G §)eyܲyÓ˚ àë˛l
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚y٠ӈϰ– ~•z Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yÙà%ˆÏ°y Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛e 5.3 Ù)°yˆÏ@˝ÃÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛°
ç° G á!lç °Óî ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚–

5.1.2 Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óy Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚

å Modification of Rootä
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ G àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yÎ˚
~ÓÇ ç° G á!lç °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î Óƒï˛#ï˛ xlƒ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# àë˛ˆÏl Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y Îy!sfܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛yòylñ áyòƒ
§M˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ÿª§lܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ Óy Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ å!ã˛e
5.4 G 5.5 ˆòˆÏáyä– àyçÓ˚ G ¢y°àˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl Ù)° ~ÓÇ
!Ù!T˛ xy°%Ó˚ xfiÌy!lܲ Ù)° áyòƒ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° fl≥˛#ï˛ •Î˚– ï%˛!Ù
~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚⁄ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛áˆÏly !Ó‹øÎ˚y!ÓT˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˆË˛ˆÏÓSÈ !ܲ ˆÎ Óê˛ àySȈÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# G•z V%˛°hs˝
àë˛là%ˆÏ°y xy§ˆÏ° ܲ#⁄ ~•z V%˛°hs˝ àë˛là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ hflÏΩ˛Ù)° ӈϰ–
~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ë%˛Ry ~ÓÇ xyˆÏáÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !l¡¨yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# Ù)° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆë˛§Ù)° ӈϰ– °Óîy=˛ ç°yË)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ çß√yˆÏly Ó˚y•zˆÏçyˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y §ò,¢
í˛z!qò ˆÌˆÏܲ x§ÇრÙ)° í˛z°¡∫˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚
Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z ˛ õˆÏ Ó ˚ í˛z ˆ Ï ë ˛ xyˆÏ § – ~ ôÓ˚ ˆ Ï l Ó˚ Ù) ° ˆÏ Ü ˛ Ÿªy§Ù) °
åPneumatophoreä ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~•z Ù)° ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛e 5.4 Îy!sfܲ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
Óy Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ù)° ı Óê˛àySÈ
çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ x!:ˆÏçl @˝Ã•ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
68 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

¢y°àÙ àyçÓ˚ !Ù!T˛ xy°%

¢ï˛Ù)°#
åܲä åáä
Ó˚y•zˆç
Ï yˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y
!ã˛e 5.4 Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l åܲä áyòƒ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ åàä Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿªy§Ù)°

ܲyu˛ å Stemä
ܲ# ܲ# ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyu˛ Ù)° ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy⁄ ¢yáyÈüÈ≤âyáyñ ˛õyï˛yñ Ê%˛° ~ÓÇ Ê˛° ôyÓ˚îܲyÓ˚#
!Óê˛˛õ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ |ôÁ≈Ù%á# xÇ¢ •° ܲyu˛– xAÜ%˛!Ó˚ï˛ Ó#ç!fiÌï˛ º%ˆÏîÓ˚ º%îÙ%Ü%˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyu˛ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ܲyˆÏu˛ ˛õÓ≈ G ˛õÓ≈Ùôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆÎ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyï˛y !là≈ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ≈ ~ÓÇ ò%!ê˛ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚
ÙôƒÓï≈˛# xÇ¢ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ≈Ùôƒ ӈϰ– ܲyˆÏu˛ Ù%Ü%˛° ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚y x@˝ÃÙ%Ü%˛° Óy ܲy!«˛Ü˛ Ù%Ü%˛°ÈüüüÈ ~•z ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛Ó˚%î xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ܲyu˛ §Ó%ç ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ܲy¤˛° G àyì˛¸ ÓyòyÙ# ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚–
ܲyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyç •° ¢yáy ≤âyáy §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y– ~•z ¢yáy ≤âyáyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õyï˛yñ Ê%˛° G Ê˛°
ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲyu˛ñ ç°ñ á!lç °Óî ~ÓÇ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ áyòƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È
ܲyu˛ áyòƒ §M˛Î˚ñ xyˆÏÓ˚y•îñ xydÓ˚«˛y ~ÓÇ xAàç çlˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
5.2.1 ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óy Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚˛ åModification of Stemä
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ àë˛l ˆÎÓ˚Ü˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ˲y!Ó §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ àë˛l ˆ§Ó˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ly– ~Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– xy°%ñ xyòyñ •°%òñ G°ñ ܲã%˛ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ Ë)˛!l¡¨fiÌ Ü˛y[˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ áyòƒ
§M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° xÓfiÌy ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ xAà !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓG ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ í˛z!qò ï˛yÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢G ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲy!«˛Ü˛
Ù%ܲ% ° ˆÌˆÏܲ à!ë˛ï˛ ܲy[˛ xyܲ£Ï≈ §Ó˚% G §!˛õ≈°yܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õуyã˛yˆÏly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÓ°¡∫ˆlÏ Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ xyˆÏÓ˚y•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ¢¢yñ Ü%˛ÙˆÏí˛¸yñ ï˛Ó˚Ù%çñ xy.%Ó˚ÈüÈ~ ܲy[˛ xyܲ£Ï≈ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ܲy[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛zͲõߨ ܲy!«˛Ü˛ Ù%Ü%˛° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲy¤˛°ñ ˆ§yçy ~ÓÇ S%ÈшÏã˛yˆÏ°y ¢yáyܲ^˝ê˛Ü˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ°Ó%ñ ܲyàç
Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àySÈ åBougainvilleaä ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó•% í˛z!qˆÏò ¢yáyܲ^˝ê˛Ü˛ Óy ܲy[˛ ܲ^˝ê˛Ü˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
àë˛l í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ây§ñ °ï˛yñ ˛õyï˛y áyÎ˚ ~Ùl ˛õ¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢%‹Ò˛ xM˛ˆÏ° çß√yˆÏly !ܲS%È
!ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲy[˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ƒy≤Wzy åÊ˛î#Ùl§yä Óy Ó˚§yˆÏ°yñ l°yܲyÓ˚ å•zí˛zÊ˛Ó˚!ÓÎ˚yä àë˛l §,!T˛
 í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ àyë˛!lܲ §Çàë˛l 69

ܲy[˛ xyܲˆÏ£Ï≈
xyòy Ó˚˛) õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
xy°%
çy!Ùlܲy[˛
åá˛ä
åܲä

¢yáy ܲ^˝ê˛ˆÏܲ
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛y[˛ ˛
ܲyàçÊ%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àySÈ ˛õÓ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ
xyÙÓ˚%°
åàä åâä Ù)° §Ù)•
!ã˛e 5.6 Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛y[˛ ı åܲä áyòƒ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ åáä xyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ åàä xydÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ
åâä SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ~ÓÇ xAàç çlˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲy[˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° Î%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ây§ñ fiê˛∆ˆÏÓÓ˚# •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛ÈüÈ!l¡¨fiÌ Ü˛y[˛ lï%˛l lï%˛l fiÌyˆÏl SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛l xÇ¢ lT˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° lï˛%l í˛z!qò à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÙrÌyñ ç%Ñ•z ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆàyí˛¸y ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛zͲõߨ §Ó˚% ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ¢yáy !ܲS%Èê˛y §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ôl%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
ˆÓшÏܲ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ùy!ê˛ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆê˛y˛õy ˛õylyñ ܲã%˛!Ó˚ ˛õylyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ç°ç í˛z!qˆÏò ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˛õÓ≈Ùôƒ !Ó!¢T˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ¢yáy ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õÓ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆày°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §!Iï˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õyï˛y ~ÓÇ
~ܲà%FSÈ Ù)° í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ܲ°yñ xylyÓ˚§ñ ã˛wÙ!Õ‘Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛z!qˆÏò ≤Ãôyl ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆàyí˛¸y ~ÓÇ Ë)˛!l¡¨fiÌ
xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ¢yáy í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ !lˆÏã˛ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚
!ï˛Î≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õeç !Óê˛˛õ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
5.3 ˛õyï˛y åLeafä
ܲy[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §,T˛ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ñ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ã˛ƒy≤Wzy àë˛l•z •° ˛õyï˛y– ~!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
ܲˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%Ü%˛° ÌyˆÏܲ– ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏ«˛ í˛zͲõߨ Ù%Ü%˛° xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛y!«˛Ü˛ Ù%Ü%˛° ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ¢yáy àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Óê˛˛õ xLjϢÓ˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyï˛yà%ˆÏ°y í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y xˆÏ@˝Ãyß√%á˲yˆÏÓ
§!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï §•yÎ˚ܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õyï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ xAàç àë˛l– ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ ˛õyï˛y
!ï˛l!ê˛ xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ı ˛õeÙ)°ñ ˛õeÓ,hs˝ G ˛õeÊ˛°Ü˛ å !ã˛e 5.7 ܲ ˆòˆÏáyä–
 70 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

˛õeÊ˛°Ü˛ ˛õyï˛y ˛õeÙ)ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ò%!ê˛ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚
í˛z˛õ˛õe ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àë˛l ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ˛õe ӈϰ–
~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏò ˛õeÙ)° ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓÓ˚î# àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚
Îy ܲy[˛ˆÏܲ xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óy §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓT˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È
!¢¡∫ˆÏàye#Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏò ˛õeÙ)° fl≥˛#ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õyôyl Óy ˛õy°!˲ly§
Ó,hs˝
åPulvinusä ӈϰ– ˛õeÓ,hs˝ ˛õeÊ˛°Ü˛ˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲy!«˛Ü˛ Ù)° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ê˛°Ü˛ §)Î≈yˆÏ°yܲ ˛õyÎ˚– §Ó˚%ñ °¡∫y G lÙl#Î˚ ˛õeÓ,hs˝
í˛z˛õ˛õe ˛õeÊ˛°Ü˛ˆÏܲ Óyï˛yˆÏ§ xyˆÏ®y!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ
åܲä
˛õyï˛yˆÏܲ ë˛yu˛y Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ G ˛õeï˛ˆÏ° ê˛yê˛Ü˛y ÓyÎ˚% ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– °ƒy!Ùly Óy ˛õeÊ˛°Ü˛ •° ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ §Ó%ç G ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ xÇ¢– ~ˆÏï˛
Ó•% !¢Ó˚y G í˛z˛õ!¢Ó˚y ÌyˆÏܲ– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˛õeÊ˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyV˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§%flõT˛ !¢Ó˚y ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ Ùôƒ!¢Ó˚y åmidribä ӈϰ– ~•z !¢Ó˚yà%ˆÏ°y
Ê˛°Ü˛ˆÏܲ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ç°ñ á!lç°Óî G
áyòƒÓ›Ó˚ §ÇÓÓ•l âˆÏê˛– ˛õeÊ˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ ˛õe!ܲlyÓ˚yñ ˛õey@˝Ãñ
˛õeï˛° ~ÓÇ á[˛î≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ ˛õeˆÏ˲ˆÏò !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚–
5.3.1 !¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§ åVenationä
˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !¢Ó˚y í˛z˛õ!¢Ó˚yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ˆÏܲ !¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§
ӈϰ– Îál !¢Ó˚y í˛z˛õ!¢Ó˚yà%ˆÏ°y çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál ˆ§•z
!¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§ˆÏܲ çy!°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ !¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§ ӈϰ å!ã˛e 5.7 á ˆòˆÏáyä–
x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ Îál !¢Ó˚yÈüÈí˛z˛õ!¢Ó˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ê˛°ˆÏܲ
åáä åàä !ÓlƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ˆ§•z !¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§ˆÏܲ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° !¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§ ӈϰ å !ã˛e
!ã˛e 5.7 ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ àë˛l 5.7 à ˆòˆÏáyä– !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ çy!°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ !¢Ó˚y
åܲä ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ !Ólƒy§ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ §Ùyhs˝Óy˚ ° !¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§
åáä çy!°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ !¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
åàä §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° !¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§˛
5.3.2 ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò åTypes of Leavesä
Ó˚ƒy!ܲ§
˛~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛ál•z §Ó˚°˛õe Ó°y •ˆÏÓñ Îál ˛õeÊ˛°Ü˛!ê˛ xá![˛ï˛
ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ á![˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°G Ê˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚ á[˛î≤Ãîy°# Ùôƒ!¢Ó˚yÓ˚ flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ
ly– Îál Ê˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚ á[˛î≤Ãîy°# Ùôƒ!¢Ó˚y flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál Ê˛°Ü˛!ê˛ ˆÓ¢
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o «%˛o ˛õeˆÏܲ !Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆÎÔ!àܲ˛õe ӈϰ– §Ó˚° G ˆÎÔ!àܲ í˛z˲Î˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õeÓ,ˆÏhs˝Ó˚
ܲˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%Ü%˛° à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ !ܲv ˆÎÔ!àܲ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õeˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Ù%Ü%˛° ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
åܲä !lÙ åáä !§ÕÒ Ü˛ê˛l
!ã˛e 5.8 ˆÎÔ!àܲ ˛õe
ˆÎÔ!àܲ ˛õe ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 5.8 ˆòˆÏáyä– ˛õ«˛°
åÜ˛ä ˛õ«˛° ˆÎÔ!àܲ ˛õe ˆÎÔ!àܲ˛õˆÏe ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ˛õeܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î x«˛ Óy ˛õeܲ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
åáä ܲÓ˚ï˛°yܲyÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!àܲ ˛õe §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ •° ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ!¢Ó˚y åˆÎÙlÈüÈ!lÙ ˛õyï˛yä
 í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ àyë˛!lܲ §Çàë˛l 71

5.3.3 ˛õe!Ólƒy§ åPhyllotaxyä

˛Ü˛y[˛ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ¢yáyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛•z •° ˛õe!Ólƒy§–
˛õe!Ólƒy§ §yôyÓ˚ î ï˛ !ï˛l ≤ÃܲyˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ •Î˚ È ü üüÈ ~ܲyh s ˝ Ó ˚ ñ
å Alternate äñ x!˲Ù%á å Opposite ä ~ÓÇ xyÓï≈ ˛
åWhorledä å!ã˛e 5.9 ˆòˆÏáyä– ~ܲyhs˝Ó˚ ˛õe!ÓlƒyˆÏ§ñ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
ˆ˛õÎ˚yÓ˚y
˛õÓ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y ~ܲyhs˝Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ å˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ í˛yl G çÓy åáä
ÓyÙ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲˆÏÙä í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– çÓyñ §!Ó˚£Ïy ~ÓÇ åܲä
§)Î≈Ù%á# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ~ܲyhs˝Ó˚ ˛õe!Ólƒy§ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– x!˲Ù%á
˛õe!ÓlƒyˆÏ§ñ ˛˛≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õÓ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ˛õyï˛y í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Ù%ˆÏá xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyܲ® G
ˆ˛õÎ˚yÓ˚y í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õe!Ólƒy§ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Îál
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%•z!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õyï˛y í˛zͲõߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓï≈˛
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓï≈˛ ˛õe!Ólƒy§ ӈϰ– SÈy!ï˛Ù àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ åàä SÈy!ï˛Ù
˛õyï˛yÎ˚ xyÓï≈˛ ˛õe!Ólƒy§ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– !ã˛e 5.9 !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õe!Ólƒy§ ı åܲä ~ܲyhs˝Ó˚ åáä x!˲Ù%á åàä xyÓï≈˛ ˛

5.3.4 ˛˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ ) ˛ õyhs˝ Ó ˚ å Modification of

Leavesä ܲ^˝ê˛ˆÏܲ
˛õeÈüÈxyܲ£Ï≈ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
˛˛õyï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï Óƒï˛#ï˛ xlƒ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y
çlƒ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ xyܲˆÏ£Ï≈ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
•Î˚ å ˆÎÙl Ùê˛Ó˚ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yä Óy xydÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ÜÑ˛yê˛yÎ˚
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ å ˆÎÙl ܲƒyQy§ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yä å!ã˛e 5.10
ܲñ á ˆòˆÏáyä ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yç G Ó˚§%ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚§y° ˛õyï˛y áyòƒ §M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z!qò ˆÎÙl xˆÏfiê˛∆°#Î˚ xƒyܲy!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y G «˛îç#Ó# •Î˚– ~•z §Ó í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õeÓ,hs˝ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛
•Î˚ G §Ó%ç Óî≈ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚
áyòƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲ°§˛õe#ñ ˆË˛ly§ Êœ˛y•z ê˛∆ƒy˛õ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y åáä ܲƒyܲê˛y§
åܲä Ùê˛Ó˚
!ܲS%È ˛õï˛AàË)˛Ü˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yG ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õyï˛y–
5.4 ˛˛õ%‹õ !Ólƒy§ åThe inflorescenceä
˛˛˛õ%‹õ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ !Óê˛˛õÈüüüÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ
˲yçܲܲ°y ˛õ%‹õ §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ˲yçܲ ܲ°yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–
˛õÓ≈Ùôƒà%ˆÏ°y §¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ly ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ x«˛ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚§y°
˛õyï˛y
ÎyÎ˚– ˛õ%‹õyˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈˲yà ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%‹õ˛õeà%ˆÏ°y åàä ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yç
!ã˛e 5.10 ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚
ܲÙyl%ÎyÎ˚# §!Iï˛ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõߨ åܲä xyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ xyܲ£Ï≈ åáä xydÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ÜÑ˛yê˛y
•Î˚– Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ x@˝Ã˲yà Ê%˛ˆÏ° Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál åàä áyòƒ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ Ó˚§y° ˛õyï˛y
72 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~!ê˛ §Ó≈òy ~ܲܲ˛õ%‹õ# •Î˚– ÙO$Ó˚#òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ˆÏܲ

˛õ%‹õ!Ólƒy§ ӈϰ– ÙO$Ó˚#òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈˲yà Ê%˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲly
Óy ÙO$Ó˚#ò[˛ x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ !ܲly ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
˛õ%‹õ!Ólƒy§ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ ÈüüüÈ x!lÎ˚ï˛ G !lÎ˚ï˛ ˛õ%‹õ!Ólƒy§– x!lÎ˚ï˛
˛õ%‹õ!ÓlƒyˆÏ§ ÙO$Ó˚#ò[˛ x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ê%˛°à%ˆÏ°y ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ
í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ G xˆÏ@˝Ãyß√%á˲yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 5.11 ˆòˆÏáyä–
!lÎ˚ï˛ ˛õ%‹õ!ÓlƒyˆÏ§ ÙO$Ó˚# òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈˲yà Ê%˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÙO$Ó˚#òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ó,!Âô §#!Ùï˛– Ê%˛°à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏ¡¨y¡ø%á˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõߨ
•Î˚ å !ã˛e 5.12ˆòˆÏáyä
5.5 ˛˛Ê%˛° åThe flowerä
˛˛˛à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ çllàï˛ ~ܲܲ •° Ê%˛°– ~!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÔl çlˆÏl
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ hflÏÓܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y
˛õ%‹õÓ,hs˝ Óy ˆ˛õ!í˛ˆÏ§° ~Ó˚ fl≥˛#ï˛ ¢#£Ï≈˲yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲÙyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §!Iï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ%‹õÓ,ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ~•z fl≥˛#ï˛ xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ%‹õy«˛ Óy ̃y°yÙy§ ӈϰ–
~•z hflÏÓܲà%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüÈ Ó,!ï˛ñ ò°Ù[˛°ñ ˛õ%ÇhflÏÓܲ G flf#hflÏÓܲ– Ó,!ï˛ G
!ã˛e 5.11 x!lÎ˚ï˛ ˛õ%‹õ!Ólƒy§ ò°Ù[˛°ˆÏܲ §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# hflÏÓܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%ÇhflÏÓܲ G flf# hflÏÓܲˆÏܲ çll hflÏÓܲ
Óy çll xAàÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– !°!° Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È !ܲS% Ê%˛ˆÏ°ñ
Ó,!ï˛ G ò°Ù[˛° §%flõT˛ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%‹õ˛õ%ê˛ åPerianthä ӈϰ–
Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ê%˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%ÇhflÓÏ Ü˛ G flf#hflÓÏ Ü˛ í˛z˲Î˚•z ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z˲!°Aà
Ê%˛° ӈϰ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ê%˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ Óy ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
àË≈˛ˆÏܲ¢Ó˚ ÌyܲˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!°Aà Ê%˛° ӈϰ–
≤Ã!ï˛§yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ê%˛° ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ Ó•% ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù
åxÓ˚#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ùä Óy ~ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù å!m˛õyŸª≈#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ùä– ˆÎ
Ê%˛°ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÓ˚#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ° ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z §Ùyl
ò%!ê˛ xÓ˚#Î˚ á[˛Ü˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó•% ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù Ê%˛° ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ÈüüüÈ
§!Ó˚£Ïyñ ô%ï%˛Ó˚yñ °Aܲy– ˆÎ Ê%˛°ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛
!l!ò≈T˛ í˛z°¡∫ï˛ˆÏ° ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z §Ùyl ò%!ê˛ á[˛Ü˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
!ã˛e 5.12 !lÎ˚ï˛ ˛õ%‹õ!Ólƒy§
ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù Ê%˛° ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüüüÈÙê˛Ó˚ñ à%°ˆÏÙy•Ó˚ñ §#Ùñ ܲƒy!§Î˚y–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ê%˛°ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z°¡∫ï˛ˆÏ° ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G
Îál §Ùyl ò%!ê˛ xLjϢ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ x≤Ã!ï˛§Ù Ê%˛°
ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüüüÈ Ü˛°yÓï˛#–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ê%˛° eƒÇ¢Ü˛ñ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈yÇ¢Ü˛ Óy ˛õM˛yÇ¢Ü˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îál ˛õ%‹õ˛õeà%ˆ° Ï y
ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 3, 4 Óy 5 ~Ó˚ à%î#ï˛ˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎ §Ó Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%‹õÓ,ˆÏhs˝Ó˚
ˆàyí˛¸yÎ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xÇ¢ xÌ≈yÍ ÙO$!Ó˚˛õe ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÙO$!Ó˚˛õeܲ ˛õ%‹õ åBracteate flowerä ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ÙO!Ó˚˛õe!Ó•#l
Ê%˛°ˆÏܲ xÙO!Ó˚˛õeܲ ˛õ%‹õ åEbracteate flowerä ӈϰ–
 í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ àyë˛!lܲ §Çàë˛l 73

åܲä åáä åàä åâä

!ã˛e 5.13 ˛õ%‹õyˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ%‹õ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ı åܲä àË≈˛˛õyò ˛õ%‹õ åáä G åàä àË≈˛Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õ%‹õ åâä àË≈˛¢#£Ï≈ ˛õ%‹õ

˛õ%‹õyˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ àË≈˛y¢ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó,!ï˛ñ ò°Ù[˛° ~ÓÇ ˛õ%ÇhflÓÏ ˆÏܲÓ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛Ê%˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ àË≈˛˛õyòñ àË≈˛Ü˛!ê˛ G àË≈˛¢#£Ï≈ ˛õ%‹õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– àË≈˛˛õyò ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õ
àË≈˛˛õe ¢#ˆÏ£Ï≈ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒ ˛õ%‹õ˛õeà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
àË≈≈˛y¢Î˚ˆÏܲ x!ôàË≈˛ àË≈˛y¢Î˚ ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ÈüüüÈ §!Ó˚£Ïyñ çÓyñ ˆÓà%l– ˆÎ Ê%˛ˆÏ° àË≈˛˛õe ˆÜ˛ˆÏw xÓfiÌyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒ ˛õ%‹õ˛õeà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%‹õyˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !ܲlyÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ï˛ˆÏ° §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ àË≈˛Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õ%‹õ
ӈϰ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àË≈˛y¢Î˚!ê˛ xô≈ xˆÏôyàË≈˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ÈüüüÈ á%Óy!l Óy ~!≤Ãܲê˛ñ ˆày°y˛õñ ˛õ#ã˛–
àË≈˛¢#£Ï≈ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õ ˛õ%‹õyˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !ܲlyÓ˚y àË≈˛y¢Î˚ˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛
àË≈˛y¢Î˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !وϰ ÎyÎ˚– Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xlƒ hflÏÓܲà%ˆÏ°y àË≈˛y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈ ˲yà ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ï˛y•z
~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àË≈˛y¢Î˚ˆÏܲ xˆÏôyàË≈˛ àË≈˛y¢Î˚ ӈϰ– ˆ˛õÎ˚yÓ˚y G ¢¢yÓ˚ Ê%˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˝˛õ%!‹õܲyÎ˚
àË≈˛y¢Î˚ xˆÏôyàË≈˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚–
5.5.1 ˛Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ åParts of a flowerä
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ê%˛ˆÏ° §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ hflÏÓܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° Ó,!ï˛ñ ò°Ù[˛°ñ ˛õ%Ç hflÏÓܲ G ˛flf#
hflÏÓܲÈüüüÈ å !ã˛e 5.14 ˆòáä
5.5.1.1 ˛Ó,!ï˛ åCalyxä
˛˛˛Ó,!ï˛ •° Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó,ï˛ƒyÇ¢ ӈϰ– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ó,ï˛ƒyÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y
§Ó%çñ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ü%Ñ˛!í˛¸ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ìyܲyܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ê%˛°ˆÏܲ §%Ó˚«˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó,!ï˛ Î%=˛Ó,!ï˛
åÓ,ï˛ƒyÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Î%=˛ä Óy Ù%=˛ Ó,!ï˛ åÓ,ï˛ƒyÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y Ù%=˛ä ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
5.5.1.2 ˛ò°Ù[˛° åCorollaä
ò°yÇ¢à%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÎÏ ˚ ò°Ù[˛° à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õï˛Aàà%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ïî≈ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ò°yÇ¢à%ˆ°
Ï y
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ í˛zIµ° ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ •Î˚– Ó,!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ò°Ù[˛°G Î%=˛ ò° åò°yÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Î%=˛ä Óy Ù%=˛ò°
 74 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

˛õ%ÇhflÏÓܲ

flf#hflÏÓܲ
ò°Ù[˛°
Ó,!ï˛
Ó,hs˝ Ó,!ï˛ ò°Ù[˛° ˛õ%ÇhflÏÓܲ flf#hflÏÓܲ

!ã˛e 5.14 ˛~ܲ!ê˛ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢

åò°yÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y Ù%=˛ä ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ò°Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ G Óî≈ í˛z!qò ˆË˛ˆÏò xˆÏlܲê˛y•z !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚–
ò°Ù[˛° l°yÜ,˛!ï˛ñ â^˝ê˛yÜ,˛!ï˛ñ ˆã˛y.yÜ,˛!ï˛ Óy ã˛yܲyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ó!¢T˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˛õ%‹õ˛õe!Ólƒy§ åAestivationäı
˛õ%‹õ Ù%Ü%˛ˆÏ° Ó,ï˛ƒyÇ¢ Óy ò°yÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ•z xyÓˆÏï≈˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ xlƒ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ˆÏܲ
˛õ%‹õ˛õe!Ólƒy§ ӈϰ– ˛õ%‹õ˛õe!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüüÈ ≤Ãyhs˝flõ¢≈# Óy ˲ƒy°ˆÏ˲ê˛ñ ˛õyܲyˆÏly Óy
ê%˛•zˆÏfiê˛í˛ñ •zÙ!ÓˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ~ÓÇ ôÁçܲ Óy ˲ƒy!:°yÓ˚# å!ã˛e 5.15 ˆòˆÏáyä– Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ Ó,ï˛ƒyÇ¢ Óy
ò°yÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãyhs˝ myÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ ¢%ô%Ùye flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ x!ôÜ˛Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãyhs˝flõ¢≈# Óy ˲ƒy°ˆÏ˲ê˛
ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î xyܲ® Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó,!ï˛– Îál Ó,ï˛ƒyÇ¢ Óy ò°yLjϢÓ˚ ~ܲ≤Ãyhs˝ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,ï˛ƒyÇ¢ Óy ò°yLjϢÓ˚ ~ܲ
≤Ãyhs˝ˆÏܲ x!ôÜ˛Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ §Ç°@¿ Ó,ï˛ƒyÇ¢ Óy ò°yLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲÙî âˆÏê˛ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ
˛õyܲyˆÏly Óy ê%˛•zˆÏfiê˛í˛ ˛õ%‹õ!Ólƒy§ ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ÈüüüÈ çÓyñ ˆìÑ˛í˛¸§ G ï%˛°y Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õy˛õ!í˛¸ Îy ò°yÇ¢– Îál
Ó,ï˛ƒyÇ¢ Óy ò°yLjϢÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝àˆ% ° Ï y ~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ x!ôÜ˛Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ~•z x!ôܲÙî ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !l!ò≈T˛ x!˲Ù%ˆáÏ
âˆÏê˛ lyñ ï˛yˆÏܲ •zÙ!ÓˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ˛õ%‹õ˛õe!Ólƒy§ ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüüüÈ Ü˛ƒy!§Î˚yñ à%°ˆÏÙy•Ó˚– Ùê˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §#ÙÈüÈ~Ó˚
Ê%˛ˆÏ° ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ò°yÇ¢ Óy ˛õy˛õ!í˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ò°yÇ¢!ê˛ åôÁçyä ò%!ê˛ ˛õyŸª≈fiÌ ò°yÇ¢ˆÏܲ å˛õ«˛ä
x!ôÜ˛Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò°yÇ¢ ò%!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ «%˛oï˛Ù ò°yÇ¢mÎ˚ åˆlÔܲyäˆÜ˛ x!ôÜ˛Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%‹õ˛õe!Ólƒy§ˆÏܲ ôÁçܲ Óy ˲ƒy!:°y!Ó˚ ˛õ%‹õ˛õe!Ólƒy§ ӈϰ–

åܲä åá˛ä åà˛ä åâ˛ä

!ã˛e 5.15 ˛ò°Ù[˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%‹õ˛õe!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôÓ˚lı åܲä ≤Ãyhs˝flõ¢≈# Óy ˲ƒy°ˆÏË˛ê˛ åáä ˛õyܲyˆÏly Óy ê%˛•zˆÏfiê˛í˛ åàä •zÙ!ÓˆÏÜ˛ê˛ åâä ôÁçܲ Óy ˲ƒy!:°y!Ó˚
 í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ àyë˛!lܲ §Çàë˛l 75

(
)a
5.5.1.3 ˛˛õ%ÇhflÏÓܲ åAndroeciumä
˛˛˛˛õ%LjÏܲ¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%ÇhflÏÓܲ à!ë˛ï˛– ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%Ççll xAà !•§yˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%Çò[˛ G ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚yàôyl#Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚yàôyl# §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ò%•z
áu˛Ü˛ !Ó!¢T˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ áu˛Ü˛ ò%•z ≤ÈÏܲyT˛Î%=˛ •Î˚– ~•z ≤ÈÏܲyT˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚yàÌ!° ӈϰ–
˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÓî˚ à% ˆ% °
Ï y ˛õÓ˚yàÌ!°ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– fiê˛ƒy!ÙˆÏlyí˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Órôƒy ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– åܲä
Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óy xlƒylƒ hflψÏÓܲÓ˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ å ˆÎÙl
ò°yÇ¢ Óy ˛õy˛õ!í˛¸ä Î%=˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îál ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õy˛õ!í˛¸ Óy ò°yLjϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò°°@¿ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ åepipetalousä ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüüüÈ ˆÓà%lñ ô%ï%˛Ó˚y–
xyÓyÓ˚ Îál ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%‹õ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%‹õ˛õ%ê˛§Ç°@¿ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚
åepiphyllousä ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüüüÈ !°!° Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚– Ê%˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy Óy Ù%=˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åÙ%=˛ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ä Óy !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˲yˆÏÓ Î%=˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
åáä
˛õ%LjÏܲ¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Çò[˛à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ à%FSÈ å ~ܲà%FSÈ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ä ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ çÓy Óy ò%•z!ê˛ à%FSÈ å!mà%FSÈ
˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ä ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ Ùê˛Ó˚ Óy ò%•z ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ à%FSÈ åÓ•%à%FSÈ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ä ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ˆ°Ó%ñ àë˛l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §ƒy°!˲Î˚y ~ÓÇ §!Ó˚£Ïy Ê%˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢ˆÏÓ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˜òâ≈ƒ!Ó!¢T˛ ˛õ%Çò[˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

5.5.1.4 ˛flf#hflÏÓܲ åGyynoeciumä åàä

˛Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ flf# hflÏÓܲ!ê˛ flf# çll xAà Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ àË≈˛˛õˆÏeÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚
à!ë˛ï˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ àË≈˛˛õe àË≈˛Ù%u˛ñ àË≈˛ò[˛ G àË≈˛y¢Î˚ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– àË≈˛˛õˆÏeÓ˚
ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ fl≥˛#ï˛ xÇ¢!ê˛ •° àË≈˛y¢Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ °¡∫y l°yܲyÓ˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ àË≈˛ò[˛
ӈϰ– àË≈˛ò[˛ àË≈˛y¢ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ àË≈˛Ù%[˛ˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ àË≈˛òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ¢#ˆÏ£≈Ï àË≈˛Ù%[˛ xÓfiÌyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÓ˚î% @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ï˛° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ àË≈˛y¢ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ
!í˛¡∫ܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ã˛ƒy≤Wzyñ Ü%˛¢l §ò,¢ xÙÓ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Îál flf#hflÏÓˆÏܲ ~ܲy!ôܲ åâ˛ä
àË≈˛˛õe ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y Ù%=˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Óy ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛˛ õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ Ù%=˛ àË≈˛˛õe# åˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˛õpñ ˆày°y˛õä G Î%=˛ àË≈˛˛õe# åˆÎÙlÈüȧ!Ó˚£Ïyñ ê˛ˆÏÙˆÏê˛yä
ӈϰ– !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !í˛¡∫ܲà%ˆÏ°y Ó#ˆÏç ~ÓÇ àË≈˛y¢Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
xÙÓ˚y !Ólƒy§ ı àË≈˛y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !í˛¡∫ˆÏܲÓ˚ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ˆÏܲ xÙÓ˚y!Ólƒy§ ӈϰ– xÙÓ˚y!Ólƒy§
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚– ÎÌy ÈüüüÈ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ñ x«˛#Î˚ñ Ó•%≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ñ Ù)°#Î˚ñ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ù%=˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ å!ã˛e å.ä
5.16 ˆòˆÏáyä– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ xÙÓ˚y!ÓlƒyˆÏ§ xÙÓ˚y àË≈˛y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xAܲ#Î˚ §!rô ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zÑã%˛ fiÌyl !ã˛e 5.16 !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xÙÓ˚y!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
åܲä ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !í˛¡∫ܲà%ˆÏ°y ~•z í˛zÑã%˛ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ §y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ÈüüüÈ
åáä x«˛#Î˚
Ùê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•% ≤ÈÏܲyT˛Î%=˛ à˲≈y¢ˆÏÎ˚ Îál xÙÓ˚y!ê˛ x«˛#Î˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !í˛¡∫ܲà%ˆÏ°y ˆ§•z xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ åàä Ó•% ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚
§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ x«˛#Î˚ xÙÓ˚y!Ólƒy§ ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ÈüüüÈ çÓyñ ê˛ˆÏÙˆÏê˛y G ˆ°Ó%– Ó•% åâä Ù%=˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ xÙÓ˚y!ÓlƒyˆÏ§ !í˛¡∫ܲà%ˆÏ°y àË≈˛y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ å.ä Ù)°#Î˚
í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe àË≈˛y¢Î˚ ~ܲ ≤ÈÏܲyT˛!Ó!¢T˛ !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛ ºyhs˝ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏܲ ò%•z
76 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

≤ÈÏܲyT˛!Ó!¢T˛ ÙˆÏl •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ÈüüüÈ §!Ó˚£Ïyñ xy!ç≈ˆÏÙyl– Îál !í˛¡∫ܲà%ˆÏ°y à˲≈y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ çß√yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xÙÓ˚y!Ólƒy§ ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüüüÈ
í˛yˆÏÎ˚rÌy§ (Dianthus)ñ !≤ÃÙˆÏÓ˚yç åPrimroseä – Ù)°#Î˚ xÙÓ˚y!ÓlƒyˆÏ§ñ xÙÓ˚y àË≈˛y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù)° ˆò¢
ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ !í˛¡∫ܲ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ÈüüüÈ §)Î≈Ù%á#ñ àÑyòy–
5.6 ˛Ê˛°˛ åFruitä
§˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° Ê˛°– ~!ê˛ !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛
àË≈˛y¢Î˚– !lˆÏ£Ïܲ SÈyí˛¸y•z àË≈˛y¢Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆ§•z Ê˛°ˆÏܲ ˛õyˆÏÌ≈ˆÏlyܲy!˛õ≈ܲ Ê˛° ӈϰ– §yôyÓ˚îï˛
Ê˛° ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ܲy˛õ≈ Óy ˛Ê˛°cܲ ~ÓÇ Ó#ç !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– Ê˛°cܲ ¢%‹Ò Óy Ùyǧ° •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛°cܲ ˛õ%Ó˚% G
Ùyǧ° •ˆÏ° ~!ê˛ Ó!•ıcܲ Óy ~!˛õܲy˛õ≈ åÊ˛°cˆÏܲÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢ä Ùôƒcܲ Óy ˆÙˆÏ§yܲy˛õ≈ åÊ˛°cˆÏܲÓ˚

Ó!•ıcܲ

Ùôƒcܲ
Ó#ç
xhs˝cܲ

åܲä åáä
!ã˛e 5.17 ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ åܲä xyÙ åáä ly!Ó˚ˆÏܲ°

ÙyˆÏV˛Ó˚ xÇ¢ä ~ÓÇ xhs˝ıcܲ Óy ~ˆÏu˛yܲy˛õ≈ åÊ˛°cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢ä ~ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •Î˚–
xyÙ G ly!Ó˚ˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ê˛°ˆÏܲ í»˛$˛õ ӈϰ– å!ã˛e 5.17 ˆòˆÏáyä– ~Ó˚y ~ܲ àË≈˛˛õe#
x!ôàË≈˛ àË≈˛y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ G ~ܲ Ó#ç !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– xy¡ÀÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ܲy˛õ≈ Óy Ê˛°cܲ §%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyï˛°y ~!˛õܲy˛õ≈ Óy Ó!•ıcܲ– ÙyˆÏV˛Ó˚ Ó˚§y° áyòƒˆÏ˛õyˆÏÎyà# ˆÙˆÏ§yܲy˛õ≈ Óy Ùôƒcܲ ~ÓÇ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xï˛ƒhs˝ ¢=˛ñ ܲ!ë˛l ~ˆÏu˛yܲy˛õ≈ Óy xhs˝ıhflÏܲ ~ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •Î˚– ly!Ó˚ˆÏܲ°G ~ܲ!ê˛ í»˛$˛õçyï˛#Î˚ Ê˛° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
ˆÙˆÏ§yܲy˛õ≈ Óy Ùôƒcܲ ï˛vÙÎ˚ •Î˚–
5.7 Ó#ç˛ åSeedä
!lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !í˛¡∫ܲ Ó#ˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó#ç Ó#çcܲ G º)î !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– º)î ~ܲ!ê˛ ºîÙ)°
~ܲ!ê˛ º)îy«˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ å ˆÎÙl àÙñ Ë%˛Ryä Óy ò%!ê˛ Ó#ç˛õe å ˆÎÙl ˆSÈy°yñ Ùê˛Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ä–
5.7.1 ~ܲ!ê˛ !mÓ#ç˛õe# Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ àë˛l
Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ xyÓÓ˚î#!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó#çcܲ ӈϰ– Ó#çcܲ !mhfl˝ÏÓ#˚ •Î˚ñ Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ hflÓÏ !˚ ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó#ç Ó!•ıcܲ
Óy ˆê˛fiê˛y ~ÓÇ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó#ç xhs˝ıcܲ Óy ˆê˛àˆÏÙl ӈϰ– Ó#çcˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ «˛ï˛ !ã˛•´!ê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
ˆ§!ê˛ •y•z°yÙ Óy !í˛¡∫ܲly!˲– ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óô≈l¢#° Ó#ç Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– •y•z°yÙ Óy !í˛¡∫ܲly!˲Ó˚
 í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ àyë˛!lܲ §Çàë˛l 77

Ó#çcܲ
Seed coat
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !SÈo ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏܲ˛ !í˛¡∫ܲÓ˚rô Óy Ó#ç˛õe
Cotyledon
º)îÙ%Ü%˛°
Plumule
Ùy•zˆÏܲy˛õy•z° ӈϰ– Ó#çcˆÏܲÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ º)îy«˛ G ò%!ê˛
Ó#ç˛õe §Ù!ß∫ï˛ º)î xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ó#ç˛õeà%ˆ° Ï y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z Ùyǧ°
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ §!M˛ï˛ áyòƒÓ› myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ÌyˆÏܲ– º)îyˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ò%•z ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝
º)îÙ)° ~ÓÇ º)îÙ%Ü%˛° ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 5.18 ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆÓ˚í˛¸#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !í˛¡∫ܲly!˲
Hilum
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È Ó#ˆÏç !m !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ §§ƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ áyòƒ º)Radicle
îÙ)°
§M˛Î˚ܲyÓ˚# ܲ°y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ– §#Ùñ ˆSÈy°y ~ÓÇ Ùê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Micropyle
!í˛¡∫ܲÓ˚rô
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ó#ˆÏç §§ƒ ÌyˆÏܲ ly ~ÓÇ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó#çˆÏòÓ˚
x§§ƒ° Ó#ç ӈϰ– !ã˛e 5.18 ~ܲ!ê˛ !mÓ#ç˛õe# Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ àë˛l

5.7.2 ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ àë˛l

§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#çà%ˆÏ°y §§ƒ° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !ܲv x!Ü≈˛ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe#Ó˚ Ó#ç
xyÓyÓ˚ x§§ƒ° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚G •Î˚– Ë%˛RyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È òyly¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ó#çà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ó#çcܲ ˛õyï˛°y ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ê˛°cˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !وϢ ÎyÎ˚– §§ƒ Ó,•òyܲyÓ˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ áyòƒ §M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– §ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚
Ó!•ıxyÓ˚Óî# ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ º)î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏܲ xƒy!°í˛zˆÏÓ˚yl hflÏÓ˚ ӈϰ–
º)î!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ §ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ~ܲ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ áÑyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ñ
ÓÙ≈yÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ó#ç˛õe ~ÓÇ º)îÙ%ܲ% ° G º%îÙ)° §¡∫!°ï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÎÏ ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ÓÙ≈yÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ó#ç˛õe!ê˛ˆÏܲ
fl%ÒˆÏê˛°y٠ӈϰ– º)îÙ%Ü%˛° ~ÓÇ º%îÙ)° ˆÎ xyÓÓ˚î#mÎ˚ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ º)î Ù%Ü%˛°yÓÓ˚î#
G º)îÙ)°yÓÓ˚î# ӈϰ–

Ó#çcܲ&~ÓÇfruit-wall
Seed coat Ê˛°cܲ §§ƒ
Endosperm

Aleurone
xƒy!°í˛zˆÏÓlayer
˚yl hflÏÓ˚
fl%ÒˆÏê˛°yÙ
Scutellum

º)îÙ%ܲ% °yÓÓ˚î#
Coleoptile
§§ƒ
Endosperm
º)îÙ%Ü%˛°
Plumule

º)Embryo
î
º)îÙ)°
Radicle
º)îÙ)°yÓÓ˚î#
Coleorhiza

!ã˛e 5.19 ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ àë˛l

78 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

5.8 ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xô≈ÈüüüÈ ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ Óî≈ly

!Ó!˲ߨ xAà§ÇfiÌy!lܲ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– ~•z Óî≈ly •ˆÏÓ §Ç!«˛Æ ~ÓÇ ÎÌyÎÌ Ü˛Ù xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚° G ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£ÏyÎ˚
Ó!î≈ï˛– í˛z!qò!ê˛Ó˚ Óî≈ly ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G xAàç ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xÌ≈yÍ Ù)°ñ
ܲy[˛ G ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !òˆÏÎ˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%‹õ§Çܲyhs˝ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xÌ≈yÍ
˛õ%‹õ!Ólƒy§ G Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%‹õ!ã˛e ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%‹õ§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ §y•y΃
˛õ%‹õ§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˛õ%‹õ§ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
!l¡¨!°!áï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ÙO$Ó˚#˛õe ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ Br, Ó,!ï˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ Kñ ò°Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
çlƒ Cñ ˛õ%‹õ˛õ%ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ Pñ ˛õ%ÇhflÏÓˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ A ~ÓÇ flf#hflÏÓˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ G !ã˛•´
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ x!ôàË≈˛ àË≈˛y¢Î˚ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ Gñ xˆÏôyàË≈˛ àË≈˛y¢Î˚ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛
⊕ K2+2 C4 A2+4 G(2) ñ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ñ flf# Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ñ í˛z˲!°Aà í˛z!qò ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ñ Ó•%
≤Ã!ï˛§Ù Ê%˛° ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ⊕ ñ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ % !ã˛•´ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
!ã˛e 5.20 ˛õ%‹õ§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ §• ˛õ%‹õ!ã˛e ~ܲ•z hflÓÏ ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇˆÏÎyà xÌ≈yÍ §Ù§ÇˆÏÎyà ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §Çáƒy!ê˛ˆÏܲ
Órôl#Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yáy •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ hflÏÓˆÏܲÓ˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xlƒ hflÏÓˆÏܲÓ˚
§ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà xÌ≈≈yÍ x§Ù §ÇˆÏÎyà ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ hflÏÓܲmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ã˛•´à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚áy ê˛ylˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%‹õ!ã˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xÇ¢à%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚
§Çáƒyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– å!ã˛e
5.20 ˆòˆÏáyä– ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ç!lï,˛ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌylˆÏܲ ˛õ%‹õ!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®% ~шÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚– Ó,!ï˛ñ ò°Ù[˛°ñ ˛õ%ÇhflÏÓܲ G flf# hflÏÓܲˆÏܲ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲˆÏÙ xÑyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓܲ!ê˛ •°
Ó,!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ hflÏÓܲ!ê˛ •° flf# hflÏÓܲ– ˛õ%‹õ§ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃G ~ܲ!ê˛ hflÏÓˆÏܲÓ˚
§ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ÓÇ ò%!ê˛ hflÓÏ ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ §Ù§ÇˆÏÎyà G x§Ù§ÇˆÏÎyà
ˆòáyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– !ã˛e 5.20 ˆï˛ §!Ó˚£Ïy í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ å ˆàyeÈüÈ Brassicaceae) ˛õ%‹õ!ã˛e
G ˛õ%‹õ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
5.9 !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆàyˆÏeÓ˚ Óî≈ly
5.9.1 Fabaceae

~•z ˆàye!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏà papilionaceae Ó°y •ï˛– ~!ê˛ leguminosae ˆàyˆÏeÓ˚

xhs˝à≈ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏàye– ~•z í˛z!qò ˆàyˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z!qò §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ SÈí˛¸yˆÏly xyˆÏSÈ–
!ã˛e 5.2 ˆòˆÏáyä–
xAàç ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
Ó,,«˛ñ à%Õ√ñ Ó#Ó˚%Íñ xÓ%≈òÎ%= Ù)°
ܲy[˛ ı }ç% ܲy[˛ Óy ˆÓ˚y!•î#
˛õyï˛yı ~ܲyhs˝Óñ˚ ˛õ«˛° ˆÎÔà˛õe Óy ~ܲܲ˛õeó ˛õeÙ)° fl≥˛#ï˛ åPulvinateäÉ í˛z˛õ˛õe
§¡∫!°ï˛ñ !¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§ÈüÈ çy!°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚
 í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ àyë˛!lܲ §Çàë˛l 79

åáä

åàä

å.ä åã˛˛ä
åܲä åâä

!ã˛e 5.21 Pisum sativum åÙê˛Ó˚ àySÈä ı åÜ˛ä ˛õ%‹õ ôyÓ˚îܲyÓ˚# ¢yáy åáä Ê%˛° åàä ˛õy˛õ!í˛¸§Ù)• åâä çll xAà å.ä
àË≈˛˛õˆÏeÓ˚ °¡∫ˆÏFSÈò åã˛ä ˛õ%‹õ!ã˛e

˛õ%‹õ §Çܲyhs˝ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§Ù)•

˛õ%‹õ!Ólƒy§ ı x!lÎ˚ï˛
Ê%˛° ı í˛z˲!°Aàñ ~ܲ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù
Ó,!ï˛ ı Ó,ï˛ƒyÇ¢ 5!ê˛ñ Î%=˛Ó,!ï˛ó ˲ƒy°ˆÏË˛ê˛‡•zÙ!ÓˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ˛õ%‹õ˛õe!Ólƒy§
ò°Ù[˛° ı ò°yÇ¢ 5!ê˛ñ Ù%=˛ò°ñ ˛õƒy!˛õ!°GˆÏl!§Î˚y§ñ ˛õŸã˛yò!òˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ò°yÇ¢ åôÁçyäñ ò%!ê˛
˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ò°yÇ¢ å˛õ«˛äñ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ò°yÇ¢ åí˛ylyä !lˆÏÎ˚ ò°Ù[˛° à!ë˛ï˛– ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ò°yÇ¢
mÎ˚ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ñ àË≈˛ˆÏܲ¢Ó˚ à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ˛õ%‹õ˛õe!Ólƒy§ÈüüüÈ˲ƒy!:°yÓ˚#–
˛õ%ÇhflÏÓܲ ı ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ 10 !ê˛ñ !mà%FSÈ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ñ ˛õÓ˚yàôyl# ò%!ê˛ Ü˛«˛ !Ó!¢T˛–
flf# hflÏÓܲ ı x!ôàË≈˛ àË≈˛y¢Î˚ñ ~ܲ àË≈˛˛õe#ñ ~ܲ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛Î%=˛ G Ó•% !í˛¡∫ܲ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ñ àË≈˛ò[˛ ~ܲܲ–
Ê˛° ı !°!àí˛zÙó Ó#ç ı ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲñ x§§ƒ°
˛õ%‹õhflÏÓܲ ı % K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ à%Ó%̊c
~•z ˆàyˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ó•% í˛z!qò í˛y° çyï˛#Î˚ ¢§ƒ å ˆSÈy°yñ xÓ˚•í˛¸ñ §#Ùñ Ù%àñ §Î˚y!Óläó ˆË˛yçƒ ˆï˛°
å§Î˚y!Ólñ ÓyòyÙäñ Ó˚Oܲ å•z!u˛ˆÏàyˆÏÊ˛Ó˚yäó ï˛v {åxï˛§#ÈüÈ åSunhempä}ó ˛õ¢%áyòƒ å Óܲñ ˆÜœ˛y˲yÓ˚äñ
ˆ¢y˲yÓô≈lܲyÓ˚# àySÈ å°%!˛õl í˛z!qòäñ å!Ù!T˛ Ùê˛Ó˚ä G£Ï!ô í˛z!qò å Ù%!°Î˚y!ë˛ í˛z!qòä ~Ó˚ í˛zͧ–

5.9.2 Solanaceae
~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ ˆàyeñ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲ Úxy°%Ó˚ ˆàyeÛ ÓˆÏ°– ܲyhs˝#Î˚ñ í˛z˛õܲyhs˝#Î˚ñ ~Ùl!ܲ ly!ï˛¢#ˆÏï˛y£÷Ï
xM˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y Î˚yÎ˚– å!ã˛e 5.22 ˆòˆÏáyä
xAàç ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
í˛z!qòÓ˚y ≤Ãôylï˛ Ó#Ó˚%Íñ à%Õ√ ~ÓÇ Ü˛òy!ã˛Í ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Ó,«˛
ܲy[˛ ı Ó#Ó˚%Í çyï˛#Î˚ ܲòy!ã˛Í ܲyT˛°ñ ÓyÎ˚Óñ }ç%ñ l°yܲyÓ˚ñ ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ñ !lˆÏÓ˚ê˛ Óy ÊÑ˛y˛õyñ ˆÓ˚yÙ¢ Óy Ù§,îñ
xy°%ˆÏï˛ åSolanumä ܲy[˛ Ë)˛!l¡¨fiÌ–
80 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

åáä
(b)
åâä
(d)
åàä
(c)

åܲä
(a)
å.ä
(e) åã˛ä
(f)

!ã˛e 5.22 Solanum nigrum åܲyÜ Ùy!SÈä í˛z!qò åÜ˛ä ˛õ%‹õôyÓ˚îܲyÓ˚# ¢yáy åáä Ê%˛° åàä Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ °¡∫ˆÏFSÈò
åâä ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ å.ä àË≈˛ˆÏܲ¢Ó˚ åã˛ä ˛õ%‹õ!ã˛e

˛õyï˛y ı ~ܲyhs˝Ó˚ñ ~ܲܲ˛õeñ ܲòy!ã˛Í ˛õ«˛° ˆÎÔ!àܲ˛õeñ í˛z˛õ˛õe!Ó•#ló !¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§ÈüüüÈ çy!°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚–

˛õ%‹õ §Çܲyhs˝ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
˛õ%‹õ!Ólƒy§ ı ~ܲܲ˛õ%‹õ#ñ ܲy!«˛Ü˛ Óy §y•zˆÏÙyç å ˆÎÙlÈüÈ Solanumä
Ê%˛° ı í˛z˲!°Aàñ Ó•% ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù
Ó,!ï˛ ı Ó,ï˛ƒyÇ¢ 5!ê˛ñ Î%=˛Ó,!ï˛ñ fiÌyÎ˚#ñ ˛õ%‹õ˛õe!Ólƒy§ÈüÈ˲ƒy°ˆÏË˛ê˛ Óy ≤Ãyhs˝flõ¢≈#
ò°Ù[˛° ıò°yÇ¢ 5!ê˛ñ Î%=˛ò°ñ ˛õ%‹õ˛õe!Ólƒy§ ˲ƒy°ˆÏË˛ê˛ Óy ≤Ãyhs˝flõ¢≈#–
˛õ%ÇhflÏÓܲ ı ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ ÈüÈ5!ê˛ñ ò°°@¿ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚
flf# hflÏÓܲ ı !màË≈˛˛õ˛õe#ñ Î%=˛ àË≈˛˛õe#ñ x!ôàË≈˛ àË≈˛y¢Î˚ñ ò%•z ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛!Ó!¢T˛ñ xÙÓ˚y fl≥˛#ï˛ G Ó•% !í˛¡∫ܲ
§Ù!ß∫ï˛–
Ê˛° ı ˆÓ!Ó˚ Óy ܲƒy˛õ§%°
Ó#ç ı Ó•% Ó#ç!Ó!¢T˛ñ §§ƒ°–
˛õ%‹õ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ı +
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ à%Ó%̊c
~•z ˆàyˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈˛%=˛ Ó•% í˛z!qò áyòƒ åê˛ˆÏÙˆÏê˛yñ ˆÓà%lñ xy°%äó Ù¢°y å°Aܲyäñ G£Ï!ô í˛z!qò å ˆÓ°yˆÏí˛ylyñ
xŸªàrôyä ˆôÑyÎ˚y §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# åï˛yÙyܲäñ ˆ¢y˲yÓô≈lܲyÓ˚# åˆ˛õê%˛!lÎ˚yä í˛z!qò ~Ó˚ í˛zͧ–

5.9.3 Liliaceae
~•z í˛z!qò ˆàye!ê˛ Ú!°!° ˆàyeÛ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ã˛y!Ó˚!eÜ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe#
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆàyˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– å!ã˛e 5.23 ˆòˆÏáyä
xAàç ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §Ù)• ı Ó•%Ó£Ï≈ç#Ó# Ó#Ó˚%Íñ ܲy[˛ Ë)˛!l¡¨fiÌ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲ®ñ à%!í˛¸Ü˛® Óy @˝Ã!rÌܲy[˛ çyï˛#Î˚–
 í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ àyë˛!lܲ §Çàë˛l 81

˛õyï˛y ı ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆàyí˛¸y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ñ ~ܲyhs˝Ó˚ ˜Ó˚!áܲ í˛z˛õ˛õe!Ó•#l ~ÓÇ §Ùyhs˝Óy˚ °
!¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§Î%=˛–
˛õ%‹õ§Çܲyhs˝ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§Ù)•
˛õ%‹õ!Ólƒy§ ı ~ܲܲ˛õ%‹õ#‡§y•zˆÏÙyç Óy !lÎ˚ï˛ó ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z xyˆÏ¡∫ˆÏ°Ó˚ à%FSÈ
Ê%˛° ı í˛z˲!°Aàñ Ó•%˛≤Ã!ï˛§Ù
˛õ%‹õ˛õ%ê˛ ı ˆê˛˛õy° 6 !ê˛ å3+3äñ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ly°# àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ó ˛õ%‹õ˛õe!Ólƒyƒ§
≤Ãyhs˝flõ¢≈# Óy ˲ƒy°ˆÏ˲ê˛
˛õ%ÇhflÏÓܲ ı ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚ 6 !ê˛ å3+3äñ ˛õ%‹õ˛õ%ê˛ §Ç°@¿
flf#hflÏÓܲ ı !ï˛l!ê˛ àË≈˛˛õe !Ó!¢T˛ñ Î%=˛ àË≈˛˛õe#ñ x!ôàË≈˛ àË≈˛y¢Î˚ñ à˲≈y¢Î˚ !ï˛l ≤ÈÏܲyT˛ !Ó!¢T˛ G Ó•%
!í˛¡∫ܲ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ñ xÙÓ˚y!Ólƒy§ x«˛#Î˚
Ê˛° ı ܲƒy˛õ§%°ñ ܲòy!ã˛Í ˆÓ!Ó˚
Ó#ç ı §§ƒ°
˛õ%‹õ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ı Br + P(3+3) A3+3 G(3)
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ à%Ó%̊c˛
~•zˆÏàyˆÏeÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ Ó•% í˛z!qò ˲y° ˆ¢y˲yÓô≈lܲyÓ˚# å!ê˛í˛z!°˛õñ ˆ@’y!Ó˚G§yäñ ţψÏôÓ˚ í˛zͧ å â,ï˛
Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚#äñ ~SÈyí˛¸y ¢yܲ §!∂ å¢ï˛Ù)°#ä ~ÓÇ Ü˛°!§!ã˛l åColchicum autumnaleä G ~•z ˆàyeË%˛=˛
!Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qò ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–

åá˛ä åà˛ä

åâä

åܲä
!ã˛e 5.23 Allium cepa å ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yçÈä í˛z!qò åÜ˛ä §¡õ)î≈ í˛z!qò åáä ˛õ%‹õ!Ólƒy§ åàä Ê%˛° åâä ˛˛õ%‹õ!ã˛e
82 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ

§˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏò xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ xyܲyÓ˚ñ àë˛lñ ˛õ%!T˛˛ õÂô!ï˛ñ ç#Ólܲy°ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G Óy§fiÌylàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• §%à!ë˛ï˛ Ù)° G !Óê˛˛õï˛sf ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Ù)°ï˛sfÈüÈ ˛≤Ãôyl Ù)° Óy à%FSÈÙ)° ˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛
!mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏò ≤Ãôyl Ù)° ~ÓÇ ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏò à%FSÈÙ)° ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏò Ù)° áyòƒ §M˛Î˚ñ Îy!sfܲ
§%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl G Ÿª§ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– !Óê˛˛õï˛sf ܲy[˛ñ ˛õyï˛yñ Ê%˛° G Ê˛ˆÏ° !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ xAà §ÇfiÌy!lܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆÎÙlñ ˛õÓ≈ G ˛õÓ≈Ùôƒ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ˆÓ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xl%Ü)˛° xyˆÏ°yܲÓï˛≈#
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ˆÏܲ Ù)° ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲy[˛ G áyòƒ §M˛Î˚ñ xAàç çll ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
§%Ó˚«˛y °y˲ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Ó!ã˛e ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!•ç≈!l£÷Ï$˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõߨ
˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ í˛z˛õÓ,!Âô•z •° ˛õyï˛y– §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ ~Ó˚y §Ó%ç ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ •Î˚– ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õeÊ˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ xyܲyÓ˚ñ ˛õe!ܲlyÓ˚yñ ˛õey@˝Ã ~ÓÇ á[˛l≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛yÎ˚ §%flõT˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xlƒylƒ
xLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õyï˛yG !˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l ˆÎÙl xyܲ£Ï≈ åxyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒä ~ÓÇ ÜÑ˛yê˛yÎ˚ åxydÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒä ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
•Î˚–
˛õ%‹õ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ !Óê˛˛õ– ~!ê˛ ˆÎÔlçlˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– Ê%˛°à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%‹õ!ÓlƒyˆÏ§
§!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛lñ ≤Ã!ï˛§yÙƒñ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xlƒylƒ xLjϢÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ àË≈˛y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌylñ ò°yÇ¢ñ ˛Ó,ï˛ƒyÇ¢ G
!í˛¡∫ܲ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó¢y° ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ àË≈˛y¢Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ !í˛¡∫ܲ Ó#ˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
Ó#çà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# Óy !mÓ#ç˛õe# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ xyܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yÂàÙ«˛Ù ÌyܲyÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ܲy° !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– ˛õ%‹õ §Çܲyhs˝ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§Ù)• §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ~ÓÇ lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !˲!_ àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏܲ í˛z!qòˆÏàyˆÏeÓ˚ xô≈ÈüÈ≤ÈÏÎ˚y!àܲ Óî≈lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó¢ò#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ~ܲ!ê˛ §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §IyܲˆÏÙ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£ÏyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ%‹õ §Çܲyhs˝ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%‹õ!ã˛e
~ÓÇ ˛õ%‹õ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ç!«˛ÆÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

xl%¢#°l#
1. Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚⁄ åܲä Óê˛Ó,«˛ åáä
¢y°àÙ åàä °Óly¡∫% í˛z!qò–
2. Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !ÓÓ,!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚yı
åܲä í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!l¡¨fiÌ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ Ù)° lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
åáä ˛õ%‹õ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ !Óê˛˛õ–
3. ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ«˛° ˆÎÔ!àܲ˛õe ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ï˛°yܲyÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!àܲ˛õe ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,,Ìܲ⁄
4. !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õe!Ólƒy§ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
 í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ àyë˛!lܲ §Çàë˛l 83

5. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇK˛y òyG

åÜ˛ä ˛õ%‹õ˛õe!Ólƒy§ åáä xÙÓ˚y!Ólƒy§ åàä Ó•% ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù
åâä ~ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù å.ä x!ôàË≈˛ åã˛ä àË≈˛Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õ%‹õ
åSÈä ò°°@¿ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚
6. ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
åܲä x!lÎ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚ï˛ ˛õ%‹õ!Ólƒy§
åáä à%FSÈÙ)° ~ÓÇ xfiÌy!lܲ Ù)°
åàä Ù%=˛ àË≈˛˛õe# ~ÓÇ Î%=˛ àË≈˛˛õe# àË≈˛y¢Î˚
7. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ í˛z!qò xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ !ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚yı
åÜ˛ä ˆSÈy°yÓ˚ Ó#ç åáä Ë%˛Ry Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ °¡∫ˆÏFSÈò
8. ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. Fabaceae G Solanaceae ˆàyˆÏeÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ê%˛° lyG ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xô≈ÈüÈ≤ÃyˆÏÎy˚ !àܲ Óî≈ly òyG– Ê%˛°à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ
˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%‹õ!ã˛eG xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10. §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏò ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xÙÓ˚y!Ólƒy§ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óî≈ly òyG–

11. Ê%˛° ܲ#⁄ §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

12. ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l í˛z!qòˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄

13. ˛õ%‹õ!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇK˛y òyG– §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏò !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%‹õ!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !˲!_ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

14. ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•% ≤Ã!ï˛§Ùñ í˛z˲!°Aàñ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Î%=˛ Ó,ï˛ƒyÇ¢ §• àË≈˛˛õyò ˛õ%‹õñ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ù%=˛ ò°yÇ¢ñ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ù%=˛ ˛õ%LjÏܲ¢Ó˚
G ò%•z!ê˛ Î%=˛ àË≈˛˛õe §• x!ôàË≈˛ àË≈˛y¢Î˚ ~ÓÇ x«˛#Î˚ xÙÓ˚y!Ólƒy§ !Ó!¢T˛ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%‹õ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
15. ˛õ%‹õyˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
 84 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xôƒyÎ˚-6 (Chapter-6)
§˛õ‹% õܲ í˛!z qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl
(Anatomy of Flowering Plants)
6.1 í˛z!qò ܲ°y
í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî# í˛z˲Î˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyˆÏl àë˛l §yò,¢ƒ G ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
6.2 ܲ°yï˛sf
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î àë˛l xôƒÎ˚l ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
6.3 !mÓ#ç˛õe# G ÙˆÏôƒ Ó•% §yò,¢ƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î àë˛l ~ÓÇ
~ܲÓ#ç˛õe#
í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# §Çàë˛l !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §%e˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚lˆÏܲ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl
ӈϰ– í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲܲ •° ˆÜ˛y¢– ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ°y ~ÓÇ ~•z
6.4 ˆàÔî Ó,!Âô
ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°y xyÓyÓ˚ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xAà àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ – í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xAà x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î àë˛ˆÏl ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲÓ#ç ~ÓÇ !mÓ#ç˛õe#ÈüÈÓ˚yG ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ
•Î˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î àë˛l í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ ˛•ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

6.1 í˛z!qò ܲ°y

ܲ°y ~Ùl ~ܲà%FSÈ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y í˛zͲõ!_àï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z!qòˆÏò• !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ°y myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ – í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• §,T˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%!° !Ó˲yçl«˛Ù !ܲly ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_
ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!qòܲ°yˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˆày¤˛#ñ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y G fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°yÎ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–

6.1.1 ˲yçܲ ܲ°y åMeristematic Tissues)

í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• Ó,!Âô ≤Ãôylï˛ §!ܲÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ xM˛°ñ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y Óy Mer-
istem (Gk. meristos: divided xÌ≈yÍ !Ó˲y!çï˛ä ~ §#ÙyÓÂô– í˛z!qˆÏòˆÏ• !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yçܲ
ܲ°y ÌyˆÏܲ – ˆÎ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ~ÓÇ !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ x@˝Ã˲yˆÏà xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ܲ°y
í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°y ӈϰ å!ã˛e 6.1 ˆòˆÏáyä–
§˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl 85

ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ hflΩÏ ˛
Central cylinder

ܲˆÏ
ê˛:
Cortex !°Ê˛ ≤Ãprimordium
Leaf y•zˆÏÙÓ˚!í˛Î˚yÙ

ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yí˛yÙ≈
Protoderm !Óê˛ˆÏ
˛õÓ˚ x@˝
Shoot ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°y
apical
˲yçܲ ܲ°y xM˛° zone
Meristematic
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ of
Initials hflÏΩcentral
˛ ~ÓÇ
cylinder
ܲˆÏê˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!ÙÜ Root apical
and cortex ܲy!«˛Ü˛
Axillary Ù%Ü%˛°bud
xÓfiÌy˛ meristem
Differentiating
Initials of˛ !ÓˆÏ˲!òÏï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ~Ùl
Ì!ÙÜ
Ó˚ ≤Ãycap
root
vascular tissue
§ÇÓ•l ܲ°y
Ù)°ˆÏe ˆÜ˛y¢
RootÙ)° e
cap

!ã˛e 6.1 x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°y: åܲä Ù)° åáä !Óê˛˛õ

Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲܲ°y Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yˆÏà ~ÓÇ !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y ܲy[˛ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ò)Ó˚Óï˛#≈
xM˛ˆÏ° xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyï˛y àë˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ò#â≈#ܲÓ˚î ܲyˆÏ° !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ !ܲS%È
ˆÜ˛y¢ xy°yòy •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ܲy!«˛Ü˛ Ù%Ü%˛° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%Ü%˛°à%ˆÏ°y ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏ«˛ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yáy Óy Ê%˛° §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚– ˆÎ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y ò%!ê˛ fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ xÓfiÌyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ !lˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y ӈϰ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ây§ çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏò ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ï,˛îˆÏ˲yç#
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ @˝Ã•ˆÏÈîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z!qòˆÏò• ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ xˆÏAàÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ͲõyòˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– x@˝ÃfiÌ
˲yçܲ ܲ°y ~ÓÇ !lˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y ӈϰ ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §,!T˛ í˛z!qò
ç#Ól ¢%Ó˚%Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ!òˆÏܲ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ í˛z!qòˆÏò• àë˛ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎ ˲yçܲܲ°y Ó•% í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ˆÎ §Ó í˛z!qˆÏò ܲy¤˛° x«˛ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ Ù)° G !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚
fiÌyÎ˚# xM˛ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˲yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆàÔî Óy ˛õyŸª≈fiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°y
ӈϰ– ~•z ˲yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÓ°lyܲyÓ˚ •Î˚– Ê˛ƒy!§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙñ •zrê˛yÓ˚Ê˛ƒy!§Ü%˛°yÓ˚
ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ü≈˛ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ •° ˛õyŸª≈fiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ~•z ˲yçܲ ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°y•z ˆàÔî ܲ°y
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ –
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G ˆàÔî í˛z˲Î˚ ˲yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
àë˛làï˛ G ܲyÎ≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó˲yçl «˛Ùï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
fiÌyÎ˚# Óy ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y•z fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ – í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆò• àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ xM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ cܲ#Î˚ ܲ°yñ Ë)˛!Ùܲ°y ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•l ܲ°y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
 86 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

6.1.2 fiÌyÎ˚#ܲ°y åPermanent tissues)

fiÌyÎ˚#ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xyÓ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚ ly– ˆÎ
fiÌyÎ˚#ܲ°yÓ˚ §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢ àë˛làï˛ G ܲyÎ≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ §Ó˚°
fiÌyÎ˚#ܲ°y ӈϰ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ ˆÎ fiÌyÎ˚#ܲ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó•% ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ç!ê˛° fiÌyÎ˚#ܲ°y ӈϰ–
6.1.2.1 §Ó˚° fiÌyÎ˚#ܲ°y åSimple tissue)
xyhs˝ıˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ fiÌyl
~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚° ܲ°y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚
à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ó˚° ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüÈ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙyñ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°lܲy•zÙyñ~ÓÇ ˆflœÒˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy å!ã˛e 6.2 ˆòˆÏáyä– ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy
ܲ°y xAà §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl xÇ¢ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ܲ°yÓ˚
åÜ˛ä ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §ÙÓƒy§§¡õߨ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y ˆày°Ü˛yÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ñ
!í˛¡∫yÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ñ ˆày°yÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ó•%Ë%˛çyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Óy °¡∫yˆÏê˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
fiÌ)°#Ü,˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl §Ù)• ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˛õyï˛°y ~ÓÇ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç !l!Ù≈ï˛– ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y âl §!ߨ!ÓT˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Óy §Ç!«˛Æ ˆÜ˛y¢yh¡Ó˚ fiÌyl
ˆÜ˛y¢ à•¥Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ïñ §M˛Î˚ñ «˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°lܲy•zÙy ܲ°y ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy
Ó!•/cˆÏܲÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲܲ hflÏÓ˚
!•§yˆÏÓ Óy ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y hflÏÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ – ~•z ܲ°y ~Ùl
ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
åáä ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yçñ ˆ•!وϧ°%ˆÏ°yç ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õܲ!ê˛l §!M˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ¢
fiÌ)° •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !í˛¡∫yÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ñ ˆày°yÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Óy
Ó•%Ë%˛çyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yT˛ Î%=˛ •Î˚–
§%Ó˚% à•¥Ó˚ Ü)˛˛õ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yT˛ Î%=˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°lܲ•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y áyòƒ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
fiÌ%° ܲ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢yhs˝Ó˚fiÌyl !Ó•#l •Î˚– ~•z ܲ°y ï˛Ó˚%î ܲy[˛ G
ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ó˚% à•¥Ó˚ ˛õeÓ,ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Óô≈l¢#° xAàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl
≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
fiÌ)° ˆÜ˛y¢
ˆflœÒˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ܲ°y fiÌ%° ~ÓÇ !°à!llÎ%=˛ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
˛≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆflœÒÓy˚ •zí˛ !Ó!¢T˛ °¡∫yˆÏê˛ §%Ó˚% ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù%ˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ – ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛hs%˛ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Óy x§ÇრÜ)˛˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛
åàä Ù,ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yfiê˛!Ó•#l •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ólƒy§ñ àë˛lñ í˛zͲõ!_ ~ÓÇ
!ã˛e 6.2 §Ó˚° ܲ°y !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆflœÒˆÏÓ˚ܲy•zÙy ܲ°y ò%•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
åÜ˛ä ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚l ܲy•zÙy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÈüÈ ˆflœÒˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ï˛v G ˆflœÒÓ˚y•zí˛– fiÌ)° ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ñ
åáä ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°l ܲy•zÙy °¡∫yˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ SÑ˛% ˆÏã˛yˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ°
Ï y •° ˆflœÒˆÓÏ l˚ ܲy•zÙy ï˛vñ ~Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛
åàä ˆflœÒˆÏÓ˚l ܲy•zÙy ò°ÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆflœÒÓ˚y•zí˛à%ˆÏ°y
ˆày°Ü˛yÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ñ !í˛¡∫yÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Óy ˆÓ°lyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ xï˛ƒy!ôܲ fiÌ%° á%Ó §Ó˚%
à•¥Ó˚ (Lumen) !Ó!¢T˛ Ù,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢–
§˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl 87

§ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y lyê˛ çyï˛#Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ˛õÎ˚yÓ˚yñ lƒy§˛õy!ï˛ G §ˆÏÊ˛òy Óy
§ˆÏÓòyÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ¢ÑyˆÏ§ñ !¢¡∫ˆÏàye#Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#çcˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ã˛y ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– ˆflÒˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy í˛z!qò xAàˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
6.1.2.2. ç!ê˛° ܲ°y åComplex tissues)
ç!ê˛° ܲ°y ~ܲy!ôܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ê˛∆ƒy!ܲí˛
Óy!•Ü˛y
~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– çy•zˆÏ°Ù ~ÓÇ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ç!ê˛° ܲ°y
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 6.3 ˆòˆÏáyä–
Ù%° ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲy[˛ G ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ç° G á!lç °Óî ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ çy•zˆÏ°Ù
§ÇÓ•l ܲ°y !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ~!ê˛ í˛z!qò xAàˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛
ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ !˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüÈê˛∆ƒy!ܲí˛ñ Óy!•Ü˛y çy•zˆÏ°Ù ï˛hs%˛
~ÓÇ çy•zˆÏ°Ù ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ çy•zˆÏ°Ù ܲ°yÎ˚ Óy!•Ü˛y xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛–
ê˛∆ƒy!ܲí˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%Ó˚% G !°à!llÎ%=˛ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚!Ó!¢T˛ ~ÓÇ S%ÑȈÏã˛yˆÏ°y ˛≤Ãyhs˝!Ó!¢T˛ °¡∫yˆÏê˛ Óy
lˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛y¢– ~Ó˚y Ù,ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ!Ó•#l– ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x°AܲÓ˚î ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ – §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏò ç°§ÇÓ•ˆÏl §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# ≤Ãôyl
í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y •° ê˛∆ƒy!Ü˛í˛ ~ÓÇ Óy!•Ü˛y – Óy!•Ü˛y Ó•%ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
°¡∫y ˆÓ°lyܲyÓ˚ñ lˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àë˛l– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óy!•Ü˛y §ò§ƒ åvessel
member) ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ à•¥Ó˚ G !°à!llÎ%=˛ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ åܲä
!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– Óy!•Ü˛y ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yG ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ !Ó•#l •Î˚– Óy!Ï•Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§yôyÓ˚î ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚!fiÌï˛ !SȈÏoÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Óy!•Ü˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ à%ÆÓ#ç#
í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ãy!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– çy•zˆÏ°Ù ï˛và%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ fiÌ)° •Î˚ §#˲!SÈo
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ à•¥Ó˚ ˆ°y˛õ ˛õyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y ≤ÃfiÌ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ Î%=˛ Óy ≤ÃfiÌ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ !Ó•#l •ˆÏï˛ §#˲l°#Î˚
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– çy•zˆÏ°Ù ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y §ç#Ó– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˛õyï˛°y ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õyòyl
ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç !l!Ù≈ï˛– ~Ó˚y ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ Óy Ê˛ƒyê˛ Ó˚%ˆÏ˛õ áyòƒ ~ÓÇ ê˛ƒy!lˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xlƒylƒ Ó› ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
˛õƒyˆÏÓl˚ ܲy•zÙy
§M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– Ó˚!Ÿ¬Î%=˛ çy•zˆÏ°Ù ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy çˆÏ°Ó˚ xÓ˚#Î˚ §ÇÓ•ˆÏl §y•y΃ §Aà# ˆÜ˛y¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ çy•zˆÏ°Ù ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ ˛ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ù G ˆÙê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ù– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÎ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ù ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ åáä
!òˆÏ Ü ˛ à!ë˛ï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ çy•z ˆ Ï ° Ùà% ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆÙê˛yçy•z ˆ Ï ° Ù ÓˆÏ ° – ܲyˆÏ [ ˛
˛ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ùà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ åÙIyäÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÙê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ùà%ˆÏ°y xˆÏAàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ôÓ˚ !ã˛e 6.3 (ܲä çy•zˆÏ°Ù
!òܲ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ çy•zˆÏ°ÙˆÏܲ ~u˛yÜ≈˛ ӈϰ– Ù)ˆÏ°ñ åáä ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ù ˛õ!Ó˚!ôÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÙê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ù ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ çy•zˆÏ°Ù ~Ó˚ ~Ó˚)˛õ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ~:yÜ≈˛ ӈϰ–
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˛õyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xlƒylƒ xLjϢ áyòƒÓ›
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏò ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°yñ §#˲l°#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòylñ §Aà# ˆÜ˛y¢ñ
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ~ÓÇ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ï˛v myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–
88 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°yÎ˚ xƒy°!Óí˛z!Ùly§ ˆÜ˛y¢ G §#˲ˆÏܲy¢ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
ܲ°yÎ˚ §#˲l° ~ÓÇ §Aà# ˆÜ˛y¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ly – §#˲l°#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yG °¡∫yñ lˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àë˛l
!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ñ í˛zÕ‘¡∫˲yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ §Aà# ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ – ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝˛≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y
ã˛y°l#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !SoÎ%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §#˲ˆÏ≤’ê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ §#˲lˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ ˆÜ˛y¢ à•¥Ó˚
~ÓÇ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲv !lí˛zÜœ˛Î˚y§ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– §Aà#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ §#˲lˆÏ°Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– §Aà# ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y •° !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢ ÎyÓ˚y §#˲l°#Î˚
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §#˲l°#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ §Aà# ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î
í˛zÕ‘¡∫≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü)˛˛õˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §Aà# ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y §#˲lˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy âl §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ G !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
§Ù!ß∫ï˛ °¡∫yˆÏê˛ñ S%ÑȈÏã˛yˆÏ°y ≤Ãyhs˝!Ó!¢T˛ ˆÓ°lyܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç !l!Ù≈ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü)˛˛õ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z Ü)˛˛õà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
≤’yçˆÏÙyˆÏí˛§Ùyê˛y° §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy áyòƒÓ› ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚!çlñ ï˛Ó˚%«˛#Ó˚
~ÓÇ !Ùí˛z!§ˆÏ°ç ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xlƒylƒ Ó› §M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏò ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ï˛v åÓyT˛ ï˛vä ˆflœÒˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–
~•z ï˛và%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°yÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ly !ܲv ˆàÔî ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°yÎ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
~Ó˚y xˆÏlܲê˛y °¡∫yˆÏê˛ G ¢yáy•#l ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢#£Ï≈˲yà SÑ%ȈÏã˛yˆÏ°y G §)шÏã˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •Î˚– ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
ï˛và%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ á%Ó•z fiÌ)° •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~•z ï˛và%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ !l/ˆÏ¢£Ï
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ù,ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ˛õyê˛ñ ¢î G ˆ•¡õ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ï˛v Óy!î!çƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y §Ó˚% §#˲l° myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚٠ӈϰ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y
§#˲l° !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚٠ӈϰ–

6.2. ܲ°yï˛sf (The Tissue System)

í˛z!qò ܲ°y àë˛lܲyÓ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ°y !lˆÏÎ˚
xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ~ál ˆòáÓ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛°y§Ù)• í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛yçG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l G xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ°yï˛sf ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° cܲ
ܲ°yï˛sfñ Ë)˛!Ù Óy ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ܲ°yï˛sf ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•l Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲ°yï˛sf–

6.2.1 cܲ ܲ°yï˛sf (Epidermal Tissue System)

cܲ ܲ°yï˛sf §¡õ)î≈ í˛z!qò ˆò•!ê˛Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÓÓ˚î# àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ï˛sf Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚
ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•ñ ˛õeÓ˚rô ~ÓÇ ê˛∆y•zˆÏܲyÙ G ˆÓ˚yÙ çyï˛#Î˚ Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚ í˛z˛õÓ,!Âôà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy Ó!•/cܲ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚–
§˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl 89

~!ê˛ °¡∫yˆÏê˛ñ âl§!ߨ!ÓT˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ x!Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy Ó!•/cܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲhflÏÓ˚# •Î˚– ~•zˆÏܲy¢à%ˆÏ°y ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy çyï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ §yÙylƒ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§
Óy Ó!•/cˆÏܲÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙyÙçyï˛#Î˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%hflÏÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ !ܲí˛z!ê˛Ü˛°
ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ í˛z!qòˆÏò• ˆÌˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙyã˛l ˆÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù)ˆÏ° !ܲí˛z!ê˛Ü˛° ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ˛õyï˛yÓ˚
Ó!•/cˆÏܲ ˛õeÓ˚rô Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˛õeÓ˚rô Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y G àƒy§#Î˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
˛õeÓ˚rô §#ˆÏÙÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ó!¢T˛ ò%!ê˛ Ó˚«˛# ˆÜ˛y¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z Ó˚«˛# ˆÜ˛y¢mÎ˚ ˛õeÓ˚rô !SoˆÏܲ
!âˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ây§çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏò Ó˚«˛# ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y í˛yˆÏ¡∫° ~Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– Ó˚«˛#
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ å˛õeÓ˚rô !SÈo ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛#ä ˛õyï˛°y ~ÓÇ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ å˛õeÓ˚rô
!SȈÏoÓ˚ !lܲê˛Óï≈˛#ä xï˛ƒhs˝ ˛õ%Ó˚% •Î˚– Ó˚«˛# ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛Î%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ ˆáy°y G
Órô •GÎ˚y !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛ñ Ó˚«˛# ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §y!ߨˆÏôƒ Ìyܲy !ܲS%È Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ G xyܲyÓ˚àï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ ӈϰ– ˛õeÓ˚rô !SÈoñ
Ó˚«˛# ˆÜ˛y¢mÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe ˛õeÓ˚rô#Î˚ §Çàë˛l åStomatal apparatusä
ӈϰ å !ã˛e 6.4 ˆòˆÏáyä–

Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢
xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ ˆÜ˛y¢
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yfiê˛
Ó˚«˛# ˆÜ˛y¢
˛õeÓ˚rô#Î˚ !SÈo

!ã˛e 6.4 í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ı åÜ˛ä §#ˆÏÙÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ó!¢T˛ Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲy¢mÎ˚ §• ˛õeÓ˚rô

åáä í˛yˆÏ¡∫° xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚«˛# ˆÜ˛y¢ §• ˛õeÓ˚rô–
~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy Ó!•/cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ x§ÇრˆÓ˚yÙ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó!•ıcܲ#Î˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# í˛z˛õÓ,!Âôà%ˆÏ°y •° Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yÙ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° G á!lç °Óî ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏî
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ó!•ıcܲ#Î˚ ˆÓ˚yÙà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ê˛∆y•zˆÏܲy٠ӈϰ– !Óê˛˛õï˛ˆÏsf í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ê˛∆y•zˆÏܲyÙà%ˆÏ°y
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# •Î˚– ~Ó˚y ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ Óy ¢yáy!Ó•#l ~ÓÇ lÓ˚Ù Óy xlÙl#Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y
«˛Ó˚îܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌG Î%=˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ê˛∆y•zˆÏܲyÙà%ˆÏ°y Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛lç!lï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˛õã˛Î˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏô §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
6.2.2 Ë)˛!Ù Ü˛°yï˛sf åThe ground tissue systemä
~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy Ó!•/cܲ ~ÓÇ ly!°Ü˛y Óy![˛°à%ˆÏ°y SÈyí˛¸y í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy!ܲ §Ó ܲ°y Ë)˛!Ù Ü˛°yï˛sf
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙyñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°lܲy•zÙy G ˆflœÒˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §Ó˚° ܲ°y myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–
˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ܲy[˛ G Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲˆÏê≈˛: Óy Ó!•/hflÏÓ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Ü˛ñ ÙIyñ
ÙIyÓ˚!Ÿ¬à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲ°y ˛õyï˛°y ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚!Ó!¢T˛ñ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛y¢ ӈϰ–
 90 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

6.2.3 §ÇÓ•l ܲ°yï˛sfÈ ÈåThe Vascular tissue sys-

çy•zˆÏ°Ù tem)

§ÇÓ•lܲ°yï˛sfñ çy•zˆÏ°Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç!ê˛° ܲ°y !lˆÏÎ˚

ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
à!ë˛ï˛– çy•zˆ° Ï Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎÙ˚ ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚
(ܲä å!ã˛e 6.5 ˆòˆÏáyä !m˛Ó#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏu˛ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù G çy•zˆÏ°Ù
~ÓÇ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ ÌyˆÏܲ – ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛° ˆàÔîçy•zˆÏ°Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°y àë˛l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%=˛ ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛° ӈϰ– ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe#
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛ˆÏ° ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ˆàÔî ܲ°y ˜ï˛!Ó˚
çy•zˆÏ°Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÂô ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛° ӈϰ– Îál ~ܲ!ê˛
ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛ˆÏ° çy•zˆ° Ï Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎÙ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ Óƒy§yˆÏô≈ §!Iï˛
ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ xÓ˚#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛° ӈϰ– Ù)ˆÏ° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– §ÇÎ%=˛ åconjoint type) ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛ˆÏ°
åáä çy•zˆÏ°Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ~ܲ•z Óƒy§yˆÏô≈ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲy[˛ G ˛õyï˛yÎ˚
§ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– §ÇÎ%=˛ ly!°Ü˛yÓy![˛ˆÏ°
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎÙ˚ ¢%ôÙ% ye çy•zˆ°Ï Ù ~Ó˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ !òˆÏܲ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
ܲƒy!¡∫Îy˚ Ù 6.3. !mÓ#ç˛õe# G ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z ! qˆÏ ò Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚ # Ó˚ fi Ìyl
çy•zˆÏ°Ù (Anantomy of Dicotyledonous and Mono-
cotyledonous Plants)

Ù)°ñ ܲy[˛ G ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ܲ°y §Çàë˛l ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ G•z §Ü˛°
åàä xAàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃfïÏFSȈÏòÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚l xˆÏlܲê˛y•z
§%!Óôyçlܲ–
!ã˛e 6.5ı !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛°ı
åܲä xÓ˚#Î˚
6.3.1 !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° åDicotyledonous Rootä
åáä §ÇÎ%=˛ ÓÂô
åàä §ÇÎ%=˛ Ù%=˛
!ã˛e 6.6 åÜ˛ä ˆï˛ §)Î≈Ù%á# Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃfïÏFSÈò ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ܲ°y §Çàë˛l !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õı

Ù)ˆ°
Ï Ó˚ xhs˝àë≈ ˛ˆÏl §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ hflÓÏ !˚ ê˛ •° ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§–
xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ÈüüüÈ í˛zòàï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# Ù)° ˆÓ˚yÙ
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲˆÏê≈˛: Óy Ó!•/hflÏÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ñ xyhs˝ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚
fiÌyl §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
ܲˆÏê≈˛: Óy Ó!•/hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy
xhs˝/hflÏܲ ӈϰ–
§˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl 91

~!ê˛ ~ܲ hflÏÓ˚ !Ó!¢T˛ !˛õ˛õyÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù!ß∫ï˛–

~•z hflÏ Ó ˚ ! ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢yhs˝ Ó ˚ Ó˚ r ô !Ó•#l •Î˚ – xhs/hflÏ Ü ˛#Î˚ Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yÙ
~!˛õí˛y!Ù≈§
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ flõ¢≈ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ G xÓ˚#Î˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ç° xˆÏ˲òƒñ
ˆÙyÙ çyï˛#Î˚ Ó› §%ˆÏÓ!Ó˚l ܲƒy§ˆÏ˛õ!Ó˚Î˚yl ˛õ!RÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ çÙy
•Î˚– ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ ~Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚% ܲˆÏê˛:
≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
hflÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Ü ˛ ӈϰ– ˆàÔîÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛•z ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ Ù)° ~ÓÇ Ë˛y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Ü˛
àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛ly •Î˚– ÙIy ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ~ÓÇ xflõT˛– çy•zˆÏ°Ù
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ù
G ˆÊœ ˛ yˆÏ Î ˚ ÙÈüÈ~ Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏ l xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˛õƒyˆÏ Ó ˚ l ܲy•z Ù y
ˆÙê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ù
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÎyçܲ ܲ°y ӈϰ– ~•z Ù)ˆÏ° §yôyÓ˚îï˛
ò%•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ çy•zˆÏ°Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù xÇ¢ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÙIy
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ çy•zˆÏ°Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲƒy!¡∫Îy˚ Ù Ó°Î˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy xhs/hflψÏܲÓ˚ (ܲä
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ !òˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ §Ó ܲ°yà% ˆ Ï ° y xÌ≈ y Í ˛õ!Ó˚ ã ˛Ü ˛ñ
Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yÙ
ly!°Ü˛yÓy![˛° ~ÓÇ ÙIy !fiê˛!° Óy ˆÜ˛whflÏΩ˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~!˛õí˛y!Ù≈§
6.3.2 ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°
åMonocotyledonous Rootä
ܲˆÏê˛≈:
~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ àë˛l xˆÏlܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§
!mÓ#ç˛õe# Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y å !ã˛e 6.6 åáä ˆòˆÏáyä
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Ü˛
~!ê˛ ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy Ó!•ıcܲñ ܲˆÏê≈˛: Óy Ó!•hflÏÓ˚ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy xhs˝ıhflÏܲñ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Ü ˛ñ ly!°Ü˛yÓy![˛° G ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ù
ÙIy !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– !mÓ#ç˛õe# Ù)ˆÏ° ˆÎáyˆÏl x“ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
ly!°Ü˛yÓy![˛° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# Ù)ˆÏ° ˆ§áyˆÏl ÙIy
§yôyÓ˚î SÈÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ åPolyarchä ly!°Ü˛yÓy![˛° ˆòáy ˆÙê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ù
ÎyÎ˚– ÙIy §%!Óhfl,Ïï˛ ~ÓÇ §%à!ë˛ï˛– ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# Ù)ˆÏ°
ˆàÔîÓ,!Âô âˆÏê˛ ly– (á˛ä

6.3.3 !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲy[˛ !ã˛e 6.6 ≤ÃfïÏFSȈÏò åܲä !mÓ#ç˛õe# Ù)° å≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲä
åDicotyledonous stemä åáä ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# Ù)°

~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ ï˛Ó˚%î !mÓ#ç˛õe# ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤ÃfïÏFSȈÏò

ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy Ó!•ıcܲ •° ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚«˛îydܲ hflÏÓ˚ å !ã˛e 6.7 åÜ˛ä ˆòˆÏáyä–
~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y !ܲí˛z!ê≈˛Ü˛° hflÏÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛
!ܲS%È ê˛∆y•zˆÏܲyÙ ~ÓÇ x“ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛˛ õeÓ˚rô ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
92 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy Ó!•/cܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Ó•%hflψÏÓ˚ !ÓlƒhflÏ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲˆÏê≈˛: Óy Ó!•/hflÏÓ˚
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲˆÏê≈˛: !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õ xM˛° !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ •y•zˆÏ˛õyí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy
xô/hflÏܲÈüÈ~!ê˛ ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy Ó!•/cˆÏܲÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !lˆÏã˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ x“ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚
myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ Îy í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚%î ܲy[˛ˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲˆÏê≈˛: hflÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ •y•zˆÏ˛õyí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy xô/
cˆÏܲÓ˚ !lˆÏã˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛– ~•z hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ §%flõT˛ xyhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ fiÌyl !Ó!¢T˛ñ ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ñ ˛õyï˛°y ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚Î%=˛
˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù)• myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ܲˆÏê≈˛: Óy Ó!•/hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ
~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy xhs/cܲ ӈϰ– ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy xhs˝hflψÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ §Ù,Âô •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛y•z ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î#G ӈϰ– ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Ü˛ ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy xhs˝/hflψÏܲÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ~Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xô≈ã˛wyܲyÓ˚ ˆflœÒˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy !l!Ù≈ï˛ !Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§
~!˛õí˛yÙ≈y°
ˆÓ˚yÙ Óy Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚ ˆÓ˚yÙ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°lܲy•zÙy
˛õƒyˆÏÓl˚ ܲy•zÙy
~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§
•y•zˆ˛Ï õyí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Ü˛
˛õƒyˆÏÓl˚ ܲy•zÙy
~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ ˆ˛Êœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Ü˛ ܲƒy!¡∫Îy˚ Ù
ˆÙê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ù
ly!°Ü˛y Óy![˛°

ÙIy Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yçy•zˆ°

Ï Ù

ÙIy
ÙIy
åܲä

~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§
~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ •y•zˆ˛Ï õyí˛yÓ˚!Ù§
•y•zˆ˛Ï õyí˛yÓ˚!Ù§
ly!°Ü˛y Óy![˛°
ly!°Ü˛y Óy![˛°
Ë)˛!Ù Ü˛°y
ˆ˛Ê˛œ yˆÏÎÙ˚
çy•zˆÏ°Ù
Ë)˛!Ù Ü˛°y
åáä
!ã˛e 6.7 ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤ÃfïÏFSÈò ı åܲä !mÓ#ç˛õe# åáä ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe#
§˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl 93

ly!°Ü˛yÓy![˛°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ xÓ˚#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ x“ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ

ˆÎà%ˆ°
Ï y ÙIyÓ˚!Ÿ¬ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xˆÏlܲà%ˆ°
Ï y ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛° Ó°Î˚yܲyˆÏÓ˚ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛°à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚
Ó°Î˚yܲyÓ˚ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ !mÓ#ç˛õe# ܲyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛° §ÇÎ%=˛ñ Ù%=˛
~ÓÇ ~u˛yܲ≈ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ù !Ó!¢T˛– xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ñ Ó,•Í˛ ˆÜ˛y¢yhs˝Ó˚ fiÌyl !Ó!¢T˛ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy
ˆÜ˛y¢ ܲyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xLjϢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙIy àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–

6.3.4 ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# ܲyu˛ åMonocotyledonons stem)

~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# ˆflœÒˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ •y•zˆÏ˛õyí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ hflÏÓ˚ Óy xô/cܲñ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y !Ó!«˛Æ˲yˆÏÓ
SÈí˛¸yˆÏly ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛° ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸yñ §%flõT˛ñ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲ°y xM˛° ÌyˆÏܲ–
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛° ˆflœÒˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!u˛° ¢#Ì myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 6.7 á
ˆòˆÏáyä– ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛°à%ˆÏ°y §ÇÎ%=˛ G ÓÂô– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛°à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •Î˚– ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ÌyˆÏܲ ly ~ÓÇ ç° ôyÓ˚îܲyÓ˚# à•¥Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y
ly!°Ü˛yÈüÈ Óy!u˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–

6.3.5 !Ó£ÏÙ˛õ,¤˛ å!mÓ#ç˛õe#ä ˛õe åDorsiventral (Dicotyledonov) leafä

~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÙ˛õ,¤˛ ˛õyï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õeÊ˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ °¡∫ˆÏFSò ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~ˆÏï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl xÇ¢ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
~à%ˆÏ°y •° ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy Ó!•/cܲñ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ܲ°y ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf– ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy Ó!•/cܲ
˛õyï˛yÓ˚ |ôÁ≈˛õ,¤˛ åadaxial epidermisä ~ÓÇ !l¡¨˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ åabaxial epidermisä í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏܲ•z ˆì˛ˆÏܲ
Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ §%flõT˛ !ܲí˛z!ê˛Ü˛°Î%= •Î˚– ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ |ôÁ≈cˆÏܲÓ˚ åadaxial epidermisä ï%˛°lyÎ˚
!l¡¨cˆÏܲ åabaxial epidermisä §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛õeÓ˚rô ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓyÓ˚ |ôÁ≈cˆÏܲ˛˛ ˛õeÓ˚rô
lyG ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ |ôÁ≈cܲ G !l¡¨cˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ܲ°yˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ܲ°y ӈϰ– ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛°
ܲ°y ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛Î%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ܲ°yÎ˚ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ÈüüüÈ ˛õƒy!°ˆÏ§í˛ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy G
flõO# ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy– ˛õƒy!°ˆÏ§í˛ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ |ôÁ≈cˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ °¡∫yˆÏê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•
myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y °¡∫y°!¡∫˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §!•ï˛ §Ùyhs˝Óy˚ ˆÏ° §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !í˛¡∫yܲyÓ˚
Óy ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ !¢!Ì°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ flõO# ˛õƒyˆÏÓl˚ ܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y ˛õƒy!°ˆÏ§í˛ ˛õƒyˆÏÓl˚ ܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚
l#ˆÏã˛ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !l¡¨cܲ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ x§ÇრÓ,•Í ˆÜ˛y¢yhs˝Ó˚
fiÌyl G ÓyÎ˚% à•¥Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛°à%ˆ° Ï y §ÇÓ•lï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ xhs˝àï≈ ˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢Ó˚yÈüÈí˛z˛õ!¢Ó˚y Óy Ùôƒ
!¢Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ !¢Ó˚yÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– !mÓ#ç˛õe# ˛õyï˛yÓ˚
çy°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ !¢Ó˚y!ÓlƒyˆÏ§ !¢Ó˚yà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ fiÌ)°c !˲ߨ •Î˚– ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛°à%ˆ° Ï y ˛õ%Óñ%˚ ~ܲhflÓÏ #˚ ñ Óy!u˛° ¢#ò ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•
myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï, ˛ ÌyˆÏܲ !ã˛e 6.8 åÜ˛ä ˆòˆÏáy ~ÓÇ ly!°Ü˛yÓy!u˛ˆÏ° çy•zˆ° Ï Ù ~Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓy˚ –˛
6.3.6 ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# §ÙyAܲ˛õ,¤˛˛õe (Isobilateral leaf ) :
§ÙyAܲ˛õ,¤˛ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ àë˛l xˆÏlܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó£ÏÙ˛õ,¤˛ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– ~!ê˛ !lˆÏ¡¨ Ó!î≈ï˛
ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒàï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
 94 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Óy!u˛° ¢#ò‰ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyAܲ˛õ,¤˛ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˛õeÓ˚rô |ôÁ≈ G !l¡¨ í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õ,ˆ¤Ï ˛Ó˚
çy•zˆÏ°Ù |ôÁ≈
Ó!•/cܲ
Ó!•ıcܲ cܲ Óy ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ܲ°y
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ˛õƒy!°ˆÏ§í˛ G flõO# ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ܲ°yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •Î˚
ly– å !ã˛e 6.8 á ˆòˆÏáyä–
˛õƒy!°ˆÏ§í˛
ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ây§ çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏòñ ˛õe!¢Ó˚y §• |ôÁ≈ Ó!•ıcˆÏܲÓ˚
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,•Í ÊÑ˛y˛õyñ Óî≈•#l ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢
ÓyÎ%̊à•¥Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ Ó%!°Ê˛Ù≈ ˆÜ˛y¢ ӈϰ– ˛õyï˛yÓ˚
flõ!O Ó%!°Ê˛Ù≈ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Îál ç° ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚§fl≥˛#ï˛ •Î˚
ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ï˛ál ˛õeÊ˛°Ü˛ í˛zß√#!°ï˛ •Î˚– çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˲yÓç!lï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî
í˛z˛õ˛õeÓ˚rô#Î˚
à•¥Ó˚ Îál ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Ó˚§!¢!Ì° •Î˚ ï˛ál çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˛õã˛Î˚
˛˛õeÓ˚rô ˆÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õeÊ˛°Ü˛ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ à%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
!l¡¨ Ó!•/cܲ
åܲä ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y°
!¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ °¡∫ˆÏFSȈÏò ˆÎÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§Ó˚)˛õ
|ôÁ≈ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ly!°Ü˛y Óy![˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ å≤Ãôyl !¢Ó˚y
Ó!•/cܲ Óy Ùôƒ !¢Ó˚y Óƒï˛#ï˛ä ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚–
çy•zˆÏ°Ù
6.4 ˆàÔîÓ,!Âô åSecondary Growthä
ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛°
í˛z˛õ˛õeÓ˚rô#Î˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° G
à•¥Ó˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ó,!Âô ӈϰ– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
!l¡¨ Ó!•ıcܲ !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏò ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˛˛õeÓ˚rô
˛õ!Ó˚!ôÓ˚G Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ ˆàÔî Ó,!Âô ӈϰ–
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ˆàÔî Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ ܲ°yà%ˆ°Ï y •° ò%!ê˛ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ˲yçܲܲ°y
åáä ˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ü≈˛ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ–
6.4.1 ˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ åVascular Cambiumä
!ã˛e 6.8 ı ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃfïÏFSÈò åܲä !mÓ#ç˛õe# åáä ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe#–
ˆÎ ˲yçܲܲ°y hflÓÏ !˚ ê˛ çy•zˆ°
Ï Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎÙ˚ ܲ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ Ó˚yˆÏá ï˛yˆÏܲ ˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚y٠ӈϰ– ï˛Ó˚%î
ܲyˆÏ[˛ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲhflÓÏ ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ çy•zˆ°Ï Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏΈ˚ ÙÏ Ó˚
ÙôƒÓï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl áˆÏ[˛ áˆÏ[˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛
~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ Ó°Î˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
6.4.1.1 ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ Ó°Î˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ åFormation of
Cambial ringä

!mÓ#ç˛õe# ܲyˆÏ[˛ñ ˛≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ çy•zˆÏ°Ù G ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ

ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛#fiÌyˆÏl í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛ƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ •zrê˛∆y Ê˛ƒy!§!ܲí˛z°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚y٠ӈϰ–
§˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl 95

•zlê˛∆yÊ˛ƒy!§!ܲí˛z°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Îy˚ Ù §Ç°@¿ ÙIyÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ°

Ï y ˲yçܲܲ°yÎ˚ ˛Ó˚˛) õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚Ê˛ƒy!§!ܲí˛z°yÓ˚
ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!Ó!FSÈߨ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ Ó°Î˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
6.4.1.2 ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ Ó°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyç

ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ Ó°Î˚!ê˛ §!ܲÎ˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ G Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ í˛z˲Î˚ !òˆÏܲ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ÙIyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàÔî çy•zˆÏ°Ù ~ÓÇ
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚!ôÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÍ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàÔî ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ x!ôܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆàÔî ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ~Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆàÔî çy•zˆÏ°Ù x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢#â •z ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ç•ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xÇ¢ åcompact massä àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆàÔî çy•zˆÏ°Ù ~Ó˚ !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ í˛zͲõyòl G
§M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G ˆàÔî ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y Ü ˛Ù¢ ã)˛î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Î!òG ˛≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ çy•zˆÏ°Ù
≤ÃyÎ˚ x!ÓÜ,˛ï˛•z ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Óy ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È
fiÌyˆÏl ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙñ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ܲ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚% ˛õ!R àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆàÔî çy•zˆÏ°Ù ~ÓÇ ˆàÔî
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xÓ˚#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆàÔî ÙIyÓ˚!Ÿ¬ åSecondary medul-
lary Raysä ӈϰ å!ã˛e 6.9 ˆòˆÏáyä–

~!˛õí˛y!Ù≈§
Ó!•ıhflÏÓ˚
≤ÃyÌ!ÙÜ
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚
ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
çy•zˆ°
Ï Ù
ÙIy •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛!§Ü%˛°yÓ˚
ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°Ù

ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°yˆÏçl

ˆÙí%˛°y!Ó˚ Ó˚!Ÿ¬

ˆàÔî çy•zˆÏ°Ù

ˆàÔî ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù

ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ Ó°Î˚

!ã˛e 6.9ı !mÓ#ç˛õe# ܲyˆÏ[˛ ˆàÔî Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õÈüüüÈ≤ÃfiÌψÏFSȈÏò ò,¢ƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ò¢y–
96 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

6.4.1.3 Ó§hs˝Ü˛y°#l ܲyë˛ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚Íܲy°#l ܲyë˛ åSpring Wood and Autumn Woodä
ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ ~Ó˚ ܲyç Ó•% ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– ly!ï˛¢#ˆÏï˛y£÷Ï
xM˛ˆÏ°ñ ç°ÓyÎ˚% §¡∫rô#Î˚ xÓfiÌy ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ~ܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲ ly– Ó§hs˝ }ï%˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ xï˛ƒhs˝
§!ܲÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ≤âfiÌ à•¥Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ Óy!•Ü˛y §Ù!ß∫ï˛ x!ôܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛ çy•zˆÏ°Ù í˛z˛õyòyl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~•z }ï%˛ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõߨ ܲy¤˛ˆÏܲ Ó§hs˝Ü˛y°#l ܲy¤˛ Óy ˛õ)Ó≈ܲy°#l ܲy¤˛ ӈϰ å Spring Wood or
early woodä– ¢#ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ Ü˛Ù §!ܲÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ x“ !ܲS%È §Ó˚% Óy!•Ü˛y §Ù!ß∫ï˛ çy•zˆÏ°Ù
í˛z˛õyòyl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ܲy¤˛ˆÏܲ ¢Ó˚Íܲy°#l ܲy¤˛ Óy !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ Ü˛y¤˛ åAutumn wood or
late woodä ӈϰ–
Ó§hs˝Ü˛y°#l ܲy¤˛ •y°Ü˛y Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !l¡¨ âlc !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ¢Ó˚Íܲy°#l ܲy¤˛
àyì˛¸ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ âlc!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ §ÙˆÏܲw#ܲ Ó°Î˚Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §!Iï˛ ~•z ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ܲy¤˛ Ó£Ï≈Ó°Î˚ åAnnual ringä àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲ!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲyˆÏ[˛ ò,¢ƒÙyl Ó£Ï≈Ó°Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
6.4.1.4 l#Ó˚§ ܲy¤˛ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚§ ܲy¤˛ å Heart wood and Sapwoodä
≤Ãyã˛#l Ó,ˆÏ«˛ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xLjϢ Óy §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ê˛ƒy!llñ ˆÓ˚!çl ˆï˛° çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ñ
xyë˛yñ §%à!rô Ó› ~ÓÇ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ˆï˛°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˜çÓ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y §!M˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆàÔî
çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà xÇ¢ àyì˛¸ Óyòy!Ù ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ •Î˚– ~•z Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ܲy¤˛ˆÏܲ ¢=˛ñ ˆê˛Ü˛§•z ~ÓÇ xl%ç#Ó
G ˛õï˛Aà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô# ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆÎ xM˛°!ê˛ Ù,ï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xï˛ƒhs˝ ˛õ%Ó˚%
!°à!llÎ%=˛ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ l#Ó˚§ ܲy¤˛ åHeart woodä ӈϰ– l#Ó˚§ ܲy¤˛ ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly !ܲv ܲy[˛ˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆàÔî çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ xM˛° •y°Ü˛y Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ §Ó˚§ ܲy¤˛ åSap woodä˛ÓˆÏ°– ~!ê˛ Ù)° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ç° G á!lç °Óî §ÇÓ•ˆÏl
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
6.4.2 ܲÜ≈˛ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ åCork Cambiumä

˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ ~Ó˚ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ô xlÓÓ˚ï˛ Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲyÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲˆÏê≈˛:
~ÓÇ ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ lï%˛l Ó˚«˛îydܲ hflÏÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õl
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ï˛y•z xyˆÏà Óy ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏê≈˛: xM˛ˆÏ° x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°yhflÏÓ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
~ˆÏܲ ܲÜ≈˛ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ Óy ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°yˆÏçl ӈϰ– ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°yˆÏçl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚% •Î˚– ~!ê˛ §Ó˚%ñ ˛õyï˛°y ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
!Ó!¢T˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyÎ˚ï˛yܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°yˆÏçÏl ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˲Î˚ !òˆÏܲ•z ˆÜ˛y¢ §,!T˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ §,T˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲÜ≈˛ Óy ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°Ù ~ÓÇ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ §,T˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàÔî ܲˆÏ≈ê˛: Óy ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°yí˛yÙ≈ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ §%ˆÏÓ!Ó˚l
§!M˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ܲÜ≈˛ ç° xˆÏ˲òƒ •Î˚– ˆàÔî ܲˆÏê≈˛: ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó!¢T˛–
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°yˆÏçlñ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°Ù ~ÓÇ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°yí˛yÙ≈ˆÏܲ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚í˛yÙ≈ ӈϰ– ܲÜ≈˛ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
§˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl 97

ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ Óy!ܲ ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚

~!˛õí˛y!Ù≈§
Epider
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ~•z hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
Ù,ï%˛ƒ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ áˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– Óyܲ° Óy ÓyÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Complimentary
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•
cells
x≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy– Óyܲ° Óy ÓyÜ≈˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛
˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ó
ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ï˛y•z ˆàÔî ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù G Óyܲ° ܲÜ≈˛ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ
Óy ÓyÜ≈˛ ~Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛– ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ°y
!وϰ ÓyÜ≈˛ Óy Óyܲ° à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎÙl ˆ˛õ!Ó˚í˛yÙ≈
~ÓÇ ˆàÔî ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù– ˆÎ Óyܲ° Óy ÓyÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly }ï%˛Ó˚ ˆàÔî Ó!•/hflÏÓ˚
¢%Ó˚%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó≈ܲy°#l Óy lÓ˚Ù Óyܲ° (a)

åearly or soft barkä ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly }ï%˛Ó˚

ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ à!ë˛ï˛ Óyܲ°ˆÏܲ !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ Óy ¢=˛ Óyܲ° åܲä
åLate or hard barkä ӈϰ– Óyܲ° àë˛lܲyÓ˚#
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ܲÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ âl §!ߨ!ÓT˛ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy
ˆÜ˛y¢ ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛– ~•z ˛õƒyˆÏ Ó ˚ l ܲy•z Ù y ˆÜ˛y¢à% ˆ Ï ° y
~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ Óy Ó!•/cˆÏܲÓ˚ !ÓòyÓ˚î âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ°™ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y !SȈÏoÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°!rê˛ˆÏ§° ӈϰ– ˆ°!rê˛ˆÏ§° Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ
~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àƒy§#Î˚
xyòyl ≤Ãòyl âê˛yÎ˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ܲy¤˛° Ó,ˆÏ«˛
ˆ°!rê˛ˆÏ§° ÌyˆÏܲ å !ã˛e 6.10 ˆòˆÏáyä
6.4.3 Ù)ˆÏ° ˆàÔî Ó,!Âô åáä
!mÓ#ç˛õe# Ù) ˆ Ï ° ˲y§Ü% ˛ °yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫ Î ˚ y Ù !ã˛e 6.10 ı åÜ˛ä ˆ°!rê˛ˆÏ§° ~ÓÇ åáä Óyܲ°
í˛zͲõ!_àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆàÔî ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚– ~!ê˛
ˆÊœ ˛ yˆÏ Î ˚ Ù à% ˆ Ï F SÈ Ó ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !lˆÏ ã ˛ í˛z ˛ õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛°yñ
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yçy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ñ x!Ó!FSÈߨ
ï˛Ó˚Aày!Î˚ï˛ Ó°Î˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ å !ã˛e 6.11 ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆàÔîÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ xlƒylƒ
âê˛lyà%ˆ° Ï y !mÓ#ç˛õe# ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛–
å!mÓ#ç˛õe# ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆàÔîÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚
Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä–
 98 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~!˛õí˛y!Ù≈§
Ó!•ıhflÏÓ˚
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ Ó°Î˚
~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Ü˛
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yçy•zˆÏ°Ù

~!˛õí˛y!Ù≈§‡ˆ˛õ!Ó˚í˛yÙ≈
~!˛õí˛y!Ù≈§
Ó!•ıhflÏÓ˚
Ó!•ıhflÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
˲yfl%Ò°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ Ó£Ï≈Ó°Î˚
ˆàÔî ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ çy•zˆÏ°Ù ˆàÔî çy•zˆÏ°Ù
ˆàÔî çy•zˆÏ°Ù ˆàÔî ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ó˚!Ÿ¬

Ó!•ıhflÏÓ˚

!ã˛e 6.11 ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ !mÓ#ç˛õe# Ù)ˆÏ° ˆàÔîÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ò¢y

Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲy[˛ ~ÓÇ Ù)ˆÏ°G ˆàÔîÓ,!Âô âˆÏê˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏò ˆàÔî Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛ ly–

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ

¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ fiÌy!lܲ˲yˆÏÓñ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qò !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ°y myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– í˛z!qò ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°y åx@˝ÃfiÌñ
˛õyŸª≈fiÌ G !lˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ä ~ÓÇ fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°yÎ˚ å §Ó˚° G ç!ê˛°ä ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ܲ°yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y •° áyòƒ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï G ï˛yÓ˚
§M˛Î˚ñ ç°ñ á!îç °Óî ~ÓÇ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ §ÇÓ•l ~ÓÇ í˛z!qò ˆò•ˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl–
í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ°yï˛sf Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ cܲ ܲ°yï˛sfñ Ë)˛!Ù Ü˛°yï˛sf G §ÇÓ•l ܲ°yï˛sf– cܲ ܲ°yï˛sf cܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•ñ
˛õeÓ˚rô ~ÓÇ cܲ#Î˚ í˛z˛õÓ,!Âô myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– Ë)˛!Ù Ü˛°yï˛sf í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl !Ó¢y° xÇ¢!ê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ !ï˛l!ê˛
xM˛ˆÏ° !Ó˲=˛ÈüÈ Ü˛ˆÏê≈˛: Óy Ó!•/hflÏÓ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ÙIy– §ÇÓ•l ܲ°yï˛sf çy•zˆÏ°Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚
ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ çy•zˆÏ°Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓy![˛° !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚–
ly!°Ü˛yÓy![˛°à%ˆÏ°y §ÇÓ•l ܲ°y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ç°ñ á!îç °Óî ~ÓÇ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚î âê˛yÎ˚–
§˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl 99

~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# G !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î àë˛ˆÏl §%!l!ò≈T˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y ly!°Ü˛y Óy![˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ôÓ˚lñ
§Çáƒy G xÓfiÌylàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ •ÏÎ˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲy[˛ G Ù)ˆÏ° ˆàÔî Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛–
˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ G ܲÜ≈˛ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆàÔîÓ,!Âô •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ xˆÏAàÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚!ôÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛– ܲy¤˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆàÔî çy•zˆÏ°Ù– ܲyˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ ܲy° G àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲy¤˛
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚–

xl%¢#°l#

1. !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl G ܲyç ˆ°ˆÏáy–

2. ܲÜ≈˛ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ §,T˛ ܲ°y xyÓyÓ˚ ܲÜ≈˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~•z Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §•Ùï˛ ˆ˛õy£Ïî
ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. ܲy¤˛° à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛ ˆàÔî Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ƒ
ܲ#⁄
4. !Ó¢ò !ã˛e xAܲˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
åܲä ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ~ÓÇ !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°
åáä ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲy[˛ ~ÓÇ !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲy[˛
5. ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÓyàyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ àySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ó%̊î ܲy[˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃfïÏFSÈò ܲˆÏÓy˚ ~ÓÇ xî%Ó#«˛îΈÏsÓf ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ~!ê˛ ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# Óy !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ܲy[˛⁄ ܲyÓ˚î ò¢≈yG–
6. ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qò xˆÏAàÓ˚ ≤ÃfïÏFSȈÏò !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
åܲä ly!°Ü˛yÓy![˛°à%ˆÏ°y §ÇÎ%=˛ñ •zï˛hflÏï˛ !Ó!«˛Æ˲yˆÏÓ SÈí˛¸yˆÏly ~ÓÇ ˆflœÒˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ܲ°y !l!Ù≈ï˛ Óy![˛°
xyÓÓ˚î# myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ åáä ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛– ~•z í˛z!qò xAà!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
§ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
7. çy•zˆÏ°Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ÙˆÏܲ ç!ê˛° ܲ°y ӈϰ ˆÜ˛l⁄
8. ˛õeÓ˚rô#Î˚ §Çàë˛l åStomatal apparatusä ܲ#⁄ !ã˛!•´ï˛ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ àë˛l Óƒyáƒy
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ܲ°yï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ lyÙ ˆ°ˆÏáy– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ü˛°yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10. xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÓ⁄
11. ˆ˛õ!Ó˚í˛yÙ≈ ܲ#⁄ !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚í˛yÙ≈ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
12. !ã˛!•´ï˛ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÙ˛õ,¤˛˛õyï˛yÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ë˛l Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
100 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xôƒyÎ˚ 7 (CHAPTER 7)
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyl
(STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS)

7.1 ≤Ãyî#ܲ°y xyˆÏàÓ˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyî#çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó!ã˛e ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ~ÓÇ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#Ó §¡∫ˆÏrô ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏlSÈ–
7.2 xAà ~ÓÇ xAàï˛sf ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#ˆÏÓñ ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z §ÙhflÏ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈ ˆÎÙlñ ˛õyã˛lñ Ÿª§l ~ÓÇ çll
7.3 ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y §¡õߨ •Î˚– ç!ê˛° ˆò•àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈§Ù)• !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
7.4 xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y §%!l!ò≈T˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §¡õy!òï˛ •Î˚– •y•zí»˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §Ó˚° ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆò• !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛
7.5 Óƒy. ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Çáƒy §•flÀy!ôܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆò• ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆò•!fiÌï˛ ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ⁄ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢#
≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ xyhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%FSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyç §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ §Çàë˛lˆÏܲ ܲ°y ӈϰ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óy ˆçˆÏl xÓyܲ •ˆÏÓñ §ÙhflÏ ç!ê˛° ˆò•àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏò• ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ã˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ܲ°yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z§ÙhflÏ Ü˛°yà%ˆÏ°y !l!ò≈T˛ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§ (Pattern) §Çà!ë˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ñ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ñ •,Í!˛õu˛ ~ÓÇ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xAàà%ˆÏ°y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ xAà
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛Ôï˛ xÌÓy Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Îy˚ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚y ~ܲe#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
xAàï˛sf àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl ˛õyã˛lï˛sfñ Ÿª§lï˛sf •zï˛ƒy!ò– ˆÜ˛y¢ñ ܲ°yñ xAà ~ÓÇ xAàï˛sf ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ
ܲyÎ≈§Ù)• Ó^˝ê˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ◊Ù!Ó˲yçl ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ≤Ãyî#!ê˛ˆÏܲ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ
ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
7.1 ≤Ãyî#ܲ°y
ܲyÎ≈yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛l !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ܲ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ : (i) xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y (ii) ˆÎyà ܲ°y (iii) ˆ˛õ!¢ ܲ°y (iv) fl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°y–
 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyl 101

7.1.1 xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y

§yôyÓ˚îï˛ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yˆÏܲ ~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚yÙ åÓ•%Óã˛ˆÏl ı ~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚yä ӈϰ– ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ Ù%=˛ ï˛° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
Îy ˆò•ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xÌÓy Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ í˛zß√%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
xÇ¢ !ӈϢˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î Óy xyFSÈyòl àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y âl§!ߨ!ÓT˛ñ §yÙylƒ xyhs˝ıˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚
ôye §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚– ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° §Ó˚° xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔ!àܲ Óy
hflÏÓ˚#Ë)˛ï˛ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y–
§Ó˚° xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y ~ܲhflÏÓ˚!Ó!¢T˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ñ ly°# G ly°#ܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÔ!àܲ Óy hflÏÓ˚#Ë)˛ï˛ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~!ê˛Ó˚ §%Ó˚«˛y ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#
Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙl ~•z xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y cܲˆÏܲ §%Ó˚«˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– §Ó˚° xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚
!ï˛l˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ û (i) xyÑ•z¢yܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y (ii) âlܲyܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yñ (iii) hflÏΩ˛yܲyÓ˚
xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y å!ã˛e 7.1 ˆòˆÏáyä

ã˛ƒy≤Wzy ˆÜ˛y¢
åܲä
âlˆÏܲÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢
åáä

°¡∫yÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢–
åàä åâä

!ã˛e 7.1 §Ó˚° xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y / åܲä xyÑ•¢z yܲyÓ˚ åáä âlܲyܲyÓ˚ åàä hflΩÏ ˛yܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ !§!°Î˚y §Ù!ß∫ï˛ åâä !§!°Î˚yÎ%=˛
hflÏΩ˛yܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢–

xÑy•z¢yܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°yhflÏÓ˚ Îy x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ã˛ƒy≤Wzy ˆÜ˛y¢ !lˆÏÎ˚
à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ܲ°y Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ G Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Óƒy˛õl §•yÎ˚ܲ
xyÓÓ˚î# àë˛ˆÏl xÇ¢ ˆlÎ˚– ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y âlˆÏܲÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚ §!M˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ âlܲyܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ly°#ˆÏï˛ñ Ó,E˛!fiÌï˛ ˆlÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ l°yܲyÓ˚ xLjϢ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%áƒ
ܲyç •° «˛Ó˚î G ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y– Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ˆlÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚y§ÇÓï≈˛ ly°#ܲyÓ˚ (PTC) xyÓÓ˚î# ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢
Ùy•zˆÏܲy!˲°y•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– hflÏΩ˛yܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î#ܲ°y ~ܲhflÏÓ˚ !Ó!¢T˛ °¡∫yñ §Ó˚% ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õyòˆÏòˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ù%=˛≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ Ùy•zˆÏܲy!˲°y•z å«%˛o «%˛o x!˲ˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚
xÇ¢ä ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyܲfiÌ°# G xˆÏsfÓ˚ xhs˝à≈yˆÏe ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y «˛Ó˚î G
ˆ¢y£ÏˆîÏ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Î!ò hflΩÏ ˛yܲyÓ˚ G âlܲyܲyÓ˚ ܲ°yÓ˚ Ù%=˛≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ !§!°Î˚y ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !§!°ˆÏΈ˚ êÏ ˛í˛
xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y Ó°y •Î˚ å!ã˛e 7.1 âä– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲîy§Ù)• ~ÓÇ ˆŸ’‹øyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
!l!ò≈T˛ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y– ~Ó˚y ≤Ãôylï˛ ÊÑ˛y˛õy xAà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xhs˝ıàyˆÏe ˆÎÙl í˛z˛õˆÏÜœ˛yÙ¢yáy G
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°y!˛õÎ˚yl ly°#ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
 102 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

!ܲS%È hflÏΩ˛yܲyÓ˚ xÌÓy âlܲyܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ «˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ

!ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ @˝Ã!rÌÙÎ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 7.2
~ܲˆÏܲy¢# @˝Ã!rÌ ˆòˆÏáyä– ~Ó˚y ≤Ãôylï˛ ò%•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Î˚– ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# @˝Ã!rÌ
˛õ,Ìܲ#Ü,˛ï˛ @˝Ã!rÌÙÎ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ å˛õyã˛l ly!°!fiÌï˛
àÓˆÏ°ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù!T˛ä ~ÓÇ Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢# @˝Ã!rÌ ÈüÈ Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢ §Ù!ß∫ï˛
Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÜ˛y¢à%FSÈ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ @˝Ã!rÌ– @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ó˚î
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ò%•z!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y
åܲä åáä ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎÌy Ó!•/«˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ xhs/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ– Ó!•ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ
!ã˛e 7.2 / @˝Ã!rÌÙÎ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y / åܲä ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# åáä Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# !Ùí˛zܲy§ñ °y°yÓ˚§ñ ܲî≈Ù°ñ ˜ï˛° ˛õòyÌ≈ñ ò%?ôñ ˛õyã˛Ü˛
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛§Ù)• ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y ly!°Ü˛y Óy ly!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§–
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°y ly!°Ü˛y!Ó•#l •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
@˝Ã!ŗÙ)• ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ •° û •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl– ~•z
•Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ §Ç°@¿ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆÎÔ!àܲ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y ~ܲy!ôܲ ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚ åÓ•%hflÏÓ˚#Î˚ä
Ó•% h flÏ Ó ˚ # Î˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ï˛y•z «˛Ó˚ˆÏî ~ÓÇ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏî ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §#!Ùï˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ ¢ Ó˚
§Ù!T˛ å!ã˛e 7.3 ˆòˆÏáyä– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ G Îy!sfܲ xyâyï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §%Ó«˚ ˛y
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y•z ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyç– ~Ó˚y cˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢%‹Ò xyÓÓ˚îñ
Ù%áà•¥ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ xyo≈ xyÓÓ˚îñ à°!Ó° ~ÓÇ °y°y@˝Ã!rÌ G x@¿ƒy¢Î˚
!ã˛e 7.3 / ˆÎÔ!àܲ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xyÓÓ˚î#ˆÏܲ xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
xyÓÓ˚î#ܲ°yÎ˚ §ÓˆÏܲy¢ ~ܲˆÏe xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛
á%Ó §yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xyhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó
≤Ãyî#ܲ°yÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌylà%ˆÏ°y ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õˆÏl §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ≤Ãyî#ܲ°yÎ˚ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà (Cell Junction) ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° ê˛y•zê˛ çyÇ¢yl (Tight Junction)ñ xƒyí˛!•Î˚y!Ó˚Ç çyÇ¢yl (Adhering Junc-
tion) ~ÓÇ àƒy˛õ çyÇ¢yl (Gap Junction)ñ ê˛y•zê˛ çyÇ¢ylà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛°yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚
ã%Ñ˛•zˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ˆÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xƒyí˛!•Î˚y!Ó˚Ç çyÇ¢yl ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù)•ˆÏܲ ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ÇÎ%=˛
Ó˚yˆÏá– àƒy˛õ çyÇ¢l ˛õyŸª≈Óï≈˛# ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ñ xyÎ˚l §Ù)•ñ «%˛o «%˛o xî%
~ÓÇ Ó,•òyܲyÓ˚ xî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ o%ï˛ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
7.1.2 ˆÎyà ܲ°y
ç!ê˛° ˆò•àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ~ÓÇ ˛Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ü˛°y •° ˆÎyàܲ°y– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎyàܲ°y Ó°y •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyç •° ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xlƒylƒ ܲ°y ‡ xˆÏAàÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚y
~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y– ~Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yÙ° ˆÎyàܲ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÎyàܲ°y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙl ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌñ x!fiÌñ ˆÙò ܲ°y ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛– Ó˚=˛ SÈyí˛¸y §Ó ˆÎyàܲ°yÎ˚
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyl 103

ÙƒyˆÏMacro-
ܲyÊ˛yç
phage

ˆÙò §M˛ˆÏ
Fat Î˚Ó˚
storage
Ê˛y•zˆÓÏ yÓœyfiê˛
Fibroblast area
fiÌyl
Collagen !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
Nucleus
fibers
fibres
ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçl ï˛v Plasma
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y
Membrane

åáä
(b)
åܲä
(a) Ùyfiê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢
Mast
cell

!ã˛e 7.4 !¢!Ì° ˆÎyà ܲ°y ı åܲä xƒy!Ó˚G°yÓ˚ ܲ°y åáä ˆÙò ܲ°y–
àyë˛!lܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛v§Ù)• «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçl Óy •z°y§!ê˛l ӈϰ–
~•z ï˛và%!° ܲ°yˆÏܲ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yñ !fiÌ!ï˛fiÌy˛õܲï˛y ~ÓÇ lÙl#Î˚ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛G «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ÓÇ ï˛vÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
çÙy •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ôye å!˲!_ Ó›ä !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎyàܲ°y !ï˛l ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ı å1ä !¢!Ì° ˆÎyàܲ°y å2ä âl ˆÎyàܲ°y å3ä !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛
ˆÎyàܲ°y– !¢!Ì° ˆÎyàܲ°yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ G ï˛v§Ù)• xô≈ ï˛Ó˚° !˲!_Ó›ˆÏï˛
!¢!Ì°Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓlƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ cˆÏܲÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛
xƒy!Ó˚G°yÓ˚ ܲ°y å!ã˛e 7.4 ˆòˆÏáyä– ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ~!ê˛ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏï˛ Ê˛y•zˆÏÓyÓœyfiê˛ åï˛v í˛zͲõyòl G «˛Ó˚îܲyÓ˚# ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•äñ
ÙƒyˆÏܲyÊ˛yç ~ÓÇ Ùyfiê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÙòܲ°y xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢!Ì° ˆÎyàܲ°yñ
åܲä
(a)
Îy ≤Ãôylï˛ cˆÏܲÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÙò §M˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçl ï˛v
Collagen fibre
!ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ï˛Í«˛îyÍ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ly ~Ùl x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˛õ%!T˛ oÓƒà%ˆÏ°y Ê˛ƒyˆÏê˛
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ܲ°yÎ˚ §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– âl ˆÎyàܲ°yÎ˚ ï˛v§Ù)• ~ÓÇ
Ê˛y•zˆÏÓyÓœyfiê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y âl§!ߨ!ÓT˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ï˛và%ˆÏ°y !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ
x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ó˚#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ âl !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ G âl
x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÎyà ܲ°y Ó°y •Î˚–
âl !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÎyàܲ°yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçl ï˛và%ˆÏ°y Ó•% §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ï˛và%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚
ÙyˆÏV˛ §y!Ó˚ÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ– ܲAܲy° ˆ˛õ!¢ G x!fiÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇˆÏÎyà Ó˚«˛yܲyÓ˚#
ܲu˛Ó˚y (Tendon) ~ÓÇ x!fiÌÓ˚ §ˆÏAà x!fiÌÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚# x!fiÌÓrôl#
(Ligament) ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– âl x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÎyà ܲ°yÎ˚ Ê˛y•zˆÏÓyÓœyfiê˛
~ÓÇ Ó•%ï˛v §Ù)• å≤Ãôylï˛ ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçlä xlƒÓ˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– å!ã˛e åáä
(b)
7.5ä– cˆÏܲ ~•z ܲ°y Óï≈˛Ùyl– ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌñ x!fiÌ ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛ •° !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛e 7.5 / âl ˆÎyàܲ°y
åܲä âlÈ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛
!ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ ˆÎyà ܲ°y–
åáä âlÈ Èx!lÎ˚!Ùï˛
 104 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌÓ˚ xyhs˝ıˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ !lˆÏÓ˚ê˛ñ lÙl#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ã˛y˛õˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô §«˛Ù– ~•z

ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y (Chondrocytes) ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y «˛!Ó˚ï˛ ôyˆÏe í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ «%˛o
ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçl ï˛v à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 7.6 ܲ ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ º)ˆÏî x!ôܲyÇ¢
ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌ ˆÜ˛y¢ ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌ §Ù)• ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ x!fiÌ myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– lyˆÏܲÓ˚ x@˝Ã˲yˆÏà ñ
åܲlˆÏí˛»˛y§y•zê˛ä Ó!•ıܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ §!rôˆÏï˛ñ ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛ §Ç°@¿ ܲˆÏ¢Ó˚%ܲyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚
í˛z˛õyAà§Ù)• G •yˆÏï˛ ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌ Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ–
åܲä
x!fiÌà%ˆÏ°y ¢=˛ñ xlÙl#Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒy°!¢Î˚yÙ à!ë˛ï˛ °Óî G ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçl ï˛v§Ù,Âô
!˲!_Ó› §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚ Îy x!fïÏܲ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 7.6 á ˆòˆÏáyä– ≤Ãôylï˛
~•z ܲ°y•z ˆò•ÈüÈܲyë˛yˆÏÙy àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– x!fiÌ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yÙ°ï˛Ó˚ ܲ°y G xAà §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
˲yÓ˚ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §%Ó˚«˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– x!fïÏܲy¢ §Ù)• (Osteocytes) ˆÎ
ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌyˆÏl Óï˛≈Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ °ƒyÜ%˛ly ӈϰ– ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò#â≈ x!fiÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
í˛z˛õyAàÈüÈx!fiÌà%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛– ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~Ó˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛
åáä x!fiÌ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌG ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È x!fiÌÓ˚ x!fiÌÙIy Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲyÓ˚
í˛zͲõ!_ fiÌ° !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ°y!•ï˛
RBC Ó˚=˛ •° Ó˚=˛Ó˚§ñ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲyñ ˆŸªï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy G xl%ã˛!ܲܲyÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚
Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy
à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚° ˆÎyà ܲ°y å!ã˛e 7.6 à ˆòˆÏáyä– ~!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl §ÇÓ•lܲyÓ˚#
xî%ã˛!ܲܲy
Platelets
ï˛Ó˚° Îy !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Æò¢ G xT˛yò¢ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
ˆŸªï˛WBC
Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy Ó˚=˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÓ˚G çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
åàä
7.1.3 ˆ˛õ!¢Ü˛°y ı
!ã˛e 7.6 / !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ ˆÎyàܲ°y
ܲä ï˛Ó%̊îy!fiÌ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ Ó•% §ÇáƒÜ˛ ò#â≈ ˆÓ°lyܲyÓ˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓlƒhflÏ ï˛v myÓ˚y
áä x!fiÌ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z ï˛và%ˆÏ°y xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y §)- ï˛vÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ
àä Ó˚=˛ ÙyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•z!Ó°– í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l âˆÏê˛ å˜òâ≈ƒ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚äñ
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ !¢!Ì° •Î˚ å˜òâ≈ƒ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ä G §Ùß∫Î˚# SȈϮ (Coordinated
fashion) ~Ó˚y §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
§ˆÏAà áy˛õ áyGÎ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyl ÓçyÎ˚
Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ˛õ!¢ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ G !¢!Ì° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ã˛°l âê˛yÎ˚– §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ §Ó
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ˛õ!¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ §!ܲÎ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ˛õ!¢ !ï˛l ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
û x!fiÌ ˆ˛õ!¢ñ Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢ G •,òˆÏ˛õ!¢–

x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ!¢ x!fiÌ Ü˛AܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !l!Óí˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ÇÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈

ˆ˛õ!¢ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈÓy•zˆÏ§˛õ§‰ §ˆÏÓ˚á x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲˆÏe à%FSÈÓÂô •ˆÏÎ˚
§Ùyhs˝Ó˚y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 7.7 ܲ ˆòˆÏáyä– ~Ùl xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛v
à%FSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ xlÙl#Î˚ ˆÎyçܲܲ°yÓ˚ xyFSÈyòl myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– å20ï˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÓ˚G çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓä–
 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyl 105

Smooth
Ù§,î ˆÓ˚áyAܲl
Striations
ˆÓ˚áyAܲl
Striations muscle
ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛v
fibers
!lí˛z
!Üœ˛Î˚y§
Nucleus

Junction
˛õyŸª≈Óï≈˛# ˆÜ˛y¢
between
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
Nucleus §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
adjacent
§ÇˆÏ ÎyàfiÌ°
cells

åܲä åáä åàä

!ã˛e 7.7 / ˆ˛õ!¢Ü˛°y / åܲä x!fiÌ å§ˆÏÓ˚áä ˆ˛õ!¢ ܲ°y åáä §Ù,î ˆ˛õ!¢Ü˛°y åàä •,òˆÏ˛õ!¢ ܲ°y–

Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛và%ˆÏ°y í˛z˲Î˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ §Ñ)ã˛yˆÏ°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˆÓ˚áyAܲl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly å!ã˛e
7.7 á ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàà%ˆÏ°y ~•z ï˛và%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°y à%FSÈ
ÓÂô •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎyçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ xyFSÈyòˆÏl xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ó˚=˛Óy•ñ ˛õyܲfiÌ°# G xˆÏsÓf ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î xAà§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚
≤ÃyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ ܲ°y Óï˛≈Ùyl– Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢ x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ xÌ≈yÍ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÎ˚sfî
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l ˆÎÙl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •zFSÈyô#l ˆ§•zÓ˚)˛õ Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
•zFSÈyô#l lÎ˚–
•,òˆÏ˛õ!¢ ܲ°y •° ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l¢#° ܲ°y Îy ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚
§ÇˆÏÎyàà%ˆÏ°y •,ÍˆÏ˛õ!¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛và%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Ó˚yˆÏá
å!ã˛e 7.7 à ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Ó˚«˛yܲyÓ˚# §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ°à%ˆ° Ï y å•zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛°yˆÏê˛í˛ !í˛flÒä !ܲS%È !ܲS%È §ÇˆÏÎyàfïϰ
•,ÍˆÏ˛õ!¢ˆÏܲ ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍ Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛ál ~Ó˚ ˛õyŸª≈Óï≈˛# ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yG
§ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚–

7.1.4 fl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°y ı xƒy:l

˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl¨yÎ%̊ܲ°y
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y !lÎ˚sfܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲܲ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl Óy fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏ_çl«˛Ù ˆÜ˛y¢– §• ˆÜ˛y¢
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Óy!ܲ xÇ¢ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!@’Î˚y ˆÜ˛y¢ñ ˆò•
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yîà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §%Ó˚«˛y G §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏô≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ xÇ¢•z
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!@’Î˚y òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ !ã˛e 7.8–
Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ î ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ !@’Îy˚
ï˛!í˛¸Í !Ó¢,C°y Óy !Ó§ÙÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ Îy o%ï˛ ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y !ã˛e 7.8 / fl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°y å!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!@’Î˚y §• !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yîä
ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
106 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~•z ï˛!í˛¸Í !Ó¢,C°y Óy !Ó§ÙÓï≈˛l !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï≤Ãyhs˝ Óy xyí˛zê˛˛õ%ê˛ ˆçyˆÏl ˆ˛õÑÔSȈϰ ˆ§•z âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°y
âê˛ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy §Ç°@¿ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yî Óy xlƒylƒ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Óy xÓò!Ùï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ å21 ï˛Ù
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓä–

7.2 xAà ~ÓÇ xAàï˛sf

í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ܲ°y§Ù)• §ÇâÓÂô •ˆÏÎ˚ xAà àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y•z §!¡ø!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xAàï˛sf
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ç#ÓˆÏò• àë˛lܲyÓ˚# °«˛ °«˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÓ˚G ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G í˛zß¨ï˛ §Ùß∫y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚
çlƒ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Çàë˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xAà ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ܲ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •,Í!˛õ[˛ ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ܲ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ÎÌy xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yñ ˆÎyà ܲ°yñ
ˆ˛õ!¢ ܲ°y G fl¨yÎ%̊ܲ°y– §Îb xôƒÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛yG °«˛ ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ xAà G xAàï˛sfàˆ% ° Ï yÓ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚
xy˛õyï˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z xy˛õyï˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ !ÓÓï˛≈lç!lï˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ӈϰ åˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
myò¢ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸ˆÓÏ ä x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Çàë˛l G ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚#ï˛y
ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xAà§ÇfiÌyl G ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏly •ˆÏFSÈ– ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚
ò,¢ƒÙyl Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óy àë˛l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xôƒÎ˚l•z •° xAà §ÇfiÌyl– í˛z!qò G xl%ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ xAà§ÇfiÌyl ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy!ê˛ ¢%ôÙ% ye ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z xÌ≈yÍ ò,¢ƒÙyl Óy!•ƒÜ˛ àë˛lˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛ xAà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy ˆò•yLjϢÓ˚ ò,¢ƒÙyl Óy!•ƒÜ˛ Ó˚)˛õ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î
xAà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒG xˆÏÙÓ˚%ò[˛# G ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y ~ÓÇ
ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ xAà §ÇfiÌyl G ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl çylˆÏÓ–

7.3 ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y (Earth Worm)

ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y ô)§Ó˚ °y° ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xˆÏÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ≤Ãyî# Îy ˆË˛çy §Ñƒyï˛§ÑƒyˆÏï˛ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚hflψÏÓ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y Ùy!ê˛ áÑ%ˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛ à°yôıܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ àï≈˛ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ~•z àï≈˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛•z
Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ hfl)Ï˛õ#Ü,˛ï˛ (Worm Casting) !Ó¤˛y ˆòˆÏá•z ÓyàyˆÏl ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÊ˛!Ó˚!ê˛Ùy (Pheretima) ~ÓÇ °%!¡∫…ܲy§ (Lumbricus) •° ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãçy!ï˛–

7.3.1 Ó!•Ó˚yÜ,˛!ï˛ (Morphology)

ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆò• °¡∫yñ l°yܲyÓ˚ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ¢ï˛y!ôܲ «%˛oñ §ò,¢ á[˛ˆÏܲ !Ó˲=˛ åˆÙê˛y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ Óy á[˛Ü˛ñ ÎyÓ˚
§Çáƒy 100-120!ê˛ä– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xl%˜òÏ â≈ƒ x«˛ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛°!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ àyì˛¸ Ùôƒ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ˆÓ˚áy å˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ Ó˚=˛Óy•ä
myÓ˚y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xAܲ#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ° çll!SȈÏoÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ~•z ï˛°ˆÏܲ ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ã˛lˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– °yAàˆÏ°Ó˚ Ê˛°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyǧ° á[˛Ü˛˛ Îy ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%á!SÈoˆÏܲ ˆì˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏá ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏfiê˛y!ÙÎ˚y٠ӈϰ– ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ Ê˛yê˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~Ùl àï≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ã˛°yã˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ≤ÃyˆÏfiê˛y!ÙÎ˚yÙ §ÇK˛yÓ• xAàÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ
á[˛Ü˛!ê˛ •° ˆ≤ÃyˆÏfiê˛y!ÙÎ˚yÙñ Îy Ù%á!SÈo §¡∫!°ï˛ •Î˚–
 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyl 107

ˆ≤ÃyˆÏfiê˛y!ÙÎ˚yÙ
ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆfiÏ ê˛y!ÙÎ˚yÙ

!§ê˛y xAà%Ó˚#
!§ê˛y
åàä
Ù%á!SÈo Üœ˛y•zˆÏê˛°yÙ flf# çll
Üœ˛y•zˆÏê˛°yÙ !SÈo

ˆÎÔl ˛õ%Ó%̊£Ï
ˆÙê˛y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛
˛õƒy!˛õ°y çll
xAà
õyÎ˚%!SÈo

xl% ≤ ÃfiÌ áÑ y ç
Óy xƒy!lí˛z!°

åܲä åá˛ä
!ã˛e 7.9 ı ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆò• ı åÜ˛ä ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ò,¢ƒ åá˛ä xAܲ#Î˚ ò,¢ƒ åàä Ù%á!SȈÏoÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ò,¢ƒ–

~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ 14Èü16 ï˛Ù á[˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ã!rÌÙÎ˚ ܲ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%flõT˛ àyì˛¸ ˛õ!R myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Üœ˛y•zˆÏê˛°y٠ӈϰ– ï˛y•z ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆò• !ï˛l!ê˛ §%flõT˛ xM˛ˆÏ° !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ û !≤ÃÜœ˛y•zˆÏê˛°yÓ˚
á[˛ñ Üœ˛y•zˆÏê˛°yÓ˚ á[˛˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õyT˛ Üœ˛y•zˆÏê˛°yÓ˚ á[˛˛ å!ã˛e 7.9 ˆòˆÏáyä–
xyhs˝/á[˛Ü˛ áÑyˆÏçÓ˚ å5Ù ÈüÈ 9Ù á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ä xAܲ#Î˚ ˛õyŸª≈ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏçyí˛¸y flõyÙ≈y!Ìܲy !SÈo Óï≈˛Ùyl–
ã˛ï%˛ò≈¢ ˆò• á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙôƒxAܲ#Î˚ ˆÓ˚áyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ flf#çll !SÈo í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛– xT˛yò¢ á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xAܲ#Î˚
˛õyŸª≈ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ˛õ%Ç çll !SÈo Óï≈˛Ùyl– ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ «%˛oy!ï˛«%˛o !SÈo Óy ˆl!Ê˛!í˛GˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ ˆò•ï˛ˆÏ° í˛zß√%=˛
•Î˚– ≤ÃÌÙ á[˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Üœ˛y•zˆÏê˛°yÙ xM˛° Óƒï˛#ï˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆò•á[˛ˆÏܲ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ‘S’ xyÜ,˛!ï˛
!Ó!¢T˛ !§ê˛yÓ˚ §y!Ó˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚ Ü)˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆ≤Ãy!Ìï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !§ê˛y
≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Óy ≤Ãï˛ƒy•,ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%áƒ Ü˛yç •° àÙˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y–
7.3.2 ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl (Anatomy)
ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆò• xyÓÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y xˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ xyÓÓ˚î# myÓ˚y ì˛yܲy ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚
ï˛°ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ !ÓòƒÙyl– ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!وϧÓ˚ ï˛°ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ò%•z!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢hflÏÓ˚ åã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zÕ‘¡∫ä ÌyˆÏܲ
~ÓÇ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ !§ˆÏ°y!Ùܲ ~!˛õ!Ì!°Î˚yÙ– ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ ~ܲhflÏÓ˚ !Ó!¢T˛ hflÏΩ˛yܲyÓ˚ ~!˛õ!Ì!°Î˚yÙ
ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ «˛Ó˚î@˝Ã!rÌ !ÓòƒÙyl–
 108 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ§yçy l°!ӈϢ£Ï– ~!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚

≤ÃÌÙ á[˛Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ¢£Ï á[˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ å!ã˛e 7.10ä–

Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙ¢yˆÏly ˜çÓÓ› ~ÓÇ ˛õã˛yà°y °ï˛y˛õyï˛y•z

ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ áyòƒÓ›– ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ àye ˆÌˆÏܲ !l/§,ï˛
1
2 Mouth Ù%á!SÈo ܲƒy°!§ˆÏ Ê ˛Ó˚ y § @˝ à !rÌÓ˚ «˛Ó˚ î !•í˛z Ù yˆÏ § í˛z ˛ õ!fiÌï˛ !•í˛z! Ùܲ
3
4 xƒy!§í˛ˆÏܲ ≤â!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xsf 15ï˛Ù á[˛Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
5
6 à°!Ó°
Pharynx
ˆ¢£Ï á[˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ 26 ï˛Ù áˆÏ[˛ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y
7 ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ¢yAܲÓyÜ,˛!ï˛ xy!sfܲ !§Ü˛y xˆÏsfÓ˚ àye ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
8
@˝Ãy§ly!°
Oesophagus xyˆÏ§– ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˆò• á[˛Ü˛!ê˛ SÈyí˛¸y 26 ï˛Ù á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
9
10 23ÈüÈ25!ê˛ ˆò•á[˛Ü˛ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ Ìyܲy xˆÏsfÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ˛õ,¤˛ ≤ÃyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!àçyí≈˛
Gizzard
11 ÙyV˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ËÑ˛yˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ñ ~•z ËÑ˛yç!ê˛ˆÏܲ
12
13 õyܲfiÌ°#
Stomach !ê˛Ê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏ§y° ӈϰ– ~!ê˛ xˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˆ¢y£Ïî ï˛° Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛
14 §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!° ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
15 Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ ˛õyÎ˚%!SÈo ӈϰ– ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ áyòƒ@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚
16
17 xˆÏsfÓ˚ !≤Ã!ê˛ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚ ˜çÓ ˛õòyÌ≈ !Ù!◊ï˛ Ùy!ê˛ Îál ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!°˛õÌ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù
Pre-typhlosolar
18 part of intestine
ˆ§y°yÓ˚ xÇ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ˛õyã˛lly!°ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ç!ê˛° ˜çÓ
19
20 Ó›ˆÏܲ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ §Ó˚° ˆ¢y£Ïî«˛Ù ~ܲˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
21
22
§Ó˚° ˜çÓ xî%à%ˆÏ°y xˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õò≈y myÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˜çÓ!lܲ
Intestinal
xy!sfܲ !§Ü˛y
23 caecum !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
24
25 ˆÊ˛!Ó˚!ê˛ÙyÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓ•l ï˛sf ÓÂô ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚– ~!ê˛ •,Í!˛õ[˛ñ
26
!°fl≥˛ @˝Ã!rÌgland
Lymph Ó˚=˛Óy• ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛ çy°Ü˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ å!ã˛e 7.11ä– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ó˚=˛
27
28 xˆÏTyphlosolar
sfÓ˚ !ê˛Ê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏ§y°yÓ˚ xÇ¢ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf ÓÂô ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛y•z Ó˚=˛ •,Í!˛õ[˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z
29 part of intestine §#ÙyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ– •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l Ó˚=˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z!òˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛
30
xˆÏsfÓ˚ °%lumen
Intestinal ˆÏÙl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Ó˚=˛Óy•à%ˆÏ°y Ó˚=˛ˆÏܲ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ñ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ I%˛
31
32 ~ÓÇ ˆò• ≤ÃyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ñ ˛õM˛Ù ~ÓÇ £Ï¤˛
33 !ê˛Ê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏ§y°
Typhlosole
á[˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚=˛ @˝Ã!rÌ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~•z @˝Ã!rÌà% ˆÏ°y Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲy ~ÓÇ
34
!•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ≤’yçÙyÎ˚ Óy Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– Ó˚=˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Ê˛ƒyˆÏày§y•z!ê˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•
!ã˛e ı 7.10 / ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%!l!ò≈T˛ Ÿª§l xAà ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• àƒy§#Î˚ xyòyl
≤Ãòyl §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆË˛çy ˆò•ï˛° ~ÓÇ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛– ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚
ˆÓ˚ã˛l xAà •° ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y Ü%˛[˛°#Ü,˛Èï˛ ly!°Ü˛yñ ~ˆÏܲ ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y
å~ܲÓã˛lÈüȈl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚yÙä ӈϰ– ~Ó˚y !l!ò≈T˛ á[˛Ü˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# §!Iï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyl 109

˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ @˝Ãy§ly°#Î˚
˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ Ó˚=˛Óy• ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ •,Í!˛õ[˛˛
•,Í!˛õ[˛

ܲ!Ù!¢GÓ˚y°
Ó˚=˛Óy•

xô/ fl¨yÎ˚%
Ó˚=˛Óy•
˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ @˝Ãy§ly°#Î˚
Ó˚=˛Óy• xAܲ#Î˚ §¡ø%áfiÌ °%˛õ
Ó˚=˛Óy•
!ã˛e 7.11 / ÓÂô Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf

ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ û (i) ˆ§≤Wzy° ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y (Septal

Nephredia) / ~•z ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ 15ï˛Ù á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# á[˛Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï á[˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyhs˝/á[˛Ü˛
Ù%á!SÈo
ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ܲ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õyˆÏŸª≈Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §Ç°@¿ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xˆÏsf í˛zß√%=˛
Ù%áà•¥Ó˚ à°!Ó°#Î˚ •Î˚– (ii) •zˆrÏ ê˛à%ˆÙÏ rê˛y!Ó˚ ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y (Integumentary Nephiredia)ı
ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y
à°!Ó° ly!°Ü˛y ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆlˆÏÊ˛!í˛Î˚y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ á[˛Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy!ܲ §ÙhflÏ
á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆò•≤ÃyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆò•≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚=˛@˝Ã!rÌ à°!Ó°#Î˚
í˛zß√%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– (iii) ˆÊ˛!Ó˚l‰!çˆÏÎ˚° ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y (Pharyngeal
ˆl!Ê˛!í˛ÎẙàF% S
Nephedia) ı ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !ï˛lˆÏçyí˛¸y ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ñ ˛õM˛Ù ~ÓÇ
£Ï¤˛ ˛ ˆò•á[˛ˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 7ñ 12ä @˝Ãy§ly!°Ó˚ ò%•z ˛õyˆÏ¢ à%FSÈyܲyˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl
cܲ#Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ àë˛làï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z
ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆò• ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ âlc !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl
âl§!ߨ!ÓT˛ Ê˛yˆÏl°yÜ,˛!ï˛ xÇ¢ !§ˆÏ°y!Ùܲ à•¥Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ï˛Ó˚° §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ–˚
cܲ#Î˚ ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛yˆÏl°yÜ,˛!ï˛ xÇ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ ly!°Ü˛y xLjϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y
ˆÎáyl ˆÌˆÏܲ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈Î=% ˛ ï˛Ó˚° ~ܲ!ê˛ !SȈoÏ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆò• ≤ÃyܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ˆ§≤Wzy°
ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!°Ó˚ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ !l!«˛Æ •Î˚–
ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf Ù)°ï˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ á[˛ˆÏܲ xÓ!fiÌï˛ àƒyÇ!°Î˚y
Îy xAܲ#Î˚ Î%@¬ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xAܲ#Î˚ xLjϢ
!ã˛e 7.12 ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚yï˛sf– åï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ á[˛Ü˛ä fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚I%!ê˛ !má![˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ à°!Ó°ˆÏܲ
˛õyŸª≈#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓT˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˆ§!Ó˚Óy° àƒyÇ!°Î˚ˆÏlÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl¨yÎ%̊Ó°Î˚ (nerve ring) àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– fl¨yÎ%̊Ó°ˆÏÎ˚
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ àƒyÇ!°Î˚y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ fl¨yÎ˚% §!ß√!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò xyàï˛
§ÇK˛yÓ• í˛zj#˛õly ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ §yí˛¸y çyàyˆÏlyÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòÎ˚–
110 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ã˛«%˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ !ܲv xyˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ flõ¢≈ §ÇˆÏÓò#

xAà å@˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ä !ÓòƒÙyl ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~Ó˚y xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï˛#Óï˛y ~ÓÇ
Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ܲ¡õl xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
@˝Ãy•Ü˛ Óy (Chemoreceptor) fl∫yò @˝Ãy•Ü˛ !ÓòƒÙyl Îy Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ §yí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚– ~•z K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚àˆ% ° Ï y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §ß√%á xLjϢ
xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ•z ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ¢%ܲy¢Î˚ ~ÓÇ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ í˛z˲Î˚•z í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲyÎ˚
~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˲!°Aà (Hermapholia) ӈϰ å!ã˛e 7.13ä– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
ò¢Ù ~ÓÇ ~ܲyò¢ á[˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ¢%ܲy¢Î˚ !ÓòƒÙyl ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
flõyÙ≈y!Ìܲy ˲y§ !í˛Ê˛yˆÏÓ˚!™Î˚y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xT˛yò¢ á[˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏfiê˛ê˛
@˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ly!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚– ò%•zˆÏçyí˛¸y §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ (acces-
sory glands) ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆçyí˛¸y §ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ í˛z!l¢ï˛Ù á[˛ˆÏܲ
¢%ܲy¢Î˚ Ì!°§•
¢%ܲy¢Î˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏfiê˛ê˛ @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ly!° ~ÓÇ flõyÙ≈y!ê˛Ü˛ ly!° å˲y§!í˛Ê˛yˆÏÓ!˚ ™Î˚yä Îy
flõy!Ù≈!í˛í˛zܲƒy° §yôyÓ˚î ly!° !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ˛õ%Ççll !SȈoÏ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ã%˛!Aà
ˆ§!Ùly° xT˛yò¢ á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xAܲ#Î˚ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚–
ˆË˛!§Ü˛ƒy° ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏçyí˛¸y flõyÙ≈y!Ìܲy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ £Ï¤˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ lÓÙ á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ á[˛ˆÏܲ
!í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– flõyÙ≈y!Ìܲyñ §AàÙܲyˆÏ° ¢%ܲyî% @˝Ã•î
!í˛¡∫ã%˛!Aà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §!M˛ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏá– myò¢ ~ÓÇ eˆÏÎ˚yò¢ á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyhs˝ á[˛Ü˛
!í˛¡∫ly!° ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
˲y§y !í˛Ê˛yˆÏÓ˚l!§Î˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !í˛¡∫y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !í˛¡∫ã%˛!Aà (Ovarian faunels)
§•yÎ˚ܲ @˝Ã!rÌ !ÓòƒÙyl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y Ó!ô≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !í˛¡∫ly!° (Ovidnct) àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
§yôyÓ˚î ˆ≤ÃyˆÏfiê˛!ê˛Ü !í˛¡∫ly!° ò%!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ fiÌyˆÏl Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲܲ ly!° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ flõyÙ≈y!ê˛Ü˛ ly!° flf# çll!SÈo ÙyÓ˚Ê˛ï˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ã˛ï%˛ò≈¢ á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xAܲ#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚–
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏfiê˛ê˛ @˝Ã!rÌ §AàÙܲyˆÏ° ò%!ê˛ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢%ܲyî%Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ âˆÏê˛–
§AàˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛
çll !SÈo ˛õˆÏÌ ~ܲà%FSÈ ¢%ܲyî% xyòyl ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z çll !SÈoà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ
flõyÙ≈yˆÏê˛yˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚ (Spermatophores) ӈϰ– Üœ˛y•zˆÏê˛°yÙ!fiÌï˛
!ã˛e 13.7 ı ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ çllï˛sf– @˝Ã!rÌÙÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yÜ%˛l à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ¢%ܲyî%ñ
!í˛¡∫yî% ~ÓÇ ˛õ%!T˛ ï˛Ó˚° Ï çÙy ÌyˆÏܲ– Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ çˆÏÙ Ìyܲy ˆÜ˛yÜ%˛là%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !lˆÏ£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î âˆÏê˛– ˆÜ˛yÜ%˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢%ܲyî%ˆÏܲy¢à%ˆÏ°y
!í˛¡∫yî%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !l!£Ï=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§
Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Óy Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ çÙy •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yÜ%˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ º%î
!ÓòƒÙyl– ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ï˛l §Æy• ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yÜ%˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%•z ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü%˛!í˛¸!ê˛
ÓyFã˛y ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y åàí˛¸˛õÓ˚ï˛y 4!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓä˚ !là≈ï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ˆÜ˛yl
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ °yË≈˛y ò¢y SÈyí˛¸y•z §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ âˆÏê˛–
 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyl 111

ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yˆÏܲ Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ Órô% Ó°y •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚y Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ àï≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏܲ xy°ày ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Óô≈l¢#°
Ù)°ˆÏܲ Ÿª§ˆÏl ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y myÓ˚y Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y Ó,!Âô
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˲y!Ù≈ܲˆÏ¡õy!fiê˛Ç ӈϰ– !SÈˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ÙySÈ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛ÑˆÏã˛yˆÏܲ ˆê˛y˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
7.4 xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y (Cock Roach)
xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y Óyòy!Ù Óy ܲyˆÏ°y ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ñ xyˆÏÌ≈yˆÏ˛õyí˛y ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ˛õï˛Aà ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#– ܲyhs˝#Î˚ xM˛°§Ù)ˆÏ•
í˛zIµ° •°%òñ °y° G §Ó%ç ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ §rôylG ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ •z!M˛Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚
˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲ˲yà ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛l •z!M˛ (0.6 – 7.6 cm) ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ò#â≈ ¢%Aàñ
˛õy ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÃyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛ƒy≤Wzy ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ xÇ¢ Îy ÙhflܲˆÏܲ ˆì˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~Ó˚y !l¢yã˛Ó˚ñ §Ó≈Ë%˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y
§yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛•z §Ñƒyï˛ §ÑƒyˆÏï˛ fiÌyˆÏl Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ âˆÏÓ˚G ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛y•z ~Ó˚y
ÙyÓ˚ydܲ ˆ˛õfiê˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Óy•Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
7.4.1 xAà§ÇfiÌyl ı Morphology
Periplaneta americana xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ x!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛– í˛yly§• ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈yAà xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y
≤ÃyÎ˚ 34-53mm °¡∫y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛ylyà%ˆÏ°y í˛zòˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G
≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ ˆò• á[˛Ü˛ !Ó!¢T˛ ~ÓÇ ÙhflÏܲñ Ó«˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zòÓ˚ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ §%flõT˛ xM˛ˆÏ°
!Ó˲=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 7.14 ˆòˆÏáyä ~Ó˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˆò•!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢=˛ ܲy•z!ê˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ Ó!•/ܲAܲy° åÓyòyÙ# ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ä
myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ á[˛ˆÏܲ Ó!•/ܲAܲy°!ê˛ ¢=˛ ˆ≤’ê˛ !l!Ù≈ï˛ ~ˆÏܲ ˆflœÒÓ˚y•zê˛ å˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ˆflœÒÓ˚y•zê˛ˆÏܲ
ê˛yÓ˚çy•zê˛§ ~ÓÇ xAܲ#Î˚ ˆflœÒÓy˚ •zê˛ˆÏܲ fiê˛yÓ˚ ly•zê˛§ä ӈϰ– ˆflœÒÓy˚ •zê˛à%ˆ°
Ï y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y
lÙl#Î˚ xy!ê≈˛Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ˛õò≈y åxˆÏÌ≈y!í˛Î˚y° ˛õò≈yä myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–

§)eyܲyÓ˚ ¢%Aà
˛õ%Oy!«˛ ÙhÙhflflÜÏ ÜÏ ˛ ˛

ˆê˛à!Ùly
ˆê˛à!Ùly
ˆÙˆÏ§yˆÏÌyÓ˚y:
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÌyÓ˚y: xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ ˛õy
˛õŸã˛yòí˛yly
˛õŸã˛yÍ í˛yly
ˆÙê˛yˆÏÌyÓ˚y:
ˆÙˆÏ§yˆÏÌyÓ˚y: xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ ˛õy

ˆÙê˛yˆÏÌyÓ˚y: ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ ˛õy– í˛zòÓ˚ÌyÓ˚y!§Ü˛ í˛yly í˛zòÓ˚

ˆÙê˛yˆÏ
xƒyly°
xƒyly°§yÓ˚
§yÓ˚Ü!§˛y§

!ã˛e 7.14 / xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ Ó!•Ó˚yÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ àë˛l

112 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ÙhflÏܲ !eˆÏܲyîyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §¡ø%á ˲yˆÏà xl%˜Ïòâ≈ƒ ˆò•xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÙˆÏܲyˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ– SÈÎ˚!ê˛
á[˛Ü˛ ~ܲˆÏe !Ù!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÙhflÏܲ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ @˝Ã#Óy!ê˛ lÙl#Î˚ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ÙhflÏܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ §Ó!òˆÏܲ §M˛y!°ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÙhflÏܲ xLjϢ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ˛õ%Oy!«˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ã˛«%˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á˲yˆÏà xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ §ˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y §)eyܲyÓ˚ ¢%Aà í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ¢%Aàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÇˆÏÓò# @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ≤Ãyî#!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ xÓfiÌy
xyÑã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙhflψÏܲÓ˚ §¡ø%á˲yˆÏà !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyAà ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y áyòƒˆÏܲ xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
!ã˛Ó%ˆÏï˛ Óy ã˛Ó≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# Ù%á í˛z˛õyAà àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù%á í˛z˛õyAàà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ °ƒyÓyÙ
åí˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒäñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°!ÓÎ˚yÙ å!l¡¨ G¤˛ä ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y Ùƒy!u˛Ó°§‰ G ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y Ùƒy!:°y !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
Ù%á í˛z˛õyAà myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!T˛ï˛ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# lÙl#Î˚ á[˛Ü˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy •y•zˆÏ˛õyÊ˛ƒy!Ó˚Ç: !•§yˆÏÓ
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 7.15 á ˆòˆÏáyä– Ó«˛ˆÏò¢ !ï˛l!ê˛ xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ û x@˝ÃÓ«˛ Óy ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÌyÓ˚y:ñ ÙôƒÓ«˛ Óy
ˆÙˆÏ§yˆÏÌyÓ˚y: ~ÓÇ ˛õŸã˛yò‰Ó«˛ Óy ˆÙê˛yˆÏÌyÓ˚y:– ÙhflÜÏ ˛!ê˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÌyÓ˚yˆÏ:Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o ≤ð!¡∫ï˛ xLjϢÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
Ó«˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ @˝Ã#Óy ӈϰ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó«˛á[˛Ü˛ •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y
˛õy ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÌÙˆÏçyí˛¸y í˛yly ÙôƒÓ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ ˆçyí˛¸y!ê˛ ˛õŸã˛yÍ Ó«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
x@˝Ãí˛yly Óy ˆÙˆÏ§yˆÏÌyÓ˚y!§Ü˛ í˛ylyˆÏܲ ˆê˛à!Ùly Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z í˛ylyˆÏçyí˛¸y xfl∫FSÈ ã˛Ù≈ÓÍñ ܲy°ˆÏã˛ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ˛õŸã˛yÍ í˛ylyˆÏçyí˛¸yˆÏܲ !Ó◊yÙÓ˚ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏá– ˛õŸã˛yÍ í˛ylyˆÏçyí˛¸y Gí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚– flf# G ˛õ%Ó%̊£Ï í˛z˲Î˚ xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚•z í˛zòÓ˚ xÇ¢ ò¢!ê˛ á[˛Ü˛ !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– flf# xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ §ÆÙ fiê˛yÓ˚lyÙ!ê˛
ˆlÔܲyÜ,˛!ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ xT˛Ù G lÓÙ fiê˛yÓ˚lyÙ!ê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ çllÌ!° Óy Ó%í˛ ˛õyí˛zã˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~Ó˚ §¡ø%á xÇ¢ flf# çll!SÈoñ flõyÙ≈y!Ìܲy° !SÈo G ˆÜ˛y°ƒyê˛yˆÏÓ˚° @˝Ã!rÌ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yˆÏï˛ çll
≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ Óy Ì!° í˛zòˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õŸã˛yÍ xLjϢ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ !òˆÏܲ lÓÙ G ò¢Ù ê˛yà≈y myÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xAܲ#Î˚ !òˆÏܲ lÓÙ
fiê˛yÓ˚lyÙ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õyÎ˚%ñ xAܲ#Î˚!òˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ççll!SÈo ~ÓÇ ˆàylyˆÏ˛õy Ê˛y•z!§§
ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ%Ó£%̊ Ï xyÓ˚ˆ¢Ï y°yˆÏï˛ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y «%˛o §)eyܲyÓ˚ xƒyly° fiê˛y•z° ÌyˆÏܲ Îy flf# xyÓ˚ˆ¢Ï y°yˆÏï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛–
˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï G flf# xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ ò¢Ù á[˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y §!rô° ï˛vÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àë˛l ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xƒyly° §yÓ˚!§
(Anal Cerci) Ó°y •Î˚–

GˆÏ§°y§
Ocellus
õ%Oy!«˛
Compound eye

ã˛Ó≈ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç
Grinding
°ƒyÓyÙ
Labrum
region
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ xÇ¢
Incising
Ùƒy!u˛Ó°‰ region
Mandible Ùƒy!u˛Ó°‰
Mandible

•y•zˆ˛õÏ yÊ˛ƒy!ÓÇ̊:
Hypopharynx

Ùƒy!:°y
Maxilla

Ùƒy!u˛Ó°‰
Mandible

°ƒyÓyÙ
Labrum

Ùƒy!:°y
Maxilla ˆ°!ÓÎ˚
yÙ
Labium Ùƒy!:°y
Maxilla
(a) ˆ°!ÓÎ˚yÙ
Labium
(b)

!ã˛e 7.15 / xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ ÙhflÏܲ ı åܲä ÙhflψÏܲÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ åáä Ù%á í˛z˛õyAà
 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyl 113

7.4.2 ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ fiÌyl à°!Ó°

Pharynx
°y°y@˝gland
Salivary Ã!rÌ
ˆò•à•¥Ó˚!fiÌï˛ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°!ê˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ xLjϢ !Ó˲=˛ x@˝ÃˆÏ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛
ly!°ñ ÙôƒˆÏ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!° ~ÓÇ ˛õŸã˛yÍ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!° å!ã˛e 7.16 Salivary
°y°y Ì!°
eservoir
ˆòˆÏáyä– Ù%á!SÈo!ê˛ «%˛o l°yܲyÓ˚ à°!ӈϰ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛
@˝Ãy§ly°#
Oesophagus
~ܲ!ê˛ ÌˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùï˛ xLjϢ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚– ܲ˛õ áyòƒ §M˛ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚– ܲˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xÇ¢ •° !àçyí≈˛ xÌÓy ˆ≤ÃyˆÏí˛!rê˛Ü%˛°y§– ܲ˛õ
Crop
!àçyˆÏí˛≈ Ó˚ Ó!•/hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ fiÌ)° Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó%̊ x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î
!ܲí˛z!ê˛Ü˛° 6!ê˛ Ü˛y•z!ê˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ ˆ≤’ê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ òÑyï˛ Ó°y !àçyí≈˛
Gizzard

•Î˚– !àçyí≈˛ áyòƒÓ› ã)˛î≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §¡õ)î≈ x@˝ÃˆÏ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ˆ•˛õy!ê˛Ü˛
Hepatic !§Ü˛y
caeca
ly!°!ê˛ !ܲí˛z!ê˛Ü˛° myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– x@˝ÃˆÏ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!° G
ˆÙˆÏMesenteron
§lˆÏê˛Ó˚l Óy
ÙôƒˆÏ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!°Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfïϰ 6–8!ê˛ ÓÂôly!°Ü˛y §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùôƒxsfor midgut
Ó°Î˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏܲ ˆ•˛õy!ê˛Ü˛ Óy àƒy!fiê˛∆ܲ !§Ü˛y ӈϰ Îy ~•z Malpighian
Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚ yl
tubules
ly!°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyã˛Ü˛Ó˚§ !l/§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ÙôƒˆÏ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!° ly!°Ü˛y ˆÓ˚ܲê˛yÙ Óy
Rectum
G ˛õŸã˛yÍˆÏ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfïϰ 100 – 150 !ê˛ •°%ò ÓˆÏîÓ≈ ˚ •zIleum
!°Î˚yÙ
Ù°y¢Î˚
§Ó%̊ ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl ly!°Ü˛y §Ù!ß∫ï˛ xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó°Î˚ ˆÜ˛y°l
Colon
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ !•ˆÏÙy!°¡≥˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y
!ã˛e 7.16 ı xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ï˛sf
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õŸã˛yÍ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°!ê˛ Ùôƒ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!° xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ≤âhflÏ
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ •z!°Î˚yÙ ˆÜ˛y°l G ˆÓ˚ܲê˛yˆÏÙ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ù°y¢Î˚
˛õyÎ˚%!SȈÏoÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚–
Anterior
x@˝ÃxƒyGê≈aorta
˛y
xyÓ˚ˆ¢Ï y°yÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf Ù%=˛ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚ å!ã˛e 7.17 ˆòˆÏáyä–
Ó˚=˛Óy•à%ˆ° Ï y §%à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÊÑ˛yܲyfiÌyˆÏl í˛zß√%=˛ å!•ˆÏÙy!§°ä •Î˚–
!•ˆÏÙy!§ˆÏ° xÓ!fiÌï˛ xyhs˝ÓÎ˚ sfàˆ% ° Ï y Ó˚ˆ=Ï ˛ å!•ˆÏÙy!°¡≥˛ä !lÙ!Iï˛
xƒy°y!Ó˚
Alary ˆ˛õ!¢
muscles
ÌyˆÏܲ– !•ˆÏÙy!°¡≥˛ Óî≈•#l ≤’yçÙy ~ÓÇ !•ˆÏÙy§y•zˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÎÏ ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
xyÓ˚ˆ¢Ï y°yÓ˚ •,Í!˛õ[˛˛ °¡∫yˆÏê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%° ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ
~!ê˛ Ó«˛ G í˛zòˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ùôƒ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ˆÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ •,ÈÍ!˛õ[˛!ê˛
í˛z˲Î˚˛õyˆÏŸª≈ x§!ê˛Î˚y §Ù!ß∫ï˛ Ê˛yˆÏl° xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÜÏ ˛yˆÏ¤˛ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ó˚=˛ §y•zly§ ˆÌˆÏܲ x§!ê˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
•,Í!˛õ[˛˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ˛ Ó˚=˛ §¡ø%á x!˲Ù%ˆáÏ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚
§y•zlyˆÏ§ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§–
xyÓ˚ˆ¢Ï y°yÓ˚ Ÿª§lï˛sf!ê˛ñ ¢yáy ≤âyáyÎ%=˛ Ÿªy§ly!°Ó˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Chambers
of•,heart
Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛
§Çàë˛l Îy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õyŸª≈ˆÏòˆÏ¢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ 10 ˆçyí˛¸y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
Ÿªy§!SÈo (Spiracle) ˛õyï˛°y ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ ly!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zß√%=˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ó xLjϢ 埪y§ly!° ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ Ÿªy§ly!°Ü˛y xÌ≈yÍ
ê˛∆y!ܲGˆÏ° !Ó˲=˛ •Î˚ä ÓyÎ%̊ ˆÌˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛ x!:ˆÏçl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ G
Ÿªy§!SÈo Óy flõy•zÓ˚yˆÏܲˆÏ° í˛zß√%=˛ Ìyܲy !fl≥˛Çê˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ !ã˛e 7.17 ı xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ Ù%=˛ §ÇÓ•l ï˛sf
•Î˚–
114 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

àƒy§#Î˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl Óƒy˛õl !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ê˛∆y!ܲGˆÏ° §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–

~Ó˚y Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÓ˚ã˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl ly!°Ü˛y @˝Ã!rÌÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚
!§!°Î˚y Î%=˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ly!°Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl à!ë˛ï˛ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
~ˆÏòÓ˚ •zí˛z!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°Ó˚ ˛õŸã˛yÍ xLjϢÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÓ˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ~•z
˛õï˛Aà!ê˛ˆÏܲ •zí˛z!Ó˚ˆÏܲyˆÏê˛y!°Ü˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG Ê˛ƒyê˛ Ó!í˛ñ ˆlˆÏÊ˛y§y•zê˛ ~ÓÇ •zí˛z!Ó˚ˆÏܲyç @˝Ã!rÌG ˆÓ˚ã˛ˆÏl
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xAܲ#Î˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Î%@¬ xl%˜Ïòâ≈ƒ ˆÎyçܲ myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÙ á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §!Iï˛
~ܲ#Ë)˛ï˛ G àƒyÇ!°Î˚là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÎ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ àƒyÇ!°Î˚y Ó«˛ˆÏòˆÏ¢
~ÓÇ SÈÎ!˚ ê˛ àƒyÇ!°Î˚y í˛zòÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ° xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xyÓ˚ˆ¢Ï y°yÓ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf §yÓ˚yˆÏòˆÏ• !ÓhflïÏ, ˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚
!ܲS%Èê˛y xÇ¢ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ Óy!ܲ xÇ¢ê%˛Ü%˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xAܲ#Î˚ ˆò¢ åí˛zòˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲä ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ál Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛•z ˛õyÓ˚SÈ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆÊ˛°y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y!ê˛
xhs˝ï˛ xyÓ˚G ~ܲ§Æy• ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ÙhflÏܲ xM˛ˆÏ° §%≤Ãy•zˆÏ§yˆÏÊ˛!çÎ˚y° àƒyÇ!°Î˚y Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõߨ fl¨yÎ%̊à%ˆÏ°y ¢%Aà G ˛õ%Oy!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y •° ¢%Aàñ ã˛«%˛ Ùƒy!:°y!Ó˚
˛õy“ñ ˆ°!ÓÎ˚y° ˛õy“ñ xƒyly° §yÓ˚!§ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ÙhflψÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%Oy!«˛à%ˆÏ°y xÓ!fiÌï˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ã˛«%˛˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚
2000 £Ïí˛¸Ë)˛çyÜ,˛!ï˛ GÙy!ê˛!í˛Î˚yÓ˚ å~ܲÓã˛ˆÏl GÙy!ê˛!í˛Î˚yÙä §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– Ó•% GÙy!ê˛!í˛Î˚yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ ã˛«%˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ x§Çრ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫ à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲ
ˆÙyˆÏç•zܲ ò,!T˛ ӈϰñ ÎyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°ï˛y ˆÓ!¢ ~ÓÇ flõT˛ï˛y Ü˛Ù– Îy §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ Ó˚y!eܲy°#l ò˛¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
≤ÈÏÎyçƒ •Î˚ åï˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ ˜l¢Ü˛y°#l ò,!T˛ ӈϰä–
xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y !˲ߨÓy§# ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ flf# G ˛õ%Ó%̊£Ï í˛z˲Î˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ••z §%à!ë˛ï˛ çll xAà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ å!ã˛e 7.18
ˆòˆÏáyä– ˛õ%Ççll ï˛sf!ê˛ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ¢%ܲy¢Î˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ¢%ܲy¢Î˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛ ˛õyˆÏŸª≈ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈
G £Ï¤˛ í˛zòÓ˚á[˛ˆÏܲ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ¢%ܲy¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚% ˲y§!í˛Ê˛yˆÏÓ˚™ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ñ Îy ˆ§!Ùly°
ˆË˛!§Ü˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏ«˛˛õî ly!°ˆÏï˛ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚– !lˆÏ«˛˛õî ly!°!ê˛ ˛õyÎ%̊Ó˚ xAܲ#Î˚ˆòÏ ˆÏ¢ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˛õ%Ççlly!SȈoÏ Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ùy¢Ó˚%Ù xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ó!¢T˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï @˝Ã!rÌ £Ï¤˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÆÙ í˛zòÓ˚á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~!ê˛ §•Ü˛yÓ˚# çll@˝Ã!rÌ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˛õ%Ç ˆàylyˆÏ˛õyÊ˛y•z!§§ xÌÓy Ê˛ƒyˆÏ°y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚
å˛õ%Ç çll!SÈoˆÏܲ xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy ܲy•z!ê˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ x≤Ã!ï˛§Ù àë˛l !ӈϢ£Ï˛ä Ó!•/ˆÏÎÔlyAà àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
¢%ܲyî%à%ˆÏ°y ¢%ܲÌ!°ˆÏï˛ çÙy •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y Óy!u˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ xyë˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ç%ˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚
flõyÓ˚ÙyˆÏê˛yˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy §AàˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ !l!«˛Æ •Î˚– ò%•z!ê˛ Ó,•òyܲyÓ˚ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ flf#
çllï˛sf à!ë˛ï˛– !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚à%ˆÏ°y !mï˛#Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ £Ï¤˛ í˛zòÓ˚ á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈ˆÏòˆÏ¢ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚
xyê˛!ê˛ !í˛¡∫ܲ ly!°Ü˛y Óy G˲y!Ó˚GˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !í˛¡∫ܲly!°ˆÏï˛ Óô≈l¢#° !í˛¡∫yî% ~ܲ!ê˛
¢,CˆÏ°Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !í˛¡∫y¢ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ !í˛¡∫ly!°à%ˆ° Ï y Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ~ܲܲ !í˛¡∫ly!°
åˆÎy!lG Ó°y •Î˚ä àë˛l ܲˆÏÓñ˚ Îy çll ≤ÈÜÏ ˛yˆÏ¤˛ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚– £Ï¤˛ í˛zòÓ˚á[˛ˆÏܲ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y flõyÙ≈y!Ìܲy
çll ≤ÈÏܲyˆÏ¤˛ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚–
¢%ܲyî%à%ˆÏ°y flõyÙ≈yˆÏê˛yˆÏÊ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !l!£Ï=˛ !í˛¡∫yî%à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ƒy˛õ§%ˆÏ°
xyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ G!Ìܲy (Oothica) ӈϰ– G!Ìܲyà%ˆÏ°y àyì˛¸ °y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲy°ˆÏã˛ Óyòy!Ù ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ •Î˚
~ÓÇ °¡∫yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 3/8// (8 !Ù!Ùä •Î˚– ~Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ x!ôܲ xyˆÏ˛õÏ!«˛˛Ü˛ xyo≈ï˛y
Óï˛≈Ùyl ~Ùl Ê˛yê˛° Óy áÑyˆÏç G!Ìܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– G!Ìܲyà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ï˛ˆÏ° xyë˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ˆ§ÑˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚–
 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyl 115

¢%ܲy¢Î˚
Ê˛ƒy!°Ü˛ @˝Ã!rÌ
«%˛o ly!°Ü˛y
ò#â≈ ly!°Ü˛y

ˆ§!Ùly° ˆË˛!§Ü˛°
˲y§ !í˛Ê˛yˆÏÓ™
˚
ˆ«˛˛õî ly!°
í˛yl Ê˛ƒyˆÏ°y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚
xAܲ#Î˚ Ê˛ƒyˆÏ°y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚
xƒyly° §yÓ˚!§
ܲí˛y° fiê˛y•z°
ÓyÙphallomere
Left Ê˛ƒyˆÏ°y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ !§í˛zˆíÏ ˛yˆÏ˛õ!l§
Pseudopenis
!ê˛!ê˛ˆÏ°ê˛Ó˚
Titillator åܲä

!í˛¡∫y¢Î˚
Ovary
!í˛¡∫ly°#
Oviduct
flõyÙ≈y!Ìܲy
Spermatheca
§yôyÓ˚î oviduct
Common !í˛¡∫ly!°
Óy ˆÎy!l
or vagina

ˆÜ˛y°ƒyê˛yˆÏÓ˚°glands
Collaterial @˝Ã!rÌ

çll Ü%˛ë%˛Ó˚chamber
Genital #

ˆàylyˆÏ˛õyÊ˛y•z!§§
gonapophyses
åáä
ˆË˛!fiê˛Ó%°yÙ
Vestibulum ] Genital
çll
pouch
Ì!°

!ã˛e 7.18 ı xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ çllï˛sf ı åÜ˛ä ˛õ%Ó˚%Í åáä flf#

flf# xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y àˆÏí˛¸ 9 –10!ê˛ G!Ìܲy àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ G!ÌܲyˆÏï˛ 14 –16!ê˛ !l!«˛=˛ !í˛¡∫yî% ÌyˆÏܲ–
P. americana ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚îˆÏ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÙê˛yˆÏÓy°y§ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î !l¡≥˛ ò¢yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
âˆÏê˛– !l¡≥˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •Î˚– !l¡≥˛ ˆï˛Ó˚ ÓyÓ˚ ˆáy°§ ï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
Ó,!Âô ≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ)î≈yAà xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ˆ¢£Ï !l¡≥˛ ò¢yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ò¢yÎ˚ í˛z•zDzõƒyí˛ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ
!ܲv ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õ)î≈yAà xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚•z í˛yly ÌyˆÏܲ–
xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ Ólƒ≤Ãçy!ï˛G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÌ≈ܲÓ˚# à%Ó˚%c ˆl•z– xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ !ܲS%È
≤Ãçy!ï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ o%ï˛•yˆÏÓ˚ ÓÇ¢Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y áyòƒˆÏܲ ò)!£Ïï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y â!ê˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚yà SÈí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
 116 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

7.5 Óƒy. (Frogs)

Óƒy. fïϰ ~ÓÇ fl∫yò%ç° í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ•z ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ˛õÓ≈ ܲí≈˛yê˛y ~Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛
í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ Ó˚yly ê˛y•z!@˝Ãly (Rana tigrina) ≤Ãçy!ï˛!ê˛•z ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚–
ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyey §Ó§ÙÎ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ly xÌ≈yÍ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏÙƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
§yÙO§ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– ~ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ xl%£ˆÏ÷ ¢Ï y!îï˛ Óy ˛õÎ˚!ܲˆÏ°yÌy!Ù≈ܲ
Ó°y •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lG °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ Îál ~Ó˚y ï,˛îË)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ¢%‹Ò
xM˛ˆÏ° ÌyˆÏܲ– ¢e%Ó˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z Óî≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y
åCamouflageä Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyd Ó˚«˛yˆÏÌ≈ ~•z Óî≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ ӈϰ !Ù!Ù!ܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ê˛yG çyl ˆÎ @˝Ã#ˆÏ‹ø
~ÓÇ ¢#ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ° Óƒy. ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~•z §ÙÎ˚ ~Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ï˛y˛õ ~ÓÇ ˜¢ï˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ à˲#Ó˚ §%í˛¸ˆÏAà xy◊Î˚ ˆlÎ˚– ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ @˝Ã#‹ø â%Ù (aestivation) ~ÓÇ ¢#ï˛â%Ù
(Hibernation)–
7.5.1 xAà§ÇfiÌyl (Norphology)
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ܲálG ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ cܲ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÏSÈ⁄ ˆfl‘‹øyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ˆÏòÓ˚ cܲ Ù§,î ~ÓÇ !˛õ!FSÈ°
•Î˚– cܲ §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z §Ñƒyï˛§ÑƒyˆÏï˛ !˲çy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏò¢ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ç°˛õy•z §Ó%ç ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ àyì˛¸ !Ó!«˛Æ !Ó®% Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xAܲˆÏò¢#Î˚ cܲ §Ù˲yˆÏÓ !Ê˛ˆÏܲ •°%ò ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚
•Î˚– Óƒy. ܲálG ç°˛õyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– !ܲv cܲ myÓ˚y ç° ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆò• ÙhflÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆò•Ü˛yˆÏ[˛
!Ó˲=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 7.19 ˆòáä– @˝Ã#Óy ~ÓÇ °ƒyç xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛– Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ly§yÓ˚rô
Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˆã˛yá ò%!ê˛ fl≥˛#ï˛ ~ÓÇ !l܉˛!ê˛!l!ê˛Ç ˛õò≈y Óy ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õò≈y myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛
ˆò• ܲy[˛ ÙhflÜÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– G•z ˛õò≈y çˆÏ° Ìyܲyܲy°#l xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆã˛yáˆÏܲ §%Ó˚«˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ã˛«˛% ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ í˛z˲Î˚˛õyˆÏŸª≈ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !ê˛ÙˆÏ˛õlyÙ‰ ˛õò≈y ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà @˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– x@˝Ã˛õòmÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õŸã˛yͲõòmÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ñ °yÊ˛yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ àï≈˛
áÑ%í˛¸ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÑyã˛ xy.%° §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ˛õŸã˛yò‰ ˛õò ò%!ê˛ñ ã˛yÓ˚ xyAà%°
x@˝Ã˛õò !Ó!¢T˛ x@˝Ã˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%° •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !°Æ˛õò Óï≈˛Ùylñ
Îy ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyê˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓƒyˆÏ. ˆÎÔl !mÓ˚)˛õï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛
˛õŸã˛yÍ ˛õò •Î˚– ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï Óƒy. ¢ly=˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ˜Ó!¢T˛ •° ˆòˆÏ• ¢∑ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# fl∫Ó˚Ì!°
!ã˛e 7.19 ı ÓƒˆÏ.Ó˚ Ó!•Ó˚yÜ,˛!ï˛ (Vocal Sac) ~ÓÇ x@˝Ã˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xy.%ˆÏ° §AàˆÏÙ §•yÎ˚ܲ xyÑë˛yˆÏ°y
˛õ!R (Copulatory Pad) ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y flf# ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ•
xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
7.5.2 ¢Ó˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ àë˛l (Anatomy)
ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆò•à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xAàï˛sf ˆÎÙl ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ï˛sfñ §ÇÓ•l ï˛sfñ Ÿª§lï˛sfñ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ
ˆÓ˚ã˛lï˛sf ~ÓÇ çll ï˛sf !l!ò≈T˛ àë˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈§• xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 7.20 ˆòáä ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ï˛sf
ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!° G ˛õyã˛Ü˛ @˝Ã!rÌ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– Óƒy. Ùyǧy§# ≤Ãyî# •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!° ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒ ˆSÈyê˛
 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyl 117

•,Í!˛õ[˛
@˝Ãy§ly!°

ÎÜ,˛Í
!˛õ_Ì!°

Ê%˛§Ê%˛§
˛õyܲfiÌ!°

Ê˛ƒyê˛Ó!í˛

Ó,E˛

à!Ól# xsf

Ù)eÌ!°
Ù°y¢Î˚

xÓ§yÓ˚î#
xÓ§yÓ˚!l !SÈo

!ã˛e 7.20 ı ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ ˛ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xAàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ãò¢≈l–

•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚çlƒ•z xˆÏsfÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒG •…y§≤ÃyÆ •Î˚– Ù%áñ Ù%áà•¥ˆÏÓ˚ Ù%=˛ •Î˚ Îy à°!ӈϰÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ @˝Ãy§ly!°Ó˚
§ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– @˝Ãy§ly!° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y l° Îy ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ Ù%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ xsf G ˛õyÎ˚% •ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ܲy Óy ˛õyÎ˚%!SȈÏoÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– Îܲ,Í !˛õ_Ó˚§ «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z !˛õ_Ó˚§ !˛õ_Ì!°ˆÏï˛ çÙy
•Î˚– x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyã˛Ü˛ @˝Ã!rÌ Îy ˛õyã˛Ü˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛§• x@¿ƒy¢Î˚Ó˚§ «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å!ã˛e 7.20ä !ç•¥yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒy. áyÓyÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ xyhs˝ı≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õyã˛Ü˛
Ó˚§ ~ÓÇ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏÜœ˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ âˆÏê˛– xô≈˛õy!ã˛ï˛ áyòƒ Óy ܲy•zÙ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#
ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xÇ¢ Óy !í˛G!í˛lyˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚– !í˛G!í˛lyˆÏÙ xô≈˛õy!ã˛ï˛ áyòƒ xy§yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !˛õ_ly!°Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !˛õ_Ì!° ˆÌˆÏܲ !˛õ_Ó˚§ ~ÓÇ x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ x@¿ƒy¢Î˚Ó˚§ !í˛G!í˛lyˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§– ~áyˆÏl !˛õ_Ó˚§
ˆfl¨• çyï˛#Î˚ áyòƒˆÏܲ ˆfl¨ˆÏ•Ó˚ xÓoˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ Ó˚§ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l çyï˛#Î˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ âê˛yÎ˚– xˆÏsf áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ §¡õ)î≈ •Î˚– xˆÏsfÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î àyˆÏe !˲!° ~ÓÇ Ùy•zˆÏܲy!˲!°
lyÙܲ xy.%ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y x§ÇრËÑ˛yç ÌyˆÏܲñ ~à%ˆÏ°y ˛õy!ã˛ï˛ áyòƒˆÏܲ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– x˛õyã˛ƒ ܲ!ë˛l Óç≈ƒ
Ù°y¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ܲyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Óƒy. ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ fïϰ ~ÓÇ
çˆÏ° Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°yÎ˚– çˆÏ° Ìyܲyܲy°#l ~ˆÏòÓ˚ cܲ Ÿªy§xAà !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ åcܲ#Î˚ Ÿª§lä–
118 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Óƒy˛õl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ x!:ˆÏçl cˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ• ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– fïϰ Ó§ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚
Ù%áà•¥Ó˚ñ cܲ ~ÓÇ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ Ÿªy§xAà !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ °¡∫yˆÏê˛ñ ˆày°y!˛õ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ñ Ì!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ ˆçyí˛¸y ˆò• ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ |ôÁ≈yLjϢ xÓ!fiÌï˛– ly§yÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ÓyÎ˚% ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ù%áà•¥ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– @˝Ã#‹øâ%Ù ~ÓÇ ¢#ï˛â%ˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ cˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
àƒy§#Î˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf í˛zß¨ï˛ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓÂô §ÇÓ•lï˛sf– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• °!§Ü˛yï˛sfG Óï≈˛Ùyl– Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf
•,Í!˛õ[˛ñ Ó˚=˛Óy• ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z °!§Ü˛yï˛sf °!§Ü˛yñ °!§Ü˛yÓy• ~ÓÇ °!§Ü˛y @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚
à!ë˛ï˛ ˆò•à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ |Âô≈yLjϢ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%° •,Í!˛õu˛!ê˛ xÓ!hflÏï˛– ~!ê˛ !ï˛l ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ !Ó!¢T˛ û ~ˆÏï˛ ò%ˆÏê˛y
x!°® åx!ê˛∆Î˚yä ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l°Î˚ Óy åˆË˛!rê˛∆ܲ°‰ä ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ •,Í!˛õ[˛!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!í≈˛Î˚yÙ lyÙܲ ˛õyï˛°y
xyÓÓ˚î# myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛yl x!°ˆÏ®Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §y•zly§ ˆË˛ˆÏly§y§‰ lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !eˆÏܲyîyÜ,˛!ï˛ xÇ¢ Î%=˛
ÌyˆÏÜ˛Ï– ~!ê˛ ˆË˛lyˆÏܲ˲y (Vena Cava) lyÙܲ Ù•y!¢Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyàï˛ Ó˚=˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !l°Î˚!ê˛ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚
xAܲ#Î˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ì!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yly§‰ xyê˛y!Ó˚G§yˆÏ§ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– ôÙl#à%ˆ° Ï y xÌ≈yÍ ôÙl#ï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó˚=˛ •,Í!˛õ[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ó xLjϢ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– !¢Ó˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚=˛ •,Í!˛õˆÏu˛˛
ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢Ó˚yï˛sf àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ÎÜ,˛Í G xsf ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ó,ÈE˛ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !l¡¨yLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!¢Ó˚yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï §ÇˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆ•˛õy!ê˛Ü˛ ˆ˛õyê≈˛y° ï˛sf ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆÓ˚ly°
ˆ˛õyê≈˛y° ï˛sf– ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ Ó˚=˛ Ó˚=˛Ó˚§ Óy ≤’yçÙy ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛ˆÏܲy¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚– Ó˚=˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y •° RBC
到y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲyä Óy ~!Ó˚ˆÏÌy§y•zê˛ñ WBC 刟ªï˛Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲyä Óy !°í˛zˆÏܲy§y•zê˛ ~ÓÇ xî%ã˛!ܲܲy–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ °y° Ó˚Oܲ !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól Óï≈˛Ùyl– °!§Ü˛y Ó˚=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚– °!§Ü˛yˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ÓÇ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §ÇÓ•lܲyˆÏ° Ó˚=˛ !l!ò≈T˛
fiÌyˆÏl ˛õ%!T˛oÓƒñ àƒy§ ~ÓÇ ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%° •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õy!¡õÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓy!•ï˛
•Î˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ §%à!ë˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚ã˛lï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl à!ë˛ï˛ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚– ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛lï˛sf ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y Ó,E˛ñ à!Ól#ñ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ܲy ~ÓÇ Ù)eÌ!° !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆÓ˚ã˛lï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~•z §Ó
xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!eï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ àyì˛¸ °y° Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !¢ÙÓ#ˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyܲyÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆò•à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ §yÙylƒ
ˆ˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆÙÓ˚%òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ò%•z˛õyˆÏ¢ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó,E˛ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y àë˛làï˛ G ܲyÎ≈àï˛ ~ܲܲ
•zí˛z!Ó˚!lˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y§ !ê˛!Óí˛z° Óy ˆlÊ˛l !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó,E˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ à!Ól#
Óy Ù)ely!° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– ~•z Ù)ely!°mÎ˚ Ù)eçllly!° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜœ˛yÎ˚yܲyÎ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚–
flf# ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ Ù%ely°# ~ÓÇ !í˛¡∫ly°# ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ܲyÎ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚– Óƒy. •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÓ˚ã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚
ӈϰ ~ˆÏܲ •zí˛z!Ó˚GˆÏê˛!°Ü˛ ≤Ãyî# ӈϰ– Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• Ó,ˆÏE˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl
~à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ,Ìܲ#Ü,˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfî G §Ùß∫Î˚ܲyÓ˚# ï˛sf!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ í˛zß¨ï˛– ~•z ï˛sf fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xAàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ùß∫Î˚ §y!ôï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y@˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ñ Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ñ
˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ñ Ìy•zÙy§ñ !˛õ!lÎ˚y° Ó!í˛ñ xƒy!í»˛ly° ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔl @˝Ã!rÌ §Ù)•–
ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf åÙ!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ §%£Ï%¡¨yܲy[˛ä G ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf åܲˆÏÓ˚yê˛#Î˚
 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyl 119

~ÓÇ §%£Ï%¡¨y fl¨yÎ˚%ä ~ÓÇ fl∫Î˚Ç!ܲÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf å!§Ù‰˛õƒy!Ì!ê˛Ü˛ G ˲y§y

˛õƒyÓ˚y!ÙÙ˛õƒyˆÏÌ!ê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚ä% !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– Ù!hfl‹Ï Ò ˆÌˆÏܲ ò¢ ˆçyí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓy˚ ê˛#Î˚ ~Ê˛yˆÏÓl˚ !§Î˚y
fl¨yÎ˚% Óy ˆÜ˛!lÎ˚y° lyË≈˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ~ܲ!ê˛ x!fiÌ !l!Ù≈ï˛ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò Ê˛ƒyê˛ Ó!í˛
Ü%˛ë%˛Ó˚# åˆÜ˛!lÎ˚yˆÏÙä §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ù!hflÏ‹Ò!ê˛ x@˝ÃÙ!hflÏ‹Òñ ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò
~ÓÇ ˛õŸã˛yÍ ˛Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò !Ó˲=˛– x@˝Ã Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò x°‰Ê˛ƒyQ!Ó˚ ˆ°yÓñ Î%@¬ ¢%ܲy¢Î˚
Ó,E˛
ˆ§!Ó˚Óy° ˆ•!Ù!fl≥˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xÎ%@¬ í˛yÎ˚ylˆÏ§Ê˛y°l Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y
x˛õ‰!ê˛Ü˛ ˆ°yˆÏÓÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ùôƒ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ˛õ)î≈– ˛õŸã˛yò‰ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò xƒy!í»ly°
˛
°â% Ù!hflÏ‹Ò G ˆÙí%˛°y xÓ‰°Aàyê˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆÙí%˛°y xÓ‰°Aàyê˛y @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÓ˚ã˛l
ˆÊ˛yÓ˚yˆÏÙl ÙƒyàlyÙ ~Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙÓ˚%òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ çllly!°
§%£Ï%¡¨yܲy[˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– Ù°y¢Î˚
xÓ§yÓ˚î#
ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙl û flõˆÏ¢≈!wÎ˚ Ù)eÌ!° xÓ§yÓ˚î#
刧l§!Ó˚ ˛õƒy!˛õ!°äñ fl∫yˆÏò!wÎ˚ åfl∫yò ˆÜ˛yÓ˚ܲäñ âyˆÏl!wÎ˚ åˆl§y° !SÈo
~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚yÙäñ ò¢≈ˆÏl!wÎ˚ åã˛«%˛ä ~ÓÇ ◊ÓˆÏî!wÎ˚ åܲî≈˛õê˛•§• !ã˛e 7.21 ı ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ˛õ%Ç çllï˛sf–
xhs˝ıܲî≈ä– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛«%˛mÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xhs˝/ܲî≈mÎ˚ •° í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚– xlƒà%ˆ° Ï y fl¨yÎ%̊≤Ãyhs˝ˆÜÏ ˛ !âˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy ܲï˛à%ˆ°
Ï y ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ §Ù!T˛
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆã˛yá ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆày°yܲyܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛Ó˚
x!«˛ˆÏܲyê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛– ˆã˛yáà%ˆÏ°y §Ó˚°y!«˛ å~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ !Ó!¢T˛ä
Ó!•ıܲî≈ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛– ÓƒyˆÏ. ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ܲî≈˛õ•ê˛ Óy !ê˛ˆÏ¡õylyÙ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆòáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲyl ◊ÓˆÏî!wÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚G !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !í˛¡∫ly!°
ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• §%à!ë˛ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ÓÇ flf# çllï˛sf Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï
çllxAà •° ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y •°%òy˲ !í˛¡∫yÜ,˛!ï˛ ¢%ܲy¢Î˚ å!ã˛e 7.21
!í˛¡∫y¢Î˚
ˆòˆÏáyä– ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆÙˆÏ§yÓ˚ܲy•zÎ˚yÙ lyÙܲ !mËÑ˛yçÎ%=˛ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏê˛y!lÎ˚yÙ ~Ó˚ !í˛¡∫yî%
§y•yˆÏ΃ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ xLjϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ó,E˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ 10–
12!ê˛ Ë˛y§y ~Ê˛yˆÏÓ˚l!§Î˚y ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– ~à%ˆÏ°y ˛õy¢ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏE˛
à!Ól#
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óí˛y§≈ ly!°ˆÏï˛ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~!ê˛ Ù)eçll
ly!°ˆÏï˛ Î%=˛ •Î˚– ~•z Ù)e çll ly!°!ê˛ Ó,E˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛yˆÏï˛
Ù%=˛ •Î˚– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ܲy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙôƒˆÏÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ !ӈϢ£Ïñ Îy Ù°ñ Ù)e ~ÓÇ ¢%ܲyî%ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ܲy Óy xÓ§yÓ˚î#
!lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ܲy !SÈo Óy xÓ§yÓ˚î# !SÈo
ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ flf# çllï˛ˆÏsf ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl å!ã˛e 7.22 Ù)eÌ!°
ˆòˆÏáyä– !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚à%ˆÏ°y Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ !lܲê˛Óï≈˛# xM˛ˆÏ° xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !í˛¡∫y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z– !ã˛e ı 7.22 ı ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ flf# çllï˛sf
120 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

!í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !í˛¡∫ly!° í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ܲyˆÏï˛ Ù%=˛ •Î˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ flf# Óƒy. ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ 25000 –3000 !ê˛ !í˛Ù ˛õyí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó!•ı!lˆÏ£ÜÏ ˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ï˛y çˆÏ° §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆê˛í˛ˆÏ˛õy° °yË≈˛y ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ °yË≈˛y ò¢yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚
°yË≈˛yˆÏܲ Óƒy.y!ã˛ ÓˆÏ°– Ó˚˛) õyhs˝ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ (metamorphosis) ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒy.y!ã˛ ˛õ)îy≈ Aà ÓƒyˆÏ. ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏl ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚# Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ~Ó˚y ˆ˛õyܲyÙyÜ˛í˛¸ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ Ê˛§° Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚y Óy›ï˛ˆÏsf
áyòƒ çy°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ áyòƒ ¢,CˆÏ° à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §ÇˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~Ó˚y Óy›ï˛y!sfܲ
˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòˆÏ¢ ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%° ˛õyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y
áyòƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ

ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ x!hflÏc !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ñ ܲ°yñ xAà ~ÓÇ x!fiÌï˛sf§Ù)• ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ˲yˆÏÓ
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ◊Ù!Ó˲yçl ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl§• ~ܲà%FSÈ ˆÜ˛y¢ Îál ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál ˙ ˆÜ˛y¢à%FSȈÏܲ ܲ°y ӈϰ–
~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚y •° ˛õyï˛§ò,¢ ܲ°y Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆò•ï˛° ~ÓÇ ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ñ ly!° ~ÓÇ ly!°Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%=˛ ï˛° ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ï˛°!ê˛ ˆò•ï˛Ó˚° xÌÓy Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y
àë˛làï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛–
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÎyàܲ°yà%ˆ°Ï y ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ §ÇâÓÂô •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆò•ˆÏܲ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y G §%Ó«˚ ˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ܲ°yà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ
xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– lÙl#Î˚ ˆÎyàܲ°y §Ù)• ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ï˛vÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ôye ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚ §!Iï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢
!lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌñ x!fiÌñ Ó˚=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÙòܲ°y •° !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyàܲ°y– ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌ ~ÓÇ x!fiÌ í˛z˲Î˚•z
àë˛lܲyÓ˚# Ó›Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈– Ó˚=˛ •° ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚°Ü˛°y Îy !Ó!˲ߨ Ó› ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙòܲ°y •° §!M˛ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚
˲yu˛yÓ˚– ˆ˛õ!¢Ü˛°y Îy !ܲ ly §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏl §yí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y §Ù@˝Ã ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏî Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï
xLjϢÓ˚ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yÎ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˙!FSÈܲ ˆ˛õ!¢ (Skeletal muscle) àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ˆ˛õ!¢Ü˛°y •yí˛¸ Óy x!fiÌÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
§ÇÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xAà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl •° Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢– •,ò‰ˆÏ˛õ!¢ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l¢#° ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎyàܲ°y xlƒ !ï˛l ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ܲ°yˆÏܲ xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– fl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°y §yí˛¸y ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆò•ˆÏܲ
§Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– fl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°yÓ˚ Ù)° ~ܲܲ •° !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yî–
ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yñ xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y ~ÓÇ Óƒy.ÈüÈ~ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• §Çàë˛ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– Pheretima
Posthuma åˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yä ~Ó˚ ˆò• !ܲí˛z!ê˛Ü˛°‰ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– 14 ï˛Ùñ 15 ï˛Ùñ ~ÓÇ 16 ï˛Ù ˆò•á[˛Ü˛ SÈyí˛¸y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
Óy!ܲ §Ó á[˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚– ˙ !ï˛l!ê˛ á[˛Ü˛ àyì˛¸ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌÙÎ˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Üœ˛y•zˆÏê˛°yÙ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ áu˛ˆÏܲ
S xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲy•z!ê˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ !§ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z !§ê˛yà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yˆÏܲ àÙˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õM˛Ù ~ÓÇ £Ï¤˛
~ÓÇ §ÆÙñ §ÆÙ ~ÓÇ xT˛Ùñ xT˛Ù ~ÓÇ lÓÙ ˆò•á[˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ áÑyˆÏç flõyÙ≈y!Ìܲy !SÈo xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
14 ï˛Ù á[˛ˆÏܲ flf# çll!SÈo ~ÓÇ 18 ï˛Ù á[˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ç çll!SÈo Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!°!ê˛ Ù%áñ Ù%áà•¥Ó˚ñ à°!Ó°ñ
!àçyí≈˛ñ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ñ xsf ~ÓÇ ˛õyÎ˚% !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚% ly!°– Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓ•l ï˛sf •,Í!˛õ[˛ G ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚
à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ÓÂô §ÇÓ•l ï˛sf ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf xAܲ#Î˚ fiÌyÎ%̊Ó˚I% !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y í˛z˲Î˚!°Aà ≤Ãyî#– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ò¢Ù
(10th) ~ÓÇ ~ܲyò¢ (11th) áu˛ˆÏܲ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ ò%•zˆÏçyí˛¸y ¢%ܲy¢Î˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ myò¢ (12th) G
eˆÏÎ˚yò¢ (13th) á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# !Ó˲y!çܲyÎ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛l‰í»˛y§ (Protandrous) ≤Ãyî#
 ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ xAà§ÇfiÌyl 121

~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚!lˆÏ£Ïܲ âˆÏê˛– Üœ˛y•zˆÏê˛°yÙ!fiÌï˛ @˝Ã!rÌ !l/§Ó˚î myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yÜ%˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lˆÏ£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛l §¡õߨ •Î˚–
xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ (Periplaneta americana) ˆò• ܲy•z!ê˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ Ó!•ıܲAܲy° myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆò• ÙhflÏܲñ
@˝Ã#Óy ~ÓÇ í˛zòˆÏÓ˚ !Ó˲=˛– ˆò•á[˛Ü˛ §!rôÎ%=˛ í˛z˛õyAà ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– @˝Ã#Óy !ï˛l!ê˛ á[˛Ü˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ á[˛ˆÏܲ
~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ ò%•z ˆçyí˛¸y ˛õò Óï≈˛Ùyl– ò%•zˆÏçyí˛¸y í˛yly Óï≈˛Ùyl– !mï˛#Î˚ (2nd) ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ (3rd)
á[˛Ü˛ ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏï˛ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛yly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòÓ˚ 10!ê˛ á[˛Ü˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!° §%à!ë˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛
Ù%á í˛z˛õyAà ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!T˛ï˛ Ù%áà•¥Ó˚ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ à°!Ó°ñ @˝Ãy§ly!° ñ ܲ˛õñ !àçyí≈˛ñ ÙôƒˆÏ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°ñ ˛õŸã˛yÍ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°
~ÓÇ ˛õyÎ%̊ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– x@˝Ã ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!° ~ÓÇ ˛õŸã˛yÍ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfïϰ ˆ•˛õy!ê˛Ü‰˛ !§Ü˛y Óï˛≈Ùyl– xyÓyÓ˚
Ùôƒ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!° G ˛õŸã˛yÍ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfïϰ Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl ly!°Ü˛yà%ˆ° Ï y !ÓòƒÙyl– ~à%ˆ° Ï y ˆÓ˚ã˛l!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §!ߨܲˆÏê˛ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y °y°y@˝Ã!rÌ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÎ˚ Ù%=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ê˛∆y!ܲÎ˚y myÓ˚y
§,T˛ çy!°Ü˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ÿª§l §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– flõy•zÓ˚yܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ê˛∆y!ܲÎ˚y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ%ï˛sf
ˆò•á[˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ àƒyÇ!°Î˚y ~ÓÇ xAܲ#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚I% myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ (4th) ˆÌˆÏܲ £Ï¤˛ (6th) ˆò•á[˛ˆÏܲ
~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ¢%ܲy¢Î˚ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ (2nd) ˆÌˆÏܲ £Ï¤˛ (6th) ˆò•á[˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl– xhs˝/!lˆÏ£Ïܲ âˆÏê˛–
flf# xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y 9 –10!ê˛ GˆÏÌܲy (Ootheca) §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ º%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛l âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ º%î ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲ!ê˛ GˆÏÌܲy !Óò#î≈ •ˆÏ° 16!ê˛ lï%˛l xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !l¡≥˛ ӈϰ–
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y°y Óƒy. Rana tigrina •° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Óƒy.– ˆò• ã˛Ù≈ñ cܲ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
cˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚=˛çy°Ü˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ˆŸ’‹øy@˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°y çˆÏ° ~ÓÇ fïϰ Óƒy.ˆÏܲ Ÿª§ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆò• ÙhflÏܲ ~ÓÇ
ôˆÏí˛¸ !Ó˲=˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ÙÎ˚ !ç•¥y ÌyˆÏܲ– !ç•¥y!ê˛Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yÓ ò%•z˲yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ áyòƒ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°!ê˛ @˝Ãy§ly!°ñ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ñ xsf ~ÓÇ ˛Ù°y¢Î˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ Îy ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ܲyˆÏï˛ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– ≤Ãôyl ˛õyã˛Ü˛
@˝Ã!rÌ •ˆÏ°y ÎÜ,˛Í ~ÓÇ x@¿ƒy¢Î˚– ~Ó˚y çˆÏ° cˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ÓÇ fïϰ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ §y•y΃ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°yÎ˚– Ó˚=˛§ÇÓ•l
~ܲã˛Ü˛# ~ÓÇ ÓÂô §ÇÓ•l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚– ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§Î%=˛– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ
fl∫ÎÇ˚ !ܲÎ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf!ê˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛– Ù)eçllï˛sf àë˛lܲyÓ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ xAàà%ˆ° Ï y •° Ó,E˛ñ Ù)eçllly!°mÎ˚
ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ܲyˆÏï˛ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– ˛õ%Ç çll xAà !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ¢%ܲy¢Î˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓ˚ flf#çll xAà !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ flf# Óƒy. ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ 2500–3000 !í˛Ù ˛õyˆÏí˛¸– Ó!•/!lˆÏ£ÜÏ ˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓy˚ «˛ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛
•Î˚– !í˛Ù Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ Óƒy.y!ã˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Óƒy.y!ã˛ ˆÓÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ)î≈yAà ÓƒyˆÏ. ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–

xl%¢#°l#

1. ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG ı

(i) Pariplaneta americana ~Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î lyÙ Ü˛#⁄
(ii) ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛Î˚!ê˛ flõyÓ˚Ùy!Ìܲy ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚⁄
(iii) xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ fiÌyˆÏl !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
(iv) xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ í˛zòÓ˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ Ü˛Î˚!ê˛ á[˛Ü˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛⁄
(v) ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl ly!°Ü˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyG⁄
122 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

2. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG ı

(i) ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚yÓ˚ ܲyç !ܲ⁄
(ii) xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛Î˚ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚⁄
3. ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ çllï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ !ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ !ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
(a) ˆ≤ÃyˆÏfiê˛y!ÙÎ˚yÙ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏfiê˛y!ÙÎ˚yÙ–
(b) ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ܲ!Ó!¢T˛ ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ à°!Ó°#Î˚ ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚yÙ–
6. Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
7. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyG⁄
(a) ܲlˆÏí»˛y§y•zê˛
(b) xƒy:l
(c) ˆÓ˚yÙ¢ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y
8. !ã˛!•´ï˛ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚–
9. ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
åÜ˛ä §Ó˚° xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y ~ÓÇ ç!ê˛° xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y–
åáä •,ò‰ˆÏ˛õ!¢ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓ˚á ˆ˛õ!¢–
åàä âl !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÎyàܲ°y ~ÓÇ âl x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÎyàܲ°y–
åâä ˆÙòܲ°y ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛Ü˛°y–
å.ä §Ó˚° @˝Ã!rÌ ~ÓÇ ç!ê˛° @˝Ã!rÌ–
10. ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÙ x!Ù°!ê˛ áÑ%ˆÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
åܲä !¢!Ì° ˆÎyàܲ°yó Ó˚=˛ó !lí˛zÓ˚îó ܲu˛Ó˚y–
åáä RBC; WBC; xl%ã˛!ܲܲyñ ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌ–
åàä Ó!•ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌñ xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y@˝Ã!rÌñ °y°y@˝Ã!rÌñ !°àyˆÏÙrê˛–
åâä Ùƒy!:°yñ Ùƒy!u˛Ó°ñ °ƒyÓyÙñ ¢%Aà–
å.ä ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y!lÙyñ ˆÙˆÏ§yˆÏÌyÓ˚y:ñ ˆÙê˛yˆÏÌyÓ˚y:ñ ܲ:y–
11. hflÏΩ˛ I ~ÓÇ hflÏΩ˛ II ˆÙ°yG ı
åܲä ç!ê˛° xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y åÜ˛ä ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!°
åáä ˛õ%Oy!«˛ åáä xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y
åàä ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y åàä cܲ
åâä Ù%=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf åâä ˆÙyçy•zܲ !˲§l
å.ä !ê˛Ê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏ§y° å.ä ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y
åã˛ä x!fiê˛G§y•zê˛ åã˛ä ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚
åSÈä ˆç!lê˛y!°Î˚y åSÈä x!fiÌ–
12. ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf!ê˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
13. ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ !ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
14. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
åܲä ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚ à!Ól#mÎ˚
åáä Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl ly!°Ü˛y
åàä ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ˆò• ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚
 ~ܲܲ Èü 3 È(UNIT 3)
ˆÜ˛y¢ÈıÈ àë˛l G ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°
(CELL : STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS)
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 8 §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚l•z •° ç#Ó!Óòƒy åBiologyä– §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ôÓ˚l ~ÓÇ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛
ˆÜ˛y¢ ÈüÈ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲܲ Óî≈lyˆÏï˛•z ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ˆÜ˛y¢ï˛_¥•z §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ˆò• àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z
˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ °%E˛y!Î˚ï˛ ~ܲܲ §yôyÓ˚î §_¥y xÌ≈yÍ §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
xôƒyÎ˚ Èü 9 ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~•z ˛õyë˛ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛l ~ÓÇ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
˜çÓ xî%§Ù)• Ó,!Âô Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛y¢ï˛_¥ ç#Óç âê˛lyÓ!° xÌ≈yÍ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ G xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
!âˆÏÓ˚G ~ܲ˛ Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ò,¢ƒÙyl Óy ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~Ùl ç#Óç âê˛lyÓ!°Ó˚ çlƒ
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ܲ# ï˛y ï˛ál ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ !SÈ°– ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ G xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 10È ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y xôƒÎ˚l G í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ §Çàë˛l Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ˛õÌ xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛y¢ Ù%=˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ åCell-free Systemä
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õÌ !Ó!˲ߨ ç#Óç ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyî!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£ÏyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ á!lç ˆÙÔ° G ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
çylyÓ˚ çlƒ §ç#Ó Ü˛°yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ ~•z !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
˛õÌ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜çÓ ˆÎÔà í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ï˛y xyÙÓ˚y
çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ≤ß¿ ÙˆÏl xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲñ ˆÓ˚ã˛lñ flø,!ï˛ñ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛yñ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ãôyl ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y §¡õߨ •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ° §Ó ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ xyî!Óܲ !˲!_ ܲ#⁄
~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ܲ# •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !lˆÏÎG ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~•z ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó_, #Î˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õÌ ˆÓ˚yà@˝ÃfiÌÏ
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ• xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆ° Ï y ã˛ˆÏ° ï˛yG Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó_, #Î˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
˛õÌ Îy §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆlÏ Óy ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ !Ó˚í˛yܲ¢y!lfiê˛ ÓyˆÏÎy˚ °!ç åReductionist
Biologyä ӈϰ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ç#Ó!ÓòƒyˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒy G Ó˚§yÎ˚l!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy G ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ lÓÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˜çÓ xî% §¡õˆÏܲ≈ §Ç!«˛Æ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È–
 ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §%!Ó!òï˛ !ÓK˛yl# !ç~l Ó˚yÙã˛wl !SȈϰl ÚÙyoyç fl%Ò°
xʉ˛ ܲlÊ˛Ó˚ˆÏÙ¢yˆÏl° xƒyly°y•z!§§ xʉ˛ ÓyˆÏÎ˚y˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚Û ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y– !ï˛!l ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçl
~Ó˚ ˜eÙy!eܲ àë˛l xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~•z xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ 1954 §yˆÏ°
Úˆlã˛yÓ˚Û åNatureä lyÙܲ §yˆÏΙ ˚ çyl≈y°ÈüÈ~ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– Ó˚yÙã˛wl ≤’ê˛ åRamchandran
Plotä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%ˆÏÙy!òï˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî §Çܲyhs˝ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy àyë˛!lܲ
ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ x!Ó!òï˛ xÓòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛– !ï˛!l 1922 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 8 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ò!«˛îÈüÈ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù í˛z˛õÜ)˛°Óï≈˛# ˆÜ˛y!ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xl!ï˛ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ çß√@˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛y fiÌyl#Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏ°ˆÏç à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ xôƒy˛õܲ !SȈ°Ï l– Ó˚yÙã˛wˆÏlÓ˚ à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ í˛zͧy• §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ !SÈ°– fl%Ò°ç#Ól ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ 1942
§yˆÏ° Ó˚yÙã˛wl Ùyoyç !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ê˛!ç: xly§≈ÈüÈ~ !í˛!@˝Ã °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ~•z
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!l §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ fiÌyl x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– 1949 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!l ˆÜ˛Ù!Óç !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ph.D !í˛!@˝Ã °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆÜ˛Ù!Óç ~ Ìyܲyܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÙã˛wˆÏlÓ˚ Linus
Pauling ~Ó˚È §yˆÏÌ §y«˛yÍ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Pauling ~Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Úα helix G β Û
Sheet àë˛l ï˛yˆÏܲ à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçlÈüÈ~Ó˚ àë˛l !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ §Ù§ƒy
G.N. Ramachandran §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ôy!Óï˛ •Î˚– 2001 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 7 ~!≤ð 78 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆ§Ï ïÑ˛yÓ˚
(1922 – 2001)
Ù,ï˛% ƒ âˆÏê˛–
 xôƒyÎ˚ Èü 8 (Chapter 8)
ˆÜ˛y¢ı ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲܲ
åCell: The Unit of Life)
8.1 ˆÜ˛y¢ ܲ#⁄ Îál ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ ï˛yܲyˆÏÓ ï˛ál ï%˛!Ù §ç#Ó G çí˛¸ ~ ò%ÛôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó›•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
8.2 ˆÜ˛y¢ï˛_¥ !ÓfløÎ˚y!ÓT˛ G xl%§!rôͧ% ÙˆÏl !lŸã˛Î˚•z ~ ≤ß¿ ܲálG ly ܲálG ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ܲ# ˆ§•z Ó› Îy ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚
§ç#Ó xÓfiÌyÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# !ܲÇÓy çí˛¸ ˛õòy≈ˆÏÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# ˆl•z ˆÎê˛y §ç#Ó ˛õòy≈ˆÏÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z
8.3 ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lÓ˚#«˛î xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ •° ˆÜ˛y¢ ü Èç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔÏ!°Ü˛ ~ܲܲ Îy §ÙhflÏ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
8.4 ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛
§Ó §ç#Ó Ó›•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù¡∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ ç#Ó ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye ˆÜ˛y¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ñ
ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#Ó ÓˆÏ°– xyÓyÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xlƒylƒ ç#Ó ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• x§ÇრˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚
8.5 •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ à!ë˛ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#Ó ÓˆÏ°–
ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•
8.1 ˆÜ˛y¢ ܲ# åWhat is a Cell)⁄

~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ (i) fl∫yô#l x!hflÏc ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ åii) ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§«˛Ù– ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ §Çàë˛l §¡õ)î≈ •Î˚!l ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl∫yô#l §ç#Ó §_y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚–
ܲyˆÏç•z ˆÜ˛y¢ •ˆÏFSÈ §Ó §ç#ÓÓ›Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ àë˛làï˛ G ܲyÎ≈àï˛ ~ܲܲ–

~rê˛l ˲l !°í˛zˆÏÎ˚l•%ܲ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î G Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° Ó˚Óyê≈˛
Óyí˛zl ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ܲˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ í˛zqyÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ó àë˛làï˛ á%Ñ!ê˛ly!ê˛ í˛zò‰âyê˛l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

8.2 ˆÜ˛y¢ï˛_¥ åCell Theory)

1838 §yˆÏ° çyÙy≈l í˛z!qò!Óò Ùƒy!ÌÎ˚y§ ˆfl‘•zˆÏí˛l !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒÜ˛ í˛z!qò !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏál
ˆÎ §Ó í˛z!qòÓ˚y•z !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x§ÇრˆÜ˛y¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ܲ°y àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
126 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ 1839 §yˆÏ° !Ó!ê˛¢ ≤Ãyî# !ÓK˛yl# !ÌGˆÏí˛yÓ˚ ˆfl∫yÎ˚yl !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x§Çრ≤Ãyî#
ˆÜ˛y¢ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ !SÈ° ~•z ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y xyÓÓ˚î# Óï≈˛Ùyl–
~•z xyÓÓ˚î#!ê˛•z Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ≤’yçÙy ˛õò≈y lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– í˛z!qòܲ°y xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!l ~•z
!§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •l ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf ˜ÏÓ!¢T˛ƒ– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆfl∫yÎ˚yl ~•z ï˛_¥ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ≤Ãyî# G í˛z!qòˆÏò• ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ˛õòy≈Ì myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–
ˆfl‘•zˆÏí˛l ~ÓÇ ˆfl∫yÎ˚yl ˆÎÔÌ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛y¢ï˛_¥ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
í˛zͲõߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ~•z ï˛_¥ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– Ó˚%í˛°Ç !˲Ó˚ˆÏã˛ å1855) §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
!Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏ• xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ åomnis
cellula-e cellula)– !ï˛!l ˆfl‘•zˆÏí˛l G ˆfl∫yÎ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy!ç≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ Ó%̊˛õòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆÜ˛y¢ï˛_¥ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Îy ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ï˛y •° ÈüÈ
(i) §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›•z ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ ˛õòyÌ≈ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–
åiiä §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢•z ˆòˆÏ• xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–

8.3 ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lÓ˚#«˛î åAn Overview of Cellä

˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ xÌÓy Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ– ã˛ˆÏ°yñ xyÙÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l xyÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚– ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛y¢ ÎyÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ §%flõT˛ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛Ó˚ Ó!•/§#ÙylyÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
!ë˛Ü˛ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y Óy ≤’yçÙy˛õò≈y– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §#Ùy !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛yÓ˚#
àë˛l !•§yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó!•/˛õò≈y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ âl§!ߨ!ÓT˛ àë˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ÓÇ¢àï˛ Ó› DNA ˆÜ˛ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ§Ó
ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ• ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎ§Ó ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ• ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ÌyˆÏܲ ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ Ó°y •Î˚– ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ G •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ í˛z˲Î˚˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z xô≈ï˛Ó˚° ôye §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù@˝Ã fiÌyl ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî# í˛z˲Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z
§y•zˆêÏ ˛y≤’yçÙ •° ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˆ«˛e– ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ §ç#Ó xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
!Ó!ܲÎ˚y§Ù)• ~•z xLjϢ•z âˆÏê˛–
•zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xlƒylƒ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ §%flõT˛ àë˛l ˆÎÙlñ ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ
ˆÓ˚!ê˛!ܲí˛z°yÙ åERäñ à°!àÓ›ñ °y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙñ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚yñ Ùy•zˆÏܲyÓ!í˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚˛ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y •° ~Ùl ˛õò≈y!Ó•#l xAàyî% ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ G •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ í˛z˲Î˚
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z˛ õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ•z lÎ˚ñ x˛õÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚
xAàyî% ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yfiê˛ åí˛z!qˆÏòä G Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ xÙ§,î ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yˆÏÙG ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢
x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛˛ ˛õò≈y!Ó•#l xAàyî% ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ§!rê˛∆G° ӈϰ–
xyܲyÓ˚ñ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ G ܲyˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆáÏ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒy˛õܲ !˲ߨï˛y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È å!ã˛e 8.1ä– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ
«%˛oï˛Ù ˆÜ˛y¢ Ùy•zˆÜÏ ˛y≤’yçÙy Ùye 0.3 µm °¡∫yñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ 3.5 µm ˛õÎ≈hs˝ °¡∫y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
 ˆÜ˛y¢ı ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲܲ 127

White Columnar epithelial

î# ܲ°yÓ˚ cells
ˆ°y!•ï˛blood
Red Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲy
cells ˆŸªï˛blood
Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲycells hflÏΩ˛yܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚
(amoeboid) (long and
ˆÜ˛y¢ å °¡∫y ~ÓÇ narrow)
§Ó˚%ä
åˆày° ~ÓÇ
(round and!mxÓï˛°ä
biconcave) åxƒy!ÙÓy xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ä

fl¨yÎ˚% ˆÜ˛y¢
Nerve cell
(Branched
å¢yáyÈüÈ≤âyáyÎ%=˛and long)
~ÓÇ °¡∫yä

ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)
Mesophyll •
cells
(round
åˆày° ~ÓÇand
!í˛¡∫yÜ,˛oval)
!ï˛ä
A~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛∆y!ܲí˛
tracheid
å°¡∫yˆÏê˛ä
(elongated)

!ã˛e 8.1 ı !Ó!˲ߨ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

Ó,•_Ù ˛õ,Ìܲ#Ü,˛ï˛ ~ܲܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ •ˆÏFSÈ í˛zê˛˛õy!áÓ˚ !í˛Ù– Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛
ܲ!îܲyÓ˚ Óƒy§ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 7.0 µm– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ò#â≈ï˛Ù ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢ ~ܲ!ê˛– ˆÜ˛y¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛
xl%ÎyÎ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y ã˛yܲ!ï˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ñ Ó•%Ë)˛çyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ hflÏΩ˛yÜ,˛!ï˛ñ âlܲyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ñ
~Ùl!ܲ x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

8.4 ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ åProkaryotic Cellsä

Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yñ l#°y˲ÈüȧÓ%ç ˜¢Óy°ñ Ùy•zˆÏܲy≤’yçÙy ~ÓÇ !˛õ!˛õ~°G åPleuro Pneumonia Like

Organismsä •° ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢– ~Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ «%˛oyܲyÓ˚˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ o%ï˛ §Çáƒy Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 8.2ä– ~Ó˚y xyܲyÓ˚ G xyÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÜ,˛!ï˛
xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y Ù)°ï˛ı ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ Óƒy!§°y§ åò[˛yܲyÓ˚äñ ܲE˛y§ å ˆày°yܲyÓ˚äñ !˲!ÓG åܲÙy
!ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛yä ~ÓÇ flõy•z!Ó˚°yÙ å˛õуyã˛yˆÏlyä–
ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ G ܲyÎ≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !˲ߨï˛y ÌyܲˆÏ°G
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §Çàë˛l ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ •Î˚–
 128 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Ùy•zˆÏܲy≤’yçÙy Óƒyï˛#ï˛ §ÙhflÏ ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈yˆÏܲ

!âˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ Óï≈˛ÙylÈ– ˆÎ ï˛Ó˚° ôye myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õ)î≈ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y
•° §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §%flõT˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ÓÇ¢àï˛
Typical bacteria
Ó› ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ l@¿ ~ÓÇ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚˛õò≈y myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– xˆÏlܲ
xyò¢≈ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚
Î˚y
(1-2 mm) Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ ˆÏï˛ !çˆÏly!Ùܲ DNA å~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ‡ã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚
DNAä SÈyí˛¸yG «%˛o «%˛o ã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ DNA Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ~•z §ÙhflÏ «%˛o
DNA à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤’yç!Ùí˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ≤’yç!Ùí˛ DNA ˙ §ÙhflÏ
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È fl∫ï˛sf ˛Ó!•/°«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!•/≤Ãܲy¢ âê˛yÎ˚– ~•z
PPLO
PPLO
(about 0.1
å≤ÃyÎ˚ 0.1 µm)mm) ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎy˚ !ê˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ô# «˛Ùï˛y– í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !¢áˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ~•z ≤’yç!Ùí˛ DNA ˆÜ˛ Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛
DNA-Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚˲Óî ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÎ˚
A~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ •zeukaryotic
typical í˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢cell Viruses
˲y•zÓ˚y§ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !Èlí˛z!Üœ˛G ˛õò≈y ÌyˆÏܲ–
(10-20 mm) (0.02-0.2 m m) Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ SÈyí˛¸y •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚
xAàyî% ÌyˆÏܲ ly– xç#Ó#Î˚ Ó› åCell inclusionsä Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ܲS%È
!ã˛e 8.2 /!ã˛ˆÏe •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒylƒ
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
fl∫ï˛sf Ó› ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
!ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ G !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ àë˛l •° ˆÙˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ~Ó˚
í˛z ˛ õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚ G !ê˛Ü˛ˆÏ ò Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y!Ó˚ ! eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
ˆÙˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ xhs˝Ë≈˛yç–˛

8.4.1 ˆÜ˛y¢ xyÓÓ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚§Ù)•

åCell Envelope and its Modificationsä

x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ç!ê˛° Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛
ˆÜ˛y¢ xyÓÓ˚ܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛y¢ xyÓÓ˚ܲ •° ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÓÂô !ehflÏÓ˚# àë˛l xÌ≈yÍ §Ó≈Ó!•fiÌ @’y•zˆÏܲyܲƒy!°:ñ
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ G ~Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤’yçÙy˛õò≈y– Î!òG ˆÜ˛y¢ xyÓÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf
ܲyç §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚«˛îydܲ ~ܲܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÓK˛yl# Ú@˝ÃyÙÛ
xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ Ó˚!Oï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ xyÓÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ ˆÏܲ
ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÎÌy ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y @˝ÃyÙ Ó˚Oܲ myÓ˚y fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚!Oï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
@˝ÃyÙÈüÈ˛õ!ç!ê˛Ë˛ ~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚ ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙÈüȈlˆÏà!ê˛Ë˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y Ó°y •Î˚–

!Ó!˲ߨ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏï˛ @’y•zˆÏܲyܲƒy!°ˆÏ:Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ fiÌ)°c !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ê˛y !¢!Ì° xyÓÓ˚î# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ fl‘y•zÙ hflÏÓ˚ ӈϰ– xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáˆÏlyÈüÈܲáˆÏly ~ê˛y ˛õ%Ó˚%
~ÓÇ ò,ì˛¸ •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ ܲƒy˛õ§%° ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ àë˛làï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
Îy!sfܲ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏܲ ã%˛˛õˆÏ§ ÎyGÎ˚y Óy !Óò#î≈ •GÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–

≤’yçÙy˛õò≈y xô≈ˆÏ˲òƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !ܲÎ˚y¢#°– ~•z˛ ˛õò≈y!ê˛ àë˛làï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
•zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ò,¢–

ˆÙˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õò≈yÎ%=˛ !ӈϢ£Ï àë˛l Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ,!Âô myÓ˚y
à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õÓ,!Âôà%ˆÏ°y Ì!° xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ l°yܲyÓ˚ Óy °ƒyˆÏÙ!°Î˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Î˚–
 ˆÜ˛y¢ı ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲܲ 129

~Ó˚y ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ àë˛lñ DNAÈüÈÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚î G x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ DNA !Óï˛Ó˚ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y
Ÿª§lñ «˛Ó˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ ï˛° G í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §yÎ˚yˆÏlyÓƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#ˆÏÓ Ó˚Oܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ,!Âô §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÙyˆÏê˛yˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚–
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ã˛°ˆÏl §«˛Ù Óy ã˛°ˆÏl x«˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ã˛°ˆÏl §«˛Ù •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §)- ï˛vÙÎ˚ ≤ð!¡∫ï˛ xÇ¢ ˆÓÓ˚ •Î˚˛ñ ~ˆÏܲ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y ӈϰ– Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚
Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y !ï˛l!ê˛ xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ÈüÈ!Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ñ •%ܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§y°Ó!í˛– !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ •° ò#â≈ï˛Ù xÇ¢ Îy
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ •Î˚–
Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y SÈyí˛¸yG Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ !˛õ!° G !Ê˛Ù!Ó lyÙܲ ò%ÛôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ àë˛lG !là≈˛ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ !ܲv ~Ó˚y ã˛°ˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– !˛õ!° •° ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ °¡∫yˆÏê˛ l°yܲyÓ˚
àë˛l Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– !Ê˛Ù!Óà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ «%˛o ¢Ñ%ˆÏ.Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §)e– !ܲS%È
!ܲS%È Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~à%ˆÏ°y Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏܲ ˆflÀyï˛Î%=˛ çˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õy£Ïܲ
ܲ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
8.4.2 Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ ~ÓÇ xç#Ó#Î˚ Ó›§Ù)•
åRibosomes and Inclusion Bodiesä
ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤’yçÙy˛õò≈y §Ç°@¿ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 15 nm
ˆÌˆÏܲ 20 nm ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y 50s G 30s ~ ò%!ê˛ xô/~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z xôı~ܲܲmÎ˚
Îál ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál 70s ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ •° ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ fiÌyl– xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ mRNA-Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢,C° àë˛l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ˛õ!°ˆÏçyÙ Óy ˛õ!°Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ Ó°y •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!°ˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y
mRNA-Ó˚ Óyï≈˛y xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï âê˛yÎ˚–
xç#!ÓÎ˚ Ó›§Ù)• ı ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §!M˛ï˛ Ó› ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ xç#!ÓÎ˚ Ó›
!•§yˆÏÓ çÙy ÌyˆÏܲ– ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˛õò≈y myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly ~ÓÇ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ Ù%=˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲñ í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈ üüüÈÈÊ˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ òylyñ §yÎ˚yˆÏlyÊ˛y•z!§Î˚yl òyly ~ÓÇ @’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏçl òyly– l#°y˲ÈüȧÓ%ç ˜¢Óy°
~ÓÇ ˆÓà%!l G §Ó%ç §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏï˛ àƒy§à•¥Ó˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
8.5 •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ åEukaryotic Cellsä
§ÙhflÏ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛yñ í˛z!qòñ ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ SÈeyܲ ~Ó˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xhs˝Ë˛%≈ =˛– •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ xAàyî%Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ܲS%È ≤ÈÏܲyˆÏ¤˛
!Ó˲=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~SÈyí˛¸yG
•zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ç!ê˛° àÙlxAà ~ÓÇ §y•zˆêÏ ˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ ܲAܲy° ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ç#làï˛Ó›
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙ §%§Ç§ÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§Ó •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù lÎ˚– í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î
≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ñ ≤’y§!ê˛í˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ Ó,•òyܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢
xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ˆ§!rê˛∆G° ÌyˆÏܲ Îy §ÙhflÏ í˛z!qòˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ å !ã˛e 8.3)–
130 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xÙ§,îendoplasmic
Rough ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ
ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÙ
reticulum
°y•zˆ§Ï yˆÏçyÙ
Lysosome
Ù§,î
Smooth
~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ
endoplasmic
ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÙ
reticulum

Plasmodesmata
˛≤’yçˆÏÙyˆÏí˛çÙyê˛y !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
Nucleus

!lí˛z!Üœ˛G°y§
Nucleolus

à°!à
GolgiÓ›
apparatus
Ùy•zˆÏܲy!ê˛í˛z!Óí˛z°
Microtubule
Nuclear
!lí˛z!Üœ˛G ˛õò≈y
envelope

Plasma
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y
membrane

ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚
Vacuole
ÙôƒFSÈ
Middleòy lamella

Cell
ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãwall
yã˛#Ó˚
˛åܲä
Peroxisome
˛õyÓ˚!:ˆÏçyÙ Mitochondrion
Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y
Cytoplasm
§y•zˆêÏ ˛y≤’yçÙ
ˆÜœChloroplast
˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛˛ Ó˚y•zˆÓÏ yˆÏçyÙ§Ù)•
Ribosomes

Golgi Ùy•zˆÏܲy!˲!Õ‘
Microvilli
à°!à Ó›
apparatus
Plasma
membrane
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y

ˆ§!rê˛∆G°
Centriole

Ù§,î
Smooth ˛õyÓ˚
!:ˆÏçyÙ
Peroxiome
~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ
endoplasmic
ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÙ
reticulum °y•zˆ§Ï yˆÏçyÙ
Lysosome
!lí˛z!Üœ˛G
Nuclear
˛õò≈y˛
envelope Ó˚y•zˆÓÏ yˆÏçyÙ
Ribosomes

!lí˛z
!Üœ˛G°y§
Nucleolus
Ùy•z
ˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y
Mitochondrion

Rough
xÙ§,î ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ
endoplasmic
ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÙ
reticulum
Nucleus
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
˛åáä Cytoplasm
§y•zˆêÏ ˛y≤’yçÙ

˛!ã˛e 8.3 / !ã˛ˆÏe åܲä í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛y¢ åáä ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲy¢ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
 ˆÜ˛y¢ı ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲܲ 131

ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ál xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ xAàyî%Ó˚ àë˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛yç xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ ˆò!á–
8.5.1 ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y åCell Membraneä
1950 ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l xî%Ó#«˛î Îsf xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ àë˛l !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ çyly ÎyÎ˚–
•zˆïÏ ˛yÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ àë˛l §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xôƒÎ˚lñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲyÓ˚ åRBCsä
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ àë˛lñ !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ àë˛l ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ àë˛l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~•z xôƒÎ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y çyly ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y ˛≤Ãôylï˛ !°!˛õí˛ G
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ≤Ãôyl !°!˛õí˛à%ˆÏ°y •° Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!°!˛õí˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ò%!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !°!˛õí˛
xî%àˆ% ° Ï y ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !ÓlƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÓ˚% ≤Ãyhs˝ åPolar headä Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ç°!ÓÓ˚yà#
≤Ãyhs˝ åHydrophobic tailä !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z §Iy §¡õ,=˛ •y•zˆÏí»˛yܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ llÈüȈ˛õy°yÓ˚
≤Ãyhs˝ˆÏܲ ç°#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ å !ã˛e 8.4)– Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!°!˛õí˛
SÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚°G ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ !°!˛õí˛ xÇ¢ ≤Ãôylï˛ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!@’§yÓ˚y•zí˛ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!lÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ §%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ çyly ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛G Óï≈˛Ùyl– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÎ˚ !°!˛õí˛ G ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚–
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÎ˚ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ 52% ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ÓÇ 40% !°!˛õí˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!l‹Òy¢ˆÏlÓ˚ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õò≈y!fiÌï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lˆÏܲ xhs˝fiÌ åIntegralä ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚
åPeripheralä ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏl ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°y ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ° xyÓ˚ xhs˝fiÌ
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÎ˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óy §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !lÙ!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–

Sugar
¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y Peripheral
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
Protein

Phospholipid
!mhflbilayer
ÏÓ˚# !°!˛õí

xhs˝fiÌ
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l

Cholesterol
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚°
˛!ã˛e 8.4 / ≤’yçÙy˛õò≈yÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚° ˆÙyˆÏç•zܲ l:y–
132 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

!ÓK˛yl# !§AàyÓ˚ G !lܲ°§l å1972ä ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏí˛° í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Îy
ï˛Ó˚° ˆÙyˆÏç•zܲ l:y Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ §Ó≈y!ôܲ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È å!ã˛e 8.4)– ~•z ÙˆÏí˛° xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!°!˛õí˛
xî%Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !mhflÏÓ˚# xô≈ï˛Ó˚° §Çàë˛l ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l xî%à%ˆÏ°y˛ ˛õyŸª≈ ã˛°ˆÏl §«˛Ù– ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
xî%Ó˚ ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z «˛Ùï˛y ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚°ƒ åFluidityä Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–

ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,!Âôñ xyhs˝ıˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ «˛Ó˚îñ ~ˆÏu˛y§y•zˆêÏ ˛y!§§ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲG ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚°y!Î˚ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–

~ܲ!ê ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ ܲyç •° ~•z ˆÎñ ~•z ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚î
âê˛yˆÏly– ~•z ˛õò≈y!ê˛ ≤ÈÏ˲òܲ ˆË˛òƒ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ í˛z˲Î˚!òˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È xî% ~Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°yã˛°
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ¢!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ SÈyí˛¸y•z ≤’yçÙy˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ xî%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛– ~ˆÏܲ !l!‹;˛Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î åPassive Transportä ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤âÙoyÓ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §Ó˚° Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚
âlˆÏcÓ˚ xÓܲˆÏÙÓ˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÓ!¢ âlˆÏcÓ˚ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù âlˆÏcÓ˚ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
~•z ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ç°G ˆÓ!¢ âlc ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù âlˆÏcÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y myÓ˚y
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îˆÏܲ x!˲flÀÓî ӈϰ– ˆ˛õy°yÓ˚ xî%à%ˆÏ°y ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !mhflÏÓ˚Î%=˛ !°!˛õˆÏí˛Ó˚ ll‰ˆÏ˛õy°yÓ˚ xLjϢÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°yã˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ §•ˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õò≈y!fiÌï˛
~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•Ü˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– !ܲS%È xyÎ˚l Óy xî% âlˆÏcÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏÙƒÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛Ù âlc
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ âlˆÏcÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚
˛≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl ATP ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ӈϰ– ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ Na+/ K+ ˛õy¡õ–

8.5.2 ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ åCell Wallä

ï%˛!Ù •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚SÈñ ~ܲ!ê˛ çí˛¸ñ ò,ì˛¸˛ àë˛l SÈeyܲ G í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yˆÏܲ
!âˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó!•/xyÓÓ˚î# àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛•z ≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ xyâyï˛ G §ÇܲÙî ˆÌˆÏܲG Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xÓy!N˛ï˛ Ó,•Í xî%§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xl%≤ÈÏӈϢ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– ˜¢ÓyˆÏ°G ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yçñ àƒy°yÜ˛ê˛ƒyl§‰ñ ÙƒyˆÏlyç ~ÓÇ á!lç °Óî ˆÎÙl ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ Ü˛yÓ≈ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
á!lç °Óî !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ xlƒylƒ í˛z!qˆÏò ~!ê˛ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yçñ ˆ•!وϧ°%ˆÏ°yçñ ˆ˛õܲ!ê˛l ~ÓÇ
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ï˛Ó˚%î í˛z!qòˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚!ê˛ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ xÓ°%Æ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆàÔî ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ åˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚
!òˆÏܲä à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–

ÙôƒFSÈòy •° ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ ˆ˛õܲˆÏê˛ê‰˛ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ hflÏÓ˚ Îy !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õyŸª≈Óï≈˛# ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ§ˆÏAà
ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá Óy xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏá– ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ÙôƒFSÈòy xl%≤ÃfiÌ˲yˆÏÓ ≤’yçˆÏÙyˆÏí˛çÙyê˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õyŸª≈Óï≈˛#
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚–

8.5.3 ~ˆÏu˛yˆÏÙÙˆÏÓl !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù åEndomembrane Systemä

Î!òG ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%à%ˆÏ°y àë˛làï˛ G ܲyÎ≈àï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛sfñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yˆÏàÓ˚•z ܲyçà%ˆ°
Ï y §Ùß∫y!Î˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ xhs˝/˛õò≈yï˛sf åEndomembrane
 ˆÜ˛y¢ı ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲܲ 133

Systemä Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ñ à°!à Ó›ñ

!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
Nucleus
°y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚ xhs˝/˛õò≈yï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ !SÈopore xÙ§,î
Rough
Nuclear
Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚yñ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ñ ˛õyÓ˚x!:ˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲyç í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚˛
endoplasmic
çy°Ü˛
reticulum
í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ùß∫y!Î˚ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ly–
8.5.3.1 ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ åEndoplasmic Reticulumä

•zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ •zˆ°Ï ܲê˛∆l xyî%Ó#«˛!îܲ xôƒÎ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ

~ê˛y ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎñ !ܲS%È x!ï˛ «%˛o l°yܲyÓ˚ àë˛l çy°Ü˛yܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
§y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !SÈ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛
ӈϰ– ~•z ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xM˛°ˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛
§%flõT˛ ≤ÈÏܲyˆÏ¤˛ !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüÈ °%!Ùly° åER ÙôƒfiÌä
~ÓÇ ~:ê˛∆y°%!Ùly° åCytoplasmä ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛–
~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó!•/àyˆÏe ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ
Ó˚Ribosome
y•zˆÓÏ yˆÏçyÙ
xyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎ§Ó ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó!•/àyˆÏe Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ
Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÙ§,î ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ åRERä Ó°y •Î˚–
Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù§,î ˆòáyÎ˚–
ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù§,î ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ åSERä ӈϰ–
Ù§,î
Smooth
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï G «˛Ó˚î ܲyˆÏÎ≈ §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# Endoplasmic
~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚˛
reticulum
çy°Ü˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ RER ˆÓ!¢ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y !Óhfl,Ïï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚
Ó!•ı˛õò≈yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ˲yˆÏÓ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛!ã˛e 8.5 / ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÙ

Ù§,î ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÙ !°!˛õí˛ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ Ù%რfiÌyl– !§fiê˛yÓ˚!l

Cisternae
≤Ãyî# ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !°!˛õˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆfiê˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚
çy°ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚–
8.5.3.2 à°!à Ó› åGolgi apparatusä

ܲƒy!وϰy à°!à å1898ä §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ !lܲˆÏê˛ àyì˛¸

Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ Ó˚!Oï˛ çy°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ àë˛l ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚
lyÙyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ à°!àÓ!í˛ lyÙܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ó•% ã˛ƒy≤Wzyñ ã˛yܲ!ï˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛
!Ó!¢T˛ Ì!° Óy 0.5 µm - 1.0 µm Óƒy§!Ó!¢T˛ !§fiê˛yÓ˚!l myÓ˚y à°!à
Ó› à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ å!ã˛e 8.6)– ~à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ°
hflÏ)˛õ#Ü,˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– à°!à Ó›ˆÏï˛ !§fiê˛yÓ˚!lÓ˚ §Çáƒy !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– à°!à
!§fiê˛yÓ˚!là%ˆÏ°y !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §!ߨܲˆÏê˛ §ÙˆÏܲw#ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ §%flõT˛ í˛z_° !§§‰ åcisä Óy §,!T˛Ó˚ ï˛° åforming faceä ~ÓÇ
xÓï˛° ê˛∆y™ åtransä Óy ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛° åmaturing faceä §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚– ˛!ã˛e 8.6 / à°!à Ó›
134 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~•z ˆÜ˛y¢ xAàyî%Ó˚ !§§‰ åcisä ~ÓÇ ê˛∆y™ï˛° åtransä §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !˲ߨ !ܲv ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §ÇÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–

à°!àÓ›Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyç •° í˛zͲõߨ ˛õòyÌ≈àˆ% ° Ï yÓ˚ ˛õƒyˆÏܲ!çÇ Ü˛Ó˚yñ ~•z ˛õòyÌ≈àˆ% °
Ï yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ÙôƒfiÌ
!l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyˆÏl ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ˆòGÎ˚y Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ «˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y– ˆË˛!§Ü˛ƒy°Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õƒyˆÏܲê˛çyï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~Ùl
Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ER ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ à°!àÓ›Ó˚ §,!T˛Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ° ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !Ù!°ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚– ~•z âê˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ à°!à Ó› ˆÜ˛l ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yˆÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xˆÏlܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ àye!fiÌï˛ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ myÓ˚y §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ à°!àÓ›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ à°!à !§fiê˛yÓ˚!lˆÏï˛ ~•z ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– @’y•zˆÏܲy!°!˛õí˛ G @’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ fiÌyl •° à°!àÓ›–

8.5.3.3 °y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙ åLysosomesä

°y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙ •° ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ Ì!°Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ àë˛l ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y à°!àÓ›ˆÏï˛ ˛õƒyˆÏܲ!çÇ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•Î˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ~ܲܲ °y•zˆ§Ï yˆÏçyÙ#Î˚ Ì!° ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ xyo≈ !ӈϟ’£ÜÏ ˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ å•y•zˆíÏ ˛» yˆÏ°çñ °y•zˆ˛Ï õçñ
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ïçñ ܲyˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛çä §Ù,Âô •Î˚– ~•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y xy!¡‘ܲ pHÈüÈ~ §Ó≈y!ôܲ §!ܲÎ˚– ~•z
í˛zͧˆÏ§ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ !°!˛õí˛ G !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˛˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ âê˛yˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù–

8.5.3.4 ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚ åVacuolesä

ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚ •° §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ!fiÌï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ xM˛°– ~ˆÏï˛ ç°ñ Ó˚§ åsapäñ ˆÓ˚ã˛l˛õòyÌ≈
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ x≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ xlƒylƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ˛õò≈ymyÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆê˛yˆÏly≤’yfiê˛ ÓˆÏ°– í˛z!qòˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ 90 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ fiÌyl ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆê˛yˆÏly≤’yfiê˛ âlˆÏcÓ˚ xÓܲˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó•% xyÎ˚l G xlƒylƒ
Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˙ Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ âlc
xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚–

xƒy!ÙÓyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛ˆÏl §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l¢#° à•¥Ó˚!ê˛ åcontractile vacuoleä à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l

ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z ˆÎÙl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ áyòƒÜ˛îy xyd§yÍÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° áyòƒà•¥Ó˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–

8.5.4 Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y åMitochondriaä

Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y å~ܲÓã˛ˆÏl Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚lä Î!ò !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚!Oï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛
§•ˆÏç ò,¢ƒÙyl •Î˚ ly– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
!˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ G xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈
Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y !í˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyÜ,˛!ï˛!Ó!¢T˛ åSousage-shapedä Óy ˆÓ°lyܲyÓ˚ •Î˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ Óƒy§ 0.2-1
µm åàí˛¸ 0.5 µmä ~ÓÇ ˜òâ≈ƒ 1.0-4.1 µm. ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !m˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ àë˛l ÈmyÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛–
~•z ˛õò≈y ò%!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó!•/˛õò≈y G xhs/˛õò≈y ӈϰ–
 ˆÜ˛y¢ı ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲܲ 135

Ó!•/˛õò≈y
xhs˝/˛õò≈y fiÌyl
xhs/˛õò≈y

ôye !Ü ˛fiê˛y

!ã˛e 8.7 / Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚yÓ˚ àë˛l å°¡∫ˆÏFSÈòä

Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚yÓ˚ xhs˝/≤ÈÏܲy¤˛!ê˛ ˆÎ §Ù§_¥ àyì˛¸ ˛õòyÌ≈ myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ùƒy!ê˛∆: Óy ôye
ӈϰ– Ó!•/˛õò≈y ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢xAàyî%Ó˚ x!Ó!FSÈߨ §#Ùyly àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xhs/˛õò≈y!ê˛ ôyˆÏeÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ËÑ˛yç
•ˆÏÎ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y !Ü ˛!fiê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ å~ܲÓã˛ˆÏl !Ü ˛fiê˛yä å!ã˛e 8.7 ä– !Ü ˛!fiê˛ xhs/˛õò≈yÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆ«˛eÊ˛° Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õò≈y ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
§ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y •° §Óyï˛ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ fiÌyl– Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ ATP Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
¢!=˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢!=˛âÓ˚ åPower housesä Ó°y •Î˚– Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚yÓ˚ ôyˆÏe
~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛Ü ˛yܲyÓ˚ DNA xî%ñ Ó•%˛ RNA xî%ñ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ å70S ä ~ÓÇ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòl§Ù)• ÌyˆÏܲ– Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y !m!Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ åfissionä ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚–

8.5.5 ≤’y!fiê˛í˛ åPlastidsä

≤’y!fiê˛í˛ §Ó í˛z!qòˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ •zí˛z!@’lˆÏÎ˚ψíÏ ˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •GÎ˚yÎ˚ §•ˆÏç•z
xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È §%!l!ò≈T˛ Ó˚Oܲ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~Ó˚y í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
§%!l!ò≈T˛ Óî≈ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚Oܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ôÓ˚l xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ≤’y!fiê˛í˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ñ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙy≤’yfiê˛ ~ÓÇ
!°í˛zˆÏܲy≤’yˆÏfiê˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–

ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛lˆÏÎ˚í˛ Ó˚Oܲ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ

≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ xyÓÂôܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙy≤’yˆÏfiê˛ ˆfl¨Ï•˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ oyÓƒ ܲƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛lˆÏÎ˚í˛
Ó˚Oܲ ˆÎÙlñ ܲƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛lñ çƒyˆÏrÌy!Ê˛° ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ Ó˚Oܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z Ó˚Oܲà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚
çlƒ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÇ¢ •°%òñ Ü˛Ù°y Óy °y° Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ •Î˚– !°í˛zˆÏܲy≤’yfiê˛à%ˆÏ°y §!M˛ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ !˲ߨ xyܲyÓ˚ G xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Óî≈•#l ≤’y!fiê˛í˛– xƒyÙy•zˆÏ°y≤’yfiê˛ Ü˛yˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ åfiê˛yã≈˛ä
§M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙl xy°%ó •z°y•zG≤’yfiê˛ ˆï˛° G ã˛!Ó≈ §M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!°í˛zˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §M˛Î˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
136 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Ó!•/˛õò≈y §Ó%ç í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ x!ôܲyÇ¢

xhs/˛õò≈y ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛§Ù)• !Ó!˲ߨ ˜òâ≈ƒ
@˝Ãyly å5-10 µmä G ≤ÃfiÌ!Ó!¢T˛ å2-4 µmä ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%
Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎí˚ ˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ˆ°™ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ñ !í˛¡∫yܲyÓ˚ñ ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ñ ã˛yܲ!ï˛Ó˚
lƒyÎ˚ ~Ùl!ܲ !Ê˛ï˛yÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ xyÜ, ˛ !ï˛ !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ –
ˆfiê˛∆yÙy
°ƒyˆÏÙ!° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ !˲ߨ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎÙl Üœ˛ƒyÙy•zˆÏí˛yˆÏÙyly§ lyÙܲ §Ó%ç ˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
ˆfiê˛∆yÙy ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ 1!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yfiê˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°G ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛°
ܲ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ 20-40 !ê˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛G !m õò≈yÓ,ï˛ xAàyî%–
!ã˛e 8.8 / ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ˆSȈÏòÓ˚ ò,¢ƒ
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs/˛õò≈yÓ˚ ˆË˛òƒï˛y
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù •Î˚– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛ xhs˝/˛õò≈y myÓ˚y
§#ÙyÓÂô˛ fiÌyl!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆfiê˛∆yÙy åstromaä Ó°y •Î˚– ˆfiê˛∆yÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ã˛ƒy˛≤Wzy xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ Ì!°
ÌyˆÏܲñ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ ÓˆÏ° å!ã˛e 8.8)– Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛à%ˆÏ°y àyòy ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy Ù%oyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ̈ÏÓ˚ ̈ÏÓ˚
§!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ @˝Ãyly å~ܲÓã˛ˆÏl @˝ÃylyÙä Óy xyhs˝/ @˝Ãyly Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ ÓˆÏ°– ~SÈyí˛¸yG !Ó!˲ߨ
@˝ÃylyÓ˚ Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚# ã˛ƒy≤Wzy ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ly!°Ü˛y ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆfiê˛∆yÙy °ƒyˆÏÙ!° ӈϰ–
Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˛õò≈y ˆÎ fiÌyl!ê˛ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ï˛yˆÏܲ °%ˆÏÙl ålumenä ӈϰ– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y˛õyˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ˆfiê˛∆yÙyˆÏï˛
ܲyˆÏÓy•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ G ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛§Ù)• ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛ «%˛o !mï˛sf#
ã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ DNA xî% ~ÓÇ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙG ÌyˆÏܲ– Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° Ó˚Oܲ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yfiê˛!fiÌï˛ Ó˚y•zˆÓÏ yˆÏçyÙà%ˆ° Ï y å70Sä §y•zˆêÏ ˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚y•zˆÓÏ yˆÏçyÙà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ å80Sä ï%˛°lyÎ˚
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •Î˚–
8.5.6 Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ åRibosomesä

Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ òylyòyÓ˚ àë˛l ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !ÓK˛yl# çç≈ ˛õƒy°yˆÏí˛ å1953ä §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l
xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ âl ܲ!îܲyÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ RNA G ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛
ÓˆÏí˛¸y
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õò≈y!Ó•#l xAàyî%–
xô/~ܲܲ
•zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ 80S ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !ܲv ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ 70S ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ~ÓÇ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
xô/~ܲܲ
ò%!ê˛ xô/~ܲܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ å!ã˛e 8.9 ˆòˆÏáyä– 80S Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ xô/
~ܲܲ •° 60S ~ÓÇ 40S x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ 50S ~ÓÇ 30S ò%!ê˛ xô/~ܲܲ !lˆÏÎ˚
70S Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ à!ë˛ï˛– ~áyˆÏl ‘S’ myÓ˚y å ˆË˛òÓyà≈ ~ܲܲä xô/ˆ«˛˛õî
à%îyAܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ âlc G xyܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õ §•yÎ˚ܲ–
70S ~ÓÇ 80S ò%!ê˛ xôı~ܲܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
!ã˛e 8.9 / Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ
8.5.7 §y•zˆÏê˛yˆÏflÒ!°ê˛l åCytoskeletonä

§y•zˆÏê˛yˆÏflÒ!°ê˛ˆÏl §)eyܲyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ çy°Ü˛ˆÏܲ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ §y•zˆÏê˛yˆÏflÒ!°ê˛l
ӈϰ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛yˆÏflÒ!°ê˛l Îy!sfܲ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yñ ã˛°lñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó•% ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
§ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
 ˆÜ˛y¢ı ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲܲ 137

Plasma
ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈y
membrane

˛õ!Ó˚!ôfiÌ
Peripheral
microtubules
!mÈüÈxî%ly!°Ü˛y
(doublets)

ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
Central åí˛yӈϰê˛ä
sheath
xyÓÓ˚î Interdoublet
xyhs˝/í˛yӈϰê˛
bridge
ˆÎyçܲ

Central
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xî%ly!°Ü˛y
microtuble
åܲä xÓ˚#Î˚Radial
ˆflõyܲ
spoke åá˛ä

!ã˛e 8.10 ≤ÃfïÏSȈÏò !§!°Î˚y‡Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ı åÜ˛ä •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l Ùy•zˆÏܲy@˝ÃyÊ˛ åáä x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î
àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly–

8.5.8 !§!°Î˚y ~ÓÇ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y åCilia and Flagellaä

!§!°Î˚y å~ܲÓã˛ˆÏl !§!°Î˚yÙä ~ÓÇ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y å~ܲÓã˛ˆÏl Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°yÙä ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zÂàï˛ ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
í˛z˛õÓ,!Âô– «%˛oyܲyÓ˚ àë˛lÎ%=˛ !§!°Î˚y G Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°yà%ˆÏ°y Îy ˜Óë˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ Óy ï˛yÓ˚
ã˛ï%˛˛‹õyŸª≈fiÌ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ §M˛y°ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò#â≈ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏï˛G Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲv ~Ó˚y •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y
ˆÌˆÏܲ àë˛làï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !˲ߨï˛Ó˚ •Î˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ !§!°Î˚y Óy Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°yÓ˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l xyî%Ó#«˛!îܲ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~Ó˚y ≤’yçÙy˛õò≈y
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆâÓ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰ ~ˆÏ:y!lÙ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È xî%ly!°Ü˛y ò#â≈ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ §Ùyhs˝Óy˚ °Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˛˚ – ~ˆÏ:y!lˆÏÙ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xÓ˚#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ˛§!Iï˛ lÎ˚!ê˛ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ !mÈüÈxî%ly!°Ü˛y
Óy í˛yÓˆÏ°ê˛ åxÌ≈yÍ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ xî%ly!°Ü˛yˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xô/ly!°Ü˛y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §ÇÎ%=˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲä
~ÓÇ ~ܲ ˆçyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xî%ly!°Ü˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~ˆÏ:y!lˆÏÙ xî%ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ~•zÓ˚)˛õ !Ólƒy§ˆÏܲ 9+2 §Iy
!•§yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ å!ã˛e 8.10 ˆòˆÏáy)– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xî%ly!°Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y ˆ§ï%˛ myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
˛õò≈y myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ˛≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ Èxî%ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ í˛yӈϰˆÏê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓ˚#Î˚
ˆflõyܲ åradial spokeä myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z ~áyˆÏl 9!ê˛ xÓ˚#Î˚ ˆflõyܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ Èxî%ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚
í˛yӈϰê˛à%ˆÏ°yG ˆÎyçˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !§!°Î˚y G Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y í˛z˲Î˚•z ˆ§!rê˛∆GˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
àë˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq%ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆ§!rê˛∆G°Èüȧò,¢ àë˛là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓ§y° Ó!í˛ ÓˆÏ°–
8.5.9 ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆yˆÏçyÙ ~ÓÇ ˆ§!rê˛∆G°§ åCentrosomes and centriolesä

ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆yˆÏçyÙ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% Îy §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆ§!rê˛G° lyÙܲ ò%!ê˛ ˆÓ°lyܲyÓ˚ àë˛l §Ù!ß∫ï˛–
~à%ˆÏ°y x!lÎ˚ï˛yܲyÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï !rê˛∆G°yÓ˚ Ó› myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆yˆÏçyÙ!fiÌï˛ í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ§!rê˛∆G° ~ܲ!ê˛
x˛õÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ °¡∫˲yˆÏÓ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
138 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ§!rê˛∆G° ˆàyÓ˚%Ó˚ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ã˛yܲyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §Çàë˛l!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y §Ùò)Ó˚ˆÏc xÓ!fiÌï˛
!ê˛í˛z!Óí˛z!°l ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ 9!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ôfiÌ ï˛v !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ôfiÌ ï˛v xyÓyÓ˚ !ê˛∆˛õˆÏ°ê˛ Óy eÎ˚#
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ï˛v !ï˛l!ê˛ ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– §Ç°@¿ !ê˛∆˛õˆÏ°ê˛ Óy eÎ˚# ï˛và%ˆÏ°yG
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §ÇÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§!rê˛∆GˆÏ°Ó˚ !lܲê˛Óï≈˛# xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xÇ¢!ê˛G ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ •yÓ
åHubä ӈϰ Îy ˛õ!Ó˚!ôˆÏï˛ !ÓlƒhflÏ eÎ˚# ly!°Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ xÓ˚#Î˚ ˆflõyˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§!rê˛∆G°ñ !§!°Î˚y Óy Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°yÓ˚ ˆÓ§y° Ó!í˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓÙï˛v àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲy¢ !Ó˲yçlܲyˆÏ°
~•z ˆÓÙï˛và%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÓÙÎsf à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
8.5.10 !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ åNucleusä
§Ó≈˛≤ÃÌÙ 1831 §yˆÏ°•z Ó˚Óyê≈˛ Óyí˛zl !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°
ˆÊœ˛!ÙÇ «˛yÓ˚#Î˚ Ó˚Oܲ myÓ˚y !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ Ó˚!Oï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ lyÙ ˆòl ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛l–
•z r ê˛yÓ˚ ˆ Ï Ê ˛ç !lí˛z ! Üœ ˛ Î˚ y § åˆÜ˛yˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ !lí˛z !Üœ ˛Î˚y § Îál
!Ó˲yçlÓ˚ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ lyä ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛l lyÙܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛
~ÓÇ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ï˛vñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ ôye ~ÓÇ ~ܲ
!lí˛z!Üœ˛G≤’yçÙ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ àë˛l!Ó!¢T˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G°y§ §Ù!ß∫ï˛
•Î˚ å!ã˛e 8.11 ˆòˆÏáyä– •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
!lí˛z!Üœ˛G°y§ ~ê˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G˛õò≈y !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ !SÈo í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ܲ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lí˛z!Üœ˛G˛õò≈y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ°
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ ˛õò≈y §!Iï˛ ò%!ê˛ xyÓÓ˚î# myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ò%!ê˛ xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚
ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌyl!ê˛ˆÏܲ å10-50 nmä ˆ˛õ!Ó˚!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yÓ˚
fiÌyl ӈϰ– Ó!•/!lí˛z!Üœ˛G˛õò≈y!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˛ ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚˛
!ã˛e 8.11 / !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ àë˛l çy!°Ü˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!ÓˆÏFSÈòƒ xÇ¢Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛
Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙG ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G˛õò≈y Ó•% fiÌyˆÏl !SÈoÎ%=˛
•Î˚ñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ò%!ê˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G˛õò≈y !Ù!°ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z !SÈoà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ RNA ~ÓÇ
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l xî%§Ù)• !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ G §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛z˲Î˚!òˆÏܲ ã˛°yã˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ÌyˆÏܲ– !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ï˛ÙƒG
≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~Ùl ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ lyÙ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ~ܲy!ôܲ
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~Ùl!ܲ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢G !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§!Ó•#l •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó•% hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚#
≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ~!Ó˚ˆÏÌy§y•zê˛§ ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•lܲ°yï˛sf!Ó!¢T˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §#˲l° ˆÜ˛y¢ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§!Ó•#l •Î˚– ~•z
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ܲ Ú§ç#ÓÛ ˆÜ˛y¢ !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ⁄
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ôye Óy !lí˛z!Üœ˛G≤’yçÙñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G°y§ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛l §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚– !lí˛z!Üœ˛G°y§
•° !lí˛z!Üœ˛G≤’yçˆÏÙ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ àë˛l– !lí˛z!Üœ˛G°y§ ˛˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ly •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
Ó›§Ù)• !lí˛z!Üœ˛G≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ Óy!ܲ xLjϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!ÓˆÏFSÈòƒË˛yˆÏÓ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~!ê˛ •° §!ܲÎ˚ Ó˚y•zˆÓÏ yˆÏçyÙy°
RNA §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ fiÌyl– ˆÎ§Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï âˆÏê˛ ˆ§•z§Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
x!ôܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G°y§ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •Î˚–
 ˆÜ˛y¢ı ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲܲ 139

ï%˛!Ù •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óy ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛ç !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§

!lí˛z!Üœ˛GˆÏ≤Ãy!ê˛l ï˛vÓ˚ !¢!Ì° ~ÓÇ xflõT˛ çy°Ü˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛l
ӈϰ– !ܲv ˆÜ˛y¢!Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ò¢y ã˛°yܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ fiÌyˆÏl §%à!ë˛ï˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛lñ DNA G !ܲS%È «˛yÓ˚#Î˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l xÌ≈yÍ !•ˆÏfiê˛yl
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ !ܲS%È x!•ˆÏfiê˛yl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ÓÇ RNA §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚– ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
46 ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ å23 ˆçyí˛¸yä ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 2 !Ùê˛yÓ˚ °¡∫y DNA ï˛v Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y myò¢ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ DNA ˛õƒyˆÏܲ!çÇ !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ–
ܲy•zˆlÏ ˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyÓ˚
Kinetochore
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙ å ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !Ó˲y!çï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ò,¢ƒÙylä xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ áÑyç Óy ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ õyˆÏ¢ ܲy•zˆÏlˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyÓ˚ åkineto-
choreä lyÙܲ ã˛yܲ!ï˛ÈüÈxyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ àë˛l Óï≈˛Ùyl å!ã˛e 8.12ä– ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ xLjϢ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl xl%ÎyÎ˚#
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ã˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ å !ã˛e 8.13 ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆÙÏê˛yˆÏ§!rê˛∆ܲ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙ ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y∆ !ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ÌyˆÏܲñ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚
ò%!ê˛ Óy•% §Ù˜ÏòˆÏâƒ≈ Ó˚ •Î˚– §yÓÈüȈÙê˛yˆÏ§!rê˛∆ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙ ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚
ÙyV˛áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%Èê˛y ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•% x˛õÓ˚ Óy•% xˆÏ˛õ«˛y
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •Î˚– xƒyˆÏܲyˆÏ§!rê˛∆ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•% á%Ó °¡∫y ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ Óy•%!ê˛ áÓ≈ •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ñ !ã˛e 8.12 / ܲy•zˆÏlˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyÓ˚ Î%=˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ
ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏ§!rê˛∆ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚–

§ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ ˆàÔî áÑyç

áÓ≈ Óy•%

áÓ≈ Óy•%

ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚

ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚

ò#â≈ Óy•%

!ã˛e 8.13 / ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl xl%ÎyÎ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ

140 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyÎ˚# xM˛ˆÏ° xÓ˚!Oï˛ ˆàÔîáÑyç ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° §ƒyˆÏê˛°y•zê˛ lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y á[˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛–

8.5.11 Ùy•zˆÏܲyÓ!í˛§ åMicrobodiesä

!Ó!˲ߨ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛˛§Ù!ß∫ï˛ Ó•% ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ Ì!° xÌ≈yÍ Ùy•zˆÏܲyÓ!í˛ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî# í˛z˲Î˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ–

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ åSummaryä

§Ó ç#Ó•z ˆÜ˛y¢ Óy ˆÜ˛y¢à%FSÈ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– xyܲyÓ˚àï˛ñ xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛y¢ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ Óy xlƒylƒ ˆÜ˛y¢ xAàyî%Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ Óy xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ Óy ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ Óy
•zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ~ÓÇ §y•zˆÏê˛∆y≤’yçÙ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y ≤ÈÏ˲òܲ ˆË˛òƒ ˛õò≈y ~ÓÇ Ó•% xî%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ˆÏu˛yˆÏÙÙˆÏÓ l !§ˆÏfiê˛Ùñ ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÙñ à°!àÓ›ñ °y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ à•¥Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚
xAàyî%§Ù)• §%!l!ò≈T˛ xÌã˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆yˆÏçyÙ ~ÓÇ ˆ§!rê˛∆G° !§!°Î˚y ~ÓÇ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°yÓ˚
ˆÓ§y°Ó!í˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy àÙˆÏlÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ– ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ˆ§!rê˛∆G° ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçlܲyˆÏ° ˆÓÙÎsfG àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§
!lí˛z!Üœ˛G°y§ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛l çy!°Ü˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ ¢%ô%Ùye ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y•z !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ˆÏï˛G
Ù)რË)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–

~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÙ !ê˛í˛z!Óí˛z° Óy !§fiê˛yÓ˚!l §Ù!ß∫ï˛– ~Ó˚y ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÎÌy Ù§,î ~ÓÇ xÙ§,î–
~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÙ ˆÜ˛y¢ ÙôƒfiÌ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ @’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ÓÇ @’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏçl §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚– à°!àÓ› ˛õòyÓ,≈ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% Îy ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ã˛ƒy≤Wzy Ì!° !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˛õƒyˆÏܲê˛çyï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– °y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙ ~ܲܲ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%– ~ˆÏï˛ §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,•Í
xî% ˛õyã˛ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛yܲyÓ˚# í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛§Ù)• Óï≈˛Ùyl˛– Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï xÇ¢ ˆlÎ˚– ~Ó˚y §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ
Ù%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óy ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yˆÏÙ §Ç°@¿ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y x!:ˆÏí˛!ê˛Ë˛ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!Ó˚˲Ól ~ÓÇ ATP í˛zͲõyòˆÏl
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y !mÈüÈ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛– ˛Ó!•/˛õò≈y Ù§,î ~ÓÇ xhs˝/˛õò≈y ËÑ˛yç •ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ !Ü ˛!fiê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤’y§!ê˛í˛ Ó˚Oܲ
˛õòyÌ≈ Ó•lܲyÓ˚# ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% Îy ~ܲÙye í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– í˛z!qòˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ˆÏܲ xyÓÂô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤’y§!ê˛ˆÏí˛Ó˚ @˝Ãyly xÇ¢ xyˆÏ°yܲ!Ó!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆfiê˛∆yÙy
xÇ¢ xrôܲyÓ˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ fiÌyl– §Ó%ç Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ≤’y§!ê˛í˛ •° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒylƒ Ó˚!.l
≤’y§!ê˛í˛à%ˆÏ°y •° ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙy≤’yfiê˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛l ~ÓÇ çƒyˆÏrÌy!Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó˚!.l ܲ!îܲy ÌyˆÏܲ– !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§!ê˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G
!SÈo!Ó!¢T˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !mÈüÈ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ àë˛l myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏܲ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G ˛õò≈y ˛ÓˆÏ°– !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ xhs/˛õò≈y!ê˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G≤’yçÙ ~ÓÇ
ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛l Ó›ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈àï˛ ~ܲܲ ӈϰ–
 ˆÜ˛y¢ı ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲܲ 141

xl%¢#°l# åExercisesä

1. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛⁄

åܲä Ó˚Óyê≈˛ Óyí˛zl ˆÜ˛y¢ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
åáä ˆfl‘•zˆÏí˛l G ˆfl∫yÎ˚yl ˆÜ˛y¢ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ=˛y !SȈϰl–
åàä !˲Ó˚ˆÏã˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
åâä ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ˜çÓ!lܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
2. lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢ §,!T˛ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ
åܲä Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ §rôyl ˆÌˆÏܲ åáä ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛l ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl myÓ˚y
åàä ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ åâä xç#Ó#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ–
3. hflÏΩ˛ ˆÙ°yG
hflÏΩ˛ ÈüÈ I hflÏΩ˛ È II
åܲä !ܲ!fiê˛ åiä ˆfiê˛∆yÙy!fiÌï˛ ˛õòyÓ≈,ï˛ ã˛ƒy≤Wzy Ì!°§Ù)•
åáä !§fiê˛yÓ˚!l åiiä Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë˛≈ yç
åàä Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ åiiiä à°!àÓ›!fiÌï˛ ã˛yܲ!ï˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ì!°§Ù)•
4. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ ı
åÜ˛ä §Ó §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ Óï≈˛Ùyl–
åáä ≤Ãyî# G í˛z!qò í˛z˲Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z ~ܲ!ê˛ §%flõT˛ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
åàä ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
åâä xç#Ó#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
5. ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆÙˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙ Ü˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄ ~Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈§Ù)• í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6. ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤â٠oyÓ§Ù)• ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yã˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÙÓ˚%!fiÌï˛ xî%à%ˆÏ°yG !ܲ ~ܲ•z
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°yã˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ Î!ò ly ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚⁄
7. !mÈüÈ˛õòy≈Ó,ï˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%Ó˚ lyÙ ˆ°ˆÏáy– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y
ˆ°ˆÏáy– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ !ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
8. ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
9. ÚÓ•%ˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ ç#ˆÏÓ ◊Ù!Ó˲yçl Óï≈˛ÙylÛÈüüüÈ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10. ˆÜ˛y¢ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ~ܲܲÈüüüÈ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
11. !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚˚ !SÈo ܲ#⁄ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç ˆ°ˆÏáy–
12. °y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚ í˛z˲Î˚•z xhs˝˛õò≈y àë˛l åEndomembrane Systemä ï˛Ìy!˛õ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç !˲ߨñ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
13. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ !ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
åܲä !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ åáä ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆yˆÏçyÙ
14. ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲ#⁄ ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xÓfiÌyl ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚
!ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
 142 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xôƒyÎ˚ – 9 (Chapter - 9)
˜çÓ xî%§Ù)• (Biomolecules)

9.1. Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ç#ÓÙu˛ˆÏ° xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#Ó ˜Ó!ã˛e ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ál ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ß¿ çyˆÏàñ §Ó §ç#Óñ
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ç#Ó !ܲ ~ܲ•z Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÙÔ° ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔà⁄ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÙÔ°à%!°Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî
•Î˚⁄
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó˚§yÎ˚l !ÓòƒyÎ˚ !¢ˆÏáSÈ– í˛z!qò ܲ°yñ ≤Ãyî# ܲ°y ~ÓÇ xî%ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ°•z (mi-
9.2 ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G ˆàÔî crobial Paste) !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ܲyÓ≈lñ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçlñ x!:ˆÏçl
!Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ Ó›§Ù)•
~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÙÔ°§Ù)• ~ÓÇ §ç#Ó Ü˛°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲܲ ˲ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ~ál
9.3 Ó,•Í ˜çÓ xî%§Ù)• Î!ò çí˛¸ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÎÙl ~ܲ á[˛ Ùy!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y xyÙÓ˚y ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ°G xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
9.4 ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l§Ù)• ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˛õyÓ– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°
9.5 ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ§Ó ˆÙÔ° Óï≈˛Ùylñ §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG
9.6 !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛§‰
ˆ§•z§Ó ˆÙÔ° Óï≈˛Ùyl– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ §)-˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ xlƒylƒ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛
ܲyÓ≈l G •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ≤Ãyã%˛Î≈ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚
9.7 ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ å§yÓ˚!î 9.1 ˆòˆÏáyä ÌyˆÏܲ–
9.8 ˛õ!°ÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ÙˆÏlyÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Órôl# 9.1. Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚⁄ åHow to analyse chemical
§ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ compositionä⁄
9.9 ˆò• í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#°
xÓfiÌy !Ó˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜çÓ ˆÎÔà §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
9.10 ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ ˆ Ï î Ó˚ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ~Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ áÑ%çˆÏÓ⁄ ~Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ
!˲!_ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ §ç#Ó Ü˛°y å§Ó!çÓ˚ Óy ÎÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!òä !l°yÙñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ
9.11 §ç#Ó xÓfiÌy ê˛∆y•zˆÏÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y xƒyˆÏ§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ (Cl3CCOOH) ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ˛ Ùê≈˛yÓ˚ G ˆ˛õfiê˛° §y•yˆÏ΃ ã)˛î≈ ܲÓ˚y •°– ~Ó˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%Ó˚% ܲy•z åslurryä ˛õy•zñ Î!ò ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ~ál !Ù!• ܲy˛õí˛¸ Óy ï%˛°yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆSÈшÏܲ
9.12 í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü
!l•z ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ò%ˆÏê˛y xÇ¢ ˛õy•z– ≤ÃÌÙyLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚◊%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚° Óy ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ xÇ¢ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ oyÓƒ
˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ xô/ˆÏ«˛˛õ Óy xƒy!§í˛ xoyÓƒ xÇ¢– !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y xƒy!§í˛ oyÓƒ xÇÏ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
•yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ˆÎÔà ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–
 ˜çÓ xî%§Ù)• 143

~ܲ!ê˛ §ç#Ó Ü˛°yÓ˚ lÙ%lyˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓ˚î# 9.1 §ç#Ó G çí˛¸ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
˜çÓ ˆÎÔà ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊î#ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï%˛°ly D
çylˆÏÓ– ~áyˆÏl ~ê˛y Ó°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎñ ˆÎÔà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !l‹Òy¢ˆÏlÓ˚ % Gçl
ˆÙÔ° Ë)˛cܲ ÙylÓ ˆò•
˛õÓ˚ Îï˛«˛î ly xlƒ §Ó ˆÎÔà ˆÌˆÏܲ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÎÔà!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y
•y•zˆíÏ ˛» yˆÏçl (H) 0.14 0.5
ÎyˆÏFSÈ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !l‹Òy!¢ï ܲyÓ≈l (C) 0.03 18.5
ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ã˛ˆÏ°– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ~!ê˛ x!:ˆÏçl (O) 46.6 65.0
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl (N) á%Ó §yÙylƒ 3.3
•° ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !Ó¢%!ÂôܲÓ˚î– ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ (S) 0.03 0.3
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ˛õÂô!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xyî!Óܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ §Ω˛yÓƒ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ (Na) 2.8 0.2
àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy xyÙÓ˚y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– §ç#Ó Ü˛°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲƒy°!¢Î˚yÙ (Ca) 3.6 1.5
ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ (Mg) 2.1 0.1
ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆÎÔà xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˜çÓ xî% Óy ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÙ!°!ܲí˛z° !§!°Ü˛l (Si) 27.70 làîƒ
ӈϰ– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ ~ê˛y xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ùl ܲˆÏÓ˚ çy!l⁄ ~ܲê%˛ xy°yòy
D Universities Press, Hyderabad ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ñ CNR-Rao
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y ôÁǧydܲ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ê˛y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §ç#Ó understanding Chemistry ˆÌˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛
ܲ°yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y á[˛ Gçl ܲÓ˚y •° ÎyˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y xyo≈ Gçl
Ó!° ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢%‹Ò ܲÓ˚y •°– ~ál ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ç°
˛Óy‹õy!Î˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– xÓ!¢T˛ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛Ó˚ GçlˆÏܲ Ó°y •ˆÏÓ ¢%‹Ò
Gçl– ~ál Î!ò ~•z ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ%!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚
§ÙhflÏ ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°y çy!Ó˚ï˛ (CO2 ~ÓÇ ç°ä •ˆÏÎ˚ ~áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ~ál ˆÎê˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ SÈy•z– ~•z SÈy•z ~Ó˚ §yÓ˚!î 9.2 ı §ç#Ó Ü˛°yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôcÙ)°Ü˛ x˜ÏçÓ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyˆÏܲ x˜ÏçÓ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y åˆÎÙl ܲƒy°!¢Î˚yÙñ ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ ï˛y!°Ü˛y
•zï˛ƒy!òä– xy!¡‘ܲ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ñ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl §ÇˆÏܲï˛
çyï˛#Î˚ x˜ÏçÓ ˆÎÔà xÌ≈yÍ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî §ç#Ó Ü˛°yÓ˚ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ Na+
ÙˆÏôƒ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçlñ x!:ˆÏçlñ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚lñ ܲyÓ≈l •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆÙÔ° í˛z˛õyòyl ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ k+
!•§yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˜çÓ Ü˛ƒy°!§Î˚yÙ Ca++
(!ã˛e 9.1 ˆòˆÏáyä ~ÓÇ x˜ÏçÓ å§yÓ˚!î 9.2 ˆòˆÏáyä ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ÙƒyàˆÏl!¢Î˚yÙ Mg++
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ç° H 2O
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#Ù)°Ü˛ ˆÎÙl xƒy°!í˛•y•zí˛ñ !ܲˆÏê˛ylñ xƒyˆÏÓ˚yÙƒy!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÎÔà ˆÎÔà §Ù)• NaCl, CaSO3,
•zï˛ƒy!ò ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y PO3–, + SO4+2

ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zí˛ñ «˛yÓ˚ñ Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–

xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛à%ˆÏ°y •° ~ܲ!ê˛ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly @˝Ã%˛õ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ x¡‘#Î˚ @˝Ã%˛õ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ˜çÓ ˆÎÔà
ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ•z ܲyÓ≈l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% xÌ≈yÍ α ܲyÓ≈l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õlˆÏÎyàƒ˛–
ˆ§•zçlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ α xƒyÙy•zˆÏly x¡‘ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y •° ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õlˆÏÎyàƒ !ÙˆÏÌl– ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õlˆÏÎyàƒ @˝Ã%˛õ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÎyçƒï˛yÓ˚ fiÌyl òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçlñ
ܲyÓ≈!:° Ù)°Ü˛ñ xƒyÙy•zˆÏlyÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l¢#° Ù)°Ü˛ R– R Ù)°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚#
xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛à%ˆ° Ï y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÎÔà í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ùye 20 ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly
xƒy!§í˛•z ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l àë˛ˆÏl xÇ¢ ˆlÎ˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l àë˛lܲyÓ˚# xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ R Ù)°Ü˛ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl åxƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰ @’y•z!§läñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÙÌy•z° Ù)°Ü˛ åxƒy°y!lläñ
144 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

•y•zí»˛!: !ÙÌy•z° Ù)°Ü˛ 刧!Ó˚lä •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z Ü%˛!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ï˛l!ê˛ l#ˆÏã˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– å!ã˛e 9.1
ˆòˆÏáyä

xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆË˛Ôï˛ G Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ôÙ≈ xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xƒyÙy•zˆÏlyñ ܲyÓ≈!:°
G R ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# Ù)°ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– xƒyÙy•zˆÏly G ܲyÓ≈!:° Ù)°ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly
xƒy!§í˛à%ˆÏ°y x¡‘#Î˚ åˆÎÙl @’%ê˛y!Ùܲ xƒy!§í˛äñ «˛yÓ˚#Î˚ å°y•z!§lä Óy ≤â٠å˲ƒy!°lä •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y §%àrôÎ%=˛ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ xyˆÏSÈ åê˛y•zˆÏÓ˚y!§lñ !Ê˛ly•z° xƒy°yly•zlñ
!ê˛∆˛õˆÏê˛yˆÏÊ˛lä– xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÙ≈ •° xƒyÙy•zˆÏly åÈüÈNH2ä G ܲyÓ≈!:°Ù)°Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y
(– CooH) xyÎ˚!lï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ PH -~Ó˚ oÓˆÏî xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ àë˛l
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–

‘B’ ˆÜ˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ç%•zê˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚!lܲ àë˛l

!°!˛õí˛à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ çˆÏ° xoyÓƒ •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y §Ó˚° Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛ƒy!ê˛
xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚˛ ܲyÓ≈!:°Ù)°Ü˛!ê˛ ‘R’ Ù)°ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– R˛ Ù)°Ü˛!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÙÌy•z° (– CH3)ñ
•zÌy•z° (– C2H5) xÌÓy ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛ CH2 Ù)°Ü˛!Ó!¢T˛ å1 ˆÌˆÏܲ 19 ܲyÓ≈lä •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl
˛õy!Ù!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ñ xƒyÓ˚y!ܲˆÏí˛y!lܲ xƒy!§í˛ ܲyÓ≈!:°Ù)°Ü˛ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 16!ê˛ ~ÓÇ 20!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ≈l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
ÌyˆÏܲ– Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛à%ˆÏ°y §¡õ,=˛ å!mÈüȈÎyç# Órôl#ä xÌÓy x§¡õ,=˛ å~ܲ!ê˛ xÌÓy ~ܲy!ôܲ C = C
!mÈüȈÎyç#˛ Órôl#!Ó!¢T˛ä •Î˚– !@’§yÓ˚° Óy ê˛∆y•z•y•zí»˛!: ˆ≤ÃyˆÏ˛õl xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ !°!˛õí˛– xˆÏlܲ !°!˛õˆÏí˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛ ~ÓÇ !@’§yÓ˚° í˛z˲Î˚•z Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ– ~áyˆÏl Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛à%ˆÏ°y !@’§yÓ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚
§ˆÏAà ~ˆÏfiê˛!Ó˚Ê˛y•zí˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!@’§yÓ˚y•zí˛ í˛y•z!@’§yÓ˚y•zí˛ Óy
ê˛∆y•z!@’§yÓ˚y•zí˛– à°lyˆÏAܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ã˛!Ó≈ Óy ˆï˛° Ó°y •Î˚– ˆï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ à°lyAܲ ܲÙ
åˆÎÙl !çl‰ˆÏç!° ˆï˛°ä •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ¢#ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°G ˆï˛° !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ã˛!Ó≈ˆÏܲ ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !°!˛õˆÏí˛ Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!Ó˚ˆÏ°ˆÏê˛í˛
˜çÓ ˆÎÔà ÌyˆÏܲ– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ӈϰ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y !°!˛õí˛– ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ°!§!Ìl ~Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !ܲS%È !ܲS%È Ü˛°yÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°yÎ˚ x!ôܲ ç!ê˛° àë˛l!Ó!¢T˛ !°!˛õí˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl–

§ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ ܲyÓ≈l ˆÎÔà ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆ•ê˛yˆÏÓ˚y§y•z!Üœ˛Ü˛ Ó°Î˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ •° ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlÎ%=˛ «˛yÓ˚ û xƒyˆÏí˛!llñ à%Î˚y!llñ §y•zˆÏê˛y•z§lñ •zí˛zÓ˚y!§° ~ÓÇ
Ìy•z!Ùl– ~à%ˆÏ°y Îál ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ !lG!Üœ˛G§y•zí˛– Î!ò Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛Ù)°Ü˛
!lí˛z!Üœ˛G§y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~fiê˛yÓ˚ Órôl#Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ˛ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zí˛–
xƒy!í˛ˆÏly!§lñ à%Î˚yˆÏly!§lñ Ìy•z!Ù!í˛lñ •zí˛z!Ó˚! í˛l ~ÓÇ §y•z!ê˛!í˛l •° !lí˛z!Üœ˛G§y•zí˛– xyÓ˚
xƒy!í˛ly•z!°Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ñ Ìy•z!Ùí˛y•z!°Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ñ à%Î˚yly•z!°Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ñ •zí˛z!Ó˚í˛y•z!°Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ ~ÓÇ
§y•z!ê˛í˛y•z!°Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ •° !lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zí˛– !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ ˆÎÙl DNA ~ÓÇ RNA ¢%ô%Ùye
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zí˛ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– DNA ~ÓÇ RNA ç#lÓ› !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
 ˜çÓ xî%§Ù)• 145

CH2OH HOCH2 O
O
OH
HO OH OH
OH OH
OH
C6H12O6 å@’%ˆÏܲyçä
å@’y•z!§lä åxƒy°y!llä å ˆ§!Ó˚lä
C5H10O5 åÓ˚y•zˆÏÓyçä
xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ y xƒy!§í˛
¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y åܲyˆÏÓy≈ •y•zˆíÏ ˛» ê˛ä

CH3 (CH2)14 COOH

Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛
å˛õy!Ù!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ä
!@’§yÓ˚° ê˛∆y•z!@’§yÓ˚y•zí˛ åR1, R2 ~ÓÇ
R3 •° Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛ä

Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!°!˛õí˛ å ˆ°!§!Ìlä ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚°

HO

Ê˛ƒyê˛ G ˆï˛° å!°!˛õí˛ä

HOCH2 O xƒy!í˛!ll
Adenine

O
HO P OCH2
O xƒy!í˛!ll
Adenine

OH
OH OH
xƒy!í˛!ll å !˛õí˛z!Ó˚lä
xƒy!í˛ˆÏly!§l
O
HOCH2 O •zUracil
í˛zÓ˚y!§° OH OH
HN
xƒy!í˛ly•z!°Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛
!lí˛!z Üœ˛Gê˛y•zí˛
O

N
H OH OH
•zí˛zÓ˚y!§° å!˛õ!Ó˚!Ù!í˛lä
•zí˛z!Ó˚!í˛l
åly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçlÎ%=˛ «˛yÓ˚ä
!lí˛!z Üœ˛G§y•zí˛
!ã˛e 9.1 ı §ç#Ó Ü˛°yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛Ù xyî!Óܲ à%Ó˚%c!Ó!¢T˛ ˜çÓ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ
 146 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

9.2. ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G ˆàÔî !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ ˛Ó›§Ù)• å Primary and Secondary

Metabolites äı

Ó˚§yÎ˚l!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yÙyM˛Ü˛Ó˚ !òܲ •° §ç#Ó Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yñ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •yçyˆÏÓ˚y
ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚îñ àë˛l§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ !lÓ˚)˛õî ~ÓÇ §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ïî !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y–

ˆÜ˛í˛z Î!ò ˜çÓ xî%Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ñ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y
≤ÃË,˛!ï˛§• •yçyˆÏÓ˚y ˜çÓˆÏÎÔà xhs˝Ë˛≈%=˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ˜çÓ xî%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– 9.10 xl%ˆÏFSȈÏò ≤Ãò_ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ˜çÓ xî%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ Ó›
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– !ã˛e 9.1 ~ ˆòáyˆÏly ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §Ó ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ≤Ãyî#ܲ°yÎ˚˛˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛
•Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ í˛z!qòñ SÈeyܲ G xî%ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~•z§Ó ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
§yÓ˚!î 9.3 ı !ܲS%È ˆàÔî !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ SÈyí˛¸yG •yçyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎÔà ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ ˆÎÙl
ï˛Ó˚%«˛#Ó˚ñ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏ˲ylˆÏÎ˚í˛ñ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ñ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ ˜ï˛° (essential
Ó˚Oܲ ܲƒyˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛lˆÏÎí˚ ˛ñ xƒyˆÏŗyÎ˚y!ll •zï˛ƒy!ò
oil)ñ xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛§‰ñ Ó˚!.l Ó˚Oܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ñ àrôoÓƒñ xyë˛yñ Ù¢°y
í˛z˛õ«˛yÓ˚ ÙÓ˚!Ê˛lñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏí˛•zl •zï˛ƒy!ò •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛y!Ó˚ !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ å§yÓ˚!î
ê˛yÓ˚!˛õlˆÏÎí˚ ˛ ÙˆÏlyê˛yÓ˚!˛õlñ í˛y•zê˛yÓ˚!˛õl •zï˛ƒy!ò
9.3 ˆòˆÏáyä– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ܲyˆÏç ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛
x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ˆï˛° ˆ°Ùl@˝Ãy§ ˆï˛° •zï˛ƒy!ò
ê˛!:l å!Ó£Ïä xƒyÓ!Ó˚lñ !Ó˚!§l ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy çyly ÌyܲˆÏ°G ˆ˛õy£Ïܲ (Host) ç#ˆÏÓ §ÙhflÏ
ˆ°Ü‰˛!ê˛l‰§‰ ܲl‰ˆÜÏ ˛lyˆÏí˛!°l A ˆàÔî 刧ˆÏܲu˛y!Ó˚ä !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Óy ܲyç–
Å£Ïô !˲lÓœy§!ê˛lñ ܲyÓ˚ܲ% !Ùl •zï˛ƒy!ò ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyôàÙƒ lÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y
˛õ!°Ùy!Ó˚ܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ñ xyë˛yñ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç •zï˛ƒy!ò ÙylÓ Ü˛°ƒyˆÏî ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ñ Å£Ïôñ Ù¢°yñ
àrôoÓƒ ~ÓÇ Ó˚Oܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ä– !ܲS%È ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛y!Ó˚ !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
Óy›ï˛y!sfܲ à%Ó˚%c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ÓSÈÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xôƒÎ˚lܲyˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
~ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÓ˚G çylˆÏÓ–

9.3. Ó,•Í ˜çÓ xî% §Ù)• åBiomacromoleculesä

xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ oyÓƒ ˆÎÔà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyî!Óܲ Gçl
18 ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 800 í˛y°ê˛l (Da) ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •Î˚–

xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ xoyÓƒ xLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÙyê˛ ã˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜çÓ ˆÎÔà ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÎÌy ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛
xƒy!§í˛ñ ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ !°!˛õí˛– !°!˛õí˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyî!Óܲ Gçl ò¢
•yçyÓ˚ í˛y°ê˛l Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˜çÓ xî%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óy ˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ò% ˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyî!Óܲ Gçl ~ܲ •yçyÓ˚ í˛yŒê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙÓ˚y
˜çÓ«%˛o xî% ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ Ìy!ܲ– ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ xoyÓƒ xLjϢ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Gçl ò¢ •yçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÓ!¢ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó,•Í xî% Óy Ó,•Í ˜çÓ xî% ӈϰ Ìy!ܲ–
 ˜çÓ xî%§Ù)• 147

!°!˛õí˛ SÈyí˛¸y xoyÓƒ xLjϢÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ xî%à%ˆÏ°y •° ˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚– !°!˛õˆÏí˛Ó˚

xyî!Óܲ Gçl 800 í˛y°ê˛l x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ly ܲÓ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛l ï˛y
xƒy!§í˛ xoyÓƒ xÌ≈yÍ Ó,•Í xî% xLjϢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚⁄ !°!˛õˆÏí˛Ó˚ xyl!Óܲ
Gçl ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ•z Ü˛Ù ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y G xlƒylƒ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl•z ÌyˆÏܲ
lyñ §!Iï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲ°yˆÏܲ ã)˛î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛!°
ï˛ál ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛l §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ !ÓôÁhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y Óy xlƒylƒ
˛õò≈yà%ˆÏ°y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ì!° (vesicle) ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy
çˆÏ° oyÓƒ •Î˚ ly– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yñ Îy Ì!° ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xƒy!§í˛ xoyÓƒ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó,•Í xî% xLjϢ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° !°!˛õí˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z Ó,•Í
xî% lÎ˚– §yÓ˚!î 9.4 ı ˆÜ˛y¢ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ àí˛¸ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî

xƒy!§í˛ oyÓ xÇ¢ fiÌ)°Ë˛yˆÏÓ˛ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ àë˛lˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– í˛z˛õyòyl ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%!fiÌï˛ Ó,•Í xî%à%ˆÏ°y xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ xoyÓƒ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y ˲yà
xLjϢ ÌyˆÏܲ– §Ó!Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ ~!ê˛ §ç#Ó Ü˛°y Óy ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ç° 70–90
àë˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l 10–15
ܲyˆÏÓy≈•y•zˆíÏ ˛» ê˛ 3
§ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãï%˛°ï˛yÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y §ç#Óܲ°yÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !°!˛õí˛ 2
àë˛l °«˛ ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î !ÓlƒhflÏ Ü˛!Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáÓ ˆÎ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ 5–7
ç°•z •° ˆ§•z Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ Îy ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî xyÎ˚l 1
ÌyˆÏܲ å§yÓ˚!î 9.4 ˆòˆÏáyä–

9.4 ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l§Ù)• åProteins)

ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°y •° ˛õ!°ˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ñ ~à%ˆÏ°y •° ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ Órôl#Ó˚

§y•yˆÏ΃ Î%=˛ Ó•% xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˜Ó˚!áܲ ¢,C°– å!ã˛e 9.3 ˆï˛
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛Ïl 20 ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ åˆÎÙl §yÓ˚!î 9.5 ı !ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈Ó!°
xƒy°y!llñ !§ˆÏfiê˛•zlñ ˆ≤Ãy!°lñ !ê˛∆˛õˆÏê˛yˆÏÊ˛lñ °y•z!§l •zï˛ƒy!òä myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–

ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ•ˆÏê˛ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚ñ ˆ•yˆÏÙy˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚ lÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°

ˆ•yˆÏÙy˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyÙyÓ˚ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçl xyhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ !˲!_
ÙˆÏlyÙyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ‘n’ §ÇáƒÜ˛ •Î˚ Óy ~Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ âˆÏê˛– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° Îál !ê˛∆˛˛z õ!§l í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛
xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî §Çܲyhs˝ ~•z ï˛Ìƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyÓ˚î ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# •zl§%!°l •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛˛õ%!T˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏÓ ˆÎñ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ xƒy!rê˛Ó!í˛ §ÇܲÙîܲyÓ˚# ˆÓ˚yàç#Óyî% ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ çlƒ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ• §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ §ÇˆÏÓò @˝Ã•î å âyîñ fl∫yòñ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ï˛y•z áyòƒ!fiÌï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°y x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ •zï˛ƒy!òä
í˛zͧ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛à%ˆÏ°y x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ Óy xl˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xl˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛à%ˆÏ°y •° ˆ§•z §Ó xƒyÙy•zˆÏly GLUT-4 ˆÜ˛y¢y˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî
xƒy!§í˛ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
148 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛à%ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õy•z– §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîñ !ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ç#Óyî% §ÇܲÙî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l •° •Ó˚ˆÏÙylñ !ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l •° í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– §yÓ˚!î 9.5 ˆòˆÏáy–
≤Ãyî# çàˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãyã%˛Î≈•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ~ÓÇ §ÙhflÏ ç#ÓÙ[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚y•z!Óí˛zˆÏ°ç
!Ó§‰Ê˛§‰ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ñ ܲyˆÏÓ≈y!:ˆÏ°ç x!:!çˆÏlç (Rubisco) ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãyã%˛Î≈ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢–

9.5 ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ åPolysaccharidesä

xƒy!§í˛ xoyÓƒ xLjϢÓ˚ xô/ˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ó,•Í˛xl%Ó˛)˚ õ# ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛G åܲyˆÏÓy≈ •y•zˆíÏ ˛» í˛ä
Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí à%ˆ° Ï y •° ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ò#â≈ ¢,C°– ~Ó˚y •° àyë˛!lܲ ~ܲܲ Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y myÓ˚y
à!ë˛ï˛ §)e !ӈϢ£Ï åxy«˛!Ó˚ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï%˛°yÓ˚ §)eä– í˛òz y•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õȈ§Ï°ˆ% ° Ï yç ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!°Ùy!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛
Îy ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏly§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛˛ åˆÎÙl @’%ˆÏܲyçä– ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆ•yˆÏÙy˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚– ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ •° ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ•yˆÏÙy˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚ Îy í˛z!qòܲ°yÎ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §M˛Î˚
˲y[˛yÓ˚Óˆ)˚ ˛Ï õ Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆ•yˆÏÙy˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏܲ @’y•zˆÜÏ ˛yˆÏçl
ӈϰ– •zl§%!°l •° Ê˛% ˆÏQyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ ¢,CˆÏ° åôÓ˚y Îyܲ @’y•zˆÜÏ ˛yˆÏçlä í˛yl ≤Ãyhs˝!ê˛ˆÏܲ
!ÓçyÓ˚î«˛Ù ˛≤Ãyhs˝ ~ÓÇ ÓyÙ ≤Ãyhs˝!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ÓçyÓ˚î x«˛Ù ≤Ãyhs˝ ӈϰ– ~!ê˛ ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ àë˛l!Ó!¢T˛ñ ˆÎÙlê˛y ܲyê%˛≈ ˆÏl
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È å!ã˛e 9.2 ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ ˛õуyã˛yˆÏly åHelicalä ˆàÔîàë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xy§ˆÏ° ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚
~Ó˚ ˛õуyã˛yˆÏly xLjϢ xyˆÏÎy˚ !í˛l ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˆŸªï˛§yÓÈ̊üÈxyˆÏÎy˚ !í˛lÎ%=˛ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ Óî≈ •° °y°– ˆ§°%ˆ°Ï yˆÏçÓ˚
ç!ê˛° ˛õуyã˛yˆÏly àë˛l åComplex Helixä ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~!ê˛ xyˆÏÎy˚ !í˛lˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–

CH2OH CH2OH
O O O O
OH OH
O O OH
O O OH OH

CH2
O

O O O O

!ã˛e 9.2 ı @’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl

 ˜çÓ xî%§Ù)• 149

í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç !l!Ù≈ï˛– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲy¤˛Ù[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ü˛yàç ~ÓÇ
ï%˛ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï˛và%ˆ°Ï y ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç !l!Ù≈ï˛– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚G ç!ê˛° ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛G ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§áyˆÏl
xƒyÙy•zˆÏly ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y åˆÎÙl @’%ˆÏܲy§ƒy!Ùl N xƒy!§ê˛y•z° àƒy°yܲ
ˆê˛y§ƒy!Ùl •zï˛ƒy!òä àë˛lܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ §!rô˛õò# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
Ó!•/ܲAܲyˆÏ° ~ܲ ç!ê˛° ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏܲ ܲy•z!ê˛l ӈϰ– ~•z ç!ê˛° ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛à%ˆÏ°y
x!ôܲyÇ¢•z ˆ•yˆÏÙy˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚–

9.6. !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ åNucleic Acidsä

ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ç#Ó Ü˛°yÓ˚ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ xoyÓƒ xLjϢÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,•Í xî% •° !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛–
~à%ˆÏ°y •° ˛õ!°!lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zí˛– ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ G ˛õ!°ˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~à%ˆÏ°y xy§ˆÏ° ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ç#Ó Ü˛°y Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó,•Í xî% §¡∫!°ï˛ xÇ¢ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚
àë˛làï˛ ~ܲܲ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zí˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ àë˛ˆÏl Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛l!ê˛ §%flõT˛ í˛z˛õyòyl
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ•ê˛yˆÏÓ˚y§y•z!Üœ˛Ü˛ ˆÎÔàñ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ ÙˆÏly§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚!ê˛ •°
Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ Óy Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛–

!ã˛e 9.1 ~ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛!fiÌï˛ ˆ•ê˛yˆÏÓ˚y§y•z!Üœ˛Ü˛ ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°y •°
xƒy!í˛!llñ à%Î˚y!llñ •zí˛zÓ˚y!§°ñ §y•zˆÏê˛y!§l ~ÓÇ ÌyÎ˚!Ùl– xƒy!í˛!ll ~ÓÇ à%Î˚y!ll •° ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛
!˛õí˛z!Ó˚l xyÓ˚ Óy!ܲà%ˆÏ°y •° ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ !˛õ!Ó˚!Ù!í˛l– ˆ•ê˛yˆÏÓ˚y§y•z!Üœ˛Ü˛ Ó°Î˚!Ó!¢T˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyà%ˆÏ°y
•° ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ !˛õí˛z!Ó˚l ~ÓÇ !˛õ!Ó˚!Ù!í˛l– ˛õ!°!lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zˆÏí˛ ˆÎ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •° Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyç
å~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õˆÏrê˛yç ÙˆÏly§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ä Óy 2- !í˛ x!:Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyç– !í˛ÈüÈx!:Ó˚y•zˆÓÏ yç ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y §Ù!ß∫ï˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛
xƒy!§í˛ˆÏܲ !í˛ÈüÈx!:Ó˚y•zˆÏÓy !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ åDNAä ӈϰ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyç §Ù!ß∫ï˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛
xƒy!§í˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓy!lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ åRNAä ӈϰ– ˛

9.7. ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l åStructure of Proteinsä

xyˆÏà ˆÎÙl Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l •° §)eܲyˆÏÓ˚ !l!Ù≈ï˛ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ §)e §Ù!ß∫ï˛
ˆ•ê˛yˆÏÓ˚y˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚– xî%§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ àë˛l !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ •Î˚– x˜ÏçÓ Ó˚§yÎ˚ˆÏl xî%Ó˚ àë˛l Ó°ˆÏï˛
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ xyî!Óܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ åˆÎÙl NaCl, MgCl2 •zï˛ƒy!òä– ˜çÓ Ó˚§yÎ˚l!Óòàî !ܲv xî%Ó˚ àë˛l
Ó°ˆÏï˛ !mÙy!eܲ àë˛l !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚l åˆÎÙl ˆÓ!Olñ lƒy˛õÌy!°l •zï˛ƒy!òä– ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòÓ˚y xî%Ó˚
!eÙy!eܲ àë˛l í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛lˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚ Óî≈ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏl xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ §IyÜ˛Ù xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ñ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ !mï˛#Î˚
xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ñ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌylç!lï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ àë˛l ӈϰ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ °y•zl !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛“ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl ÓyÙ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚
xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ~ÓÇ í˛yl≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ xƒy!§í˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆ¢£Ï– ≤ÃÌÙ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly
xƒy!§í˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ N ≤Ãyhs˝G Ó°y •Î˚– ˆ¢£Ï!ê˛ˆÏܲ C ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
§)e !ܲv ¢=˛ ˆ§yçy Ó˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ly– §)e!ê˛ ˆ•!°: ~Ó˚ åˆâyÓ˚yˆÏly !§Ñ!í˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛yä xyܲyˆÏÓ˚
150 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

åÜä ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l

˛õ!°ˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛

åáä ˆàÔî ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l

xy°Ê˛y ˆ•!°: !Óê˛y ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛í˛˛ !¢ê˛

åàä
≤ÈÏàÔî ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl
í˛y•zÈüȧy°Ê˛y•zí˛ Órôl#

ã˛ï%˛Ù≈y!eܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l

!ãe 9.3 ı ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚§Ù)•

ËÑ˛yç ܲÓ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ– xÓ¢ƒ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §)ˆÏeÓ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y xÇ¢

ˆ•!°: ~Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !ÓlƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ¢%ô%Ùye
í˛yl!òˆÏܲ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏly ˆ•!°:•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
§)ˆÏeÓ˚ xlƒylƒ xÇ¢ xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒÓ˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓG ËÑ˛yç
ܲÓ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ û ˆàÔî Óy ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛y!Ó˚
àë˛l– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yG ~ܲ!ê˛ ò#â≈ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l¢,C° í˛zˆÏ°Ó˚
ÊÑ˛y˛õy ӈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ÈüÈl#ˆÏã˛ ËÑ˛yç •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~ˆÏܲ ӈϰ ≤ÈÏàÔî Óy ê˛y!§≈Î˚y!Ó˚ àë˛l å!ã˛e 9.4 ܲñ
N á ˆòˆÏáyä– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !eÙy!eܲ ò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
≤Ãò¢≈ l ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏ l Ó˚ xˆÏ l ܲ ˜çÓ!lܲ
ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏàÔî Óy˛ åê˛y!§≈Î˚y!Ó˚ä àë˛l
xÓ¢ƒ•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
(a) (b)
åáä C
åÜä
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ܲy!ôܲ ˛õ!°ˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛
!ã˛e 9.4 ı ܲyê%˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ åÜä ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛y!Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l Óy xô/~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆÎ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
åáä ê˛y!¢≈Î˚y!Ó˚ àë˛l ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ËÑ˛yçÎ%=˛ ˛õ!°ˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ Óy í˛z˛õ ~ܲܲ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓlƒhflÏ ˆÌˆÏܲ åˆÎÙl °¡∫y §)ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆày°Ü˛ñ
 ˜çÓ xî%§Ù)• 151

~ܲê˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y ˆày°ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ÓlƒhflÏ âlܲ Óy xyÓÓ˚î •zï˛ƒy!òä ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ fiÌy˛õï˛ƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ù≈y!eܲ (quaternary structisre) àë˛l ӈϰ– ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
!•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏl 4!ê˛ í˛z˛õ~ܲܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%!ê˛ §Ó≈yLjϢ ~ܲÓ˚)˛õ– ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õ ~ܲܲ (α) ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ β ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚– ~•z ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól (Hb)
à!ë˛ï˛–

9.8 ˛õ!°ÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÙˆÏlyÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Órôl# §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛È!ï˛ åNature of Bond linking
monomers in a polymerä

˛õ!°ˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ Óy ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlñ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ Órôl# myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲ!ê˛
xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ – COOH Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ NH2 Ù)°ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ xî% ç° Óç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ å≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ç° !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçlñ dehydrationä ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛
Órôl# àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛ ~ܲܲ˛ ÙˆÏly§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛à%ˆÏ°yñ @’y•zˆÏܲy§y•z!í˛Ü˛ Órôl#
myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z Órôl#!ê˛G ç° !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ò%!ê˛ ÙˆÏly§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚
ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z Órôl#!ê˛ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ xÇ¢!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ G ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# !lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ S ܲyÓ≈lˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ Ù)°Ü˛
G ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ •y•zí»˛!:° Ù)°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ Órôl# à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~fiê˛yÓ˚ Órôl# ӈϰ– Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
Ù)°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò%!òˆÏܲ ~Ùl ~fiê˛yÓ˚ Órôl# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛yí˛y•z~fiê˛yÓ˚ Órôl# ӈϰ å!ã˛e 9.5
ˆòˆÏáyä–

5' 3'

ÌyÎ˚!Ùl xƒy!í˛!ll

à%Îy˚ !ll §y•zˆêÏ ˛y!§l

5' 3'

!ã˛e 9.5 ı !ã˛ˆÏe DNA ~Ó˚ ˆàÔî àë˛l ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

152 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

!lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆàÔî àë˛l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ û DNA
~Ó˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆàÔî àë˛l (Secondary Structure) ˆòáyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Óáƒyï˛ •° GÎ˚yê˛§l !Ü ˛Ü˛
ÙˆÏí˛°– ~•z ÙˆÏí˛° xl%ÎyÎ˚# DNA !mï˛sf# ˛õуyã˛yˆÏly àë˛l!Ó!¢T˛– ˛õ!°!lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ ï˛v ò%!ê˛
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y°– xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛v x˛õÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá˛ ã˛ˆÏ°– DNAÈüÈÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy!ê˛
¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÈüÈÊ˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ÈüÈ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ¢,C° myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl «˛yÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛
°¡∫˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!«˛Æ ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲê˛y ï˛vÓ˚ A G G «˛yÓ˚ܲ x˛õÓ˚
ï˛vÓ˚ ÎÌyÜ ˛ˆÏÙ T G C «˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆçyí˛¸ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– A G T ˆçyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%!ê˛ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl
Órôl# ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ G G C ˆçyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛– ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆçyí˛¸y «˛yÓ˚ܲ ˆÎl !§Ñ!í˛¸Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
ôy˛õ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ «˛yÓ˚ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ï˛và%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ 360 â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– !mï˛sf#Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ ~ܲ˛õyܲ â%Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛y•z
ò¢!ê˛ «˛yÓ˚ܲ ˆçyí˛¸y Óy ôy˛õ °yˆÏà– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e í»˛!Î˚Ç Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ò%!ê˛ ï˛vÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§¡õ)î≈ â)î≈l Óy ˛õуyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ò)Ó˚c 34Å– ˛≤Ã!ï˛ ˆçyí˛¸y ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zayl •ˆÏÓ 3.4Å– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛
°«˛ƒî#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛Î%=˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ DNA ˆÜ˛ B DNA Ó°y •Î˚– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù çylˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ~ܲ í˛çˆÏlÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ DNA xyˆÏSÈ G ~ˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î˛ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç Óî≈Ùy°yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛sf àyë˛!lܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛§¡õߨ–

9.9 ˆò• àë˛lܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ à!ï˛¢#° xÓfiÌyÈüÈ!Ó˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy åDynamic State

of Body Constituents-Concept of Metabolismä

~•z ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyÙÓ˚y Îy !¢ˆÏá!SÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ §ç#Ó ç#ˆÏÓ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ˆÎÔà ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y ˆ§
§Ó˚° Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yñ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚yñ í˛z!qò Óy ≤Ãyî# Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l– ~•z ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°y Óy ˜çÓ
xî%à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲê˛y !l!ò≈T˛ âlˆÏc Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ åˆÙy°‡ˆÜ˛y¢ xÌÓy ˆÙy°‡ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ä– Îï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸ y xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xllƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î •° ~•z ˜çÓ
xî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛yl≈ G˲yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl •° ~•z§Ó xî%à%ˆÏ°y x!ÓÓ˚yÙ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜çÓ
xl%ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜çÓxî% ˆÌˆÏܲ xl%à%ˆÏ°y xyÓyÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏFSÈ–
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!Ó!FSÈߨ ~•z ˲yAàyàí˛¸y §ç#Ó ç#ˆÏÓ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ âˆÏê˛ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ÓˆÏ° !Ó˛õyܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˜çÓ xl%Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ âˆÏê˛–
!Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ~•z§Ó Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ CO2 x˛õ§yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏܲ xƒyÙy•zˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ «˛yÓ˚ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xƒyÙy•zˆÏlyÙ)°Ü˛ x˛õ§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yñ
í˛y•z§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ @’y•zˆÏܲy§y•z!í˛Ü˛ Órôl#Ó˚ xyo≈!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!òñ ~Ùl •yçyˆÏÓ˚y í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ï˛y!°Ü˛y xyÙÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ~•z§Ó !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛
lyñ âˆÏê˛ xlƒylƒ xyÓ˚G !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ •Î˚– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲˆÏÙ
!Ó!˲ߨ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ü ˛!Ùܲ ~•z !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ӈϰ
!Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛õÌ– ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ày!í˛¸ ã˛°yã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~•z !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
˛õÌà%ˆÏ°y ˜Ó˚!áܲ xÌÓy Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÌà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ§yܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛–
xÌ≈yÍ ~•z ˛õÌà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ° ê˛∆y!Ê˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yñ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚
˛õˆÏÌ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !òˆÏܲ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~•z ≤ÃÓy•ˆÏܲ
ӈϰ ˆò• í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#° xÓfiÌy– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ •° ~•z ˆÎ fl∫yfĩ˛õ)î≈ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
~•z xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛Î%=˛ ˛õˆÏÌ !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ã˛°yã˛° ~ï˛•z Ù§,î ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%â≈ê˛lyG ˆ§áyˆÏl âˆÏê˛
ly– ~•z§Ó !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y•z ~áyˆÏl xl%âê˛Ü˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚
 ˜çÓ xî%§Ù)• 153

!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y– §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y•z xl%âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ âˆÏê˛ ly– ~Ùl!ܲ CO2 ~Ó˚
çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆË˛Ôï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yG §ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ• ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%âê˛Ü˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y– !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yÓ˚ Óô≈lܲyÓ˚# ~•z§Ó xl%âê˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y •° ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l– xl%âê˛Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y Î%=˛
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛–

9.10. ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ !˲!_ åMetabolic Basis for Livingä

!Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛õÌ §Ó˚°ï˛Ó˚ àë˛lˆÏܲ x!ôܲ ç!ê˛° ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl xƒyˆÏ§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ˆ° Ï
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ä– xyÓyÓ˚ ç!ê˛° àë˛lˆÏܲ §Ó˚°ï˛Ó˚ àë˛ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙlñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛
@’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yç °ƒyܲ!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ä– ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˜çÓ §ÇˆÏŸ’£îÏ Óy í˛z˛õ!ã˛!ï˛– ˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ !˚ ê˛ Ë˛y.l Óy
x˛õ!ã˛!ï˛– í˛z˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ ˛õÌ xy¢yl%Ó˛)˚ õ˲yˆÏÓ ¢!=˛ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚ xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ y xƒy!§í˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ≤Û!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ x˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ ˛õˆÏÌ ¢!=˛Ó˚ !là≈Ùl âˆÏê˛– ˆÎÙlñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yç ˆË˛ˆÏ.
Îál °ƒyܲ!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ï˛ál ¢!=˛Ó˚ !là≈Ùl âˆÏê˛– @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yç ˆÌˆÏܲ °ƒyܲ!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ~•z
!Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛õˆÏÌ 10!ê˛ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ôy˛õ xyˆÏSÈó ~ˆÏܲ @’y•zˆÜÏ ˛y°y•z!§§ (Glycolysis) ӈϰ– §ç#Ó ç#Ó Ë˛y.ˆÏlÓ˚
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ !là≈ï˛ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ÓrôˆÏl §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˜çÓ §ÇˆÏŸ’£îÏ ñ x!˲flÀÓî Óy Îy!sfܲ
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Îál ~ÓÇ ˆÎÙl ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚ ˆ§•z xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~•z Órôl¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §ç#Ó
ç#ˆÏÓ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ ¢!=˛ Ù%oy •° xƒy!í˛ˆÏly!§l ê˛∆y•zÊ˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ (ATP) lyÙܲ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Órôl ¢!=˛–

§ç#Ó Ó› ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!=˛ xy•Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!=˛ xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ü # ܲ#˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° í˛zqÓ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~•z ¢!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl‰Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ
ܲyˆÏÎ≈ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ÓyˆÏÎ˚y~lyˆÏç≈!ê˛: lyÙܲ í˛z˛õ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
~à%ˆÏ°y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ó%V˛ˆÏÓ–

9.11. §ç#Ó xÓfiÌy åThe Living Stateä

xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚•z Ó%ˆÏV˛SÈ ˆÎñ §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˆÎÔà
ÌyˆÏܲ xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ° !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ Óy ˜çÓ xî% ӈϰ– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !lçfl∫ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÎ%=˛
âlˆÏc ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙl fl∫y˲y!Óܲ fl∫yfĩÓyl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ âlc 4.5 –
5.0 mm ˆ§áyˆÏl •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ§ê˛y lƒyˆÏly@˝ÃyÙ Óy ml ~ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!çܲƒy°
!§ˆÏfiê˛ˆÏÙ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ âê˛ly •° ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˜çÓ xî%Ó˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆò• !fiÌï˛yÓfiÌy
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~•z ˜çÓ xî%à%ˆÏ°y !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
~ÓÇ ˆË˛Ôï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y fl∫ï˛/fl≥%˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §yÙƒyÓfiÌyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !fiÌï˛yÓfiÌy •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
xÓfiÌy ÎyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z §yÙƒyÓfiÌy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ly– ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ K˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!§ˆÏfiê˛Ù Îál §yÙƒyÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSyÎÈ̊ ï˛ál ˆ§•z !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– §ç#Ó Ó›
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y §yÙƒyÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSȈÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ly– ï˛y•ˆÏ° §ç#Ó xÓfiÌy
~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙƒ•#l !fiÌï˛yÓfiÌy Îy ܲyç §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ï˛y•z x!ÓÓ˚yÙ
§ˆÏã˛T˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ §yÙƒyÓfiÌyÎ˚˛ ly ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ¢!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ܲyç!ê˛ §Ω˛Ó
•Î˚– !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §ç#Ó xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õyܲ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ–
!Ó˛õyܲ Óƒï˛#ï˛ §ç#Ó xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
154 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

9.12 í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ åEnzymesä

≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛•z ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ xyˆÏSÈñ Îy í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyã˛Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ӈϰ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyçy•zÙ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ãy•zÙy!Ó˚ àë˛l xyˆÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍ ~!ê˛G ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly
xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÎÏ ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ê˛y!¢≈Î˚y!Ó˚
àë˛lG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ê˛y!§≈Î˚y!Ó˚ àë˛l ˆòáˆÏÓ å!ã˛e 9.4b ˆòˆÏáyä ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ
ˆÎ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ¢,C°!ê˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z ËÑ˛yç •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ¢,C°!ê˛ Ü˛§ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
ï˛y•z xˆÏlܲà%ˆ° Ï y ÊÑ˛yܲˆÏÊ˛yܲÓ˚ Óy ˛õˆÏܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù•z ~ܲê˛y ˛õˆÏÜ˛ê˛ •° §!ܲÎ˚fiÌyl– í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
§!Ü ˛Î˚ fiÌyl •° ˆ§•z ÊÑ˛yܲˆÏÊ˛yܲÓ˚ Óy ˛õˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ xyÓÂô •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z §!Ü ˛Î˚
fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ í˛zFã˛•yˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xl%âê˛Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãôyl
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏáÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– x˜ÏçÓ xl%âê˛Ü˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ åôˆÏÓ˚y 400C ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ä í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛y•ˆÏ°G
xï˛ƒhs˝ í˛zFã˛ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ åí˛z_Æ ÓyÎ˚% G ï˛Ó˚ˆ° Ï Ó˚ !là≈Ùl ˛õÌ ~ÓÇ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ í˛z£Ï÷ ≤ÃflÓÀ îä §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ
Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ !l‹Òy!¢ï˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y §%!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ùl!Ü í˛zFã˛ ï˛y˛õÙyeyˆÏï˛G
å800C- 900C ˛õÎ≈hs˝ä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xl%âê˛l «˛Ùï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z í˛zFã˛ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° Ìyܲy
ÌyˆÏÙ≈y!Ê˛!°Ü˛ ç#Ó§Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲ !l‹Òy!¢ï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ôÙ≈–

9.12.1 Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y åChemical Reactionsä

~•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ó%V˛Ó ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ⁄ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ Ó%ˆÏV˛ ˆlGÎ˚y Îyܲ– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
ˆÎÔˆÏà ò%ÛôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– ˆË˛Ôï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l û Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Órôl !Ó˲y!çï˛ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye
xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆË˛Ôï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆË˛Ôï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xÓfiÌyhs˝Ó˚
ˆÎÙl ÓÓ˚Ê ˆÌˆÏܲ˛ ç° Óy ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyˆÏ‹õ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆË˛Ôï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– xyÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚
ˆÎáyˆÏl Órôl# ˲yˆÏ. G lï%˛l Órôl# §,!T˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y ӈϰ– ˆÎÙl

Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2H2O

~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˜ÏçÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y– ˆï˛Ù!l fiê˛yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚ Óy ˆŸªï˛§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyo≈!ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏ î @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚
í˛zͲõyòl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y– ˆË˛Ôï˛ G Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ܲܲ
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y°kô ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ û
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ =

δP
δt
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÓàG Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Î!ò !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ à!ï˛Ù%á !l!ò≈T˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆË˛Ôï˛ G Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ~ܲê˛y §yôyÓ˚î ã˛°!ï˛ !lÎ˚Ù
•° 100C ï˛y˛õÙyey Ó,!Âô Óy •…yˆÏ§ •yÓ˚ !mà%î Óy xˆÏô≈ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xl%âê˛Ü˛Î%=˛ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y
xl%âê˛Ü˛•#l !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ •yˆÏÓ˚ §¡õߨ •Î˚– Îál í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ xl%âê˛Ü˛Î%=˛
 ˜çÓ xî%§Ù)• 155

!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ál xl%âê˛Ü˛•#l ~ܲ•z !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ •yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙl /

ܲyÓ≈!lܲ xƒyl•y•zˆÏí»˛ç
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zí˛ ç° Ü˛yÓ≈!lܲ xƒy!§í˛

í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ á%Ó ô#ˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚– â^˝ê˛yÎ˚ 200 xî% H2CO3 í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
!ܲv §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ Óï˛≈Ùyl ܲyÓ≈!lܲ xƒyl•y•zˆÏí»˛ç í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÓà
xyŸã˛Î≈çlܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛ 600,000 xî% à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚
10 !Ù!°Î˚l à%î Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏSÈñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xllƒ
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Óy !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xl%âê˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ôy˛õ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%FSÈ Óy !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ xl%âê˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ
!Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛õÌ ÓˆÏ°– ˆÎÙl û

@’%ˆÏܲyç → 2 ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛

C6H12O6 + O2 → 2C3H4O3 + 2H2O

~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛õÌ ˆÎáyˆÏl @’%ˆÏܲyç !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xl%âê˛l !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ò¢!ê˛ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xôƒyÎ˚ 14ÈüÈ~ Ÿª§l ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ ï˛ál ~•z
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y çylˆÏÓ– ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•zê%˛Ü%˛ çyly í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy ò%!ê˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y§• ~•z !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛õÌ•z !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó˛õyܲçyï˛ ˆ¢£Ï í˛zͲõߨ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÓyï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ °ƒyܲ!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ §Óyï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛
í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛y•° §rôyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z ~ܲ•z !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛õÌ •zˆÏfiê˛ •zÌyl° åxƒy°ˆÏܲy•°ä í˛zͲõߨ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢ˆÏï≈˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòyÌ≈ í˛zͲõߨ •GÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó–
9.12.2 í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ï˛ í˛zFã˛•yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚î âê˛yÎ˚ åHow do En-
zymes bring about such high rate of chemical conversionsä?
~ê˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ~ܲê%˛ ˆÓ!¢ çylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyÙÓ˚y •zˆïÏ ˛yÙˆÏôƒ•z
í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆà!SÈÈ– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Óy !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ˆÎ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y°kô ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ ÓˆÏ°–
ï˛y•ˆÏ° í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ xÌ≈yÍ ≤ÈàÏ Ôî àë˛l!Ó!¢T˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ fiÌyˆÏl §yÓˆÏfiê˛ê˛!ê˛ (S) í˛z˛õçyï˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈
(P) Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §yLjÏܲ!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ ~˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ

S→P
~ê˛y ~ál ˆÓyV˛y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ˆÏܲ (S) í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ áÑyç Óy ˛õˆÏܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
xLjϢ Î%=˛ •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛!ê˛ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ fiÌyˆÏl Î%=˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ES
 156 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xhs˝Óï≈ ˛≈ # xÓfiÌy ˆçyê˛ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– E Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~áyˆÏl í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly

•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˆçyê˛ àë˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# âê˛ly– ~•z
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ Óƒï˛#ï˛
Activation energy
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ Îál í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ fiÌyˆÏl Î%=˛ •Î˚
§!ܲÎ˚ܲÓ˚îenzyme
without ¢!=˛
ï˛ál §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛lñ xhs˝Óï≈˛# àë˛l åtransi-
gy

tion stateä ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– á%Ó ¢#â•z Órôl#Ó˚ ܲy!A«˛ï˛ ˲y.l

í˛zÍActivation
ˆÏ§ã˛Ü˛ §•
!fiÌ!ï˛ ¢!=˛

G àí˛¸l åBreaking/makingä §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ

§!ܲÎ˚Üwith
energy ˛Ó˚î ¢!=˛
enzyme
!Ó!ܲÎ˚y°kô ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛ §!ܲÎ˚ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ
§yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛§‰ åSä(s)
Substrate
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚ àë˛l!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y°kô
˛õòyÌ≈ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z Ó˚˛) õyhs˝ÓË˚ ˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õÌ!ê˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z
ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# àë˛làï˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ G !Ó!ܲÎ˚y°kô ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó•%
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ àë˛làï˛ xÓfiÌy ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚
í˛zProduct
Ͳõߨ ˛õòyÌ≈ (P)
xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ xÌ≈ •° ~•z ˆÎ xlƒ §Ó xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# àë˛làï˛
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ x@˝
Progress of çÓ˚î
reaction
xÓfiÌyà%ˆ° Ï y x!fiÌ!ï˛¢#°– !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ï˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~Ùl !ܲS%È
!ã˛e 9.6ı §!ܲÎ˚ܲÓ˚î ¢!=˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Îy xî%!fiÌï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Óy àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚
ˆòáÓ ï˛ál ~!ê˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y !ã˛e 9.6 ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
°yàˆÏÓ–
y-x«˛!ê˛ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– x x«˛!ê˛ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚ àë˛làï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
x@˝Ãà!ï˛ Óy xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# xÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ âê˛y xÓfiÌyl§Ù)•ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ò%ˆÏê˛y
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈñ S ~ÓÇ P ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢!=˛hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyl– Î!ò P ~Ó˚ ¢!=˛hflÏÓ˚ S-~Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
ï˛ˆÏÓ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ï˛y˛õˆÏÙyã˛# !Ó!ܲÎ˚y– !Ó!ܲÎ˚y°kô ˛õòyÌ≈ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆçyàyl ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚
åí˛z_Æ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ä ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ˛õí˛¸ˆÓÏ ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ï˛y˛õˆÏÙyã˛# Óy fl∫ï˛fl≥)˛ï≈˛ Óy ï˛y˛õ@˝Ãy•# Óy ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚#
!Ó!ܲÎ˚y Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ Óy S ˆÜ˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y í˛zFã˛ ¢!=˛hflÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ê˛∆yl!ç¢l Óy xfiÌyÎ˚# hflψÏÓ˚
ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏï˛ •Î˚– S-~Ó˚ àí˛¸ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî G xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# ò¢yÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒˆÏܲ §!ܲÎ˚ܲÓ˚î ¢!=˛
åActivation energyä Ó°y •Î˚–
xӈϢˆÏ£Ï í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ•z ¢!=˛ç!lï˛ Óyôy •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° á%Ó §•ˆÏç §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y°kô
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–

9.12.3 í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ (Nature of Enzyme Action):

≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ xî%Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ó˚ fiÌyl ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎyˆÏï˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ §!ܲÎ˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛
ˆçyê˛ (ES) ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ~•z ˆçyê˛!ê˛ fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ÈüÈí˛z˛õçyï˛ Ó› ˆçyê˛
àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z˛õçyï˛ Ó› ~ÓÇ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!Ÿ’T˛ •Î˚–
xl%âê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ES ˆçyê˛ à!ë˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–

E+S ES ← EP
 E+P
 ˜çÓ xî%§Ù)• 157

í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ xl%âê˛l ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ôyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ û

1. ≤Ã̈ÏÙ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛!ê˛ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ fiÌyˆÏl Î%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÓÂô •Î˚–

2. í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ fiÌyˆÏl §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ°ˆÏà ÌyˆÏܲ–
3. í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ fiÌyl!ê˛ ~ál §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚ á%Ó Ü˛ySÈyܲy!SÈ xyˆÏ§ G §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛!fiÌï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
Órôl#à%ˆÏ°y ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° lï%˛l í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õçyï˛ Ó› ˆçyê˛ åES Complexä
à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
4. §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õçyï˛ Ó›à%ˆÏ°y Ù%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ù%=˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ xî%Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ xl%âê˛l ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
9.12.4. í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓܲyÓ˚# ¢ï≈˛§Ù)• åFactors affecting enzyme activityä

ˆÎ§Ó xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏàÔî àë˛l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ pHñ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óy
!ӈϢ£Ï Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ Îy í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–

ï˛y˛õÙyey ~ÓÇ pH (Temperature and pH)

í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ï˛y˛õÙyey G pH ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çܲ#î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 9.7ä– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛
ˆÎ ï˛y˛õÙyey G pH ~ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ï˛y˛õÙyey G pH ˆÜ˛ ˙ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ
§Ó≈y!ôܲ xl%Ü)˛° ï˛y˛õÙyey G §Ó≈y!ôܲ xl%Ü)˛° pH ӈϰ– ï˛y˛õÙyey G pH ~Ó˚ ~•z §Ó≈y!ôܲ xl%Ü)˛°
ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ü˛Ù Óy ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏ° í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– !l¡¨ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ !l!fl;Î˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î í˛zFã˛ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚
àë˛l!ê˛ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚–

Vmax
(a) (b) (c)
˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÓà (V)
!Ó!Üreaction
ܲÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yy
í˛z͈ϧeã˛ˆÏactivit

Vmax
Velocity of

2
Enzym

pH ï˛y˛õÙyey
Temperature Km [S]
!ã˛e 9.7ı í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ (a) pH (b) ï˛y˛õÙyey (c) §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚ âlc ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
158 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

§yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚ âlc åConcentration of Substrateä

§yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ âlc Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ÈüÈxl%âê˛l !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– !Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛
§Ó≈ˆ¢Ï ˆÏ£Ï §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ à!ï˛ˆÏÓৡõߨ åVmaxä •ˆÏ° §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ âlc xyÓ˚G Ó,!Âô ˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆ° Ï G !Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà
xyÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ~•z ˆÎ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ xî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ xî%Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ xî%àˆ% ° Ï y §¡õ,=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ xî%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ù%=˛
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl !l!ò≈T˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fïÏï˛G ~ܲ!ê˛
í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° •Î˚– Îál í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ oÓƒ!ê˛Ó˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
!ܲÎ˚y Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ál ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ô åinhibitionä ~ÓÇ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ oÓƒ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ôܲ åinhibi-
torä ӈϰ– Îál ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ôܲ!ê˛Ó˚ xyî!Óܲ àë˛l xˆÏlܲê˛y•z §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ xyî!Óܲ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •Î˚ ï˛ál
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ôܲ!ê˛ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y ˆÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà# ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ôܲ åcompetative inhibitorä ӈϰ–
§yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ôܲ!ê˛Ó˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z àë˛làï˛ §yò,¢ƒ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ôܲ!ê˛ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ó˚
fiÌyl!ê˛ òᰠܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ܲyˆÏç•z §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛!ê˛ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ˆÎÙl û àë˛làï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÙƒyˆÏ°yˆÏlê˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z
§yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~!ê˛ §y܉˛!§!lê˛ !í˛•y•zˆíÏ ˛» y!çˆÏlˆÏçÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ô ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà#
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ôܲà%ˆ° Ï y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˛õƒyˆÏÌyˆÏç!lܲ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ !lÎ˚sˆf îÏ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
9.12.5 í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà G lyÙܲÓ˚î åClassification and nomenclature of
Enzymeä
•yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎ§Ó !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚y xl%âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yàˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ @˝Ã%ˆÏ˛õ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ 6!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ G ˛≤Ã!ï˛!ê ˆ◊!îˆÏܲ
xyÓyÓ˚ 4 – 13!ê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yÓ˚ xAܲ!Ó!¢T˛ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xï˛/˛õÓ˚
~ˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
x!:ˆÏí˛y!Ó˚í˛y܉˛ˆÏê˛ç‡ !í˛•y•zˆÏí»˛y!ÏçˆÏlç ı ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ S ~ÓÇ S′ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çyÓ˚îÈüÈ!ÓçyÓ˚î
ôÙ≈# !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ xl%âê˛Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl û
S !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ + S′ çy!Ó˚ï˛ → S çy!Ó˚ï˛ + S′ !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛
ê˛∆y™Ê˛yˆÏÓ˚ç ı ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ S ~ÓÇ S′ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°Ü˛ñ G
~Ó˚ å•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl Óƒï˛#ï˛ xlƒylƒä fiÌylyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî xl%âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl û
S – G + S ′ → S + S′ – G

•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏ°ˆÏçç ı ˆÎ§ÓÏ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ~fiê˛yÓ˚ñ •zÌyÓ˚ñ ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ñ @’y•zˆÏܲy§y•z!í˛Ü˛ C – Cñ CÈüÈ•ƒy°y•zí˛

Óy P – N Órôl#Ó˚ xyo≈!ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî xl%âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
°y•zˆÏÎ˚ˆÏçç ı ˆÎ§Ó í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ xyo≈!ӈϟ’£Ïî SÈyí˛¸y•z xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y !mÓrôl#à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆË˛ˆÏ.
§yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ù)°ˆÏܲÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏî xl%âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
 ˜çÓ xî%§Ù)• 159

xy•zˆÏ§yÙyˆÏÓ˚ç ı ~•z ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ §Ó í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚ñ çƒy!Ù!ï˛Ü˛ Óy xÓfiÌylàï˛

xy•zˆÏ§yÙyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y xyhs˝/Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ xl%âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
°y•zˆÏàç ı ˆÎ§Ó í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆÎÔàˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xl%âê˛Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ
C–O, C–S, C–N, P–O •zï˛ƒy!ò Órôl#à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÎ§Ó í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ xl%âê˛Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y•z °y•zˆÏàç í˛zͧˆÏã˛Ü˛–
9. 12. 6 ˆÜ˛yÊ˛ƒyQÓ˚ (Co-factors)
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy Ó•% ˛õ!°ˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ ¢,C° !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ùl Ó•% ˆ«˛e Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl
ˆÜ˛yÊ˛ƒyQÓ˚ lyÙܲ xˆÏ≤Ãy!ê˛l í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ xl%âê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç
§!ܲÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z§Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l xÇ¢ˆÏܲ ӈϰ xƒyˆÏ˛õy~lçy•zÙ– !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yÊ˛ƒyQÓ˚ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~à%ˆÏ°y •° ≤ÈÏfiÌ!ê˛Ü˛ @˝Ã%˛õñ ˆÜ˛y~lçy•zÙ ~ÓÇ ôyï˛Ó xyÎ˚l–
≤ÈÏfiÌ!ê˛Ü˛ @˝Ã%˛õ •° ˜çÓ ˆÎÔà ÎyÓ˚y xƒyˆÏ˛õy~lçy•zˆÏÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ
~•z ˆÜ˛yÊ˛ƒyQÓ˚!ê˛ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yÊ˛ƒyQÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •Î˚– ˆÎ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ˛õyÓ˚x:y•zí˛
ˆË˛ˆÏ. ç° G x!:ˆÏçl í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ñ ˛õyÓ˚x!:ˆÏí˛ç G ܲƒyê˛yˆÏ°yç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xl%âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò%•z í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲ !•Ù ≤ÈÏfiÌ!ê˛Ü˛ @˝Ã%˛õ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚
fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢–
ˆÜ˛y~lçy•zÙà%ˆÏ°yG ˜çÓ ˆÎÔà !ܲv xƒyˆÏ˛õy~lçy•zˆÏÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚#ñ
§yôyÓ˚ î ï˛/ xl% â ê˛lܲyˆÏ° ~•z §ÇˆÏÎyà âˆÏ ê ˛– x!ôܲvñ ˆÜ˛y~lçy•z Ù à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ÈüÈxl%âê˛lÈ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÊ˛ƒyQÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó•% ˆÜ˛y~lçy•zˆÏÙÓ˚ xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
í˛z˛õyòyl •° !˲ê˛y!Ùlñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ !lˆÏܲy!ê˛lyÙy•zí˛ xƒy!í˛!ll í˛y•z!lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zí˛ (NAD) ~ÓÇ
NADP lyÙܲ ˆÜ˛y~lçy•zÙà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !lÎ˚y!§l !˲ê˛y!Ùl ÌyˆÏܲ–
xˆÏlܲ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ôyï˛Ó xyÎ˚l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ fiÌyˆÏl
˛õyŸª≈¢,CˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÙˆÏÎyç# Órôl# àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ
§ÙˆÏÎyç# Órôl# àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛G°y•z!ê˛Ü˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ñ ܲyÓ≈!:ˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛y•zˆÏí˛ˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÊ˛ƒyQÓ˚
•° !çAܲ–
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yÊ˛ƒyQyÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î âê˛ˆÏ° í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ ~Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈«˛Ùï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°–
~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ≤ÃÙyî •Î˚ ˆÎ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xl%âê˛l !Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÊ˛ƒyQÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§yÓ˚yÇ¢ åSummaryä

ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ •ï˛Ë˛¡∫ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛Ó%G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ àë˛l ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y °«˛ƒî#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– à%îàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî §ç#Ó Ü˛°y G çí˛¸Ó›Ó˚
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ àyë˛!lܲ í˛z˛õyòylG ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˛õ%Cyl%˛õ%C ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ çí˛¸ Ó›Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÓ≈lñ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl G x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ≤Ãyã%˛Î≈ ˆÓ!¢
•Î˚– §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ oÓƒ!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •° ç°– ܲÙ
xyî!Óܲ Gçl!Ó!¢T˛ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ (<10000 Da) ˜çÓ xî% Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ
160 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~Ùl !ܲS%È ˜çÓ xî% •° xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ñ ÙˆÏly§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ í˛y•z§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yñ Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛ñ
!@’§yÓ˚°ñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zí˛ñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G§y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl â!ê˛ï˛ «˛yÓ˚ܲ– §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ 20 ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly
xƒy!§í˛ ~ÓÇ 5 ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zí˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ã˛!Ó≈ G ˆï˛° •° !@’§yÓ˚y•zí˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛ !@’§yÓ˚ˆ° Ï Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ ~fiê˛yÓ˚ Órôl# myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~SÈyí˛¸y Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!°!˛õˆÏí˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!Ó˚Ë)˛ï˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ˆÎÔà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ Ùye !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,•Í xî% ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ û ˆÎÙl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛–
!°!˛õí˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ˛ ӈϰ Ó,•Í xî% xLjϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï˛y ˛õ,Ìܲ •ÏÎ˚– Ó,•Í ˜çÓ xî%à%ˆÏ°y •°
˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚– ~•z xî%àˆ% ° Ï y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àyë˛!lܲ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆ°
Ï y Ó•% xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ˆ•ê˛yˆÏÓ˚y˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚– !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ (DNA ~ÓÇ RNAä !lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
Ó,•Í ˜çÓ xî%àˆ% ° Ï yÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙyFã˛ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ û ≤Ãy•zÙy!Ó˚ñ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛y!Ó˚ñ ê˛y!§≈Î˚y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ly!Ó˚–
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛à%ˆÏ°y ç#làï˛Ó› !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛í˛z!qò G SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §!rô˛õò ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
Ó!•/ܲAܲyˆÏ°Ó˚G í˛z˛õyòyl •° ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛– ~à%ˆÏ°y ¢!=˛Ó˚ xyôyÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓG ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl fiê˛yã≈˛ G
@’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏçlä– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y•z •°
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ñ !ܲS%È •° ~!rê˛Ó!í˛ñ !ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l •° @˝Ãy•Ü˛ñ !ܲS%È xyÓyÓ˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l •° àyë˛!lܲ
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l– ≤Ãyî#çàˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •° ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçl ~ÓÇ §Ù@˝Ã ç#ÓÙ[˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l!ê˛
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ •° Ó˚y•z!Óí˛zˆÏ°yç !Ó§Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ Ü˛yÓ≈!:ˆÏ°ç x!:!çˆÏlç åRuBisCoä
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ •° ~Ùl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xl%âê˛Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyçy•zÙ •° xl%âê˛l «˛Ùï˛y§¡õߨ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y xl%Ü)˛° ï˛y˛õÙyey ~ÓÇ pH ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– í˛zFã˛ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ܲÓ˚î ¢!=˛ •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ˆòÎ˚– !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ ÓÇ¢àï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ç!lï,˛ çl% ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õï˛ƒ çl%ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–

xl%¢#°l# (Exercise)

1. Ó,•Í xî% Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–

2. ~ܲ!ê˛ @’y•zˆÏܲy§y•z!í˛Ü˛ñ ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛yí˛y•z~fiê˛yÓ˚ Órôl# Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏàÔî Óy ê˛y!¢≈Î˚y!Ó˚ àë˛l Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
4. 10!ê˛ ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò Ü˛Ù xyî!Óܲ Gçl §¡õߨ ˜çÓ xî% áÑ%ˆÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛là%ˆÏ°y ˆ°ˆÏáy– ~Ùl
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚áyly á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÎÔà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ~•z ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ï˛y ܲyÓ˚y ï˛yG á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5. ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%•z ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y çylyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù !ܲ G•z ˆ˛≤Ãy!ê˛l!ê˛Ó˚ !Ó¢%Âôï˛y Óy ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏçˆÏl!§!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~•z ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛
§ÇÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
6. !ã˛!ܲͧy ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ~Ùl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°y á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
˜çÓ xî%§Ù)• 161

ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ÓƒyÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàà%ˆÏ°y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y åˆÎÙl ≤çyôl# §yÙ@˝Ã# •zï˛ƒy!òä–
7. ê˛∆y•z!@’§yÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ àë˛l!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
8. Îál ò%ô ˆÌˆÏܲ ò•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ï˛ál ܲ# âˆÏê˛ ï˛y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÌˆÏܲ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ
!ܲ⁄
9. Óy!î!çƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §•ç°Ë˛ƒ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ÙˆÏí˛° åÓ° ~ÓÇ !fiê˛Ü‰˛ ÙˆÏí˛°ä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ˜çÓ xî%Ó˚
ÙˆÏí˛° ˜ï˛Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ⁄
10. ~ܲ!ê˛ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%Ó≈° «˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ê˛y•zˆÏê˛∆¢l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly
xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#Ù)°ˆÏܲÓ˚ §Çáƒy á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
11. xƒy°y!ll lyÙܲ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛!ê˛Ó˚ !ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
12. xyë˛y ܲ# !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚⁄ ˆÊ˛!˲ܲ° !ܲ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy⁄
13. ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ Ê˛ƒyê˛ñ ˆï˛° G xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%îàï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÎÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚§ñ °y°yÓ˚§ñ âÙ≈ ~ÓÇ Ù)Ïe !lˆÏÎ˚ ~•zà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
14. ç#ÓÙ[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÓÏ í˛z!qò myÓ˚y ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ï˛y á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ùyl%£Ï
ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲyàç í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~•z !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï §yÓ˚yÓSÈÓ˚ ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî í˛z!qç
Ó› xyd§yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáy– í˛z!qò §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# !Ó¢y° «˛!ï˛ú
15. í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ôÙ≈à%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
 162 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xôƒyÎ˚ – 10 (Chapter - 10)

ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ G ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl
(Cell Cycle and Cell Division)
10.1. ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ çyl ˆÎ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó› ~Ùl!ܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ç#Ó!ê˛G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye ˆÜ˛y¢
10.2. M ò¢y ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏ° xÓyܲ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §,!T˛
10.3. Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ •Î˚– §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ Ùï˛•z Ó,!Âô G çll ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚G ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢•z ò%•z ˲yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ≤Ãçll ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ç!lï,˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyÓ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛y¢ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z§Ó lï%˛l
x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !Ó˲yçl âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!lï,˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
10.4. !ÙˆÏÎy˚ !§§
í˛zͲõߨ x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ G !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ
10.5. !ÙˆÏÎy˚ !§ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !Ó˲yçl ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ °«˛ °«˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ï˛yͲõÎ≈ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ç#ÓˆÏò• à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–

10.1 ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ åCell Cycleä

§Ó §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛•z ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y– ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçlܲyˆÏ°ñ DNA ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚î
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôG âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §¡õ)î≈ !çˆÏlyÙ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §,!T˛ ~ÓÇ §!ë˛Ü˛ !Ó˲yçl
§%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçlñ DNA-Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ~•z§Ó ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y
§!¡ø!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆÎ§Ó ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ âê˛lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ï˛yÓ˚ !çˆÏlyˆÏÙÓ˚
!mcܲÓ˚î âê˛yÎ˚ñ xlƒylƒ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)• §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ x˛õï˛ƒ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ åCell Cycleä ӈϰ– Î!òG ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,!Âô å §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yç!ÙÎ˚
Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ä ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y !ܲv DNA §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ò¢yÎ˚•z
§¡õߨ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ åDNAä ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚y ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçlܲyˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛°
âê˛lyܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x˛õï˛ƒ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§ Ó!^˝ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°y !çˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfîyô#l–
 ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ G ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl 163

10.1.1 ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò¢y§Ù)• åPhases of cell cycle)

~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ ܲy°ã˛yˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˛õy°l
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ìyܲy ÙylÓˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ól≈ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ – ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
≤ÃyÎ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ 24 â^˝ê˛yÎ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚ å!ã˛e 10.1) – Î!òG
ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ~ܲ ç#Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ
~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !˲ߨ •Î˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ •zfiê˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye 90 !Ù!lˆÏê˛•z ˆÜ˛y¢ãܲ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛

M ò¢y
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ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ Ù)áƒï˛ ò%!ê˛ ò¢yÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ı ˆê˛ˆ
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· M ò¢y åÙy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ ò¢yä
M ò¢y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z ò¢yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Îál ≤Ãܲ, ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl
Óy Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛ç Ó°ˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ M !ã˛e 10.1 / ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛
ò¢yÓ˚ xhs˝Óï≈˛# ò¢yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~!ê˛ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy á%Ó•z ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §,!T˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÙylÓˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ 24 â^˝ê˛y È §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚
fiÌyÎ˚#cܲy° Ùye ~ܲ â^˝ê˛y– ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ 95% ~Ó˚
ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛ç fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚–

M ˆÊ˛ç !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ Îy x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î âê˛yÎ˚
åܲƒy!Ó˚Gܲy•zˆÏl!§§ä ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ å§y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•zˆÏl!§§ä ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚–
•zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛çˆÏܲ Î!òG !Ó◊yÙ ò¢y Ó°y •Î˚ !ܲv ~•z §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y¢ §%¢,C° ˛õm!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
DNA ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚î â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ •Î˚– •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛çˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G !ï˛l!ê˛ ò¢yÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ı
· G1 ò¢y å≤ÃÌÙ ˆSÈò ò¢yä
í˛z ! qò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî# ܲ#˲yˆÏ Ó
· S ò¢y å§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ò¢yä ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚ ç#ÓlܲyˆÏ ° Ü ˛Ùyàï˛
· G2 ò¢y å!mï˛#Î˚ ˆSÈò ò¢yä Ó,!Âô˛˛≤ÃyÆ ˛•Î˚⁄ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó
ˆÜ˛y¢•z !ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ ï ˛
Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ ~ÓÇ DNA ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚î ¢%Ó˚%Ó˚ xhs˝Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ˆÏܲ G1 ò¢y ӈϰ– G1 ò¢yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢
!Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚ ⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚ y !ܲ
!Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ §!ܲÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ùyàï˛ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲv DNA- ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚î âê˛yÎ˚ ly– ˲yÓSÈ ˆÎ §Ó í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚
S Óy §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ò¢y ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ܲy°ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Îál DNA-Ó˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï Óy ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚î âˆÏê˛– ~•z §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢•z ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ ï ˛
§ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˛≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ DNA-Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !mà%î •Î˚– DNA- Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî 2C myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ° ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ 4C •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ §Çáƒy x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– G1 ò¢yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲ í˛z ß ¨ ï ˛ í˛z ! qˆÏ ò Ó˚ ~Ùl §Ó
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §Çáƒy !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ Óy 2n ÌyܲˆÏ° ñ S ò¢yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §Çáƒy x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛°yÓ˚ lyÙ ~ÓÇ xÓfiÌyl
2n ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛z ˆ Ï Õ ‘ á ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ ˚ y ÎyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛y¢à% ˆ Ï ° y §yÓ˚ y ç#Ól ôˆÏ Ó ˚
≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe S ò¢yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§ DNA- Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚î ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó˲yçï˛ •Î˚⁄ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚G !ܲ
§y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ ˆ§!rê˛∆GˆÏ°Ó˚ !mcܲÓ˚î âˆÏê˛– G2 ò¢yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ã˛°yܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ xlÓ˚)˛õ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
≤Û!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï âˆÏê˛–
 164 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚ y ˆ˛õÑ Î ˚ y ˆÏ ˛ çÓ˚ Ù) ˆ Ï ° Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚ ly å ˆÎÙl •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ä ~ÓÇ xlƒ Ó•% ˆÜ˛y¢ xyâyï˛ Óy
x@˝ Ã Ë˛yˆàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù) ˆ Ï • âê˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye §ÙÎ˚ !ӈϢˆÏ£Ï !Ó˲y!çï˛
Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– ~Ó˚ •Î˚– ~•z§ Ó ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚ ly ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y G1 ò¢y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!‹;Î˚
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ ¢ 16 !ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ ò¢yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛ˆÏÜ ˛Ó˚ !l!‹;Î˚ ò¢y åGo) ӈϰ– ~•z ò¢yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲv ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îï˛«˛î ly !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ˆÏï˛ G, ~Ó˚y §ÇáƒyÓ,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
ò¢yÎ˚ñ S ò¢yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ M ò¢yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ܲÎ˚!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÏÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ˛≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ¢%ô%Ùye !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆò• ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ• ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
ÌyܲˆÏÓ⁄ ~SÈyí˛¸yG Î!ò M ò¢yÓ˚ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ í˛z!qòÜ)˛ˆÏ° •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ G !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ í˛z˲Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!ê˛Ü˛ !Ó˲yçl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•
˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛Ó˚ DNA-Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî çl%Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qò ≤Ãçy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ò¢yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y
2C •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° G1 ò¢yÎ˚ñS ò¢yÓ˚
ˆÎáyˆÏl •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ G2 ò¢yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ DNA-
Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄
10.2 M ò¢y åM Phase)
~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛ˆÏÜ ˛Ó˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y âê˛lyÓ•%° ò¢yñ Ó›ï˛ §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù%რ˛õ%l/§Çàë˛l
~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë)≈˛=˛– ç!lï,˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !Ó˲yçˆÏl í˛zͲõߨ x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §Çáƒy ~ܲ•z
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏܲ §Ù!Ó˲yçl Ó°y •Î˚– Î!òG xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ !Ó˲yçl
ò¢yÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛y á%Ó à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛Ùyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ò¢yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%!l!ò≈T˛ §#Ùy !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ˆÏܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛
ò¢yÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛ı
• ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç åProphase)
• ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç åMetaphase)
• xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç åAnaphase)
• ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛çåTelophase)

10.2.1 ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç å prophase)

ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç •° Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ò¢y Îy •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏçÓ˚ S ~ÓÇ G2 ò¢yÓ˚ xl%Óï≈˛# •Î˚– ~•z S ~ÓÇ
G2 ò¢yÎ˚ lï%˛l í˛zͲõߨ DNA xî%à%ˆÏ°y §%flõT˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly !ܲv Ü%˛u˛!°ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ#Î˚
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ âl#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛lyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ˆÏçÓ˚ §) e˛õyï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ ˛yÙy!ê˛l ï˛vÓ˚ âl#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
å!ã˛e 10.2 Ü˛ä ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl çê˛Ù%=˛ •Î˚– •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏçÓ˚ S ò˛¢y ã˛°yܲyˆÏ° !mcܲÓ˚î
âê˛y ˆ§!rê˛∆G° ~•z ò¢yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò%•z !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÙÓ˚%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– !l¡¨!°!áï˛ âê˛lyÓ!°Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç ò¢yÓ˚ §Ùy!Æ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
· ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl âl#Ë)˛ï˛˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §%§Ç•ï˛ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ò%!ê˛ ˆÜ ˛yÙy!ê˛ˆÏí˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ Îy ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ xLjϢ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
· ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ!fiÌï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l !l!Ù≈ï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl xî%ly!°Ü˛y Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÓÙ §Çàë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
 ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ G ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl 165

ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç ò¢yÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ Ùy•zˆÏÜ ˛yˆÏflÒyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆòáˆÏ° ~Ó˚

ÙˆÏôƒ à°!à Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’:ñ ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÙñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G°y§ ~ÓÇ
!lí˛z!Üœ˛G ˛õò≈y ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly –
10.2.2 ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç åmetaphase)
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚˛õò≈yÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xÓ°%!Æ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ò¢yÓ˚ §)ã˛ly !lˆÏò≈¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !SÈ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚
xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ò¢yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ âl#˲Ól §¡õ)î≈ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xl%Ó#«˛î ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç
ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~!ê˛ ˆ§•z ò¢y ˆÎáyˆÏl
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ xAà§ÇfiÌyl á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ò¢yÎ˚ñ
ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ò%!ê˛ !§fiê˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ ˛yÙy!ê˛ˆÏí˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ Îy
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 10.2 áä– ˆ§ˆÏrê˛y!ÙÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ° xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ã˛yܲ!ï˛ÈüÈxyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ àë˛lˆÏܲ ܲy•zˆÏlˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyÓ˚ ӈϰ–
~•z àë˛l§Ù)• ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï˛#≈ xÓfiÌyˆÏl §ˆÏÓ˚ xy§y ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ˆÓÙï˛vÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ fiÌyl !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç ò¢yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ x!hs˝Ù ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç
•° ~•z ˆÎ ~•z ò¢yÎ˚ §Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y !lÓ˚«˛#Î˚ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §!ߨܲˆÏê˛ xÓfiÌyl åܲä
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ܲy•zˆÏlˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
~ܲ ˆÙÓ˚%ˆÏï˛ ˆÓÙï˛vÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !§fiê˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛!ê˛ ~Ó˚
ܲy•zˆlÏ ˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÙÓ%̊ˆïÏ ˛ ˆÓÙï˛vÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 10.2
áä– ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç ò¢yÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ˛õ,¤˛ï˛° ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ §IyˆÏܲ ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç
ˆ≤’ê˛ ÓˆÏ°–
ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ˆÏçÓ˚ Ù%რ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y •°ı
ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç ò¢yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢
• ˆÓÙï˛và%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲy•zˆÏlˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚–
• ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˆÓˆÏÙÓ˚ !lÓ˚«˛#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ í˛z˲Î˚ ˆÙÓ˚%Ó˚
ˆÓÙï˛vÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç ˆ≤’ê˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ §!Iï˛ •Î˚–
10.2.3 xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç åAnaphase)
xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ˆÏçÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛ §!Iï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ~ܲ•z
§yˆÏÌ !Ó˲=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛ ò%!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° §,!T˛ •GÎ˚y
x˛õï˛ƒ !lí˛z ! Üœ ˛ Î˚ y ˆÏ § Ó˚ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏ Ù yˆÏ ç yÙ !•§yˆÏ Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ à !lï˛ •Î˚ – x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ò%•z !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÙÓ˚%Ó˚ !òˆÏÜ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ åáä
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏ Ù yˆÏ ç yÙ !lÓ˚ « ˛#Î˚ ï˛° ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ ò)ˆ Ï Ó ˚ §ˆÏ Ó ˚ ˆÎˆÏ ï ˛ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
!ã˛e 10.2 / åܲä ~ÓÇ åáä Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ò¢y§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÙÓ˚%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝ÃàyÙ# ≤Ãyhs˝ !•§yˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy
!ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ Óy•%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ å!ã˛e 10.2 àä §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ
 166 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

!l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ù%რâê˛lyÓ!°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç ò¢yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly

ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
• ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ó˲=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚–
• ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛à%ˆÏ°y !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÙÓ˚%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚–˛
10.2.4 ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛ç åTelophase)
Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ x!hs˝Ù ò¢yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ xÌ≈yÍ ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛ç ò¢yÎ˚ !lç !lç ˆÙÓ˚%ˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ÎyGÎ˚y ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ
xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç !í˛Ü˛ÏlˆÏí˛ˆÏ§¢l˛âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y fl∫yï˛sf •yÓ˚yÎ˚– ï˛y•z ~ܲܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y xyÓ˚
åàä ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛l ï˛và%ˆÏ°y ò%•z ˆÙÓ%̊ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%O#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ å!ã˛e 10.2âä–
~•z ò¢yÎ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ù%რâê˛lyÓ!° âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ı
• ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%O#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÙÓ˚%ˆÏï˛ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ fl∫ï˛sf í˛z˛õyòyl !•§yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫_¥y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°–
• ˛õ%O#Ë)˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙˆÏܲ ˛!âˆÏÓ˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G ˛õò≈y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
• !lí˛z!Üœ˛G°y§ñ à°!à Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’: ~ÓÇ ER ˛õ%là≈!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
10.2.5 §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•zˆÏl!§§ åCytokinesis)
Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§ ¢%ô%Ùye !mcܲÓ˚î âê˛y ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x˛õï˛ƒ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§
ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛ç ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î•z âˆÏê˛ ly !ܲv ~ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ˆ¢£Ï •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
åâä ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !Ó˲=˛ •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•zˆÏl!§§ ӈϰ å !ã˛e
10.2 ܲñ áñ àñ âñ .ä– ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ áÑyç åFurrow)
§,!T˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•zˆÏl!§§ âˆÏê˛– ~•z áÑyç Ü˛Ù¢ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ à˲#Ó˚˛˛ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ç°@¿ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛
§Ùyl xLjϢ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qòˆÏÏܲy¢ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤çyÓ˚ˆÏî x«˛Ù ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ myÓ˚y
ˆÓ!T˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§•zçlƒ ~•z §Ü˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•zˆÏl!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛G !˲ߨ –
í˛z!qòˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ xÓfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚
~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚!ôÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˛õyŸª≤≈ Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õyï˛
åcell plate) lyÙܲ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ §Çàë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ àë˛l ¢%Ó%˚
•zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÊÏ ˛ç •Î˚ Îy ò%ˆêÏ ˛y §!ߨ!•ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl !Ùí˛° °ƒyˆÏÙ°y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
å.ä – §y•zˆêÏ ˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ó˲yçlܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%àˆ% ° Ï y ˆÎÙl Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ≤’y!fiê˛í˛
ò%ˆÏê˛y x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó!^˝ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– !ܲS%È ç#ˆÏÓ Ü˛ƒy!Ó˚Gܲy•zˆÏl!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚
!ã˛e 10.2 / åàä ˆÌˆÏܲ å.ä Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ §y•zˆêÏ ˛yܲy•zˆlÏ !§§ âˆÏê˛ ly– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó•% !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§Î%=˛ xÓfiÌy í˛zqï$ ˛ •Î˚ Îy xï˛˛õÓ˚
ò¢yà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ%̊˛õ !§l!§!ê˛Î˚yÙ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ lyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚° §§ƒ° xÇ¢ä àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚
 ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ G ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl 167

10.3 Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ åSignificance of mitosis)

Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ Óy §Ù!Ó˲yçl §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ¢%ô%Ùye !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z §#ÙyÓÂô– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲS%È !l¡¨ ˆ◊!îÓ˚
í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È §yÙy!çܲ ˛õï˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yG Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ~•z !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ˆÓyV˛y á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ G !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ!Ó!¢T˛
~Ùl !ܲS%È ˛õï˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xySÈ !ܲ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚S⁄
Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §ÙÓ˚)˛õ ÓÇ¢àï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl !Ó!¢T˛ ò%!ê˛ !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛y¢ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó,!Âô Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° âˆÏê˛– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ G §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
xl%˛õyï˛ !Ó!â¯ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ G §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xl%˛õyï˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ á%Ó•z
ï˛yͲõÎ≈ õ)î≈ xÓòyl •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ «˛Î˚˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y– Ó!•ıcˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yñ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly°#Ó˚
xyÓÓ˚î àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲÙyàï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õl âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ
ܲ°y ~ÓÇ ˛õyŸª≈fiÌ Ü˛ƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ Ü˛°yÎ˚ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §yÓ˚y ç#Ól Óƒy!˛õ Ó,!Âô ã˛°ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
10.4 !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ åMeiosis)
ˆÎÔlçlˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÏÙ x˛õï˛ƒ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆ§ê˛ !Ó!¢T˛ ò%!ê˛
àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ !Ù°l âê˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲ àƒyˆÏÙê˛ í˛zͲõߨ ˛•Î˚– ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yÏçˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §Çáƒy xˆÏô≈ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
§,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó˲yçlˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§– ˆÎÔl çllܲyÓ˚# ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ç#Ól ã˛ˆÏܲ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ò¢y §,!T˛ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !í˛≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ò¢y!ê˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– í˛z!qò G
≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛yˆÏçˆÏl!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ àƒyˆÏÙê˛ í˛zͲõߨ
•Î˚– !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù)რ˜ÏÓ!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !l¡¨Ó˚%˛õı
• !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó˲yçl ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ò%!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ã˛Ü˛ xÌ≈yÍ !ÙˆÏÎy˚ !§§ I ~ÓÇ !ÙˆÏÎy˚ !§§
II ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ !Ó˲yçlܲyˆÏ° DNA ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛Ü˛
§Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚˛–
• ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ S ò¢yÎ˚ §ÙÓ˚)˛õ !§fiê˛yÓ˚ÈüÈˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ çlƒ ç!lï,˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚
˛õÓ˚•z !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ÈüÈI ~Ó˚ §)ã˛ly •Î˚–
• !ÙˆÏÎy˚ !§§ ˛!Ó˲yçlܲyˆÏ° §Ù§ÇfiÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆ°
Ï y ˆçyí˛¸ ÓyшôÏ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ%l/§ÇˆÏÎyçl
årecombination) âˆÏê˛–
• !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ÈüÈII ~Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
!ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛ly≤ÃÓy•ˆÏܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ò¢yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë)≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ı

!ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ I !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ II
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç I ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç II
ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç I ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç II
xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç I xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç II
ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛ç I ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛ç II
168 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

10.4.1 !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ I (Meiosis I)

ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç I ı Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ≤ÃÌÙ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç ò¢y!ê˛
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z˛ ç!ê˛° – ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ~•z ò¢y!ê˛ˆÏܲ
xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ í˛z˛õò¢yÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ñ Îy •° ˆ°ˆÏ≤Wzy!ê˛lñ çy•zˆÏày!ê˛lñ ˛õƒyܲy•z!ê˛lñ !í˛ˆÏ≤’y!ê˛l
~ÓÇ í˛yÎ˚yܲy•zˆÏl!§§–
ˆ°ˆÏ≤Wzy!ê˛l í˛z˛õò¢yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yܲ xl%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsf Ü˛Ù¢/ ò,¢ƒÙyl •Î˚– §Ù@˝Ã
ˆ°ˆÏ≤Wzy!ê˛l í˛z˛õò¢y ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ âl#˲Ól ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏï˛– ˛~•z ò¢yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛çÈüÈI ~Ó˚
!mï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õò¢y çy•zˆÏày!ê˛l ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õò¢yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ˆçyí˛¸ ÓÑyôˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚%˛õ ˆçyí˛¸ ÓÑyôyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ §y•zlƒy˛õ!§§ åSynapsis) ӈϰ– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆçyí˛¸ÓÂô
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Ù§ÇfiÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ åHomologoas chromosome) ӈϰ– •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l
xl%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~•z í˛z˛õò¢yÓ˚ !ã˛e @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ §y•zlƒy˛õ!§§
~ÓÇ §y•zlƒy˛õˆÏê˛y!lÙy° Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’: lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° àë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ âê˛ly ~ܲ•z§yˆÏÌ âˆÏê˛– ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y
ˆçyí˛¸ÓÂô §Ù§ÇfiÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ myÓ˚y §,T˛ àë˛lˆÏܲ Óy•z˲ƒyˆÏ°rê˛ åBivalent) Óy ˆê˛ê˛∆yí˛ åtetrad)
ӈϰ– Î!òG ~à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# í˛z˛õò¢yÎ˚ xyÓ˚G flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò,¢ƒÙyl •Î˚– ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛çÈÈI ~Ó˚ ò¢yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ
ò%ˆÏê˛y í˛z˛õò¢yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˛í˛z˛õò¢y xÌ≈yÍ ˛õƒyܲy•z!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– ~•z
í˛z˛õò¢yÎ˚ Óy•z˲ƒyˆÏ°rê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˆê˛ê˛∆yí˛ !•§yˆÏÓ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò,¢ƒÙyl •Î˚– ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏ°yày§
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ llÈüÈ!§fiê˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ fiÌyˆÏl ܲ!§Ç G˲yÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ ˆ§•z fiÌyˆÏl
!Ó˚ܲ!¡∫ˆÏl¢l l!í˛í˛zˆÏ°Ó˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ ~•z í˛z˛õò¢yÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ܲ!§Ç G˲yÓ˚ •° ò%ˆÏê˛y §Ù§ÇfiÌ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚˛ÙˆÏôƒ !çlàï˛ Ó›Ó˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ
~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ •° !Ó˚ܲ!¡∫ˆÏlç– ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏ°yày§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ%l/
§ÇˆÏÎyçl ˛õƒyܲy•z!ê˛l í˛z˛õò¢yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z §¡õ%î≈ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ܲ!§Ç
G˲yÓ˚ âÏê˛y fiÌyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§y•zlƒy˛õˆÏê˛y!lÙy° Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’ˆÏ:Ó˚ ˲y.l ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lı§ÇˆÏÎy!Ïçï˛ ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏ°yày§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚
Óy•z˲ƒyˆÏ°rê˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲ!§ÇG˲yÓ˚ âê˛y fiÌyl Óƒï˛#ï˛ xlƒ fiÌyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y
!í˛ˆÏ≤’y!ê˛l ò¢yÓ˚ §)ã˛lyˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲ!§ÇG˲yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ù§ÇfiÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,T˛
‘X’ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ àë˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ ܲyÎ˚yçÙyê˛y åchiasmata) ӈϰ– !ܲS%È ˆÙÓ˚%òu˛# ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ !í˛¡∫yl%ˆÏï˛ åpri-
mary oocyte) !í˛ˆÏ≤’y!ê˛l í˛z˛õò¢y Ó•% Ùy§ Óy ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ fiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç I ~Ó˚ x!hs˝Ù í˛z˛õò¢y!ê˛ •° í˛yÎ˚yܲy•zˆÏl!§§– ܲyÎ˚yçÙyÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚
àÙl myÓ˚y ~•z í˛z˛õò¢y!ê˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õò¢yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y §¡õ)î≈Ó˚%ˆÏ˛õ âl#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
§Ù§ÇfiÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÓÙ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– í˛yÎ˚yܲy•zˆÏl!§ˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï !lí˛z!Üœ˛G°y§ xÓ°%Æ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G ˛õòy≈Ó˚ ˲yAàl âˆÏê˛– í˛yÎ˚yܲy•zˆÏl!§§ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
í˛z˛õò¢y ÎyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚•z ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç ò¢y ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚–
ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç I ı Óy•z˲ƒyˆÏ°rê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆ°
Ï y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lÓ˚«˛#Î˚ ï˛° ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ §!Iï˛ •Î˚ å!ã˛e 10.3)–
ˆÓˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÙÓ˚% ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàï˛ xî%ly!°Ü˛yà%ˆ° Ï y §Ù§ÇfiÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ˆçyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚–
 ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ G ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl 169

ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç I ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç I
xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç I
ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛ç I

!ã˛e 10.3 / !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ I ~Ó˚ ò¢y§Ù)•

˛xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç I ı ~•z ò¢yÎ˚ §Ù§ÇfiÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚ ñ Î!òG !§fiê˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛ ò%!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ° Î%=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ å!ã˛e 10.3)–
ˆê˛yˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛ç I ı !lí˛z!Üœ˛G˛õò≈y ~ÓÇ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚y!Ó˲y≈Ó âˆÏê˛ñ §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•zˆÏl!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ §)ã˛ly •Î˚ñ
~ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛yÎ˚yí˛ xÓfiÌy ӈϰ å!ã˛e 10.3) – ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y !ܲS%Èê˛y ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛ç !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ò¢yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ò%ˆÏê˛y !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚
xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# ò¢yˆÏܲ •zrê˛yÓ˚ܲy•zˆÏl!§§ ӈϰ Îy §yôyÓ˚îï˛ fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– •zrê˛yÓ˚ܲy•zˆÏl!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç II
¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ Îy ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç I ~Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z §Ó˚°–

10.4.2 !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ II (Meiosis II)

ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç II ı §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•zˆÏl!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚•z §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
xyˆÏà !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ ÈII ~Ó˚ §)ã˛ly âˆÏê˛– !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ I ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yò,¢ƒ ly ÌyܲˆÏ°G !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§
II ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yò,¢ƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç II ~Ó˚ å!ã˛e10.4) ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï !lí˛z!Üœ˛G˛õò≈yÓ˚ xÓ°%!Æ
âˆÏê˛– ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ §%§Ç•ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç II ı ~•z ò¢yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lÓ˚«˛#Î˚ï˛ˆÏ° §!Iï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛
ˆÙÓ˚% ˆÌˆÏÜ xyàï˛ xî%ly!°Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y !§fiê˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ܲy•zˆÏlˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ å!ã˛e 10.4) §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚–
xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç II ı≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ å ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛ xLjϢ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲä
!Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ•z ~•z ò¢yÓ˚ §)ã˛ly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÙÓ˚%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
§ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 10.4)–˛
170 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç II ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛ç II
xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç II
ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛ç II
!ã˛e 10.4 / !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ II ~Ó˚˛ ò¢y§Ù)•
ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛ç II ı ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏ˛Ê˛ç II ˆ¢£Ï •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ•z !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ §Ùy!Æ âˆÏê˛–
ò%•z ˆÙÓ˚%ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G ˛õò≈y myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ •Î˚–
§y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•zˆÏl!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆê˛ê˛∆yí˛ xÌ≈yÍ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ å!ã˛e
10.4ä–

10.5 !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ åSignificance of meiosis)

!ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ •° ˆ§•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÎÔl çllܲyÓ˚# ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §Çáƒy ÓÇ¢ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yÎ˚ ô%Óܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– Î!òG ~•z Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ x§Aà!ï˛ •° ~•z
ˆÎ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ •…y§ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §Çáƒy
Ùyï,˛ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏôÜ≈ ˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ çl% ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# çl%ˆïÏ ˛ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ ç#làï˛ ≤ÃܲÓ˚îG
Ó,!Âô ˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !ÓÓï≈˛l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃܲÓ˚î xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ

ˆÜ˛y¢_c xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢•z ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ˆÎ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚˛
ï˛y •° ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÎÔl çllܲyÓ˚# ç#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# çy•zˆÏàyê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ˛õ)î≈yAà ç#Ó §,!T˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y Órô •Î˚ ly ÓÓ˚Ç ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ç#Ólã˛Ïܲ ç%ˆÏí˛¸•z
~!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎ §Ü˛° ò¢yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˲yçl ò¢y ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# !Ó˲yçl ò¢yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ ӈϰ–
 ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ G ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl 171

ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ò%•z!ê˛ ò¢yÎ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüÈ(i) •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÊÏ ˛çÈüÈˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ Ü˛y° ~ÓÇ (ii) Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ åM ò¢yäÈüÈ
ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ܲy°– •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛çˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ G1ñ S, ~ÓÇ G2 ò¢yÎ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– G1 •° ˆ§•z ò¢y ˆÎ ò¢yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà xAàyl%Ó˚ !mcܲÓ˚îG ~•z ò¢yˆÏï˛•z âˆÏê˛– DNA
˛≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyçˆÏÙÓ˚ !mcܲÓ˚î S ò¢yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– G2 ò¢y •° §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲy°–
Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ˆÏܲ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛çñ ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛çñ xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç ~ÓÇ ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛ç ~•z ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ò¢yÎ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚
âl#˲Ól ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç ò¢yÎ˚ §¡õߨ •Î˚– ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ ~•z ò¢yÎ˚ ˆ§!rê˛∆G° !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÙÓ˚%ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G
˛õò≈y ~ÓÇ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G°y§ xÓ°%Æ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓÙï˛và%ˆ° Ï y ò,¢ƒÙyl •Î˚˛– ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ°Ï yÓ˚ !lÓ˚«˛#Î˚ ï˛° ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚
§Iy myÓ˚y ˆÙê˛yˆÏ˛Ê˛ç ò¢yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç ò¢yÎ˚ ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛à%ˆÏ°y
ò%•z !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÙÓ˚%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛°ˆÏï˛˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛à%ˆÏ°y ò%•z ˆÙÓ˚%ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ò#â≈#ܲÓ˚î ¢%Ó˚%
•Î˚ñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G°y§ ~ÓÇ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G˛õò≈yÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚y!ÓË≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛– ~•z ò¢y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛ç ӈϰ– !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ó˲yçl âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•zˆÏl!§§ ӈϰ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ •° §Ù!Ó˲yçl
ˆÎáyˆÏl ç!lï,˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §Çáƒy x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ •° ~•z ˆÎ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ çllˆÏܲy¢ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# !í˛Ï≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z âˆÏê˛–
!ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ !Ó˲yçˆÏl àƒyˆÏÙê˛ í˛zͲõyòlܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyçÙ §Çáƒy •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ç!lï,˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z
~!ê˛ˆÏܲ •…y§ !Ó˲yçl Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÎÔl çllܲyˆÏ° ò%!ê˛ àƒyˆÏÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ !Ù°Ïl •ˆÏ° x˛õï˛ƒ ç#ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §Çáƒy ç!lï,˛
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Ùyl •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚˚– !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ò¢yÎ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚È ÎÌyüÈ!ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ÈI ~ÓÇ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§È II – ≤ÃÌÙ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛
!Ó˲yçl ò¢yÎ˚ ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏ°yày§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˆçyí˛¸ÓÂô •ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•z˲ƒyˆÏ°rê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛!§Ç G˲yÓ˚ âê˛yÎ˚–
!ÙˆÏÎy˚ !§§ I ~Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÊ˛ç ò¢y!ê˛ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ í˛z˛õò¢yÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛È– ~à%ˆ°
Ï y •° ˆ°≤Wzy!ê˛lñ çy•zˆàÏ y!ê˛lñ
˛õƒyܲy•z!ê˛lñ !í˛ˆÏ≤’y!ê˛l ~ÓÇ í˛yÎ˚yܲy•zˆÏl!§§– ˆÙê˛yˆÏÊ˛çÈ I ò¢yÎ˚ Óy•z˲ƒyˆÏ°rê˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lÓ˚«˛#Î˚ ï˛° ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚
§!Iï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ xƒylyˆÏÊ˛çÈ I ò¢yÎ˚ í˛z˲Î˚ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛§• §Ù§ÇfiÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÙÓ˚%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÏÓ˚˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÙÓ˚%ˆÏï˛ñ ç!lï,˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚–
ˆê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛ç I ò¢yÎ˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G ˛õò≈y ~ÓÇ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚y!ÓË≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛– !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§È II Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ §ò,¢ •Î˚–
xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç II ò¢yÎ˚ !§fiê˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï
ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˛•ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–

xl%¢#°l#
1. hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ àí˛¸ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ܲï˛⁄
2. §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•zˆÏl!§§ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒy!Ó˚Gܲy•zˆÏl!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛ç ò¢yÎ˚ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y âê˛lyÓ°# Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Go å!l!‹;Î˚ ò¢yä ܲ#⁄
5. Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛l §Ù!Ó˲yçl Ó°y •Î˚⁄
6. ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ§•z ò¢y!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl !l¡¨!°!á!ï˛ âê˛ly§Ù)• §¡õߨ •Î˚ı
(i) ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˆÓˆÏÙÓ˚ !lÓ˚«˛#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ° xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
(ii) ˆ§ˆÏrê˛∆y!ÙÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˲yçl âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛í˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚–
172 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

(iii) §Ù§ÇfiÌ ˆÜ˛yÙyˆÏçyÙ ˆçyí˛¸ÓÂô •Î˚–

(iv) §Ù§ÇfiÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ!§Ç G˲yÓ˚ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚–
7. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
a) §y•zlƒy˛õ!§§ b) Óy•z˲ƒyˆÏ°rê˛ c) ܲyÎ˚yçÙyê˛y
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛ !ã˛e §• Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
8. í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•zˆÏl!§§ñ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•zˆÏly!§§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛xy°yòy⁄
9. ~Ùl !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛y¢ §ÙxyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~•z x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !Ó£ÏÙ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Î˚–
10. !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§ xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ç I ~ÓÇ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ xƒylyˆÏÊ˛ˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
11. Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ ~ÓÇ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù%რ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ=ˆÏ°y !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
12. !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ƒ ܲ#⁄
13. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
(i) •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ!Ó!¢£Ïê˛ ˛õï˛D ~ÓÇ !l¡¨ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ í˛z!qò ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
(ii) í˛zFã˛ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È •ƒy≤’ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly–
14. S ò¢yÎ˚ DNA -Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚î SÈyí˛¸y !ܲ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
15. ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl SÈyí˛¸y !ܲ DNA ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚î âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
16. ˆÜ˛y¢ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ò¢yÓ˚ âê˛ly§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó≈ï˛l
âˆÏê˛ˆÏS–È
(i) ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆe´yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ §Çáƒy (N)
(ii) ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ DNA-Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî (C)
 ã˛ï˛% Ì≈ ~ܲܲ
í˛z!qò ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó_
, (Plant Physiology)

~ܲyò¢ xôƒyÎ˚ ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ àë˛l ~ÓÇ ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ Óî≈ly flõT˛ï˛•z ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ò%!ê˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙܲyˆÏï˛˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ù)°ï˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l G âê˛lyÓ!°Ó˚
myò¢ xôƒyÎ˚ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ç#ÓÓ› §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ~ÓÇ ˆò•
á!lç ˛õ%!T˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ G ˆò•§Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyî!Óܲ hflψÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛–
eˆÏÎ˚yò¢ xôƒyÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy›!Óòƒy G ~Ó˚ §¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛ ¢yáy §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ç)ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
¢Ó˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy G ˜çÓ Ó˚§yÎ˚l ¢yáy– ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó!î≈ï˛
í˛zß¨ï˛ í˛z!qÏò ˆòˆÏ• §yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï
§˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óî≈ly •° ï˛yñ Îy í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ã˛ï%˛ò≈¢ xôƒyÎ˚ á!lç ˛õ%!T˛ñ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ïñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îñ Ÿª§l ~ÓÇ §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• Ÿª§l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y xyî!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°G ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá
˛õM˛ò¢ xôƒyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ùl!ܲ §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl ÎÌyÎÌ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§áyˆÏl•z ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !lˆÏÎ˚G xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
 ˆÙ°!˲l ˆÜ˛°!˲l (Melvin Calvin) 1911 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ~!≤ð ÙyˆÏ§ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
!ÙˆÏߨˆÏ§yê˛y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l !ÙˆÏߨˆÏ§yê˛y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚§yÎ˚l¢yˆÏflf
Ph.D !í˛@˝Ã# °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l ÓyÜ≈˛ˆÏ° ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲƒy!°ˆÏÊ˛y!l≈Î˚y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚§yÎ˚l
¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ xôƒy˛õܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ !SȈϰl–
!mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎˆ% ÂÏ ôÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !•ˆÏÓy˚ !§Ùy lyày§y!ܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˆÓyÙy !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îál §yÓ˚y!ÓŸª ˆ¢yܲhflÏkôñ ï˛ál ˆÜ˛°!˲l G
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §•Ü˛Ù≈# àˆÏÓ£Ïܲàî ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚# ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲÌy
!ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚l– J.A. Bassham ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲˆÏÎyˆÏà !ï˛!l ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ˆÏܲ
ˆï˛ç!fl;Πܲ!ë˛l C14 myÓ˚y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó%ç í˛z!qˆÏò ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ñ ç° ~ÓÇ
á!lç °ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙy°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y G xlƒylƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y xôƒÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ !SÈ° ~•z ˆÎñ Ó˚Oܲ xl%§Ù)• ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
˛õòyÌ≈àˆ% °Ï yÓ˚ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§ •zˆ° Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l fiÌylyhs˝Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ó%ç í˛z!qò ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ˆÏܲ
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ¢!=˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚˛) õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲyˆÏ° ܲyÓ≈l xy_#ܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õÌ
!Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!l 1961 §yˆÏ° ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚ Ë)˛!£Ïï˛ •l–
ˆÙ°!˲l ˆÜ˛°!˲l ˆÜ˛°!˲l ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ §yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ Ù)°l#!ï˛ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ¢!=˛Ó˚ G xlƒylƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚
˛õ)îl≈Ó#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ Ù)° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ–
 xôƒyÎ˚ 11 (CHAPTER 11)
í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
(Transport in Plants)
11.1 ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ§Ù)• ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~ê˛y ˆË˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛áˆÏly xÓyܲ •ˆÏÎ˚SÈ ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ç° §%í˛zFã˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢#£Ï≈˲yà xÓ!ô ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ñ Óy
11.2 í˛z!qò ç° §¡õÜ≈˛ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)• ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ñ §Ó í˛z˛õyòyl !ܲ ~ܲ•z
11.3 ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ Óy ~ܲ•z !òˆÏܲ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ !ܲly ~ÓÇ ~•z §Ü˛° í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)• fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ¢!=˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ !ܲly– ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xî%§Ù)•ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G x!ôܲ ò)Ó˚ˆÏc ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
11.4 Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇÓ•lï˛sfG ÌyˆÏܲ ly– Ù)° myÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ ç°ˆÏܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó xLjϢ
~Ùl!ܲ Óô≈l¢#° ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈˲yà ˛õÎ≈hs˝G ˆ˛õÑÔS%ȈÏï˛ •Î˚–
11.5 á!lç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆ¢y£Ïî G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• Óy áyòƒ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ Ù)° §• í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ
˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î fl∫“ ò)Óˆ˚ cÏ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°y!fiÌï˛
11.6 ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îı í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG âê˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• âê˛Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)• Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ~ܲçlˆÏܲ
!§ˆÏAܲÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛l ~ÓÇ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ xAà§ÇfiÌyl §¡õˆÏܲ≈ §yôyÓ˚î ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î !ÓË˛Ó ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚l §¡õˆÏܲ≈ G !ܲS%È K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Óƒy˛õl §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆÓyôàÙƒï˛yÓ˚
˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Îál xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲÌy Ó!°ñ ï˛ál ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çyly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎ
xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°!SÈ– §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏò ˆÎ§Ó
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ç°ñ á!lç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲñ ˜çÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfܲ§Ù)•– fl∫“ ò)Ó˚ˆÏc ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î Óƒy˛õl ~ÓÇ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ xyÓï≈˛l SÈyí˛¸yG §!ܲÎ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛– ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î §ÇÓ•lï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ åçy•zˆÏ°Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ùä âˆÏê˛
ÎyˆÏܲ ê˛∆y™ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ¢l (Translocation) ӈϰ–
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á– Ù)° §Ù!ß∫ï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù)°
myÓ˚y ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲÙ%á# •Î˚– Î!òGñ ˜çÓ ~ÓÇ á!lç
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó•%Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛–
176 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •GÎ˚y ˜çÓ ˆÎÔà í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §M˛Î˚# xAà §• xlƒylƒ §Ó xLjϢ
˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° §M˛Î˚# xAà ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%l/˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l âˆÏê˛– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲy[˛ñ ˛õyï˛y
~ÓÇ Óô≈l¢#° xM˛ˆÏ° Ù)° myÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ á!lç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zôÁ≈Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛– Îál í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÇ¢ Óyô≈ܲƒ ò¢y ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ˆ§•z §Ü˛° xM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲà%ˆÏ°y ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Óô≈l¢#°
xM˛°§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •Î˚– á%Ó fl∫“ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî •ˆÏ°G •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl xÌÓy í˛z!qò Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfܲ§Ù)• ~ÓÇ
xlƒylƒ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ í˛zj# õܲà%ˆÏ°yG í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ~•z §ÙhflÏ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ•z fiÌyˆÏl §#ÙyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ xÌÓy §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒylƒ xLjϢÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲÙ%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏò ç!ê˛° ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°y ç!ê˛° ã˛°yã˛° ˛õÌ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åá%Ó
§Ω˛Óï˛ §%¢,C°Ë˛yˆÏÓä ÎyˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòyl !Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ xAà !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòyl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòyl ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚–
11.1 ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ§Ù)• (Means of Transport)
11.1.1 Óƒy˛õl (Diffusion)
Óƒy˛õl •° !l!‹;Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ Óy ~ܲ ˆÜ˛y¢
ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ Óy fl∫“ ò)Ó˚ˆÏc ˆÎÙl ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ xyhs˝/ˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ âˆÏê˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ly– Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ñ xl%à%ˆÏ°y ΈÏÌFSÈ˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yã˛°
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ Ê˛° !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• ˆÓ!¢ âlcÎ%=˛ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù âlcÎ%=˛ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– Óƒy˛õl ~ܲ!ê˛ ô#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛y §ç#Ó ˛õÂô!ï˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ lÎ˚– Óƒy˛õl
xÓ¢ƒ•z àƒy§#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚° ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛ !ܲv ܲ!ë˛l ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒy˛õlG ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Óƒy˛õl
xˆÏ˛õ«˛y §•çï˛Ó˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒy˛õl á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛•z í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• àƒy§#Î˚
!Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲÙye ÙyôƒÙ–
Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyeyñ ˛õò≈y Îy ò%!ê˛ ÙyôƒÙˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ~Ó˚ ˆË˛òƒï˛yñ ï˛y˛õÙyey
~ÓÇ ã˛y˛õ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
11.1.2 §•yÎ˚ܲ Óƒy˛õl (Facilitated diffusion)
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ Óƒy˛õl âê˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛l!ï˛Ùyey Ìyܲy xÓ¢ƒ•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ «%˛o ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ Óƒy˛õl xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸
âˆÏê˛– ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Óƒy˛õl !°!˛õˆÏí˛ ~Ó˚ oyÓƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !°!˛õí˛
•° ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ù)რí˛z˛õyòyl– ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !°!˛õˆÏí˛ oyÓƒ ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ Óƒy˛õl xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ o%ï˛ âˆÏê˛–
ç°yܲ£Ï# (Hydrophilic) xÇ¢Î%=˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ã˛°yã˛° x§%!Óôyçlܲ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ã˛°yã˛ˆÏ° §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÙÙˆÏÓ l ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ§•z fiÌyl
≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~Ó˚y ˛õò≈y ˆË˛ò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l§Ù)• âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly / xî%Ó˚ Óƒy˛õl §•yÎ˚ܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l myÓ˚y âê˛ˆÏ°G Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛
~ܲyhs˝ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ Óƒy˛õl åfacilitated diffusionä–
§•yÎ˚ܲ Óƒy˛õˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°y ATP !fiÌï˛ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
ã˛°yã˛ˆÏ° §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §•yÎ˚ܲ Óƒy˛õl !l¡¨ âlc ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ âlˆÏcÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ §Ó xî%Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âê˛yˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– Îál ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óy•# ˛
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°y §•yÎ˚ܲ Óƒy˛õˆÏl xÇ¢ ˆlÎ˚ 姡õ,=˛ä ï˛ál•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ •yÓ˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ •Î˚– §•yÎ˚ܲ
Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ á%Ó•z §%!l!ò≈T˛ó ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛y¢ ï˛yÓ˚ @˝Ã•ˆÏîy˛õˆÏÎyà# ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
 í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î 177

˛õ!Ó˚Óy•#
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l

˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ xî%

ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚

Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ

˛õò≈y ˛õò≈y
!ã˛e 11.1 §•yÎ˚ܲ Óƒy˛õl
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˛õ!Ó˚Óy•#à%ˆÏ°y ~Ùl §Ó ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôˆÏܲÓ˚ åinhibi-
torä ˛≤Ã!ï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈¢,CˆÏ°Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã˛°yã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°y
~•z ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ã˛ƒyˆÏl° Óy ≤Ãîy°# àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È ≤Ãîy°# ˛õ!Ó˚Óy•# ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
§Ó§ÙÎ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒ ≤Ãîy°#à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ã˛°l âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È ≤Ãîy°# ≤âhflÏ •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xî%§Ù)• ã˛°yã˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ˛õy!Ó˚l
åPorinä ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°y ≤’y!fiê˛í˛ñ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È •zí˛z!lˆÏ˛õyê≈˛
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó!•/˛õò≈yÎ˚ Ó•% §ÇáƒÜ˛ !SÈo ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyܲyÓ˚
!Ó!¢T˛ xî%à%ˆÏ°yG ã˛°yã˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛e 11.1 ~ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy•# ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Ó!•/ˆÏܲy¢#Î˚
xî% ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óy•# ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ ~!rê˛ˆ˛Ï õyê≈˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ xî%Ó˚ Ù%!=˛ âê˛yÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüÈ ç°
≤Ãîy°# xyê˛!ê˛ !˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲyÎ˚yˆÏ˛õy!Ó˚l myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
11.1.2.1 !l!‹;˛Î˚ !§ÙˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ ~ÓÇ ~!rê˛ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ (Passive
symports and antiports)
!ܲS% È Óy•Ü˛ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó y•# ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˆÜ˛Ó° ï˛ál•z Óƒy˛õl !§Ù‰ˆ˛Ï õyê≈˛
âê˛yÎ˚ Îál ò% •z ôÓ˚ ˆ Ï l Ó˚ xî% ~ܲ§yˆÏ Ì ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó y•#ï˛ •Î˚ –
!§ÙˆÏ ˛ õyê≈ ˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ í˛z Ë ˛Î˚ xî% ~ܲ•z !òˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õò≈ y Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏ Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó y!•ï˛ •Î˚ – ~!rê˛ˆÏ ˛ õyê≈ ˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ í˛z Ë ˛Î˚
xî% !Ó˛õÓ˚ # ï˛ x!˲Ù% ˆ Ï á ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó y!•ï˛ •Î˚ å!ã˛e 11.2ä–
Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y xî% xlƒylƒ xî% ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ xy°yòy •ˆÏÎ˚
˛õò≈y
fl∫ ï ˛sf Ë ˛yˆÏ Ó ˛õò≈ y Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏ Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó y!•ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ˆ§•z
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ •zí˛z!lˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ Ó°y •Î˚– !ã˛e 11.2 §•yÎ˚ܲ Óƒy˛õl
178 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

11.1.3 §!Ü ˛Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î (Active Transport)

§!Ü ˛Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏ î âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ xî%§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âê˛yˆÏï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
§!Ü ˛Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õò≈y!fiÌï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛– xï˛~Óñ §!Ü ˛Î˚ G !l!‹;Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l§Ù)• Ù%რË)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õy¡õ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ §Ü˛° ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z §Ü˛° ˛õy¡õ
!l¡¨ âlc ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ âlˆÏcÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ å|ôÁ≈Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îä– §Ó
˛õ!Ó˚Óy•# ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l§Ù)• ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏ° Óy ˛§¡õ,=˛ •ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î •yÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ §#ÙyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– Óy•Ü˛
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°y í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ á%Ó•z §%!l!ò≈T˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~!ê˛ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˆ§•z§Ó ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈ ¢,C°à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚–

11.1.4 !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°ly (Comparison of Different Trans-

port processes)

§yÓ˚î# 11.1 ~ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §•yÎ˚ܲ Óƒy˛õl G §!Ü ˛Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°y !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°
≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙlñ í˛zFã˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°ï˛yñ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ,!=˛ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôˆÏܲ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl myÓ˚y
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ •GÎ˚y– !ܲv Óƒy˛õl §•yÎ˚ܲ ˆ•yܲ Óy ly ˆ•yܲñ ï˛y l!ï˛Ùyey ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚•z âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ¢!=˛Ó˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–

§yÓ˚!î 11.1 !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly

˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §yôyÓ˚î §•yÎ˚ܲ ˛ §!ܲÎ˚
Óƒy˛õl õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
!ӈϢ£Ï ˆÙÙˆÏÓl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ly •Ñƒy •Ñƒy
í˛zFã˛ ≤ÈËÏ ˛òܲ ly •Ñƒy •Ñƒy
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ,!=˛ ly •Ñƒy •Ñƒy
|ôÁ≈Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ly ly •Ñƒy
¢!=˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ATP ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ly ly •Ñƒy

11.2 í˛z!qòÈüÈç° §¡õÜ≈˛ (Plant Water Relation)

ç° í˛z ! qˆÏ ò Ó˚ §Ó ¢yÓ˚ # Ó˚ Ó , _ #Î˚ !Ü ˛Î˚ y ܲ°yˆÏ ˛ õÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ §Ó §ç#ÓÓ›Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e G
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙyôƒÙ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
˛õòyÌ≈ • z oÓ#Ë) ˛ ï˛ •Î˚ – ˆÜ˛yˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏ ê ˛y≤’yçÙ ç° SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ !ܲS% È • z ly ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ !Ó!˲ߨ xî%
oÓ#Ë) ˛ ï˛ ~ÓÇ å!Ó!˲ߨ ܲîyä !lÙ!Iï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚ Ù % ˆ Ï ç ≤ÃyÎ˚ 92 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ç°
ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ Ë ˛yà !ÓÓ˚ % Í í˛z ! qˆÏ ò Ó˚ §Ó˚ § GçˆÏ l Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 10 ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ 15 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ùye ¢% ‹ Ò Ó›
ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛– í˛z ! qˆÏ ò Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ ˆ Ï Ó ˚ çˆÏ ° Ó˚ Ó^˝ê˛l xÓ¢ƒ•z !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚ ܲy¤˛° xLjϢ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
á% Ó •z Ü˛Ù ç° ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛ó ˆÎáyˆÏ l ˛lÓ˚ Ù xÇˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ Ë ˛yà•z ç°–
 í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î 179

~ܲ!ê˛ Ó#ç ˆòáˆÏï˛ ¢%ܲˆÏly •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ï˛Ó%G ~ˆÏï˛ ç° ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y ly •ˆÏ° Ó#ç!ê˛ §ç#Ó ÌyܲˆÏÓ
ly ~ÓÇ Ÿª§l!ܲÎ˚yG ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly–
fiÌ°ç í˛z!qò ≤Ã!ï˛!òl ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç° ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ç°•z ˛õyï˛y
ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xÌ≈yÍ Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
Ë%˛Ry í˛z!qò ~ܲ!òˆÏl ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ï˛l !°ê˛yÓ˚ ç° ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ §ˆÏ£Ï≈ àySÈ 5 ârê˛yÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ GçˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ùyl GçˆÏlÓ˚ ç° ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚– çˆÏ°Ó˚ ~•z í˛zFã˛ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•zñ ~!ê˛ xyŸã˛Î≈ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚ ˆÎ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e Óy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ç° ~ܲ!ê˛ §#ÙyfiÌ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ–
11.2.1 ç° !ÓË˛Ó (Water Potential)
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ çˆÏ°Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy çyly çÓ˚%!Ó˚– çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy •° ç° !Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ å Ψ w ä ôyÓ˚îy– oyÓ !ÓË˛Ó å Ψsä
~ÓÇ ã˛y˛õ !ÓË˛Ó å Ψ pä •° ò%!ê˛ Ù%რí˛z˛õyòyl Îy ç° !ÓË˛Ó !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ à!ï˛¢!=˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ àƒy§#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî%à%ˆÏ°y
~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy˲yˆÏÓ ~Ùl à!ï˛¢#° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ Îál ~ˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛ o%ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z à!ï˛¢!=˛Ó˚
Ùyl ô%Óܲ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛ Óy ç° !Ó˲ÓG
ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍ ~!ê˛ flõT˛ ˆÎ !Ó¢%Âô çˆÏ°Ó˚ ç° !ÓË˛Ó §Ó≈y!ôܲ •ˆÏÓ– Î!ò ç°
§Ù!ß∫ï˛ ò%!ê˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§ ï˛y•ˆÏ° çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,T˛ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy
à!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ ç° í˛zFã˛¢!=˛§¡õߨ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ !l¡¨¢!=˛§¡õߨ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ ç° í˛zFã˛ ç° !Ó˲ӧ¡õߨ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ !l¡¨ ç° !Ó˲ӧ¡õߨ
ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ù%=˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏ îÓ˚ ~•z
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óƒy˛õl Ó°y •Î˚– ç° !ÓË˛Ó !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y @˝Ã#ܲ !ã˛•´ Psi xÌÓy Ψ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎÙl!ê˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ Pa å˛õy§ˆÏܲ°ä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÙyî
ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó¢%Âô çˆÏ°Ó˚ ç° !ÓË˛Ó ¢)lƒ ôÓ˚y •Î˚–
Î!ò !Ó¢%Âô çˆÏ° !ܲS%È oyÓ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ oÓî!ê˛ˆÏ ï˛ x“§ÇáƒÜ˛ Ù%=˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî%
ÌyˆÏܲ Ê˛ˆÏ° çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏAà ~Ó˚ ç° !Ó˲ÓG •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– xï˛~Ó §Ó
oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ç° !Ó˲ӕz !Ó¢%Âô çˆÏ°Ó˚ ç° !ÓË˛Ó xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ü˛Ù •Î˚– oyˆÏÓÓ˚ oÓ#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
oÓˆÏî ç° !ÓË˛Ó ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ•z oyÓ !ÓË˛Ó Óy Ψs ӈϰ– Ψ s §Ó≈òy•z }îydܲ–
oÓˆÏî oyˆÏÓÓ˚ xî% Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ñ Ψs ~Ó˚ Ùyl ï˛ï˛ Ü˛Ù åx!ôܲ }îydÜ˛ä •ˆÏÓ– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
ÓyÎ˚%Ùu˛°#Î˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ åç° !Ó˲Óä Ψ w= åoyÓ !Ó˲Óä Ψ s –
Î!ò !Ó¢%Âô ç° Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly oÓˆÏî ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛y˛õ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y x!ôܲ ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ ç° !ÓË˛Ó Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ fiÌyˆÏl ç° í˛z͈ϫ˛˛õˆÏîÓ˚
§Ùï%˛°ƒ˛– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ã˛y˛õ
§,!T˛ •Î˚⁄ í˛z!qò ï˛ˆÏsf ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ •Î˚ Îál Óƒy˛õl !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ç° í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ •Î˚ Îy ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ Ó˚§fl≥˛#ï˛ (tur-
gid) ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° (11.2.2 !Ó˲yà!ê˛ ˆòáä– Ê˛ˆÏ° ã˛y˛õ !ÓË˛Ó Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ã˛y˛õ !Ó˲Ó
§yôyÓ˚îï ôlydܲ •Î˚ Î!òG í˛z!qˆÏò }îydܲ !ÓË˛Ó Óy çy•zˆÏ°Ù !fiÌï˛ ç°hflψÏΩ˛ ê˛yl ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚
 180 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çˆÏ°Ó˚ |ôÁ≈Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏ î Ù%რË)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ã˛y˛õ !ÓË˛ÓˆÏܲ Ψ p myÓ˚y !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–

~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç° !Ó˲Óñ oyÓ !ÓË˛Ó ~ÓÇ ã˛y˛õ !ÓË˛Ó í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y•z ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– oyÓ
!ÓË˛Ó ~ÓÇ ã˛y˛õ !Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚ ı
Ψw = Ψs + Ψp

11.2.2 x!˲flÀÓî (Osmosis)

í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ç° G
oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆË˛òƒ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ï˛y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ly– í˛z!qò
ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ• §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•òyܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ à•¥Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎyˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó›§Ù)%• xÌ≈yÍ
à•¥Ó˚Ó˚§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ oyÓ !ÓË˛Ó ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y G ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õò≈y åˆê˛yˆÏly≤’yfiê˛ä ~ܲ §yˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ G !là≈ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Úx!˲flÀÓîÛ ~•z ¢∑!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏ˲òܲ ˆË˛òƒ xÌÓy xô≈ˆÏ˲òƒ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚
Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛y!°Ü˛y ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ x!˲flÀÓî fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛–
˛˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y x!˲flÀÓî ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%á ~ÓÇ •yÓ˚˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey G âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zFã˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !ÓË˛Ó åÓy âlcä ˆÌˆÏܲ !l¡¨ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛ï˛«˛î•z çˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛ Îï˛«˛î ly ï˛y §yÙƒyÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– §yÙƒyÓfiÌyÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚°˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏ«˛ ç° !Ó˲Ó
xÓ¢ƒ•z §Ùyl •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ •Î˚ï˛ fl%҈ϰ xy°%Ó˚ x§ˆÏÙy!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy– Î!ò ܲ®!ê˛ˆÏܲ çˆÏ° Ó§yˆÏly •Î˚
ï˛y•ˆÏ° xy°%Ó˚ ܲ®!fiÌï˛ àˆÏï≈˛ Ìyܲy àyì˛¸ !ã˛!lÓ˚ oÓî x!˲flÀÓˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ç° @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛e 11.3 ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ò%!ê˛ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ A ~ÓÇ B ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ìyܲy oÓî ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚
xô≈ˆÏ˲òƒ ˛õò≈y myÓ˚y ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y xyˆÏSÈ–
A B
åÜ˛ä ˆÜ˛yl‰ ≤ÈÏܲyˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ oÓî!ê˛ !l¡¨ ç° !ÓË˛Ó §¡õߨ⁄
åáä ˆÜ˛yl‰ ≤ÈÏܲyˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ oÓî!ê˛Ó˚ !l¡¨ oyÓ !Ó˲Ó
oyˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
Solute
xî%
molecule
åàä ˆÜ˛yl‰ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá x!˲flÀÓî âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄
åâä ˆÜ˛yl‰ oÓî!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ oyÓ !ÓË˛Ó Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
ç°
ater å.ä §yÙƒyÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛!ê˛ !l¡¨ ç° !Ó˲Ó
§¡õߨ •ˆÏÓ⁄
å~èä Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÈÏܲyˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ Ψ ~Ó˚ Ùyl 2000 K
Pa ~ÓÇ xlƒ!ê˛Ó˚ 1000 K Pa •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
xô≈Semi-permeable
ˆÏ˲òƒ ˛õò≈y ˆÜ˛yl‰ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛!ê˛Ó˚ Ψ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ⁄
!ã˛e 11.3
 í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î 181

ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚

ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ° §%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ç°#Î˚ oÓî !lˆÏÎ˚ xô≈ˆÏ˲òƒ
˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy !Ó¢%Âô ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ å!ã˛e 11.4ä– !í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛!Ù ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xô≈ˆÏ˲òƒ
˛õò≈y ˛õyˆÏÓ– !í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !SÈo ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
!í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ü%˛§%Ù G xƒy°Ó%!Ùl ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyG ~ÓÇ ˆáy°§!ê˛ˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õ
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ârê˛yÓ˚ çlƒ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏÜœ˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ °â% oÓˆÏî Ó˚yá–
!í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆáy°§!ê˛ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õò≈y!ê˛ˆÏܲ x!ÓÜ,˛ï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ–
Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ âê˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
oÓˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏÓ– §yÙƒyÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly xÓ!ô ~•z
˛õÂô!ï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒy˛õl
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ §%ˆÏܲyç ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ ܲáˆÏly ~•z §yÙƒyÓfiÌyÎ˚
ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly ÎyˆÏÓ⁄ §%ˆÏܲyç oÓî

Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yà ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛

˛õò≈y
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óƒy˛õl ly âˆÏê˛–
çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ~•z ã˛y˛õ •° x!˲flÀÓî
ã˛y˛õ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ oyÓ âlˆÏcÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– oyˆÏÓÓ˚ âlc Îï˛ ç°
ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô ï˛ï˛ˆÏÓ!¢ ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– §Çáƒyàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ x!˲flÀÓî ã˛y˛õ G ç° !ÓË˛Ó åܲä åáä
§ÙÙyl§¡õߨ •Î˚– !ܲv !ã˛•´ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ •Î˚– x!˲flÀÓî ã˛y˛õ •°
ôlydܲÙyl§¡õߨñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ç° !ÓË˛Ó •° }îydܲ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚– !ã˛e 11.4 x!˲flÀÓˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l– ~ܲ!ê˛ !̈ϧ° Ê˛yˆÏl°
§%ˆÏܲyç oÓî myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç°˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚
11.2.3 ≤’yçˆÏÙy°y•z!§§ (Plasmolysis) í˛zˆÏŒê˛ Ó˚yáy •°– åÜ˛ä ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚
ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ åÓy ܲ°yÓ˚ä xyã˛Ó˚î Óƒy˛õl âê˛ˆÏÓ åˆÎÙlê˛y !ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛•´ myÓ˚y ˆòáyˆÏly
Ó!•/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò Ó!•/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ oÓî!ê˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èä G Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ x!˲flÀÓî ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yÙƒyÓfiÌy ˛õyˆÏÓ åáä Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ Órô
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ §Ù§yÓ˚ܲ (isotonic) oÓî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ ã˛y˛õ
Ó°y •Î˚– Î!ò Ó!•/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ oÓî!ê˛ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ °â% ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
•Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ °â%§yÓ˚ܲ (hypotonic) ~ÓÇ Î!ò Ó!•/
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚˛ oÓî!ê˛ x!ôܲ âlcÎ%=˛ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ x!ï˛§yÓ˚ܲ
(hypertonic) oÓî Ó°y •Î˚– °â%§yÓ˚ܲ oÓˆÏî ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ó˚§fl≥˛#!ï˛ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ x!ï˛§yÓ˚ܲ oÓˆÏî ˆÜ˛y¢ Ü%˛!M˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° !là≈ï˛ •ˆÏ° ≤’yçˆÏÙy§y•z!§§ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ í˛z!qò
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y ܲ%!M˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ§– ~!ê˛ ï˛ál•z âˆÏê˛ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛y¢ åÓy ܲ°yˆÏܲä ï˛yÓ˚
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ï˛§yÓ˚ܲ åx!ôܲ oyÓÎ%=˛ä oÓˆÏî Ó˚yáy
•Î˚ ç° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§–
182 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

!ã˛e 11.5 í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ≤’yçˆÏÙy°y•z!§§

ç° ≤Ã̈ÏÙ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° Óƒy˛õl
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ Ó!•/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ åˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ä ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° !l‹Òy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ Ü%˛!M˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛ál ≤’yçˆÏÙy°y•zç퉲 Ó°y •Î˚– ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l í˛zFã˛ ç° !Ó˲ӧ¡õߨ ˆ«˛e åxÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛y¢ä ˆÌˆÏܲ !l¡¨ ç° !Ó˲ӧ¡õߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ åˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ä !òˆÏܲ âˆÏê˛ å!ã˛e 11.5ä–
≤’yçˆÏÙy°y•z§í‰˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü%˛!M˛ï˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yfiê˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl ܲ# ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
ˆÜ˛y¢ Óy ܲ°yˆÏܲ §Ù§yÓ˚ܲ oÓˆÏî Ó˚yáˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Óy ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ≤ÃÓy• âê˛ˆÏÓ ly– Î!ò Óy!•ƒÜ˛ oÓî!ê˛ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!˲flÀÓî
ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §Ùï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ §Ù§yÓ˚ܲ Ó°y •Î˚– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy• âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ §yÙƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ Ó˚§!¢!Ì° (Flaccid) •ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸–
≤’yçˆÏÙy°y•z!§§ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ í˛z˲Î˚Ù%á#– ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ °â%§yÓ˚ܲ oÓˆÏî å§y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ ç° !ÓË˛Ó Óy °â% oÓîä Ó˚yáˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óƒy˛õl âˆÏê˛ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
§y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚§fl≥˛#!ï˛ ã˛y˛õ (Turgor Pres-
sure) ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ç° ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ myÓ˚y òÈ,ì˛¸ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛
ã˛y˛õˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õ !ÓË˛Ó åΨpä ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓòyÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ ly– ~•z
Ó˚§fl≥˛#!ï˛ ã˛y˛õ•z ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ fl≥˛#!ï˛ G ≤çyÓ˚îç!lï˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚§!¢!Ì° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ !ÓË˛Ó Ψp ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ í˛z!qò SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ç#Ó ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
11.2.4 xydË)˛!ï˛ (Imbibition)
xydË)˛!ï˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õl ˆÎáyˆÏl ܲ!ë˛l ˆÜ˛y°Î˚í˛#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ myÓ˚y ç° ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l Ó,!Âô âê˛yÎ˚– xydË)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yÍÜ,˛T˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° Ó#ç G ¢%‹Ò ܲyë˛ myÓ˚y
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî– xy!òÙ Ùyl%£Ï !¢°y G l%!í˛¸ ˲y.ˆÏï˛ñ ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ fl≥˛#!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §,T˛ ~•z ã˛y˛õˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ï˛–
 í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î 183

xydË)˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §,T˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚˛ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z Ó#ç ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚yàySÈ Ùy!ê˛ ˆË˛ò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛
§«˛Ù •Î˚– ï˛y ly •ˆÏ° ܲáˆÏly•z ï˛y §Ω˛Ó •ï˛ ly–
xydË)˛!ï˛G ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õl ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá âˆÏê˛–
Ó#ç ~ÓÇ xlƒ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ ç° ≤ÃyÎ˚ ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ç° ˆ¢y£Ïî
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢y£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ï˛Ó˚ˆ°
Ï Ó˚ xydË)˛!ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ç° !Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey Ìyܲy xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛–
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xydË)˛!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˆ§•z ˆ¢y£Ïܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyܲ£Ï≈î
ÌyܲyG xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ¢ï≈˛–
11.3 ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î (Long Distance Transport of Water)

˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù !lŸã˛Î˚•z ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ §yòy Ê˛%°§•
àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ í˛y°ˆÏܲ Ó˚!.l çˆÏ° ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SȈϰ ~ÓÇ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰ ~!ê˛ Ó˚!.l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ
ârê˛y ˛õÓ˚ í˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyê˛y ≤Ãyhs˝ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù ˆ§•z xM˛°§Ù)•ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰ ÎyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó˚!.l ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ~!ê˛ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛– ~ál
í˛z!qˆÏò ç° G xlƒylƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚G çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ¢%ô%Ùye Óƒy˛õl myÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– Óƒy˛õl ~ܲ!ê˛
ô#Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye fl∫ “ ò)Ó˚ˆÏc xî%Ó˚ ã˛°l âê˛yˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛
§yôyÓ˚î í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ å≤ÃyÎ˚ 50µmä Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xî%Ó˚ ã˛°l âê˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 2.5 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ §ÙÎ˚
°yˆÏà– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ !•§yÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ~•z •yˆÏÓ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ 1 !Ùê˛yÓ˚
ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xl%§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ Ü˛ï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏÓ⁄
Ó,•òyܲyÓ˚ G ç!ê˛° ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ• ܲálG ܲálG ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)•ˆÏܲ á%Ó•z ò#â≈ ˛õÌ x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•Î˚– ܲálG ܲálG í˛zͲõyòl Óy ˆ¢y£Ïî fiÌyl ~ÓÇ §M˛Î˚ fiÌyl ~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ
ò)ˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒy˛õl Óy §!Ü ˛Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÎ≈yÆ lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚
çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ÓƒÓfiÌy§Ù)• ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyˆÏï˛ ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î o%ï˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ âˆÏê˛– ç° G á!lç °Ól ~ÓÇ áyòƒ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ùy§ (mass) Óy ÓyÕÒ
(bulk) ≤ÃÓy• ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ò%!ê˛ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲfiÌyl
ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒfiÌyˆÏl ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ÓyÕÒ Óy ò°ÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î•z •° Ùy§ (mass) ≤ÃÓy•– Ùy§‰
(mass) ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ˆÎñ lò# ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ~•z ≤ÃÓyˆÏ• oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ Óy !l°!¡∫ï˛
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ìyܲy §Ó ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y §Ùà!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ Óƒy˛õl ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòyñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
!Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòyÌ≈ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– !ܲv
ò°ÓÂô ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛ •Î˚ ôlydܲ ç°fl≥˛#!ï˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey åˆÎÙl = ÓyàyˆÏl ç°
ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ l°ä xÌÓy }îydܲ ç°fl≥˛#!ï˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ åˆÎÙl = fiê˛∆ myÓ˚y ê˛ylyä ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
âˆÏê˛–
184 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÓ•l ܲ°y Óy ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ò°ÓÂô ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îˆÏܲ ê˛∆y™ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ¢l
ӈϰ–
ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# í˛zFã˛ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ñ ܲy[˛ G ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃfïÏFSÈò ~ÓÇ ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Îy
xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy ï˛y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚SÈ !ܲ⁄ í˛zFã˛ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏò !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛ˆÏ°
çy•zˆÏ°Ù ~ÓÇ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%áƒï˛ ç°ñ á!lç °Óîñ !ܲS%È ˜çÓ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl
~ÓÇ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÓyÎ˚Ó#Î˚ xLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜çÓ G
x˜ÏçÓ oyÓˆÏܲ ≤Ãôylï˛ ˛õyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
11.3.1 ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ í˛z!qò ç° ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ (How do plants absorb water)
xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎ í˛z!qˆÏò Ù)° myÓ˚y•z ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ç° ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ˆ§çlƒ•z xyÙÓ˚y Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ç°
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ lÎ˚– Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yˆÏà í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ °«˛y!ôܲ Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yÙ xï˛ƒhs˝˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç° G
á!lç ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yÙ •° Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓ!ô≈ï˛ §Ó%̊ ˛õyï˛°y
≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚Î%=˛ xÇ¢ Îy Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢y£ÏîÈüÈï˛° Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yÙ myÓ˚y ¢%ô%Ùye Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ç°
á!lç oyÓ §• ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yÙ myÓ˚y ç° ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §%flõT˛ ò%!ê˛ ˛õˆÏÌ ~•z ç° Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚
à˲#Ó˚hflÏÓ˚ §Ù)ˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ı
• xƒyˆÏ˛õy≤’yfiê˛ ˛õÌ
• !§Ù≤’yfiê˛ ˛õÌ
xƒyˆÏ˛õy≤’yfiê˛ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ÓƒÓfiÌy Îy Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ xhs˝cˆÏܲ ܲƒy§!Ï˛õ!Ó˚Î˚yl ˛õ!R å!ã˛e
11.6ä Óƒyï˛#ï˛ §Ù@˝Ã• í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• !Óhfl,Ïï˛– çˆÏ°Ó˚ xƒyˆÏ˛õy≤’y!fiê˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
xyhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ fiÌyl ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛– xƒyˆÏ˛õy≤’yfiê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈yˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü˛Ùî SÈyí˛¸y•z âˆÏê˛–

≤’yçˆÏÙyˆÏí˛§Ùyê˛y ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y

Ó!•/cܲ ܲˆÏê˛≈˛: xhscܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Ü˛

çy•zˆÏ°Ù
!§Ù≤’yfiê˛ Ü˛ƒy§!˛õ!Ó˚Îy˚ l ˛õ!R
xƒyˆÏ˛õy≤’yfiê˛
!ã˛e 11.6 Ù)ˆÏ° ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÌ
 í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î 185

~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xƒyˆÏ˛õy≤’yfiê˛ ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÓ˚)˛õ Óyôy òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚
ly ~ÓÇ ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ò°ÓÂô (mass) ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛– xyhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ fiÌyˆÏl Óy ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°
çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy‹õ#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xƒyˆÏ˛õy≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ ç° ≤ÃÓyˆÏ• ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ •Î˚ñ xï˛~Ó çˆÏ°Ó˚
x§Ù§ÇˆÏÎyà (adhesion) ~ÓÇ §Ù§ÇˆÏÎyà˛˛(cohesion) ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî çˆÏ°Ó˚ ò°ÓÂô
(mass) ≤ÃÓy• âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!§Ù≤’y!fiê˛Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ •° ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §ÇÎ%=˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yfiê˛!˲!_ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛– ˛õyŸª≈Óï≈˛# ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù)•
≤’yçˆÏÙyˆÏí˛çÙyê˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !§Ù≤’y!fiê˛Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ç° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy•#ï˛ •Î˚– xyhs/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•Èî
≤’yçˆÏÙyˆÏí˛§Ùyê˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §¡õߨ •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ âê˛yÎ˚
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ô#Ó˚à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ âˆÏê˛– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeG ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î !Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛
âˆÏê˛– §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ ≤ÃÓy• !§Ù≤’y!fiê˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ï˛ •y•z!í»˛°y ˛õyï˛yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’çÙ#Î˚ ≤ÃÓy• °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ– ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛!Ó!ô á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z
ò,¢ƒÙyl •Î˚–
Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !¢!Ì°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ÌyܲyÎ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ç° ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yàê˛y•z
xƒyˆÏ˛õy≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ly– Î!òG ܲˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ:Ó˚
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §#ÙylyÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ xhs˝/gflψÏܲ §%ˆÏÓ!Ó˚lÎ%=˛ ˛õ!R ÌyܲyÎ˚ ï˛y ç° xˆÏ˲òƒ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õ!R!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ܲƒy§ˆÏ˛õ!Ó˚Î˚yl ˛õ!R ӈϰ– çˆÏ°Ó˚ xl%§Ù)• ~•z hflÏÓ˚ ˆË˛ˆÏò x«˛Ù •Î˚ ï˛y•z ï˛y ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÓ!Ó˚lÎ%=˛
xM˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ál !§Ù≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õò≈y x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– Ù)°hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÓ˚!وϧÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§Ù≤’y!fiê˛Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ âˆÏê˛– ~!ê˛•z ~ܲÙye
˛õÌ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ç° ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ oyÓ ly!°Ü˛y
Óy!u˛ˆÏ° ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xhs˝ıcܲ çy•zˆ°
Ï Ù
~ܲÓyÓ˚ çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ç°
˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl!ܲ ˛~ܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§Ù≤’y!fiê˛Ü˛ ˛õÌ
xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ Ù%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛Ó%̊î Ù)ˆÏ°
ç° §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ çy•zˆÏ°Ù ˆË˛ˆÏ§° ~ÓÇ xÌÓy
ê˛∆ƒyܲ#ˆÏí˛ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~à%ˆ°
Ï y •° ç°ly°# ~ÓÇ
xƒyˆÏ˛õy≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ xÇ¢– Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ly!°Ü˛yï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ç° G á!lç xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÌ
§Ç!«˛ÆyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛e 11.7 ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏò ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ ܲƒy§ˆÏ˛õ!Ó˚Î˚yl ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ àë˛lG ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ç° å~ÓÇ á!lçä xƒyˆÏ˛õy°y!fiê˛Ü˛ ˛õÌ Ü˛ˆÏê˛≈: ˛õ!R
ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùy•zˆÏܲyÓ˚y•zçy •° SÈeyܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Ü˛
~ÓÇ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÙˆÏÌyç#Ó# §¡õÜ≈˛– !ã˛e 11.7 !§Ù≤’y!fiê˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xƒyˆÏ˛õy≤’y!fiê˛Ü˛ ˛õÌ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)ˆÏ° ç°
~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛–
186 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

SÈeyܲ xl%§e) ï˛Ó%̊î Ù)ˆ° Ï Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ çy°Ü˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy Ù)ˆ°

Ï Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ ˆË˛ò ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z xl%§e) à%ˆ° Ï y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤âhflÏ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛° myÓ˚y Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ ÙyeyÎ˚ ç° G á!lç xyÎ˚l ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy •Î˚ï˛ Ù)°
myÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– SÈeyܲ í˛z!qò Ù)ˆÏ° ç° G á!lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ Ù)° Ùy•zˆÏܲyÓ˚y•zçyÎ˚ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y
G ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlÎ%=˛ ˆÎÔà §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùy•zˆÏܲyÓ˚y•zçyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ §¡õÜ≈˛
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˛õy•zl Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓy˚ òàÙ ~ÓÇ ˆÓшãÏ ˛ Ìyܲy Ùy•zˆÜÏ ˛yÓ˚y•zçyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛
SÈyí˛¸y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚–
11.3.2 í˛z!qˆÏò çˆÏ°Ó˚ |ôÁ≈Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î åWater movement up a plantä
xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ í˛z!qò ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛ˆÏ°
ÎyÎ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ál ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ç° í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛
•Î˚– çˆÏ°Ó˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î˛ §!ܲÎ˚ ly !ܲ !l!‹;Î˚⁄ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~áyˆÏl ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ |ôÁ≈Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛ñ ï˛y•z ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆçyàyl•z Óy ˆÜ˛ ˆòÎ˚⁄
11.3.2.1 Ù)°ç ã˛y˛õ (Root Pressure)
Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ xyÎ˚l §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ç° l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚
§˛õˆÏ«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛yÎ˚– ~•z ôlydܲ ã˛y˛õˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Ù)°ç ã˛y˛õ
~ÓÇ ~•z ã˛y˛õ•z ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl∫“ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zôÁ≈Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– xyÙÓ˚y
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ù)°ç ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ x!hflÏc Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y lÓ˚Ù Ü˛y[˛Î%=˛ í˛z!qò ÓySÈy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ á%Ó
ˆË˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛°#Î˚ xyo≈ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲy[˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ôyÓ˚yˆÏ°y ˆÓœˆíÏ ˛Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏê˛y– ï%˛!Ù §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ ˆÎ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ܲyê˛y xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y
ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y Ó˚§ !l/§,ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ôlydܲ Ù)°ç ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z !l/§Ó˚î âˆÏê˛– Î!ò ï%˛!Ù Ü˛yˆÏu˛Ó˚ ܲyê˛y xLjϢ
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ê˛í˛zÓ ˆ§ÑˆÏê˛ òyG ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù !l/§,ï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛ˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ G
!l/§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !l/§,ï˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•G ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
Ó˚y!eˆÏÓ°y G ˆË˛yÓ˚ˆÏÓ°y Îál Óy‹õ#˲Ól Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ï˛álG Ù)°ç ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ây§ çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qò G xlƒ Ó•% ï,˛îçyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õeÊ˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚ x@˝Ã˲yˆÏà í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !¢Ó˚yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
!SÈo˛ṏÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ç° !Ó®% !Ó®% Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §!M˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛Ó˚° Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~•z ç° ˆÙyã˛lˆÏܲ !l/flÀyÓî
(Guttation) ӈϰ–
§Ù@˝Ã ç°ÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ù)°ç ã˛y˛õ ~Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye˛ !ܲS%Èê˛y |ôÁ≈Ù%á# ã˛y˛õ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ê˛y flõT˛ ˆÎ §%í˛zFã˛ í˛z!qˆÏò çˆÏ°Ó˚ |ôÁ≈Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî Ù)°ç ã˛y˛õ Ù%áƒ
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– Ù)°ç ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y xÓòyl •° çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî%Ó˚
!lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ ¢,C° ˛õ%lfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y Îy ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ÓyflõˆÏÙyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §,T˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ê˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ
!Ó!FSÈߨ •Î˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù)°ç ã˛y˛õ myÓ˚y ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly– ï˛y•z ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà í˛z!qò•z
~•z ã˛y!•òy ÓyflõˆÏÙyã˛l ê˛yl myÓ˚y ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
11.3.2.2 Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l ê˛yl (Transpiration Pull)
í˛z!qˆÏò •,Í!˛õ[˛ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §ÇÓ•l ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ fl∫ˆÏcG çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ΈÏÌT˛
í˛zFã˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ñ §Ó≈y!ôܲ 15 !Ùê˛yÓ˚‡≤Ã!ï˛ â^˝ê˛yÎ˚ |ôÁ≈Ù%ˆÏá çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy• âˆÏê˛–
 í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î 187

ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î §¡õߨ •Î˚⁄ ~áyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ≤ß¿ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆÎ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î !ܲ ôyE˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° âˆÏê˛ ly!ܲ ê˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° çˆÏ°Ó˚ |ôÁ≈Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ•z
~ܲÙï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î Ù%áƒï˛ ê˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z §¡õߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ã˛y!°Ü˛y ¢!=˛ xyˆÏ§ ˛õyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyflõˆÏÙyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ó ÎyˆÏܲ ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚
Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l §Ù§ÇˆÏÎyà ê˛yl ÙˆÏí˛° (Cohesion tension transpiration pull model)
Ó°y •Î˚– !ܲv ܲ# ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l ê˛yl §,!T˛ •Î˚⁄
í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ç° «˛îfiÌyÎ˚#– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly çˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚G Ü˛Ù §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï
G í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
!là≈ï˛ •Î˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ç° ˆÙyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ÓyflõˆÏÙyã˛l ӈϰ–
˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ §%fiÌ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ ˛õ!°!Ìl
Óƒyà myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ç°!Ó®% çÙy •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yÓyŒê˛ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛
ˆ˛õ˛õyÓ˚ñ Îy ç° ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó˚. ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚G ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î
xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚–
11.4 Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l (Transpiration)
Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l •° í˛z!qò ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy‹õyܲyˆÏÓ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î– ~!ê˛ Ù%áƒï˛ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˛õeÓ˚ˆrÏ ôÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛– ˛õeÓ˚rô lyÙܲ !SȈÏoÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Óy‹õyܲyˆÏÓ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ x!:ˆÏçl G ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ xyòyl ≤ÃòylG âˆÏê˛– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
˛õeÓ˚rô !òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y!eˆÏÓ°yÎ˚ Órô ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ ˆáy°y Óy Órô •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
ܲyÓ˚î •° Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲy¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó˚§fl≥˛#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l– ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚% G !fiÌ!ï˛fiÌy˛õܲ •Î˚– ˛õeÓ˚rôÈüÈ!SÈoˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲy¢ ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚§fl≥˛#!ï˛
Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ° Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õyï˛°y Ó!•/≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ó!•/fl≥˛#!ï˛ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ
ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~•z ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ xô≈ã˛wyÜ,˛!ï˛ xyܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚
Ùy•zˆÏÜ ˛yÊ˛y•z!Ó ˆÏ°Ó˚ §!¡ø!°ï˛ xÓfiÌylG ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrô Ó˚ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç
Ùy•zˆÏܲyÊ˛y•z!Ó°§Ù)• xl%˜Ïòâ≈ƒ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ §%!fiÌï˛ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ xÓ˚#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛l
§•çï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ !là≈Ùl Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˛õã˛Î˚ Óy âyê˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲy¢à%ˆÏ°y Ó˚§fl≥˛#!ï˛ •yÓ˚yˆÏ°ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛fiÌy˛õܲ xhs˝/≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲy¢à%ˆÏ°y ã%˛˛õˆÏ§ (faccid) ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õeÓ˚rô Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
!Ó£ÏÙ˛õ,¤˛ å≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z !mÓ#ç˛õe#ä ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ !l¡¨˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˛õ,¤˛ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y x!ôܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛
˛õeÓ˚rô ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆÎáyˆÏl §ÙyAà˛õ,¤˛ å~ܲÓ#ç˛õe#ä ˛õyï˛yÓ˚
í˛z˲Î˚˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛•z ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ùyl §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛õeÓ˚rô Óï˛≈Ùyl– !Ó!˲ߨ
Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ myÓ˚y Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚
ˆÎÙl ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ xyˆÏ°yñ xyo≈ï˛yñ ÓyÎ˚% ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ï˛#Óï˛y–
ˆÎ §Ó í˛z!qò §¡õÜ≈˛#Î˚ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ myÓ˚y Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y Ùy•zˆÏܲyÊ˛y•z!Ó°
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •°È ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ §Çáƒy G !Ólƒy§ñ Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲy¢
ˆáy°y ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y §Çáƒyñ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õeÓ˚rô
í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ñ ˆÜ˛ˆÏly!˛õÓ˚ (Canopy) àë˛l Ù)°Ó#Î˚ åí˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ÓyÎ˚Ó xLjϢÓ˚ ¢yáy ≤âyáy G ˛õyï˛y !وϰ ˆÎ xyFSÈyòl
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ä– !ã˛e 11.8 Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲy¢§• ˛õeÓ˚rô
188 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z͈ÏflÀyï˛ Ù%áƒï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆË˛Ôï˛ ôÙ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ı
• §Ù§ÇˆÏÎyà (Cohesion) û çˆÏ°Ó˚ xl%§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î–
• x§Ù§ÇˆÏÎyà (Adhesion) û çˆÏ°Ó˚ xl%§Ù)• G ˆÙÓ˚% ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ åˆÎÙl çy•zˆÏ°Ù Óy!•Ü˛yÓ˚
˛õ,¤˛ä ÙˆÏôƒ xyܲ£Ï≈î–
• ˛õ,¤˛ê˛yl (Surface Tension) û çˆÏ°Ó˚ xl%§Ù)• àƒy§#Î˚ xÓfiÌy xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌyÎ˚
˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!ôܲ xyÜ,˛T˛ •Î˚–
~•z §Ó ôÙ≈ ç°ˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ ≤çyÎ≈ ¢!=˛ åTensile Strengthä xÌ≈yÍ í˛zˆÏ_y°l Ó° ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ ˜Ü˛!¢Ü˛ Ó° xÌ≈yÍ §Ó˚% lˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛z!aï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ˆÎyàyÎ˚– í˛z!qˆÏò
˜Ü˛!¢Ü˛ Ó° «%˛o Óƒy§yô≈Î%=˛ ê˛∆ƒy!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ˆÎÙl ê˛∆ƒy!Ü˛í˛˛ ~ÓÇ ˆË˛ˆÏ§° í˛z˛õyòyl myÓ˚y §y•y΃≤ÃyÆ
•Î˚–
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– çy•zˆÏ°Ù Óy!•Ü˛y ï˛sf Ù)° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ !¢Ó˚yÎ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yl‰ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!qò çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî% ˛õyï˛yÓ˚
˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚⁄ ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy‹õ#˲Ól
âê˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ hflÏÓ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ Îy çy•zˆÏ°Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî%Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆ_Ï y°l âê˛yÎ˚– ˛õeÓ˚ˆrÏ ôÓ˚ ï˛°ˆÏò¢#Î˚ à•¥Ó˚ åí˛z˛õ˛õeÓ˚rô#Î˚
à•¥Ó˚ä ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢yhs˝Ó˚ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛ˆÏ° ç°#Î˚ ÓyˆÏ‹õÓ˚ âlc Ü˛Ù •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óƒy˛õl âˆÏê˛– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛yl åpullä ~Ó˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ å!ã˛e 11.9ä–
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §,T˛ Ó° 130 !Ùê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚G x!ôܲ˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y
çy•zˆÏ°Ù ç%ˆÏí˛¸ §,T˛ ç°hflÏΩ˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ_y°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

˛õƒy!°ˆÏ§í˛
çy•z
ˆ°
XylemÏ Ù

ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
Phloem
˛õƒy!°ˆÏ§í˛

Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲy¢
Guar
ã˛ï%˛˛õ≈yŸª≈fiÌ ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ˛õeÓ˚rô#Î˚ !SÈo
Stoma
Óƒy˛õl

!ã˛e 11.9 ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ §M˛y°lñ ˛õyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy‹õ#˲Ól ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚%fiÌyl G Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛y˛õ !Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !ÓË˛Ó §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ !¢Ó˚yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ç°hflÏΩ˛ çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
 í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î 189

11.4.1 Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l G §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï û ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛y (Transpiration and

Photosynthesis a Compromise)
Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ı
• í˛z!qˆÏò ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l ê˛yl §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ û ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• Ù,!_ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛° xLjϢ á!lç ˛õòyÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• Óy‹õ#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°˛ õe˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyey •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ñ Îy ܲálG ܲálG 10 ˆÌˆÏܲ 15 !í˛!@˝ÃG
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
• ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚§fl≥˛#!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ G àë˛l ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
~ܲ!ê˛ §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# í˛z!qˆÏò çˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy §ÓˆÏ̈Ïܲ ˆÓ!¢– Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏÎyàƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ o%ï˛ !là≈Ùî §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ §#!Ùï˛ Ó˚yˆÏá– Ó,!T˛FSÈyÎ˚ xÓ˚ˆÏîƒ xyo≈ï˛y
Ù%áƒï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù)° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyï˛yñ ˛õyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛Ï° ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§y
ÈüüüÈ ~•z !Ó¢y° ç°ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˛õã˛Î˚ •…yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ܲyÓ≈lí˛y•zx:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ °Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
í˛z!qˆÏò !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° C4 §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zqÓ §Ω˛Óï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°– ܲyÓ≈l §ÇÓrôˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe å¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ä C3 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ C4 í˛z!qòÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò«˛ï˛y !mà%î •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî CO2
§ÇÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ C3 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ C4 í˛z!qò xˆÏô≈ܲ ç° ÓƒÎ˚˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
11.5 á!lç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î (Uptake and Transport of Mineral
Nutrients)
ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ CO2 ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!qò ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ܲyÓ≈l G x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yàê˛y•z @˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xÓ!¢T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚î •Î˚ Ù,!_ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ á!lç °Ól ~ÓÇ ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ
•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ–
11.5.1 á!lç xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî (Uptake of Mineral Ions)
á!lç °Ólà%ˆÏ°y çˆÏ°Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° myÓ˚y !l!‹;Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ly– á!lç xyÎ˚l ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚
çlƒ ò%!ê˛ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ òyÎ˚# ı (i) Ù,!_ܲyÎ˚ á!lç ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• xyôylÎ%=˛ ܲîy åxyÎ˚lä Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°yã˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ (ii) Ù,!_ܲyÎ˚ á!lç ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ âlc §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ù)ˆÏ°
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ á!lç ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ âlc xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ü˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲ– xï˛~Óñ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà á!lç•z §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚Ùy° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ATP Ó˚)˛õ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
•Î˚– Ù)ˆÏ° ç° !ÓË˛Ó l!ï˛Ùyey ~ÓÇ x!˲flÀÓî ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ•z xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚
ˆ¢y£Ïî xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ òyÎ˚#– !ܲS%È xyÎ˚l xyÓyÓ˚ !l!‹;Î˚˲yˆÏÓ Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ù,!_ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî !l!‹;Î˚ G §!ܲÎ˚ í˛z˲Î˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ù)°ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏÙÓ˚
ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l§Ù)•ñ Ù,!_ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ
xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z͈ϫ˛˛õî âê˛yÎ˚– xlƒ §Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùï˛ Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤’yçÙy ˛õò≈yÎ˚G xˆÏlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy•#
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È §%!l!ò≈T˛ oyÓ•z x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚– §Ó oyÓ ˛õò≈y
x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– xhs/cܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy•# ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l§Ù)• •° !lÎ˚sfܲ fiÌyl åCon-
trol pointä ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z!qò çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ oyˆÏÓÓ˚ Ùyey G oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚ §y!ôï˛
•Î˚˚– ~áyˆÏl ˆçˆÏl Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ xhs˝/cˆÏܲ §%ˆÏÓ!Ó˚l hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xhs˝/cˆÏܲÓ˚
xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÙ%á# §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l âê˛yˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù–
190 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

11.5.2 á!lç xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î (Translocation of Mineral Ions)

§!ܲÎ˚ Óy !l!‹;Î˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî Óy ~•z ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏà xyÎ˚l§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ í˛z!qò
ܲy[˛ §• §Ó xLjϢ ~Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ |ôÁ≈Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l ˆflÀyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛–
á!lç í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%რ!§Aܲà%ˆÏ°y (Sink) •° í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Óô≈l¢#° xM˛°§Ù)•ñ ˆÎÙl x@˝ÃfiÌ ~ÓÇ
˛õyŸª≈fiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°yñ ܲ!ã˛ ˛õyï˛yñ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ï˛ ˛õ%‹õñ Ê˛° G Ó#ç ~ÓÇ §M˛Î˚# xAàà%ˆÏ°y– §)- !¢Ó˚y≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z§Ó ˆÜ˛y¢ myÓ˚y §!ܲÎ˚ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° á!lç xyÎ˚l Ù%=˛ •Î˚–
!ӈϢ£Ïï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlyñ çÓ˚y@˝ÃfiÌ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ á!lç xyÎ˚l§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ âl âl ˛õ%l/≤ÃÓy• âˆÏê˛–
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly Ù,ï˛≤ÃyÎ˚ ˛õyï˛yà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ á!lç í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z ܲ!ã˛ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ ˛õî≈ˆÏÙyã˛# í˛z!qˆÏò ˛õeˆÏÙyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ á!lç ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xlƒylƒ xLjϢ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚î
âˆÏê˛– á%Ó §•ˆÏç fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏî §«˛Ù !ܲS%È á!lç í˛z˛õyòyl •° Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ñ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ñ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ~ÓÇ
˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ G ܲƒy°!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È ˆÙÔ° ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y àyë˛!lܲ í˛z˛õyòyl !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ%l/fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚l˛âˆÏê˛ ly–
çy•zˆ°Ï Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ !ӈϟ’£ˆÏ îÏ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl x˜ÏçÓ xyÎ˚lÓ˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ
˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏ°G ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yàê˛y•z ˜çÓ ˆÎÔà ˆÎÙl xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ G xlƒylƒ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
ˆÎÔà !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ fl∫“ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî P ~ÓÇ S ˜çÓ ˆÎÔà !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
~SÈyí˛¸yG çy•zˆÏ°Ù ~ÓÇ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG fl∫“ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî !ܲS%È ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ âˆÏê˛– ï˛y•z ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ly ˆÎ çy•zˆÏ°Ù ¢%ô%Ùye x˜ÏçÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ¢%ô%Ùye
˜çÓ ˛õòyÌ≈•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ çy•zˆÏ°Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒG !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ ly–
11.6 ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ı í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§ˆÏAܲÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá ≤ÃÓy• (Phloem Trans-
port : Flow From Source To Sink)

ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zͧ (Source) ˆÌˆÏܲ !§ˆÏAܲÓ˚ (Sink) x!˲Ù%ˆÏá áyòƒ !•§yˆÏÓ
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ §%ˆÏܲyç ˛õ!Ó˚Óy•#ï˛ •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ í˛zͧ Ó°ˆÏï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§•z §Ó xÇ¢ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚
ˆÎáyˆÏl áyòƒÓ› §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ û xÌ≈yÍñ ˛õyï˛y ~ÓÇ !§Aܲ (Sink) •° ˆ§•z §Ó xÇ¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl
áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ~ÓÇ áyòƒ §!M˛ï˛ •Î˚– !ܲv }ï%˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Óy í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧ
~ÓÇ !§Aܲ ˛í˛zˆÏŒê˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ Ù)ˆÏ° §!M˛ï˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y áyòƒ !•§yˆÏÓ Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ù%Ü%˛ˆÏ°
fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ó Ù%Ü%˛° xÇ¢!ê˛ ï˛ál !§Aܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï#Î˚˛ xˆÏAàÓ˚
Ó,!Âô G !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ í˛zͧÈüÈ!§Aܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° •GÎ˚yÎ˚
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á |ôÁ≈Ù%á# Óy !l¡¨Ù%á# xÌ≈yÍ í˛z˲Î˚Ù%á#•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î §Ó≈òy ~ܲÙ%á# xÌ≈yÍ |ôÁ≈Ù%á# •Î˚– xï˛~Óñ Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛lܲyˆÏ°
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲÙ%á# ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y !§ˆÏAܲÓ˚ ˆÎ
!òˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ §M˛Î˚ Óy x˛õ§yÓ˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆ§•z !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î •Î˚–
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ó˚ˆÏ§ Ù%áƒï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ç° G §%ˆÏܲyçñ !ܲv xlƒylƒ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yñ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ~ÓÇ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly
xƒy!§í˛G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ (Translocation)
 í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î 191

11.6.1 ã˛y˛õ ≤ÃÓy• Óy ˲Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy• ≤Ãܲ“ (The pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hy-
pothesis)
í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§Aܲ xM˛ˆÏ° ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y fiÌylyhs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈çl@˝Ãy•ƒ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ •°˛ã˛y˛õ ≤ÃÓy• ≤Ãܲ“ åPressure
Flow Hypothesisä å!ã˛e 11.10 ˆòáä– í˛zͧfïϰ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ @’%ˆÏܲyç §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •GÎ˚yÎ˚
~!ê˛ §%ˆÜÏ ˛yˆÏç å!m¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÎ˚ä ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ §%ˆÜÏ ˛yçÓ˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ ~•z ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Aà#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ §#˲l° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͧfïϰ §%ˆÏܲyç çÙy
çÙy •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛§yÓ˚ܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– §Ç°@¿ çy•zˆÏ°Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° x!˲flÀÓî
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– x!˲flÀÓî ã˛y˛õ àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ó˚§ !l¡¨ ã˛y˛õÎ%=˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !§Aܲ xM˛ˆÏ° x!˲flÀÓî ã˛y˛õ xÓ¢ƒ•z Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎÙ˚ Ó˚§ ˆÌˆÏܲ §%ˆÜÏ ˛yˆÏçÓ˚
!là≈Ùl ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §yˆÏÌ ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓyÓ˚G §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ fiê˛yã≈˛ Óy ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yˆÏç Ó˚˛) õyhs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î âê˛yÎ˚ x!˲flÀÓî ã˛y˛õ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
§ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ í˛zͧ xM˛ˆÏ° ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y §#˲lˆÏ° ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ å§!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îä– ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y çÙy •ˆÏÎ˚ ç°ÈüÈ!Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy•ˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°y §#˲l° ˆÜ˛y¢ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ò#â≈ l° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãyhs˝ÈüÈ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ !SÈoÎ%=˛ •Î˚– §#˲lˆÏ°Ó˚ !SÈoÎ%=˛ ~•z ≤Ãyhs˝ÈüÈ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ §#˲ˆÏ≤’ê˛ ÓˆÏ°– §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ ï˛v
§#˲ˆÏ≤’ˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ !SÈoà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÓhflïÏ, ˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÓ˚!Ó!FSÈߨ ï˛v àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏΈ˚ ÙÏ Ó˚ §#˲lˆÏ° ç°fl≥˛#!ï˛
ã˛y˛õ Óy í˛zò˜ÏfiÌ!ï˛Ü˛ (hydrostatic) ã˛y˛õ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ° ã˛y˛õ ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ §)e˛õyï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ áyòƒÓ˚ˆ§Ï Ó˚ ã˛°l âˆÏê˛– ~Ó˚•z ÙˆÏôƒ !§Aܲ xM˛ˆÏ° ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎÙ˚ Óy!•ï˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yà%ˆ° Ï y §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ç!ê˛° ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ oyˆÏÓÓ˚ å¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yä !là≈Ùl ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙ
í˛zFã˛ ç°ÈüÈ!ÓË˛Ó §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° !là≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§#˲l°
SugarsˆÌˆÏ ܲ ¢Ü≈sieve
leave ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚
tubes;îó
water follows by osmosis
x!˲flÀÓî ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î

ܲyˆÏTip
[˛Ó˚ x@˝
of ÃËstem
˛yà

§#˲lˆÏ° ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢ó x!˲flÀÓî ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚

Sugars enter sieve tubes; =High
Sugar solution flows
!l¡¨ Ó˚§fl≥˛#!ï˛ ã˛y˛õÎ%=˛ofxM˛ˆÏ
to regions low°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏ
water Ù çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚by
follows Ó•îosmosis
= í˛zFã˛ Ó˚§fl≥˛#!ï˛
turgor ã˛y˛õ
pressure
turgor pressure
!òˆÏܲ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy• ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
Phloem
Sugars leave sieve tube
for!Ó˛õyܲ
metabolism
~ÓÇ §M˛ˆÏÎand
˚Ó˚ çlƒ §#˲l°
storage; water follows
ˆÌˆÏby
ܲ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚îó x!˲flÀÓî
osmosis
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î

Ù)°
Root
!ã˛e 11.10 áyòƒÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇÓ•l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly–
192 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

àyí≈˛!°Ç (Girdling) ˛õÓ˚#«˛y lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚° ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• áyòƒ
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•lܲyÓ˚# ܲ°yÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ܲy[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù hflÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ÓyܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó°Î˚ §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆlGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ §Æy• ˛õÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆà° áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ !l¡¨Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ܲy[˛!ê˛Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyܲˆÏ°Ó˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ fl≥˛#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ~•z §Ó˚° ˛õÓ˚#«˛î!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
ܲ°y•z áyòƒ §ÇÓ•ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ~ܲÙ%á# xÌ≈yÍ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá
âˆÏê˛– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §•ˆÏç•z ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

§yÓ˚yÇ¢

í˛z!qò ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ç° G Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x˜ÏçÓ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y åxyÎ˚lä ~ÓÇ
á!lç °Óî ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!qˆÏò ~ÓÇ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ í˛z!qò
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ~•z§Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛– ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î Óƒy˛õlñ §•yÎ˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î Óy §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ù)° myÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ ç° G á!lç
°Óî çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ ˜çÓ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xlƒylƒ
xLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
§ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ ˛ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •° !l!‹;Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î G §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î–
!l!‹;Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛°l Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ âˆÏê˛– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î §Ó≈òy âlˆÏcÓ˚
l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ âê˛yÎ˚ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ly– xï˛~Ó ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ~lê˛∆!˛õ (entropy)
ã˛y!°ï˛– ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~•z Óƒy˛õl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ñ ç° Óy ˜çÓ oyÓˆÏܲ oyÓƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– x!˲flÀÓî •°
~ܲ!ê˛ xô≈ˆÏ˲òƒ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õl Îy ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey G âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛ xî%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õy¡õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ ATP Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ç°ÈüÈ!ÓË˛Ó •° çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ§•z !ÓË˛Ó ¢!=˛ Îy çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
oyÓ !ÓË˛Ó ~ÓÇ ã˛y˛õ !ÓË˛Ó myÓ˚y ~!ê˛ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ oÓî!ê˛ ˛x!ï˛§yÓ˚ܲ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ Ü%˛M˛l âê˛ˆÏÓ–
Ó#ç ~ÓÇ ¢%ܲˆÏly ܲyë˛ myÓ˚y çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õl !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛– ~ˆÏܲ xydË)˛!ï˛
(Imbibition) ӈϰ–
í˛zFã˛ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏò ç° G áyòƒÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ fiÌylyhsÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ çy•zˆÏ°Ù G ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf
Óï≈˛Ùyl– ¢%ô%Ùye Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ç°ñ á!lç ~ÓÇ áyòƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
xï˛~Óñ ~à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ò°ÓÂô ≤ÃÓy•ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ û ò%!ê˛ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ
ò°ÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ fiÌyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛–
Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yÙ myÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ ç° ò%!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛ ˛õÌ xÌ≈yÍ xƒyˆÏ˛õy≤’yfiê˛ G !§Ù≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù)°ç ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ù,!_ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ xyÎ˚l G ç° Ü˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l ê˛yl ÙˆÏí˛° (Transpiration pull model) çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÂô!ï˛ Óî≈lyÓ˚
í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î 193

çlƒ §Ó≈y!ôܲ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ Ùï˛Óyò– Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l •° í˛z!qò xAà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy‹õÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ çˆÏ°Ó˚
!là≈Ùl– ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ xyˆÏ°yñ xyo≈ï˛yñ ÓyÎ˚% ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ §Çáƒy Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ x@˝Ã˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ç° !l/flÀyÓî (Guttation) ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !là≈ï˛ •Î˚–
í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§Aܲ xM˛ˆÏ° áyòƒ !•§yˆÏÓ §%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ å≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓä ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îñ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛–
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˲Î˚Ù%á# ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ áyòƒÓ˚§ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zͧfiÌ°üÈ!§Aܲ §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° •Î˚– ã˛y˛õ ≤ÃÓy• ≤Ãܲ“ myÓ˚y ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ áyòƒÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

xl%¢#°l#

1. Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄

2. ˆ˛õy!Ó˚l åPorinä ܲ#⁄ Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ~!ê˛ Ü˛# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
3. í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îܲyˆÏ° ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˛õy¡õ˛ åProtein pump) ܲ# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y Óî≈ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. !Ó¢%Âô çˆÏ°Ó˚ ç°ÈüÈ!ÓË˛Ó §Ó≈y!ôܲ •Î˚˛ ˆÜ˛l ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
5. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
åܲä Óƒy˛õl G x!˲flÀÓî–
åáä Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l G Óy‹õ#˲Ól–
åàä x!˲flÀÓî ã˛y˛õ G x!˲flÀÓî !Ó˲Ӗ
åâä xydË)˛!ï˛ G Óƒy˛õl–
å.ä í˛z!qˆÏò ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ xƒyˆÏ˛õy≤’yfiê˛ G !§Ù≤’yfiê˛ ˛õÌ–
åã˛ä !l/flÀyÓl G Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l–
6. §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ç°ÈüÈ!ÓË˛Ó Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
7. !Ó¢%Âô ç° Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly oÓˆÏî ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄
8. åܲä !ã˛!•´ï˛ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• §Çâ!ê˛ï˛˛ ≤’yçˆÏÙy°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î §• Óî≈ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
åáä ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ ç°!Ó˲ӧ¡õߨ oÓˆÏî Ó˚yáˆÏ° ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. Ùy•zˆÏܲyÓ˚y•zçy §Ù!ß∫ï˛ §•yÓfiÌyl í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ç° G á!lç °Óî ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏî ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚⁄
10. í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî Ù)°ç ã˛y˛õ ܲ# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
11. í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l ê˛yl ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛lˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
~Ùl ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ˛≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •Î˚⁄
12. í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• çy•zˆÏ°Ù Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ |ôÁ≈Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ# ï˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
13. í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• á!lç ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆ¢y£ÏîܲyˆÏ° Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ xhs˝/cܲ ܲ# à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
14. ˆÜ˛l çy•zˆÏ°Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ~ܲÙ%á# ~ÓÇ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î í˛z˲Î˚Ù%á# ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
15. í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# ã˛y˛õ ≤ÃÓy• ≤Ãܲ“!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
16. Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛lܲyˆÏ° ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆáy°y G Órô •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
 194 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xôƒyÎ˚-12 åChapter-12)
á!lç ˛õ!% ‹T åMineral Nutrition)

12.1 í˛z!qˆÏò á!lç §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òy=ˆÏ°y Ù)°ï˛ ~ܲ – ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!k˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ܲyˆÏÓy≈•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ã˛y!•òy G Ê˛ƒyê˛ ~ÓÇ ç° G á!lç °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó,•Í xî%§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
xôƒÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚˛ õm!ï˛
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ Ù)áƒï˛ x˜ÏçÓ í˛z!qò ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏܲˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï%˛!Ù í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!k˛ ~ÓÇ
12.2 xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ á!lç !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õm!ï˛=ˆÏ°y §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ~ÓÇ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ï˛y !lôy≈Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÙÔ°§Ù)• ¢ï≈˛=ˆÏ°y §¡∫ˆ¶Ï ˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÓÏ – ï%˛!Ù xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÙÔ° í˛z˛õyòyl=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%რx˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛î§Ù)•
12.3 ˆÙÔ°§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z §Ü˛° xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÙÔ° í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïl ˛õk˛!ï˛ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛G xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ç#Óç
ˆ¢y£Ïî ˛õm!ï˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓ¶˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛G §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
12.4 oyÓ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ 12.1 í˛z!qˆÏò á!lç ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ åMethods To study The Mineral
fiÌylyhs˝Óî˚ Requirements of plants)
12.5 Ùy!ê˛ÈüÈ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ 1860 §yˆÏ°ñ !Ó!¢‹T çyÙ≈yl í˛z!qò!Óò Julius Von Sachs, §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚
ˆÙÔ°§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ ˲y[˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ï˛y≤Ãy!hs˝ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛K˛yï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ oÓˆÏî ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ xl%˛õ!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó,!k˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
12.6 ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl !Ó˛õyܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ oÓˆÏî í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚˛ Ó,!k˛ âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~•z ˆÜ˛Ô¢°ˆÏܲ ç° xl%¢#°l ˛õÓ˚#«˛y åHydroponics) ӈϰ–
ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛y !lôy≈Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲy!ôܲ í˛zßï¨ ˛ï˛Ó˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛
í˛zqyÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z §Ü˛° ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚yLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ù,,!_ܲy!Ó•#l K˛yï˛ á!lç
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ oÓˆÏî í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy°l– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ç° ~ÓÇ á!lç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ °Óî
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ~!ê˛ ~ï˛ê˛y xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛l⁄
~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ oÓˆÏî í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÙ!Iï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ‡Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ Óy !˲ߨ !˲ߨ âlˆÏc ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%!T˛Ó˚
çlƒ xl%ܲ) ° ~ܲ!ê˛ á!lçÈüÈoÓî ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ ˆÏÙÔ° í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°yG xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
 á!lç ˛õ%!‹T 195

ê˛ˆÏÙˆÏê˛yñ Ó#ç!Ó•#l ¢§y ~ÓÇ ˆ°ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ §!∂ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛

í˛z Í ˛õyòˆÏ l Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !•§yˆÏ Ó ç° xl% ¢ #°l ˛õÓ˚ # «˛y
åHydroponics) §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏç °yàyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy≈!ôܲ
Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ%!T˛ oÓî ˛õÎy≈Æ˲yˆÏÓ ÓyÎ˚%Èüȧ¡õ,=˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z à%Ó˚%c ï%˛°y ÓyÎ˚%
ç° G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü˛yÓ˚#
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˛oÓî!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ü˛Ù ÌyܲˆÏ° ܲ# ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ˛l°
âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄ ç° xl%¢#°l ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˛˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ !ã˛e 12.1 ~ÓÇ 12.2ÈüÈˆï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ Ê˛yˆÏl°
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ
12.2 xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ á!lç ˆÙÔ°§Ù)• åEssential Mineral Ele- oÓî
ments)

Ù,!_ܲy!fiÌï˛ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà á!lçà%ˆÏ°y•z Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z!qˆÏò ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛

˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ~ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ 105 !ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 60 ~Ó˚ x!ôܲ !ã˛e 12.1 ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ oÓî ˛õy°l ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ xyò¢≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ–
ˆÙÔ°•z !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qˆÏò ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !ܲS%È í˛z!qò ≤Ãçy!ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•
ˆ§ˆÏ°!lÎ˚yÙ åSelenium) ~ÓÇ xlƒ !ܲS%È í˛z!qò ≤Ãçy!ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• fl∫î≈
çÙy ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚y ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˆÓyÙy ˛õÓ˚#«˛î fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ çß√yÎ˚ ˆ§•z í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°y ˆï˛ç!‹;Î˚ ˆfiê˛∆yl!ê˛Î˚yÙ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•
ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛Ô¢°G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ á!lçˆÏܲ å10-8 g/
ml) xï˛ƒhs˝ Ü˛Ù âlˆÏc ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤ß¿ •°ñ í˛z!qˆÏò í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ~•z
§Ü˛° ˜Ó!ã˛e á!lç ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙlÈüÈfl∫î≈ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ˆÏ°!lÎ˚yÙ Îy í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚
Ó!î≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §!ï˛ƒ•z !ܲ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚⁄ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚Ó ˆÎ
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ lÎ˚⁄
12.2.1 x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛ åCriteria for essentiality)
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏ¡¨ ˆòGÎ˚y •°ı
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ
åÜ˛ä ˆÙÔ°!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ ≤ÃçlˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ oÓî ˛õy¡õ
çlƒ xÓ¢ƒ•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÙÔ°!ê˛Ó˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ã˛e 12.2 •y•zˆíÏ ˛» y˛õ!l: myÓ˚y í˛z!qò §,!T˛– í˛z!qòˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛fiê˛
í˛z!qò ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ §¡õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly Óy Ó#ç í˛zͲõyòl !ê˛í˛zˆÓÏ Óy !ܲS%Èê˛y ˆ•°yˆÏly xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy ì˛yܲly•#l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– §Ó%̊ °¡∫y ˛õyˆÏe ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–È ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyˆÏ¡õÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ Î ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï ˛ õy£Ï Ü ˛ oÓˆÏ î Ó˚ xyôyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛
åáä ˆÙÔ°!ê˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy xÓ¢ƒ•z §%!l!ò≈T˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚#«˛ylˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£Ïܲ oÓˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÙÔ° myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õlˆÏÎyàƒ •ˆÏÓ ly– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇÓ•l âˆÏê˛– ~•z oÓî!ê˛ !ê˛í˛zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ x!˲ܲˆÏ£Ó≈Ï ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ xyôyˆÏÓ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛ xlƒ ˆÙÔ° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y
xyˆÏ§– §!ߨˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ !ã˛e åinsetä ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z
ÎyˆÏÓ ly– ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ Óyï˛y!ß∫ï˛
åàä ˆÙÔ°!ê˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˛õyܲ!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ Î%=˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£Ïܲ oÓî myÓ˚y fl¨yï˛ •Î˚– !ï˛Ó˚!ã˛•´à%ˆ° Ï y oÓî
≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ x!˲Ù%á !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È–
196 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ ÙylòˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !l!Ó˚ˆáÏ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye x“ ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛!ê˛ ˆÙÔ°•z í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õyܲ!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §¡õ)îË≈ ˛yˆÏÓ
xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÙÔ° !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˆ§à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl !Ó˲yˆÏà
!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
(i) x!ï˛Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ (Macronutrients) ~ÓÇ
(ii) fl∫“Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£Ïܲ åMicronutrients)
x!ï˛Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲà%ˆÏ°y í˛z!qòܲ°yÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ å˛≤Ã!ï˛ kg ¢%‹Ò ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ 10m
mole-~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ä– x!ï˛Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ≈lñ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçlñ x!:ˆÏçlñ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlñ
Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ñ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ñ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙñ ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyÓ≈lñ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl
~ÓÇ x!:ˆÏçl Ù%áƒï˛ CO2 ~ÓÇ H2O ˆÏ̈Ïܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl xlƒà%ˆÏ°y Ù,!_ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ á!lç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ
!•§yˆÏÓ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– fl∫“Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ á%Ó Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ å≤Ã!ï˛ kg ¢%‹Ò ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ 10 m
mole- ~Ó˚ ܲÙä– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÎ˚Ó˚lñ ÙƒyAày!lçñ ܲ˛õyÓ˚ñ Ù!°ÓˆÏí˛lyÙñ !çAܲñ ˆÓyÓ˚lñ
ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l ~ÓÇ !lˆÏܲ°–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zÏ!Õ‘!áï˛ 17 !ê˛ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÙÔ° SÈyí˛¸yG xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ˆÙÔ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙñ
!§!°Ü˛lñˆÜ˛yÓyŒê˛ñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ˆÏ°!lÎ˚yÙ– ~à%ˆÏ°y í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛–
xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!Óô ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Ó,•Í ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛G !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z
ˆày¤˛#à%ˆÏ°y •°ı
(iä xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y Îy ˜çÓ xî%§Ù)ˆÏ˛•Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛làï˛ ˆÙÔ° åˆÎÙlÈüÈ
ܲyÓ≈lñ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçlñ x!:ˆÏçl ~ÓÇ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlä–
(ii) ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÙÔ° í˛z!qˆÏò ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚
í˛z˛õyòyl åˆÎÙlÈüȈܜ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ ATP ˆï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ä–
(iii) ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÙÔ° Îy í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ §!ܲÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç Óyôyòyl ܲˆÏÓñ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ
Ó˚y•z!Óí˛zˆÏ°yç !Ó§ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏÓ≈y!:ˆÏ°çÈüÈ x!:!çˆÏlç ~ÓÇ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y~ˆÏly° ˛õy•zÓ˚%ˆÏË˛ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏÓ≈y!:ˆÏ°ç
í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z §!ܲÎ˚ܲ •° Mg2+ñ ~Ó˚y í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲyˆÏ° ܲyÓ≈l xyÓÂôܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛– Zn2+ xƒy°ˆÏܲy•° !í˛•y•zˆÏí»˛y!çˆÏlˆÏçÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl !Ó˛õyܲܲyˆÏ° Mo •°
ly•zˆÏê˛∆y!çˆÏlˆÏçÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ lyÙ ˛Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ~Ó˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚˛
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˛õí˛¸y !ܲSÈ˛% ˜ÏçÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õÌà%ˆÏ°y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
åiv) ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ !ܲS%È xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÙÔ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!˲flÀÓî !Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˛õeÓ˚ˆrÏ ôÓ˚
ˆáy°y ~ÓÇ Órô •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ç° !ÓË˛Ó !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚ oyÓ !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ á!lˆÏçÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚–

12.2.2 x!ï˛Ùy!eܲ ~ÓÇ fl∫“Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy åRole of Macro and Micro-
nutrients)
xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ ˆÙÔ°§Ù)• !Ó!Óô ܲyÎ≈ §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚
xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ ˆË˛òƒï˛yñ ˆÜ˛y¢Ó˚ˆ§Ï Ó˚ x!˲flÀÓî#Î˚ àyì˛¸c ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyñ •zˆ°
Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îï˛sfñ
 á!lç ˛õ%!‹T 197

ÓyÊ˛yÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yñ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ÙƒyˆÏܲyÙ!°!ܲí˛z° G ˆÜ˛yÈüÈí˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ù%რàyë˛!lܲ í˛z˛õyòyl !•§yˆÏÓ
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ –
xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚l G ܲyÎ≈§Ù)• !lˆÏ¡¨ ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlı ~•z xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ˆÙÔ°!ê˛ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ~!ê˛
Ù%áƒï˛ NOüÈ3 È!•§yˆÏÓ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ Î!òG !ܲS%È xyÓyÓ˚ NOüÈ2 Óy NH+4 !•§yˆÏÓG ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
§Ü˛° xLjϢñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ §!ܲÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ• ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl •° ˆÏ≤Ãy!ê˛l ñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ñ !˲ê˛y!Ùl ~ÓÇ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%რàyë˛!lܲ í˛z˛õyòyl–
Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ı Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!qò myÓ˚y Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ xyÎ˚Ó˚l åH2PO4 xÌÓy HPO42-) Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛
•Î˚– Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ •° ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ñ !ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ñ §Ü˛° !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ àyë˛!lܲ
í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ §Ü˛° Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y•zˆÏ°§l !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙı ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ xyÎ˚l (K+) Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yçܲ ܲ°yÎ˚ñ Ù%Ü%˛ˆÏ°ñ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
Ù)°yˆÏ@˝Ã ~!ê˛ xyÓ˚G x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xƒylÎ˚ylÈüÈ Ü˛ƒyê˛yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÏ˛≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ïñ ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏl G ÓˆÏrôñ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ G
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚§fl≥˛#!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙı í˛z!qò Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ xyÎ˚lÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ åCa2+) ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲yçܲ ܲ°y
~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏ˲òl¢#° ܲ°yÎ˚ ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçlܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï ~!ê˛
ÓƒÓ•ï˛ •Î˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Ü˛ƒy°!§Î˚yÙ ˆ˛õܲˆÏê˛ê˛ !•§yˆÏÓ !Ùí˛° °ƒyˆÏÙ°yÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÓÙï˛v
˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚G ÙôƒFSÈòyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ~•z ˆÙÔ°!ê˛ çÙy •Î˚ – ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ §!ܲÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ !ܲÎ˚y !lÎ˚sˆf îÏ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ ı ~•z á!lç ˆÙÔ°!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏò í˛y•zˆÏ˲ˆÏ°rê˛ Mg2+ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ñ
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛§Ù)•ˆÏܲ §!ܲÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ DNA G RNA §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏî xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ •° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó°Î˚yܲyÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ àë˛l ÓçyÎ˚
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§y°Ê˛yÓ˚ ı í˛z!qò §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ åSO42-) Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛
!§!fiê˛l ~ÓÇ !Ù!ÌG!lˆÏl í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆÙÔ°!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛yÈüÈ~lçy•zÙñ !˲ê˛y!Ùl åÌyÎ˚y!Ùlñ
ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛lñ ˆÜ˛y~lçy•zÙ A) G ˆÊ˛!Ó˚í˛!:ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%რàyë˛!lܲ í˛z˛õyòyl–
xyÎ˚Ól˚ ı í˛z!qò ˆÊ˛!Ó˚ܲ xyÎ˚l åFe3+) Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ xyÎ˚Ól˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xlƒylƒ fl∫“Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~•z ˆÙÔ°!ê˛ ˆÊ˛!Ó˚í˛!:l G §y•zˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùï˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l Óy•Ü˛
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl– •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îܲyˆÏ° ~!ê˛ í˛z˲Ù%á# çyÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Fe2+ ˆÌˆÏܲ
Fe3+ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ˆÙÔ°!ê˛ Ü˛ƒyê˛yˆÏ°ç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ §!ܲÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ !Ê˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ çlƒ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛–
198 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ÙƒyAày!lçı ~•z ˆÙÔ°!ê˛ ÙƒyAàyly§ xyÎ˚l åMn2+) Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ¿£Ïñ Ÿª§l ~ÓÇ
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl !Ó˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Ó•% í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ §!ܲÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙƒyAày!lˆÏçÓ˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ˛õ«˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ Ü˛yÎ≈
•° §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyˆÏ° çˆÏ°Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ x!:ˆÏçl Ù%=˛ ܲÓ˚y –
!çAܲı í˛z!qò !çAܲ xyÎ˚l åZn2+ä !•§yˆÏÓ !çAܲ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛
ܲyˆÏÓy≈!:ˆÏ°çˆÏܲ §!ܲÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– x!:l §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏG ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
ܲ˛õyÓ˚ı ~•z ˆÙÔ°!ê˛ !ܲí˛z!≤Ãܲ xyÎ˚l åCu2+) Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ !Ó˛õyܲ!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ – xyÎ˚Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲ˛õyÓ˚G ˆÓ˚í˛: !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛
~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Cu+ ˆÌˆÏܲ Cu2+ ~ í˛z˲Î˚Ù%á# çyÓ˚î âê˛yÎ˚–
ˆÓyÓ˚lı ~•z ˆÙÔ°!ê˛ BO33-, B4O72-!•§yˆÏÓ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– Ca2+ ~Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚#ï˛yÎ˚ñ ˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÓ˚î%Ó˚ ÈxAÜ%˛Ó˚ˆÏlñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òâ≈#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏÓy≈•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛
˛fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏî ˆÓyÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
Ù!°ÓˆÏí˛lyÙı í˛z!qò Ù!°ÓˆÏí˛lyÙˆÏܲ Ù!°ÓˆÏí˛ê˛ xyÎ˚lÓ˚ˆ) Ï˛õ åMO 22+ ä §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛
ˆÎÙl ly•zˆÏê˛∆y!çˆÏlç ~ÓÇ ly•zˆÏê˛∆ê˛ !Ó˚í˛yܲˆÏê˛ˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl – ~•z í˛z˲Î˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛•z ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl !Ó˛õyˆÏܲ
xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚lı ~•z ˆÙÔ°!ê˛ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ xƒylyÎ˚l åCl-) Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– Na+ ~ÓÇ K+ - ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~!ê˛G
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ oyˆÏÓÓ˚ âlc !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚ G xƒylyÎ˚lÈüÈ Ü˛ƒyê˛yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyˆÏ° çˆÏ°Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%!=˛ âˆÏê˛–
12.2.3 xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛î§Ù)• åDeficiency symptoms of essen-
tial Elements)
Îál xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• §#!Ùï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛ál í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô Óƒy•ï˛ •Î˚– xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚
ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÎ âlcÙyeyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô Óƒy•ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ âlc åcritical
concentration) ӈϰ– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ âlc §ÇÜ˛ê˛ âlc ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ï˛ál ˆÙÔ°!ê˛Ó˚ âyê˛!ï˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÙÔ°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ §%!l!ò≈T˛ àë˛làï˛ Óy ܲyÎ≈àï˛ Ë˛)!Ùܲy ˛õy°l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y•z ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• !l!ò≈T˛ xAà§ÇfiÌy!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z xAà§ÇfiÌy!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l§Ù)• !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l§Ù)•ˆÏܲ x˲yÓÓç!lï˛ °«˛î Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ
á!lç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£Ïܲ!ê˛Ó˚ âyê˛!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È í˛z!qò!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ§!ê˛ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï âyê˛!ï˛ç!lï˛ °«˛îà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ xÓ°%!Æ
âˆÏê˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ Î!ò í˛z!qˆÏò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly á!lç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚î ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚îyˆÏÙ í˛z!qò!ê˛Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ò,¢ƒÙyl x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°y
G•z í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˆÏÙÔ°!ê˛Ó˚ ã˛°yã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ §Ó ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•
ã˛°yã˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚%î Óô≈l¢#° ܲ°yÎ˚ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§•z x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly
ܲ°yÎ˚ xy!Ó≈˲) ï˛ ˛•GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ – í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õ ñ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçlñ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚
x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛î§Ù)• §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ Óyô≈ܲƒ@˝ÃfiÌ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ñ ~•z ˆÙÔ°§Ù!ß∫ï˛ ˜çÓ
xî%à%ˆÏ°y ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛Ó˚%î ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y §•ç°Ë˛ƒ •Î˚–
 á!lç ˛õ%!‹T 199

x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛î§Ù)• §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ ï˛Ó˚%î ܲ°yÎ˚ xy!ÓË≈)˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ï˛ál•z ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ Îál
ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lŸã˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ xAà§Ù)• ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ lyñ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ
§y°Ê˛yÓ˚ G ܲƒy°!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÙÔ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛làï˛ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚y §•ˆÏç•z
Ù%=˛ •Î˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ á!lç ˛õ%!T˛ §Çܲyhs˝ ~•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ!ê˛ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyÎ≈ G í˛zòƒylÈüÈ˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
~ÓÇ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈–
í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˆÎ§Ü˛° x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛î ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ˆ§à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ ÈüüüÈ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ !§§ñ ˆlˆÏܲy!§§ñ
Óyôy≤ÃyÆ í˛z!qòÈüÈÓ!, Âôñ ˛õe G Ù%ܲ% ˆÏ°Ó˚ xܲy°ÈüȈÙyã˛l ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ˆÓ˚yô– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ !§§ •° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ !Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
«˛Î˚≤Ãy!Æ âê˛y ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õyï˛y •°%ò ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z °«˛î!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚Èî •° N, K, Mg, S, Fe, Mn,
Zn ~ÓÇ Mo ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ x˲yÓ ñ xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓñ ˆlˆÏܲy!§§ Óy ܲ°yÓ˚ Ù,ï˛%ƒñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ˛õe ܲ°yÓ˚ Ca, Mg,
CU, K ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° âˆÏê˛– N,K,S, Mo- ~Ó˚ x˲yÓ Óy !l¡¨Ùyey ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçˆÏl Óyôy≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚î – N, S, Mo ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ âlc fl∫y˲y!Óܲ âlˆÏcÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù •ˆÏ° í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•
˛õ%ˆÏ˛‹õyÂàÙ !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ •Î˚–
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ x˲yÓ Ó•%!Óô °«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚Èî
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z °«˛î§Ù)• ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ Ó•% !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ âyê˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîG
âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ – §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆÎ ˆÙÔ°!ê˛Ó˚ âyê˛!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ §,T˛
§Ó x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §•ç°Ë˛ƒ xyò¢≈ §yÓ˚!îÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚G xÓ¢ƒ•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ~ܲ•z ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
í˛z!qò !Ó!˲ߨ ˲yˆÏÓ §yí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚–
12.2.4 fl∫“Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó£Ïy=˛ï˛y åToxicity of Micronutrients)
fl∫“Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy §Ó §ÙÎ˚•z Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ – ܲálG ܲálG ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
fl∫“ÙyeyÎ˚ •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏ° x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ fl∫“ÙyeyÎ˚ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ° !Ó£Ï!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ
Ó°ˆÏ°ñ âlc ÙyeyÓ˚ §Çܲ#î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚•z ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •Î˚– ܲ°yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ È ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly
á!lç xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âlc Îy ˆ§•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ¢%‹Ò Gçl ≤ÃyÎ˚ 10 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§•z ܲ°yÓ˚
çlƒ !Ó£Ïy=˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ~ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ âlc !Ó!˲ߨ fl∫“Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ
!˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– !Ó£Ï!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z ܲ!ë˛l– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ !Ó£Ï!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyeyG !˲ߨ
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !˲ߨ •Î˚– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ Ùyey!ôܲƒ xlƒ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏî Óyôy ˆòÎ˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ÙƒyAày!lç !Ó£Ï!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §%flõT˛ °«˛î •° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛Ü˛ !¢Ó˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!T˛ï˛ Óyòy!Ù òyˆÏàÓ˚
xy!Ó≈˲yÓ – ~!ê˛ ˆçˆÏl Ó˚yáy á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ ÙƒyAày!lç í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• à,•#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÎ˚Ó˚l ~ÓÇ
ÙyàˆÏl!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛Í§• í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ Î%=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yˆÏà ܲƒy°!¢Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏî ÙƒyAày!lç Óyôyòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ÙƒyAày!lˆÏçÓ˚ Ùyey!ôܲƒ
xyÎ˚Ó˚lñ ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙñ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒy°!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ x˲yÓˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍ ÙƒyAày!lç !Ó£Ï!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ °«˛î
!•§yˆÏÓ Îy ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y xy§ˆÏ° xyÎ˚Ó˚lñ ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒy°!¢Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛î–
~ܲçl ã˛y!£Ïñ ~ܲçl Ùy!° Óy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !ܲˆÏã˛l àyˆÏí≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z K˛yl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆï˛y⁄
12.3 ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî ˛õÂô!ï˛ åMechanism of Absorption of Elements )
í˛z!qò myÓ˚y ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî ˛õÂô!ï˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z âê˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õ,ÌÜ#Ü,˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ñ ܲ°yÎ˚ Óy
xˆÏAà – ~•z §Ü˛° xôƒÎ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ Ù%რò¢yÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
200 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

≤ÃÌÙ ò¢yÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ù%=˛ fiÌyˆÏl Óy Ó!•/fiÌyˆÏl ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˲yˆÏÓ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ o%ï˛ ˆ¢y£Ïî ÈüÈ xƒyˆÏly≤’yfiê˛ âˆÏê˛ñ
Îy •° !l!‹;Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ – ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ò¢yÎ˚ ñ xyÎ˚l§Ù)• ô#Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î fiÌyˆÏl à,•#ï˛
•Î˚ ÈüÈ !§Ù≤’yfiê˛– xƒyˆÏ˛õy≤’yˆÏfiê˛ xyÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ !l!‹;Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §¡õߨ •Î˚ xyÎ˚l ã˛ƒyˆÏl° G ê˛∆y™ˆÏÙÙˆÏÓl
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Îy ≤ÈÏ˲òܲ !SÈo !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ – xlƒ !òˆÏܲñ !§Ù≤’yˆÏfiê˛ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏÓ¢ Óy !là≈ÙˆÏl
!Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ¢!=˛ áÓ˚ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ~!ê˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛– xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛°yã˛°ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Êœ˛y:
Óy ≤ÃÓ•l Ó°y •Î˚; ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛°yã˛°ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ xhs˝/≤ÃÓ•î åinflux) ~ÓÇ
Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛°yã˛°ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Ó!•/≤ÃÓ•î åefflux)– í˛z!qˆÏò á!lç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l
!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲyò¢ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ–

12.4 oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î åTranslocation of Solutes)

á!lç °Óî§Ù)• ç° ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zôÁ≈Ù%ˆÏá ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z í˛zˆÏ_y°l í˛z!qˆÏò
Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l ê˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° âˆÏê˛– çy•zˆÏ°Ù Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ á!lç °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– á!lç ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ xy•zˆÏ§yˆÏê˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG ~•z x!˲Ùï˛!ê˛ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ
çy•zˆ°
Ï ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛– çy•zˆ°Ï ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z
~ܲyò¢ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ–

12.5 Ùy!ê˛ı xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˲y[˛yÓ˚ åSoil As Reservoir of Essential Ele-

ments)

í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ•z xyÓ•!ÓܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢°yÓ˚ ˲y.ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– ~•z §Ü˛° ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)• Ù,!_ܲyˆÏܲ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ xyÎ˚l ~ÓÇ x˜ÏçÓ °ÓˆÏî §Ù,Âô
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~à%ˆÏ°y !¢°y á!lç ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ñ ï˛y•z í˛z!qò ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏî ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy á!lç
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ •Î˚– Ù,!_ܲy !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– Ù,!_ܲy ¢%ô%Ùye á!lç
˛õòyÌ≈•z §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܈ÏÓ˚ ly í˛z˛õÓ˚v ï˛y ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôlܲyÓ˚# Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ ñ xlƒylƒ xyî%Ó#«˛!îܲ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚G
xy◊Î˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ ç° ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáñ Ù)ˆÏ° ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ôye !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy í˛z!qòˆÏܲ §%!fiÌï˛
Ó˚yˆÏá– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ á!lˆÏçÓ˚ x˲yÓ Ê˛§° í˛zͲõyòlˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
~•z á!lçà%ˆÏ°y §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– fl∫“Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ åCu,Zn, Fe, Mn •zï˛ƒy!òä ~ÓÇ
x!ï˛Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏÏܲ åN,P, K, S •zï˛ƒy!òä í˛z˲Î˚•z §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
12.6 ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl !Ó˛õyܲ åMetabolism of Nitrogen)
12.6.1 Èly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ã˛Ü˛ åNitrogen Cycle)
ܲyÓ≈lñ •y•zˆÏí˛» yˆÏçl ~ÓÇ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ SÈyí˛¸y ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl •° §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ≤Ã˲yÓܲyÓ˚#
ˆÙÔ°– ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ ˛•Ó˚ˆÏÙylñ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° ~ÓÇ Ó•% !˲ê˛y!ÙˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛làï˛
í˛z˛õyòyl– Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ §#!Ùï˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî í˛z!qò xî%ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ –
 á!lç ˛õ%!‹T 201

ï˛y•z ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyÎ≈ !˲!_ܲ Óy›ï˛sf í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe

ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ N2
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl •° ~ܲ!ê˛ §#ÙyfiÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ– ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl
xî%à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó•z ¢!=˛¢y°# !ï˛l!ê˛ §ÙˆÏÎyç# Órôl# myÓ˚y
˜ç!Óܲ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl !¢“ §Çܲyhs˝ Óç≈!Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
Î%=˛ ò%!ê˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% åN=N)– ˆÎ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ §ÇÓÂôl ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôl ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôl
!í˛ly•z!ê˛∆!Ê˛ˆÏܲ¢l

ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl åN2 ) xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÎ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ

ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôl ӈϰ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÓL!Óò%ƒÍ ~ÓÇ
x!ï˛ˆÏÓà%l# Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlˆÏܲ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ x:y•zˆÏí˛
åNO, NO2, N2O) Ó˚%˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎy≈Æ ¢!=˛Ó˚
ˆçyàyl ˆòÎ˚– ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ ò•lñ òyÓyl°ñ ÎylÓy•l ˆÌˆÏܲ
xƒyˆÏÙy!l!Ê˛ˆÜÏ ˛¢l ˆ¢y£Ïî
!là≈ï˛ ˆôÑyÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòl ˆÜ˛wG •° ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl x:y•zí˛§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛zͧ– Ù,ï˛ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚
ˆò•!fiÌï˛ ˜çÓ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
˛õã˛l¢#° ç#Ó˲Ó˚ í˛z!qò ç#Ó˲Ó˚
xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y ˆÎÔˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ xƒyˆÏÙy!l!Ê˛ˆÏܲ¢l
ӈϰ– ~•z xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ ÓyˆÏ‹õ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ≤Ãyî# ç#Ó˲Ó˚
xÇ¢ Ù,!_ܲy!fiÌï˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ôyˆÏ˛õ
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ˆÎÔˆÏà Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– !ã˛e 12.3 ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ã˛Ü˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ï˛l!ê˛ Ù)რly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ˛õ%°ÈüÈ
ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°ñ Ù,!_ܲy ~ÓÇ ç#Ó˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

2 NH3 + 3O 2 → 2NO2− + 2H+ + 2H 2 O ..... (i)

2NO 2− + O2 → 2NO3− ...... (ii)

ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏ§yˆÏÙyly§ ~ÓÇ / xÌÓy ly•zˆÏê˛∆yܲE˛y§ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ly•zê˛∆y•zê˛
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ly•zê˛∆y•zê˛ ˛ly•zˆÏê˛∆yÓƒyQÓ˚ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ly•zˆÏê˛∆ê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚È ly•z!ê˛∆!Ê˛ˆÏܲ¢l å!ã˛e 12.3)– ~•z §Ü˛° ly•z!ê˛∆Ê˛y!Î˚Ç Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y •° Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# åChemoautotrophs) –
~•z˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõߨ ly•zˆÏê˛∆ê˛ í˛z!qò myÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ~!ê˛ !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ y xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ xƒyÙy•zl @˝Ã˛% õ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ – !í˛ly•z!ê˛∆!Ê˛ˆÏܲ¢l
˛˛õÂô!ï˛˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù,!_ܲy!fiÌï˛ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆ê˛G !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ly•ˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– !í˛ly•z!ê˛∆!Ê˛ˆÏܲ¢l ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛
!§í˛zˆÏí˛yˆÏÙyly§ ~ÓÇ ÌyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ!§°y§ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ âˆÏê˛–

12.6.2 ç#Óç ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôl åBiological Nitrogen Fixation)

á%Ó Ü˛Ù §ç#Ó Ó›•z ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ù%=˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ô%Ùye
!ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛•z ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôˆÏl §«˛Ù–
202 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

§ç#Ó Óhfl˛Ï Ó% ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ ç#Óç ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôl
ӈϰ– ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl !ÓçyÓ˚îܲyÓ˚# ly•zˆÏê˛∆y!çˆÏlç í˛zz͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#ˆÏÓ•z Óï≈˛Ùyl–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%ç#ÓˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ N2 §ÇÓrôlܲyÓ˚#–
ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆y!çˆÏlç
Nitrogenase
N ≡ N → NH 3

ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôlܲyÓ˚# xî%ç#Óà%ˆÏ°y fl∫yô#lç#Ó# Óy !ÙˆÏÌyç#Ó# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– fl∫yô#lç#Ó# ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl

§ÇÓrôlܲyÓ˚# ÓyÎ˚%ç#Ó# xî%ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° Azotobater ~ÓÇ Beijernickia, x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ
Rhodospirillum •° xÓyÎ˚%ç#Ó# ~ÓÇ Bacillus fl∫yô#lç#Ó#– ~SÈyí˛¸y Anabaena ~ÓÇ Nostoc
~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §yÎ˚yˆÏly Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y •° fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôl ܲˆÏÓ˚–

!ÙˆÏÌyç#Ó#Î˚ ç#Óç ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôl (Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation)

!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÙˆÏÌyç#Ó#Î˚ ç#Óç ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôlܲyÓ˚# §Ùß∫Î˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y çy!l– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§Óã˛y•zˆïÏ ˛ §%flõT˛ §Ùß∫Î!˚ ê˛ •° !¢¡∫ˆàÏ ye#Î˚ í˛z!qò ÈüÈ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛– ò[˛yÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó˚y•zˆç
Ï y!ÓÎ˚yÙ ˛≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ñ
ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È !¢¡∫ȈÏàye#Î˚ í˛z!qò ˆÎÙl xy°Ê˛y xy°Ê˛yñ §%•zê˛ ˆÜœ˛y˲yÓ˚ñ Ùê˛Ó˚ñ Ù%§)Ó˚ñ !Ólñ !e˛õe!Ó!¢T˛ !¢Ù
•zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÓ%≈òÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ•z í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢
§Ùß∫Î˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z xÓ%≈òà%ˆÏ°y Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ «%˛o í˛z˛õÓ,!Âô– Frankia lyÙܲ xî%ç#Ó xÈü!¢¡∫ˆÏàye#Î˚ í˛z!qò
åˆÎÙlÈüÈ Alnus) -~Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôlܲyÓ˚# xÓ%≈ò àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ – Rhizobium ~ÓÇ Frankia
í˛z˲Î˚•z Ù,!_ܲyÎ˚ fl∫yô#lç#Ó#Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲv !ÙˆÏÌyç#Ó#Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛Ï°#Î˚ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlˆÏܲ xyÓÂô
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàˆÏÙÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ù)°§• ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î í˛y°çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ°
lyGñ ï%˛!Ù Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆày°Ü˛yÜ,˛!ï˛ í˛z˛õÓ,!Âôà%ˆÏ°y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ– ~à%ˆÏ°y•z •° xÓ%≈ò– Î!ò ï%˛!Ù
~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÙyV˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ܲyˆÏê˛y ï˛y•ˆÏ° °y° Óy ˆày°y!˛õ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ– xÓ%ò≈à%ˆÏ°y
ˆày°y!˛õ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄ xÓ%≈ˆÏò !°ˆÏày!Ùly§ !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól Óy ˆ°à !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛•z ~Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚î–
xÓ%≈ò àë˛l åNodule Formation)

xÓ%≈ò àë˛lܲyˆÏ° Ó˚y•zˆÏçy!ÓÎ˚yÙ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õy£Ïܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó•%!Óô ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y âˆÏê˛–
xÓ%≈ò àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)რò¢yà%ˆÏ°y §Ç!«˛Æ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •°ı
Ó˚y•zˆÏçy!ÓÎ˚yÙ §Çáƒy Ó,!Âô â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ ܲˆÏ°y!l àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó!•/cܲ G Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yÙ ˆÓшÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ –
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇܲÙî §)e à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ Îy Óƒyܲ!ê˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ: !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚
ܲˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ xÓ%≈ò àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ §ÇܲÙî §)e ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ Ù%=˛ •Î˚ñ
ˆÎà%ˆ° Ï y !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôlܲyÓ˚# ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓˆÏ˲!òܲÓ˚î âê˛yÎ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ §,T˛ xÓ%ò≈ à%ˆ°Ï y ˛ˆ˛õy£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ xyòylÈüÈ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ §ÇÓ•ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ܲ §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z §Ó
âê˛lyÓ!° !ã˛e 12.4 ˆï˛ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xÓ%≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˜çÓÓ˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙl ly•zˆÏê˛∆y!çˆÏlç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆ°à !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól Óï≈˛Ùyl– Èly•zˆÏê˛∆y!çˆÏlç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Mo-Fe ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛°#Î˚
ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚˛% õyhs˝ÓÜ˚ ˛yˆÏ° å!ã˛e12.5) xl%âê˛Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y •° ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl
§ÇÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ≤ÃÌÙ fiÌyÎ˚# í˛zͲõߨ ˛õòyÌ≈–
 á!lç ˛õ%!‹T 203

Ù,!_ܲy •%ܲ
ܲîy

Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yÙ
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y
§Ù!ß∫ï˛ §ÇܲÙî
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y §)e
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ xÓ%≈ò
åܲä xhs˝/ܲˆÏê≈˛: ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
!Ó˲yçlÓ˚ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•

!ã˛e 12.4 §Î˚y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)ˆ°

Ï xÓ%ò≈ àë˛l ı åܲä Ó˚y•zˆçÏ y!ÓÎ˚yÙ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇܲÙîˆÏÎyàƒ Ù)°ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈
xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §!ߨܲˆÏê˛ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚ åáä Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÙ §Ê˛° §ÇܲÙî âê˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~!ê˛ ˆÓшÏܲ ÎyÎ˚
åàä §ÇܲÙî §)e Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ xhsܲˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ: Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ò[˛yÜ,˛!ï˛
Óƒy!Q!Ó˚GˆÏÎ˚í˛ÈüÈ~ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xhs˝Ü˛ˆÏê≈˛: G ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !Ó˲yçl âê˛yÎ˚– ܲˆÏê≈˛:
G ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !Ó˲yçl G Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xÓ%≈ò à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– åâä í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ xÓ%≈ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ §ÇÓ•l ܲ°y ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §¡õ)î≈ •Î˚–
!Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ !l¡¨Ó˛%̊ õı
N 2 + 8e – + 8H + + 16 ATP → 2NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16Pi
ly•zˆÏê˛∆y!çˆÏlç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ x!:ˆÏçl xî%Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°˝ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xÓyï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚˚– xÓ%≈ò§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçlàï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
§%Ó˚«˛yˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xÓ%ˆÏò≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!:ˆÏçl
x˛õ§yÓ˚îܲyÓ˚# ˛õòyÌ≈ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏܲ ˆ°à‰!•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól ӈϰ– ÙçyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~•z ˆÎ ~•z §Ü˛° xî%ç#Ó
fl∫yô#lç#Ó# xÓfiÌyÎ˚ §Óyï˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y !•§yˆÏÓ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎáyˆÏl ˛ly•zˆÏê˛∆y!ÏçˆÏlç ˛Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyä ñ
!ܲv ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôlܲyˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y xÓyï˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ å ~˲yˆÏÓ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆y!çˆÏlç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ
§%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ä– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù !lŸã˛Î˚ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ ly•zˆÏê˛∆y!çˆÏlçÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ
xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ å≤Ã!ï˛ xî% NH3 ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ 8 xî% ATP) ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
§yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y°kô ˛õòyÌ≈
[ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl àƒy§ [N2] åxƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y NH3ä

!ÓçyÓ˚î

!ÓçyÓ˚î !ÓçyÓ˚î !Ó!ܲÎ˚y °kô

˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Ù%!=˛
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ù%=˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçˆÏlç xlƒ
åly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçˆÏlçä §yˆÏÌ §ÇÎ%!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl xî%ˆÏܲ
˚ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚

!ã˛eı 12.5 ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôlܲyÓ˚# Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçˆÏlç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ˆÎÔà myÓ˚y ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛°#Î˚
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlˆÏܲ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÎ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôy˛õ§Ù)•–
204 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ¢!=˛ ˆ˛õy£Ïܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ¢!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛ •Î˚–
xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ı ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ PH ~ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y ˆ≤Ãyê˛l @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ NH4+ (xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙä
xyÎ˚ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà í˛z!qò ly•zˆÏê˛∆Ïê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ xyÎ˚l xy!_ܲÓ˚Èî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G
˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚!ê˛ xÌ≈yÍ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ xyÎ˚l!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ !Ó£Ïy=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ~!ê˛ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• çÙy •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~ál ˆò!áñ í˛z!qˆÏò ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ NH4 xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛
ò%!ê˛ Ù%რ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ı
(i) !Ó˚í˛yܲ!ê˛Ë˛ xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ ¢lÈ(reductive amination)üÈ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y αÈ !ܲˆÏê˛y@’ê% ˛y!Ó˚ܲ
xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ @’%ê˛y!Ùܲ xƒy!§í˛ í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙlê˛y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ˆòáyˆÏly
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
@’%ê˛yˆÏÙê˛  → glutamate
Glutamate @’%ê˛yˆÏÙê˛ + H2 O + NADP
!ܲˆÏê˛y@’%ê˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛
α − ketoglutaric acid + NH+4 + NADPH  Dehydrogenase
!í˛•y•zˆíÏ ˛» y!ÏçˆÏlç
(II) xƒyÙy•zˆÏly Ù)°ˆÏܲÓ˚ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚î (transamination) ÈüÈ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ü!ê˛ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly
@˝Ã%˛õ!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ܲˆÏê˛y xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z !ܲˆÏê˛y xƒy!§í˛!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲˆÏê˛y @˝Ã%˛õ!ê˛ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
@’ê% ˛y!Ùܲ xƒy!§í˛ •° Ù%რxƒyÙy•zˆlÏ y xƒy!§í˛ ÎyÓ˚ xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ y Ù)°ˆÏܲÓ˚ åNH2) fiÌylyhs˝Óî˚ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ê˛∆y™xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ ¢ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xlƒylƒ xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ y xƒy!§í˛§Ù)• à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ê˛∆y™xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ ç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §Ü˛° !Ó!ܲÎ˚y§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ xl%âê˛l
âê˛yÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ

xƒyÙy•zˆÏly Ù)°Ü˛ÈüÈòyï˛y xƒyÙy•zˆÏly Ù)°Ü˛Èü@˝Ã!•ï˛y

xƒy§˛õyÓ˚y!çl G @’ê% ˛y!Ùl •° í˛!z qòˆÏòˆÏ• ≤ÃyÆ ò%!ê˛ à%Óc%˚ ˛õî) ≈ xƒyÙy•zí˛ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆ°Ï y •° ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆlÏ Ó˚ àë˛làï˛ xÇ¢– ~•z xƒyÙy•zí˛àˆ% °Ï y
ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ xƒy§˛õyÓ˚!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ G @’ê% ˛y!Ùܲ xƒy!§í lyÙܲ ò%!ê˛ xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ y xƒy!§í˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ y @˝Ãˆ% ˛Ï õÓ˚
§ÇÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ •y•zˆíÏ ˛» y!:° xÇ¢!ê˛ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ NH2 Ù)°Ü˛ myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xƒyÙy•zˆíÏ ˛
xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ yÓ˚ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚y çy•zˆ° Ï Ù Óy!•Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xlƒylƒ xLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛
•Î˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ åˆÎÙlü§Î˚y!Ólä xÓ%≈òà%ˆ° Ï y˛ xyÓÂô ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçlˆÏܲ •zí˛zÓy˚ •zí˛ Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l ˛!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !là≈ï˛ ÓyˆÏ‹õÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~•z ˆÎÔàà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ ˛ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçlÈüÈܲyÓ≈l xl%˛õyï˛G ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ

í˛z!qò ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x˜ÏçÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ÓyÎ˚%ñ ç° ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ – í˛z!qòÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ á!lç ˆÙÔ° ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ á!lˆÏçÓ˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ lÎ˚– ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ 105- !ê˛Ó˚G x!ôܲ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ 21
!ê˛Ó˚G Ü˛Ù ˆÙÔ° í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ó,!Âô G !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ~ÓÇ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ˆÎ §Ü˛° ˆÙÔ° x!ôܲÙyeyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y fl∫“ ÙyeyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ fl∫“Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ӈϰ–
~•z §Ü˛° ˆÙÔ° •Î˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ ܲyˆÏÓy≈•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ñ Ê˛ƒyê˛ñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ àë˛làï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ
!Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z §Ü˛° xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly!ê˛Ó˚ âyê˛!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• !ܲS%È °«˛î ˆòáy !òˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛î ӈϰ– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!§§ñ lƒyˆÏܲy!§§ñ Óyôy≤ÃyÆ Ó,!Âô ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçˆÏl !Ó⯠âê˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò •°
!ܲS%È §%flõT˛ x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛î –
 á!lç ˛õ%!‹T 205

í˛z!qò Ù)ˆÏ° ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §!ܲÎ˚ Óy !l!‹;Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ á!lç ˆÙÔ° ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y çy•zˆÏ°Ù Óy!•Ü˛yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó xLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qò ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– !ܲv !ܲS%È í˛z!qò ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôlܲyÓ˚# Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛
ˆÌˆÏܲñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢¡∫ÈüȈàye#Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ñ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ•˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl
ˆÎÔàÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ xyÓÂô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôˆÏl ¢!=˛È¢y°# !ÓçyÓ˚ܲ oÓƒ ~ÓÇ ATP Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl xyÓÂôܲyÓ˚# ç#Óyî%ñ Ù%áƒï˛ Ó˚y•zˆÏçy!ÓÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôl §¡õߨ •Î˚– ç#Óç˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl
§ÇÓrôˆÏl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°lܲyÓ˚# ly•zˆÏê˛∆y!çˆÏlç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ á%Ó•z §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° •Î˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y xÓyï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ âˆÏê˛– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ¢!=˛ ˆ˛õy£Ïܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ
ATP ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• •Î˚– Èly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôˆÏl í˛zͲõߨ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yñ xƒyÙy•zˆl Ï y @˝Ã˛% õ !•§yˆÏÓ xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ y xƒy!§í˛à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏï˛
xAà#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚–

xl%¢#°l# (Exercises)

1. Úí˛z!qˆÏò í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §Ü˛° ˆÙÔ°•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÏÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ lÎ˚ÛñÈÈüÈÙhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏ˛õy!lܲ§‰ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlñ ç° G á!lç °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó¢%!ÂôܲÓ˚î à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
ˆÜ˛l⁄
3. í˛zòy•Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚yı x!ï˛Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲñ fl∫“Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲñ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲñ !Ó£Ïy=˛
ˆÙÔ°§Ù)•ñ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÏÙÔ°§Ù)•–
4. í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛î§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝ï˛ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~à%ˆÏ°y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÜ˛yl‰ á!lˆÏçÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !°ˆÏáy–
5. Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏò ~ܲy!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏÜ Ó˚ x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛î ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï%˛!Ù ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÙÔ°!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ âyê˛!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
6. !l!ò≈T˛ í˛z!qˆÏò x˲yÓç!lï˛ °«˛î§Ù)• ≤Ã̈ÏÙ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚%î xLjϢ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl xlƒ !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Èîï˛ xˆÏAà ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ÈüÈˆÜ˛l⁄
7. í˛z!qò ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ á!lç ˆÙÔ° í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)• ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
8. Ó˚y•zˆçÏ y!ÓÎ˚yÙ myÓ˚y ÓyÎ˚Ù% [˛°#Î˚ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ ¢ï≈˛à%ˆ°
Ï y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓrôˆÏl
~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲ#⁄
9. ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)ˆÏ° xÓ%≈ò §,!T˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
10. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ í˛z!=˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰à%ˆÏ°y §!ï˛ƒ⁄ Î!ò !Ù̃y •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
a) ˆÓyÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yÓ fỉ°Ü˛yÎ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
b) ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ á!lç ˆÙÔ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
c) í˛z!qˆÏò ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ˆÙÔ° !•§yˆÏÓ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ à!ï˛•#l–
d) fl∫“Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ï˛y !lôy≈ÓÈ˚î ܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z §•ç ܲyÓ˚î ~à%ˆ° Ï y á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù ÙyeyÎ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚–
 206 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xôƒyÎ˚ û 13 (Chapter - 13)

í˛Fz ã˛ˆ◊
Ï !îÓ˚˛ í˛!z qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï
(Photosynthesis in Higher Plants)

13.1. xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# çy!l⁄ Ùyl%£Ï§• §Ó ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲálG ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáSÈ
13.2. ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !ܲ ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!qò ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ ˛õyÎ˚⁄ xy§ˆÏ° §Ó%ç í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xl%ÎyÎ˚# áyòƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Óy
!lÓ˚#«˛y§Ù)• §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Óyܲ# §Ó ç#Ó ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó%ç í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– §Ó%ç í˛z!qòÓ˚y
13.3. §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y xÌ≈yÍ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˜çÓ áyòƒ
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ âˆÏê˛⁄ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›•z ¢!=˛Ó˚ çlƒ §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
13.4. §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲyˆÏ° í˛z!qò ܲï,˛≈ܲ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛•z •° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° !˲!_– ˆÎ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y §yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° û ~!ê˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ í˛zͧ– §Ó%ç í˛z!qò ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ
Ó˚Oܲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ˆÎ x!:ˆÏçl ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒG ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ òyÎ˚#– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛álG ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáSÈ !ܲ Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ çlƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ x!:ˆÏçl ly ˆ˛õˆÏ° ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ Ù)°ï˛ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï#Î˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛Ó˚
13.5. xyˆÏ°yܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ܲ#⁄ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ¢!=˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ܲ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
13.6. •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
13.1. xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# çy!l⁄
13.7. ATP ~ÓÇ NADPH
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!áñ •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y ܲï˛ê˛y ˆçˆÏl!SÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
13.8. C4 !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õÌ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# Üœ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È §Ó˚° ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yà%ˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SȈϰ
13.9. xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l ˆÎ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y âê˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ !Ê˛° å˛õyï˛yÓ˚ §Ó%ç Ó˚Oܲäñ xyˆÏ°yܲ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zˆíÏ ˛Ó˚
13.10. §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
!lÎ˚sfîܲyÓ˚# ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ã˲yÓܲ§Ù)• ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ lyly Óî≈ Ó˚!Oï˛ ˛õyï˛y Óy ܲyˆÏ°y ܲyàç myÓ˚y xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÓ,ï˛ §Ó%ç ˛õyï˛yñ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛
§¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛zß√%=˛– ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˛õyï˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ê˛y
flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y ˆà° ˆÎ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ §Ó%ç
xLjϢ•z âˆÏê˛–
 í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚˛ í˛z!qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï 207

~Ó˚Ü˛Ù x˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ •° •yÊ˛ !°Ê˛

˛õÓ˚#«˛y (Half leaf Experiment)– ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ §Ó%ç ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
xÇ¢ KOH å˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ •y•zí»˛:y•zí˛ä !§=˛ ï%˛°y åÎy CO2 ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ä
§Ù!ß∫ï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ylˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yܲyˆÏly ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ í˛zß√%=˛– ~•zÓyÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Ó˚yáy •Î˚– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ G•z ò%!ê˛ xLjϢ ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚
xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly ï˛y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚
í˛zß√%=˛ xLjϢ ˆŸªï˛§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ xÇ¢!ê˛
˛õÓ˚#«˛ylˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !SÈ° ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆŸªï˛§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •Î˚–
~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y âê˛yÓ˚ çlƒ
CO2 ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚y ˆà° ï˛y !ܲ ï%˛!Ù
åܲä(a) (b)
åáä
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
13.2 ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !lÓ˚#«˛y §Ù)• (Early Experi-
ments)
~•z §Ó˚° ˛õÓ˚#«˛yà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛î#Î˚ ÙçyòyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~•z ˆÎ ~Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ܲÙ!Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛–
1770 §yˆÏ° ˆçyˆÏ§Ê˛ !≤Ãfiê˛ˆÏ° (1733-1804) ~ܲà%FSÈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !lÓ˚#«˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° ˆÎ §Ó%ç
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ÙˆÏl
xyˆÏSÈ 1774 §yˆÏ° !≤Ãfiê˛ˆÏ° x!:ˆÏçl xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !≤Ãfiê˛ˆÏ°
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎñ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓÂôfiÌyˆÏl xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ° çyÓ˚ÈüÈ~
~ܲ!ê˛ çµ°hs˝ ˆÙyÙÓy!ï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏ° á%Ó x“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆ§!ê˛ !lˆÏ˲ ÎyˆÏÓ– åà˛ä(c) (d)
åâä
!ã˛e 13.1 !≤Ãfiê˛ˆÏ°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
å!ã˛e 13.1 åܲäñ åáäñ åàäñ åâä ˆòˆÏáyä– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ ~ܲ!ê˛ •zÑò%Ó˚ˆÏܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓÂô fiÌyˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏ° ˆ§!ê˛G òÙÓrô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– !ï˛!l ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ~ˆÏ§!SȈϰl ˆÎñ ~ܲ!ê˛
çµ°hs˝ ˆÙyÙÓy!ï˛ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyî# ÎyÓ˚y ÓyÎ˚% @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y í˛z˲Î˚•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏܲ ò)!£Ïï˛G
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv Îál !ï˛!l ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%!òly àySÈ ~ܲ•z ˆÓ° çyÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏ°l ï˛ál ˆòáy ˆà° ˆÎ •zÑò%Ó˚!ê˛ ˆÓшÏã˛
xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ çµ°hs˝ ˆÙyÙÓy!ï˛!ê˛G çµ°ˆÏSÈ– ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï !≤Ãfiê˛ˆÏ° ~ê˛y xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ˆÙyÙÓy!ï˛Ó˚ çµ°ˆÏl ˆÎ ÓyÎ˚% x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y í˛z!qò ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !≤Ãfiê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙyÙÓy!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl⁄ ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáyñ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!òl ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˆÙyÙÓy!ï˛!ê˛ çµˆÏ° !ܲly ï˛y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
!ÓK˛yl# !≤Ãfiê˛ˆÏ°ˆÏܲ ~•z ˆÙyÙÓy!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ çµy°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy!ê˛Ó˚ !Ó⯠ly
â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛ï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙyÙÓy!ï˛!ê˛ çµy°yˆÏly §Ω˛Ó ӈϰ ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚⁄
!≤Ãfiê˛ˆÏ° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ•z ÓƒÓfiÌy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ G
~ܲÓyÓ˚ xrôܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá çyl •zlˆÏçl•yí˛zç (Jan Ingenhousz) (1730-1799) ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ
ܲƒyˆÏu˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çµ°ˆÏl Óy ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ò)!£Ïï˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yôˆÏl ˆÎ í˛z!qò ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– •zlˆÏçl•yí˛z§ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç°ç í˛z!qòˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ í˛zIµ° §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó%ç xÇ¢ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
208 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Ó%òÓ%ˆÏòÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ñ !ܲv xrôܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛ly âˆÏê˛ly– xï˛/˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!l ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye §Ó%ç xÇ¢•z x!:ˆÏçl ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1854 §yˆÏ° ç%!°Î˚y§ ˲l §ƒyܲ§
(Julius Von Sachs) ~ê˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ @’%ˆÏܲyç í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ~•z @’%ˆÏܲyç
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ï˛!l ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ~ê˛y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎñ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
§Ó%ç Ó› å~ál ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° Ó°y •Î˚ä í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï xAàyî%Ó˚ å˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ lyˆÏÙ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ä ÙˆÏôƒ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ï˛!l áÑ%ˆÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó%ç xLjϢ•z @’%ˆÏܲyç §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z @’%ˆÏܲyç §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~ál xyÙÓ˚y T.W.Engelmann (1843 - 1909) ~Ó˚ ÙçyòyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
~ܲ!ê˛ !≤ÃçÙ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!l xyˆÏ°yܲˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Óî≈y°#ˆÏï˛ !Ó!Ÿ’T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚ ≤ð¡∫ˆlÏ (Suspension) Ó˚yáy §Ó%ç ˜¢Óy° Üœ˛ƒyˆÏí˛yˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y (Cladophora) ˆÜ˛ xyˆÏ°y!ܲï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ O2 í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ fiÌyl !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ï˛!l ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎñ !≤ÃçˆÏÙ !Ó!Ÿ’T˛ Óî≈y°#Ó˚ l#° G °y° xLjϢ•z Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y
çˆÏí˛¸y •Î˚– §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ܲyÎ≈Óî≈y°#!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ܲyÎ≈Óî≈y°#!ê˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ !Ê˛°
a ~ÓÇ b å13.4 xLjϢ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä ~Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî Óî≈y°#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xl%Ó˚)˛õ–
|l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y!∑Ó˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y çyly !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆÎÙlñ
í˛z!qòÓ˚y CO2 åܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ä G ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ áyòƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ çlƒ xyˆÏ°yܲ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
x!:ˆÏçl í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# ç#ˆÏÓ §¡õ)î≈ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛yÓ˚# fiÌ)° §)e!ê˛ ï˛ál ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y
!àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛y •° û
xyˆÏ°yܲ
CO + H O –––––––––––– [CH O] + O
2 2 2 2

ˆÎáyˆÏl [CH2O] myÓ˚y ܲyˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ˆÏܲ åˆÎÙl SÈÎ˚ ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y @’%ˆÏܲyçä ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
xî%ç#Ó!Óò ܲÓ˚ˆÏl!°Î˚y§ ˲l l#° (1897 - 1985) ~Ó˚ xÓòyl §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùy•z° Ê˛°Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– °y°ˆÏã˛ ˆÓà%l# ~ÓÇ §Ó%ç ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!l ~ê˛y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y
ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ çyÓ˚ܲ Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl Ù%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ˆÏܲ !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ܲyˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ ˆÎÔˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y •° û
2H A + CO ––––––––––– xyˆÏ°yܲ 2A + CH O + H O
2 2 2 2

§Ó%ç í˛z!qˆÏò ç° (H2O) •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl òyï˛y !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ x!:ˆÏçl
í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲyˆÏ° x!:ˆÏçl (O2) í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ly– Îál °y°ˆÏã˛
ˆÓà%l# G §Ó%ç §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Î˚ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲyˆÏ° •y•zˆíÏ ˛» yˆÏçl òyï˛y !•§yˆÏÓ •y•zˆíÏ ˛» yˆÏçl §y°Ê˛y•zí˛
(H2S) •Î˚ ï˛ál çyÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õçyï˛ Ó› !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ç#Ó ˆË˛ˆÏò §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ Óy §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ñ
x!:ˆÏçl í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ly– ï˛y•z !ï˛!l ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ~ˆÏ§!SȈϰl ˆÎñ §Ó%ç í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• í˛zͲõߨ x!:ˆÏçl
(O2) ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§ñ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§ ly– ~!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ xy•zˆÏ§yˆÏê˛y˛õ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ §!ë˛Ü˛
§Ù#ܲÓ˚î!ê˛ •° û
6CO + 12H O –––––––––– xyˆÏ°yܲ C H O + 6H O + 6O
2 2 6 12 6 2 2
 í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚˛ í˛z!qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï 209

ˆÎáyˆÏl C6H12O6 •° @’%ˆÏܲyç ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ O2 Ù%=˛ •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛ ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ xy•zˆÏ§yˆÏê˛y˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ~!ê˛ Ó•%ôy˛õ !Ó!¢T˛
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ !•§yˆÏÓ 12 xî% ç° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛l
ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄
13.3 §yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ âˆÏê˛⁄ (Where does Photosynthesis take Place?)
xT˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xô#ï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù xÓ¢ƒ•z ~•z í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ ~!ê˛ §Ó%ç ˛õyï˛yÎ˚
âˆÏê˛ Óy ï%˛!Ù xyÓ˚G Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ ~!ê˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛ âˆÏê˛– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÓ– §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó%ç ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ âˆÏê˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xlƒ §Ó%ç xLjϢG âˆÏê˛– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y
Óƒ!ï˛ï˛ ~Ùl !ܲS%È xLjϢÓ˚ lyÙ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï âˆÏê˛⁄
ï%˛!Ù ˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï≈˛# ˛õyë˛ ~ܲܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ˆÎ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ Ó•% §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yfiê˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àyˆÏe ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˆ•°yˆÏly ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏï˛
ï˛yÓ˚y xy˛õ!ï˛ï˛ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ xÇ¢ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ܲáˆÏly ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° §!Iï˛ ã˛ƒy≤Wzy ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÜ˛y¢à%!°Ó˚ àyˆÏÎ˚
ˆ•°yˆÏly ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ ܲál•z Óy ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛à%ˆÏ°y xy˛õ!ï˛ï˛ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ °¡∫˲yˆÏÓ xÓfiÌyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xT˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ àë˛l ˛õˆÏí˛S¸ È– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÓÏ ˚ @˝Ãyîy §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓï˛Óî˚ #ï˛sñf
ˆfiê˛∆yÙy °ƒyˆÏÙ!° ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚° ôye Óy ˆfiê˛∆yÙy ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 13.2ä– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ §%flõT˛ ◊Ù !Ó˲yçl
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xyÓÓ˚î#ï˛sf!ê˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ xyÓÂôܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ATP ~ÓÇ NADPH ~Ó˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£ˆÏ lÏ Ó˚ çlƒ
òyÎ˚#– ˆfiê˛∆yÙy xLjϢ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ CO2 í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• xyÓÂô •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛° ◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛
¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y!ê˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆŸªï˛§yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– xyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆ° Ï y âê˛yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚
xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚ ӈϰ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ӈϰ– ˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆ° Ï y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly !ܲv xyˆÏ°yܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛z˛õçyï˛ Ó›Ó˚ åATP ~ÓÇ NADPHä í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛y•z ~•z
!Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛ṏÏܲ xyˆÏ°yܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃÌyàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xrôܲyÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ӈϰ– Î!òG
~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎñ ~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y xrôܲyˆÏÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ Óy ~Ó˚y xyˆÏ°yܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚ lÎ˚–
Ó!•/ xyÓÓ˚î#
xhs˝/ xyÓÓ˚î#
Str
ˆfiê˛∆yÙy °ƒyˆÏÙ!°
@˝Ãyîy

ˆfiê˛∆yÙy
Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ§

fiê˛yã≈˛ òyly

˜ï˛° !Ó®%
!ã˛e 13.2 / ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSȈÏòÓ˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l xyî%Ó#«˛!îܲ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ–
 210 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

13.4 §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y Ó˚Oܲ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄

(How many pigments are involved in pho-
tosynthesis?)
myÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ¢!=˛

ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° b í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá ܲálG ~ê˛y ˆË˛ˆÏÓ xÓyܲ •ˆÏÎ˚SÈ !ܲñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛l
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ Ó˚Oܲ

~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ñ ~Ùl !ܲ ~ܲ•z í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeGñ
ܲƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛lˆÏÎ˚í˛
Ó•% §ÇáƒÜ˛ §Ó%ç ˆSÈy˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚⁄ ˆ˛õ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏê˛y@˝Ãy!Ê˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó%ç í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚Oܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z ~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyÓ– ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚Oܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏê˛y@˝Ãy!Ê˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚
åÜ˛ä ˆÎ Ó˚. xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á ï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚OˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ lÎ˚ñ ~!ê˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛
Ó˚OˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ •Î˚– ~•z Ó˚Oܲà%ˆ° Ï y •° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ !Ê˛° a åˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏê˛y@˝ÃyˆÏÙ
í˛zIµ° Óy l#°y˲ §Ó%ç ˆòáyÎ˚äñ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° b å•°%òy˲ §Ó%çäñ
çƒyrÌy!Ê˛° å•°% ò ä ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒyˆÏ Ó ˚ y !ê˛lˆÏ Î ˚ í ˛§‰ å•°% ò ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yÓ˚
åCO2 !là≈Ùî myÓ˚yä

•°%òyË˛Ü˛Ù°yä– ~ál xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚Oܲà%ˆ° Ï y §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï

≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ܲ# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–

Ó˚Oܲà%ˆÏ°y •° ˆ§•z§Ó Ó› ÎyÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒ

xyˆÏ°yܲ¢!=˛ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏl §«˛Ù– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ xy®yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛
ˆÜ˛yl Ó˚Oܲ!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ ã˛ˆÏ°yñ ˆÎ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe
åá˛ä
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ !Ê˛° a Ó˚OˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ó˚Aà ˜òˆÏâƒ≈ Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ ˆ¢y£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï#Î˚ •yÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y xôƒÎ˚l ܲ!Ó˚ å!ã˛e 13.3 Ü˛ä– ï%˛!Ù xÓ¢ƒ•z
ˆ¢y£Ïî xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ò,¢ƒÙyl Óî≈y°# ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ VIBGYOR ~Ó˚
ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ¢!=˛

§yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xySÈ–

!ã˛e 13.3 åÜ˛ä ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl ï˛Ó˚Aà
˜òâ≈ƒ!ê˛ åxyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ Óî≈ä ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆ¢y£Ïl ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
~•z ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe !ܲ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ¢y£Ïl ã)˛í˛¸y
ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ⁄ í˛z_Ó˚ Î!ò •Ñƒy •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛⁄
åá˛ä xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ lƒyˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˆflÒ° ånmä ~ÓyÓ˚ !ã˛e 13.3 åáä ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒ
í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• §Ó≈y!ôܲ §yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï âˆÏê˛ ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï%˛!Ù
!ã˛e 13.3åÜ˛äˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a,b ~ÓÇ !ܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏFSÈyñ ˆÎ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢
ܲƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛lˆÏÎ˚í˛ ~Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî Óî≈y°# ≤Ãò¢≈l– ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍ Óî≈y°#Ó˚ l#° ~ÓÇ °y° xM˛°ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl•z
!ã˛e 13.3 åáä ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ܲyÎ≈Óî≈y°# §yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z
≤Ãò¢≈l– !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ≤Ãôyl
!ã˛e 13.3 åàä ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ܲyÎ≈Óî≈y°# Ó˚Oܲ!ê˛ •° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a – !ã˛e 13.3 åàä ˆòˆÏá ï%˛!Ù !ܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ !Ê˛° a ~Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïl Óî≈y°#Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈Óî≈y°# ~ÓÇ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a È~Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ≤Ãò¢≈l– Óî≈y°# ~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ x!ôܲÙî ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
 í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚˛ í˛z!qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï 211

~•z ˆ°á!ã˛eà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ Óî≈y°#Ó˚ l#° G °y° xLjϢ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ò,¢ƒÙyl Óî≈y°#Ó˚ xlƒylƒ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒG !ܲS%Èê˛y §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï âˆÏê˛– ã˛ˆÏ°y ˆò!áñ
~ê˛y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛⁄ Î!òG xyˆÏ°yܲ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ xyÓÂôܲyÓ˚# ≤Ãôyl Ó˚Oܲ!ê˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° añ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° b,
çƒyˆÏrÌy!Ê˛° ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛lˆÏÎ˚í˛ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ ÙôƒfiÌ Ó˚Oܲà%ˆÏ°yG xyˆÏ°yܲ¢!=˛ ˆ¢y£Ïl ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a xî%ˆÏï˛ ~•z ¢!=˛ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛!fiÌï˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° b, çƒyˆÏrÌy!Ê˛° G
ܲƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛lˆÏÎ˚í˛ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó˚Oܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# Ó˚Oܲ ӈϰ– ~Ó˚y ¢%ô%Ùye §)Î≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ
¢!=˛ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ xM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ~Ó˚y ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a ˆÜ˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ çyÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •yï˛
ˆÌˆÏܲG Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–

13.5 xyˆÏ°yܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ܲ#⁄ (What is Light Reaction?)

xyˆÏ°yܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y Óy xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ò¢yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°y •°
û xyˆÏ°yܲ ˆ¢y£Ïîñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïîñ x!:ˆÏçl !là≈Ùl ~ÓÇ
í˛zFã˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ xhs˝Ó≈ï˛≈# Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˆÎÔà ATP G NADPH àë˛l– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ @˝Ãy•Ü˛
~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆçyê˛ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚Oܲ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y
Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈI (PSI) G Ó˚Oܲï˛sf - II (PSII) ~Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ò%!ê˛
fl∫ï˛sf xyˆÏ°yܲ ¢!=˛ xyÓÂôܲyÓ˚# xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˆçyˆÏê˛ (Light
Harvesting Complex) §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
Ü˛Ù xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ xyˆÏ°yܲ ò¢y ã˛°yܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÊ˛yê˛l !Ó!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲw
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Ü˛Ù xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ lÎ˚– xyˆÏ°yܲ ¢!=˛ xyÓÂôܲyÓ˚# ˆçyê˛à%ˆ° Ï y ¢ï˛y!ôܲ
Ó˚Oܲ xî%Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– Ó˚Oܲà%ˆÏ°y ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ !Ê˛° a Óƒï˛#ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó˚OÜ˛ï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ §Ó Ó˚Oܲà%ˆ°Ï y ~ܲ!eï˛ Ó˚Oܲ xî%§Ù)•
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ xyˆÏ°yܲ¢!=˛ xyÓÂôܲyÓ˚# ï˛sf (Light Harvesting Sys-
tem) àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xƒy!rê˛ly G ӈϰ å!ã˛e 13.4 ˆòˆÏáyä– ~•z
Ó˚Oܲà%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÓ˚G
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˲yˆÏÓ §yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï âê˛yˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ !ã˛e 13.4 ı xyˆÏ°yܲ¢!=˛ xyÓÂôܲyÓ˚# ˆçyê˛–
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a xî% !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˆÜ˛w àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z˲Î˚ Ó˚OÜ˛ï˛ˆÏsf•z
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲw xy°yòy •Î˚– Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈI ~ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˆÜ˛w ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a
xî%!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî ã)˛í˛¸y P700 ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•zçlƒ•z ~•z
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a xî%!ê˛ˆÏܲ P700 ӈϰ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈII ~ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲw ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a xî%!ê˛Ó˚
ˆ¢y£Ïîã)˛í˛¸y 680nm ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ P680 ӈϰ–

13.6 •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l /

Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈII ~ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˆÜ˛w ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a xî%!ê˛ 680nm ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ °y° xyˆÏ°yܲ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌ
í˛zÍ!«˛Æ •Î˚– í˛zÍ!«˛Æ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l @˝Ãy•Ü˛ myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §y•zˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyÙ
§Ù!ß∫ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ï˛ˆÏsf ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ~ܲ!ê˛ çyÓ˚l !ÓçyÓ˚l
Óy ˆÓ˚í˛: !ÓË˛Ó ˆflÒ° xl%ÎyÎ˚# !l¡¨y!˲Ù%á# •Î˚– •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ¢,CˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
 212 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

§ÙÎ˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Oܲï˛sf ÈüÈ I (PSI) ~Ó˚

Ó˚OÜ ï˛sf II Ó˚OÜ ï˛sf I
Ó˚Oܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§– ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Oܲï˛sf üÈ I (PSI) ~Ó˚
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÜ˛w x!ôܲ ˆÓ˚í˛: !ÓË˛Ó !Ó!¢T˛ 700nm ï˛Ó˚Aà
xyˆÏ°yܲ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l @˝
à y•Ü˛ ˜òˆÏ â ≈ ƒ Ó˚ °y° xyˆÏ ° yܲ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ ° ~Ó˚
@˝Ãy•Ü˛
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ~•z •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y ï˛ál
xyÓyÓ˚ !l¡¨y!˲Ù%ˆÏá ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe NADP + ~Ó˚
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ܲyˆÏ S È ÎyÎ˚ – ~•z •z ˆ Ï ° ܲê˛∆ l à% ˆ Ï ° yÓ˚ §ÇÎ% ! =˛ NADP + ~Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ï˛sf
!ÓçyÓ˚l âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ NADPH + H+ à!ë˛ï˛
•Î˚ – ~•z Ë ˛yˆÏ Ó Ó˚ O ܲï˛sf ÈüÈI I (PSII) ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ ¢% Ó ˚ % ܲˆÏ Ó ˚
xyˆÏ°yܲ ¢!=˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zôÁ≈Ù%ˆÏá •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏlyñ
xyÓÂôܲyÓ˚# ˆçyê˛ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ •z ˆ Ï ° ܲê˛∆ l ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó •l ¢, C ˆÏ ° Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏ Ù
xyˆÏ°yܲ ¢!=˛ !l¡¨ y !˲Ù% ˆ Ï á ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó y!•ï˛ •ˆÏ Î ˚ Ó˚ O ܲï˛sfÈüÈI ~ ã˛ˆÏ ° xy§yñ
xyÓÂôܲyÓ˚# ˆçyê˛ Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈ I(PSI) ~Ó˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •GÎ˚y G
xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •z ˆ Ï ° ܲê˛∆ l @˝ à y•ˆÏ Ü ˛ fiÌylyhs˝ !Ó˚ ï ˛ •GÎ˚ y ~ÓÇ
§ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï !l¡¨y!˲Ù%ˆÏá ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ NADP + ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
!ã˛e 13.5 xyˆÏ°yܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ Z xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ l:y xy§y G NADP+ ~Ó˚ !ÓçyÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° NADPH + H+
à!ë˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z §¡õ)î≈ lܲ¢y!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚ ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ˛õ)î≈ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ‘Z’ lܲ¢y åZ-Scheme) ӈϰ å!ã˛e 13.5 ä– Îál §Ó
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l Óy•Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚í˛: !ÓË˛Ó ˆflÒ° (Redox Potential Scale) ~ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ
§!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál•z ~•z xyÜ,˛!ï˛!ê˛ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
13.6.1 çˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçl (Splitting of Water)
ï%˛!Ù ~ál !çˆÏK˛§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ñ Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈII (PSII) ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈII (PSII) ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§y •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õl xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– çˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈII (PSII) ~Ó˚ ~•z •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l âyê˛!ï˛ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– çˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçl
Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈII(PSII) ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ç° !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ç° H+[O] ~ÓÇ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏl !Ó!Ÿ’T˛
•Î˚– §yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ xy§° í˛z˛õçyï˛ Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° çˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ x!:ˆÏçl– Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈI(PSI) ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ •zˆ°Ï ܲê˛∆là%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õl Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈII(PSII)
ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§y •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l myÓ˚y âˆÏê˛–

2H2O ––––––– 4H+ + O2 + 4e-

xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎ ç° !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçlܲyÓ˚# ˆçyê˛!ê˛ Ó˚Oܲï˛sf
II(PSII) ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˆÎ !lˆÏç•z Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•ˆÏ°
í˛zͲõߨ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l G x!:ˆÏçl ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎí˚ ˛ ~Ó˚ à•¥ˆÓÏ ⁄˚ ly !ܲ ˛õò≈y!ê˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ !òˆÏܲ⁄
13.6.2. xyÓï≈˛yܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlyÓï≈˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏê˛yÊ˛ˆÏflÒyÓ˚#˲Ól åCyclic and Non-cyclic photo-
phosphorylationä
çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl Ó›§Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲ §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ¢!=˛ xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ
~Ó˚y Órôl# ¢!=˛Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ §!M˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ATP ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ӈϢ£Ï Ó›à%ˆ°
Ï y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Órôl#à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏï˛
 í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚˛ í˛z!qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï 213

~•z ¢!=˛ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• myÓ˚y ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛

Ó˚Oܲ
•Î˚ åÙy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚y G ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ ~ä ï˛yˆÏܲ Ê˛ˆÏê˛yÊ˛ˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚#˲Ól
ӈϰ– xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ADP ~ÓÇ x˜ÏçÓ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l
ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ïî•z •° Ê˛ˆÏê˛yÈüÈÊ˛ˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚#˲Ólñ Îál ò%•z!ê˛ Ó˚Oܲï˛sf•z @˝Ãy•Ü˛
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ó˚Oܲï˛sfüÈ(PSII) G˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Oܲï˛sf xyˆÏ°y
I(PSI) ~•z !•ˆÏ § ˆÏ Ó Ü˛yç ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ï˛ál xlyÓï≈ ˛ ܲyÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏê˛yÊ˛ˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚#˲Ól ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ âˆÏê˛– ò%!ê˛ Ó˚Oܲï˛sf •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ¢,CˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å‘‘Z’’ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ l:yÎ˚ ˆÎÙl •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ï˛sf
ˆòˆÏá!SÈ°yÙä– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ≤ÃÓ•ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ATP ~ÓÇ
NADPH + H+ í˛z˲Î˚•z §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– å!ã˛e 13.5 ˆòˆÏáyä–
Îál ¢%ô%Ùye Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈI(PSI) •z ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛°
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l G•z Ó˚OÜ˛ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ P700
ã˛Ü ˛yܲyÓ˚ xyÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z Ê˛ˆÏê˛yÊ˛ˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚#˲Ól âˆÏê˛ å!ã˛e 13.6
ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆÎ §Ω˛yÓƒ fiÌyˆÏl ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ •° !ã˛e 13.6 xyÓï≈˛yܲyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏê˛yÊ˛ˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚#˲Ól
ˆfiê˛∆yÙy °ƒyˆÏÙ!°– ˆÎáyˆÏl @˝ÃylyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# Óy °ƒyˆÏÙ!°ˆÏï˛ Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈ
I ~ÓÇ Ó˚Oܲï˛sf ÈüÈII í˛z˲Î˚•z ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆfiê˛∆yÙy °ƒyˆÏÙ!°Ó˚ xyÓÓ˚î#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈII ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ NADP !Ó˚í˛yˆÏQç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛G ÌyˆÏܲly– í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y NADP+ ~ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛
ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛Ü ˛yܲyˆÏÓ˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ¢,CˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈ I(PS-I) ~Ó˚ ˆçyˆÏê˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ§– ï˛y•z ~•z ã˛Ü ˛yܲyÓ˚ xyÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢%ô%Ùye ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ñ !ܲv NADPH + H+
à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly– Îál §!Ü ˛Î˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ¢%ô%Ùye 680nm ~Ó˚ x!ôܲ ï˛Ó˚Aà ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ál G xyÓï≈˛yܲyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏê˛yÊ˛ˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚#˲Ól âˆÏê˛–
13.6.3 ˆÜ˛!Ùx§ˆÏÙy!ê˛Ü˛ Ùï˛Óyò (Chemiosmotic Hypothesis) ı
~ál xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ xy§ˆÏ° ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚–
ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ•z ˆÜ˛!Ùx§ˆÏÙy!ê˛Ü˛ Ùï˛Óyò ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏG ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎ˚rê˛ ~Ó˚ §,!T˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õò≈yà%ˆÏ°y •° Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ xyÓÓ˚î#– á%Ó ~ܲê˛y ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ly ÌyܲˆÏ°G ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÍ Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ ~Ó˚ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãyê˛là%ˆÏ°y §!M˛ï˛ •Î˚–
x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ Ÿª§l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
ˆ≤Ãyê˛là%ˆÏ°y Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ó!•/≤ÈÏܲyˆÏ¤˛ xÌ≈yÍ xyhs/xyÓÓ˚î# fiÌyˆÏl §!M˛ï˛ •Î˚–
~ál xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎ˚rê˛ ~Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛– ˆÎ
ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎ˚rê˛ §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ áÑ%ˆÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ G•z§Ó
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏ îÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
âˆÏê˛ å!ã˛e 13.7ä–
åÜ˛ä ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçl Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ âˆÏê˛ñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l Óy •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl xyÎ˚là%ˆÏ°y Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ çÙy •Î˚–
214 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆfiê˛∆yÙy

Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ à•¥Ó˚
ï˛!í˛¸ÍÈüÈÓy˚ §yÎ
!˚ lܲ
!ÓË˛Ó l!ï˛Ùye
Ìy•z°yܲyˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˛õò≈y y

ˆfiê˛∆yÙy

!ã˛e 13.7 / ˆÜ˛!Ùx§ˆÏÙy!§§ ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï

åáä ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y Ó˚Oܲï˛sfà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•z ˆ≤Ãyê˛là%ˆÏ°y Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛
xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚– •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ @˝Ãy•Ü˛!ê˛ Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
xÓfiÌyl ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l Óy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ ~•zÓ˚)˛õ âê˛ly âˆÏê˛– ï˛y•z •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl @˝Ãy•Ü˛ xî%!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
ˆfiê˛∆yÙy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– Îál ~•z •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l @˝Ãy•Ü˛ xî%!ê˛ Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ xÓ!fiÌï˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l Óy•ˆÏܲ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ˆ≤Ãyê˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÍ Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
åàä NADP !Ó˚í˛yˆÏQç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ ˆfiê˛∆yÙyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– NADP+
!Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ NADPH + H+ àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈI (PSI) ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
xy§y •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l §• ˆ≤Ãyê˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~•z ˆ≤Ãyê˛là%ˆÏ°yG ˆfiê˛∆yÙy ˆÌˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛ •Î˚–
ï˛y•z ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆfiê˛∆yÙyÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãyê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒy •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l
çÙy •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎ˚rê˛ ~Ó˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ PH ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏÎyàƒ •…y§Ü˛Ó˚î âˆÏê˛–
ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎ˚rê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~ï˛ í˛zͧy•# ˆÜ˛l⁄
~•z ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎr˚ ê˛ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎr˚ ê˛ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ù%!=˛ âˆÏê˛– ATPase í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
Fo xLjϢÓ˚ ê˛∆y™ˆÏÙÙˆÏÓl ã˛ƒyˆÏl° ~Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆfiê˛∆yÙyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ãyê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õò≈y ˆË˛ò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z
ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎ˚rê˛ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚– ATPase í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ •° Fo Îy
 í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚˛ í˛z!qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï 215

Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ê˛∆y™ˆÏÙÙˆÏÓl ã˛ƒyˆÏl° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ã˛ƒyˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚•z ˆ≤Ãyê˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õò≈y ˆË˛ò ܲˆÏÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ Óƒy˛õl âˆÏê˛– x˛õÓ˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ F1 ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎí˚ ˛
xyÓÓ˚î# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆfiê˛∆yÙyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ Ù%á ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ,!Âô Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎ˚rê˛ Ë˛y.ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
¢!=˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ï˛y ATPase í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ F1 xLjϢÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ΈÏÌT˛– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ°
ATPase í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ Ó•%§ÇáƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛ôÓ˚ ATP xî%Ó˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï âê˛yÎ˚–
ˆÜ˛!Ùx§ˆÏÙy!§§ ~Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õò≈y Óy xyÓÓ˚î#ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ˛õy¡õñ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎ˚rê˛
~Ó˚ §,!T˛ ~ÓÇ ATPase í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛– ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãyê˛là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l
ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎ˚rê˛ §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ Óy Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚í˛ ~Ó˚ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãyê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ âlˆÏcÓ˚ çlƒ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
ATPase ÙôƒfiÌ ã˛ƒyˆÏl° ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãyê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° ΈÏÌT˛ ¢!=˛ Ù%=˛
•Î˚ Îy ATPase í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ §!ܲÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ATPase xï˛/˛õÓ˚ ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ïî âê˛yÎ˚–
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §,T˛ NADPH §• ATP ï˛Í«˛îyÍ ˆfiê˛∆yÙyÎ˚ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ˜çÓ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˜çÓ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ ~Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏl G ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y
§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏî xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–

13.7 ATP ~ÓÇ NADPH ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚⁄ (Where are ATP and NADPH Used?)
xyÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏl!SÈ ˆÎ xyˆÏ°yܲ ò¢yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ Ó›à%ˆÏ°y •° ATP, NADPH ~ÓÇ x!:ˆÏçl– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
x!:ˆÏçl ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ATP ~ÓÇ NADPH áyòƒ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï
xyÓ˚G §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ •°
§yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˜çÓ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ò¢y– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ly !ܲv ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ G ç° SÈyí˛¸yG xyˆÏ°yܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ Ó›àˆÏ°y xÌ≈yÍ ATP ~ÓÇ
NADPH ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xÓyܲ •ˆÏÓ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ó á%Ó §•ç / ˆÎ•zÙye
xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ˜çÓ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚•z Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
Îál•z ˛õÎ≈yÆ xyˆÏ°y ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ál ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚–
ï˛y•ˆÏ° §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ò¢y!ê˛ˆÏܲ xrôܲyÓ˚ ò¢y Ó°y Ë%˛° •ˆÏÓ !ܲ⁄ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚–
ã˛° xyÙÓ˚y ~ál ˆò!á ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ò¢yÎ˚ ATP G NADPH ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ)ˆÓÏ •≈ z ˆòˆÏá!SÈ°yÙ
ˆÎ CO2 G H2O §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ (CH2O)n Óy ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ã˛ˆÏ° Óy ܲyÓ≈l
í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Óy ~Ó˚ §ÇÓrôl âê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÎÔà !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛# í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ï˛y
xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y á%Ó xy@˝Ã•# !SȈϰl– !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚•z ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ xy•zˆÏ§yˆÏê˛y˛õˆÏܲ
ܲ°ƒyîܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÙ°!˲l ˆÜ˛°!˲l ~Ó˚ ܲyç í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ–
ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ ܲyÓ≈l 14C ˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï xôƒÎ˚l ܲyˆÏ° !ï˛!l•z xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ CO2
!fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÎÔà!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ï˛l ܲyÓ≈l !Ó!¢T˛ ˜çÓ x¡‘– ¢%ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ §¡õ)î≈ ˜çÓ
§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ!ê˛ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ï˛yÓ˚ xÓòyl !SÈ° ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛Ü˛ Ó°y •Î˚– PGA xÌÓy 3-Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!@’§y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ˆÏܲ•z ≤ÃÌÙ §,T˛ ˆÎÔà !•§yˆÏÓ §ly=˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˆÎÔà!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲyÓ≈l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
˜ÓK˛y!lˆÏܲÓ˚y ~ê˛yG çylˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl ˆÎ §Ó í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe PGA •z !ܲ ܲyÓ≈l §ÇÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
216 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

í˛zͲõߨ ≤ÃÌÙ fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÎÔàñ ly!ܲ xlƒ í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÎÔà í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚
çß√yˆÏly !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~Ùl xyÓ˚ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z!qò xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •°
ˆÎáyˆÏl ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ÇÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ≤ÃÌÙ fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÎÔà!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜çÓ x¡‘
!ܲv ~ˆÏï˛ 4!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ≈l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~•z ˜çÓ x¡‘!ê˛ˆÏܲ x:yˆÏ°y xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ Óy OAA !•§yˆÏÓ
¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲyˆÏ° CO2 xy_#ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó°y
•ï˛ / ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ§Ó í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ CO2 §ÇÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ≤ÃÌÙ í˛z˛õçyï˛ Ó›!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ï˛l ܲyÓ≈l
!Ó!¢T˛ x¡‘ Óy C3 x¡‘ (PGA) ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe CO2 xy_#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛ṏÏܲ C3 !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ ÓˆÏ°
~ÓÇ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎ§Ó í˛z!qˆÏò CO2 §ÇÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ≤ÃÌÙ í˛z˛õçyï˛ Ó›!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ≈l
!Ó!¢T˛ x¡‘ Óy C4 x¡‘ (OAA) ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe CO2 xy_#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛ṏÏܲ C4 !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ ÓˆÏ°–
~•z ò%•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ~ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ¢!ܲS%È ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎà%!° !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–

13.7.1 CO2 ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ / (The primary acceptor of CO2)

§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xrôܲyÓ˚ ò¢y xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ˆÎ ≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ã˛°
xyÙÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆ§•z ≤ß¿!ê˛ Ü˛!Ó˚– CO2 @˝Ã•î å§ÇÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ä ˛õÓ˚ ˆÎÔà xî%!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Î˚!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ≈l ÌyܲˆÏÓñ
!ï˛l!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ≈l !ܲ åPGA xî%Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeä⁄
xôƒÎ˚lܲyˆÏ° á%Ó•z x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ ~ê˛y ˆòáy ˆà° ˆÎ ~•z @˝Ã•#ï˛y xî%!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ 5 ܲyÓ≈l !Ó!¢T˛
!ܲˆÏê˛yç ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y Ó˚y•z!Óí˛zˆÏ°yç !Ó§ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ (RuBP)– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ˆÜ˛í˛z ~•z §Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ!˚ SȈ°
Ï ⁄ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆl•zñ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚yG xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ!SȈ°
Ï l–
ï˛yÓ˚y ~ê˛yG !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ≤ÃÌÙ §,T˛ í˛z˛õçyï˛ Ó›!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ C3 x¡‘ ï˛y•z ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
@˝Ãy•Ü˛!ê˛ •Î˚ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%•z ܲyÓ≈l !Ó!¢T˛ ˆÎÔàó ï˛ˆÏÓ 5 ܲyÓ≈l !Ó!¢T˛ RuBP ˆÜ˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ï˛yÓ˚y ò%•z
ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ ˆÎÔà!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ó•% ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
13.7.2 ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛Ü˛ (Calvin Cycle)
ˆÜ˛°!˲l ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §•Ü˛Ù≈#Ó˚y ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ xy_#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ!ê˛ ˆÓÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎñ ~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ!ê˛ ã˛Ü˛yܲyˆÏÓ˚ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚
RuBP ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõy!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~ál ã˛° xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y
§ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚⁄ ~ê˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏV˛ !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ C3 xÌÓy C4 åxÌÓy xlƒ ˆÜ˛ylä !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï
§Ó §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# í˛z!qˆÏò•z ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛Ü˛ âˆÏê˛ å!ã˛e 7.8 ˆòˆÏáyä–
§•ç˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ C3 Óy C4 Óy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õÌ !Ó!¢T˛ û !ï˛l!ê˛ ôyˆÏ˛õ
Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~à%!° •ˆÏ°y ܲyÓ≈l !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Carboxylation) ò¢yñ !ÓçyÓ˚l (Reduction)
ò¢y ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl (Regeneration) ò¢y–
1. ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ò¢y (Carboxylation) ı
ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î •° ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyÎ˚# xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# ˆÎÔˆÏà CO2 ~Ó˚ xyÓÂô •GÎ˚y– ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z
x:y•zí˛ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl RuBP Ó˚ ܲyÓ≈!:ˆÏ°¢ˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– !Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ RuBP ܲyÓ≈!:ˆÏ°ˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ò%•z xî%
 í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚˛ í˛z!qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï 217

ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°

Ó˚y•z!Óí˛zˆÏ°yç C02 + H2O

1,5-
!Ó§Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛

ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚
!fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
ADP

˛õ%lÓ˚Í% ˛õyòl
3- Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y !@’§yˆÏÓ˚ê˛

ATP
ATP
!ÓçyÓ˚l +
NADPH

ê˛∆yˆÏÎy˚ ç Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
ADP
+
Pi +NADP+

§%ˆÏܲyçñ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y
!ã˛e 13.8 ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ı (1) ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ ~Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î û CO2 ~Ó˚ Ó˚y•z!Óí˛zˆ°
Ï yç
1,5, !Ó§Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏê˛ §ÇÎ%!=˛ (2) !ÓçyÓ˚lÈüÈATP G NADPH ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚
G ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ (3) ˛õ%lÓ˚%ͲõyòlÈüÈÓ˚y•z!Óí˛zˆÏ°yç 1.5 !Ó§Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl–
3-PGA åÊ˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!@’§y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ä í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ RuBP Ó˚ §!•ï˛ x!:ˆÏçl §ÇÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲG
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z ~•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ RuBP ܲyÓ≈!:ˆÏ°ç x!:!çˆÏlç Óy RuBISCO åÓ˚y•z!Óí˛zˆÏ°yç !Ó§ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
ܲyÓ≈!:ˆÏ°ç x!:!çˆÏlçä Ó°y•z x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ Î%!=˛Î%=˛ •ˆÏÓ–
2É !ÓçyÓ˚l (Reduction)
~•z ôy˛õà%ˆ°Ï yˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏlܲàˆ% °Ï y !Ó!ܲÎy˚ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yç ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ~•z ôy˛õà%ˆ°Ï yˆÏï˛ Ê˛§ˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ 2 xî% ATP ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔˆÏà xyÓÂô ≤Ã!ï˛ xî% CO2 ~Ó˚ !ÓçyÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ çlƒ 2 xî% NADPH ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ xî% @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yç ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ 6 xî% CO2 ~Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ 6 ÓyÓ˚ xyÓï≈˛l ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl–
3. ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl (Regeneration)
~•z ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° CO2 @˝Ãy•Ü˛ xî% RuBP Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl á%Ó•z çÓ˚%Ó˚#– ~•z ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl ôyˆÏ˛õ
218 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~ܲ xî% RuBP í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚çlƒ Ê˛ˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ܲ xî% ATP ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ÓT˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ xî% CO2 ~Ó˚ xy_#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛l xî% ATP ~ÓÇ ò%•z xî%
NADPH ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– §Ω˛Óï˛ xrôܲyÓ˚ ò¢y Óy xyˆÏ°yܲ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ò¢yÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ~•z ATP ~ÓÇ
NADPH xî%Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛ xyÓï≈˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚#˲Ól âˆÏê˛–
~ܲ xî% @’%ˆÏܲyç ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ã˛Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ 6 ÓyÓ˚ xyÓï≈˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ xî% @’%ˆÏܲyç §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ATP G NADPH ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÓ ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓy˚ ⁄
~ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §Ó!ܲS%È ï˛ál•z ï%˛!Ù Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛ˆÏܲ ܲ# ܲ# í˛z˛õyòyl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•ˆÏFSÈ xyÓ˚ ܲ# í˛zͲõߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲy•z–

ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛ˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ

ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl í˛z˛õyòyl
6 xî% CO2 ~ܲ xî% @’%ˆÏܲyç
18 ATP 18 ADP
12 NADPH 12 NADP

13.8 C4 !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ (The C4 Pathway)

ˆÎ§Ó í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚y ¢%‹Ò ܲyhs˝#Î˚ xM˛ˆÏ° Ó§ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§•z§Ó í˛z!qˆÏò•z C4 !Ó!ܲÎ˚y
˛õÌ!ê˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ!ê˛Ó˚ ܲÌy xyˆÏà•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG ~•z§Ó í˛z!qˆÏò ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z
x:y•zí˛ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÎÔà !•§yˆÏÓ C4 x:yˆÏ°y xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ (OAA) í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
ï˛Ó% C3 ã˛Ü˛ Óy ˆÜ˛°!˲lã˛Ü˛•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ò¢y– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~§Ó í˛z!qòÓ˚y C3 í˛z!qò ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰
!òˆÏܲ xy°yòy •Î˚⁄ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ≤ß¿ê˛y xy§y á%Ó•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ–
C4 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z!qò ı ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ
~Ó˚y x!ôܲ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ôܲ ï˛#Óï˛yÎ˚ §yí˛¸y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ x!ôܲ í˛zͲõyòl âˆÏê˛– ~ÓyÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~•zà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
~ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
~ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ C3 í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ C4 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ °¡∫ˆÏFSÈò xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ !ܲS%È ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°⁄ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ܲ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛°ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy
xyÓÓ˚î#ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
C4 !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~Ùl í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛°ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy ≤Ãôylï˛ Óí˛¸ ˆÜ˛y¢à%!°ˆÏܲ
Óy!u˛° !¢ò‰ ˆÜ˛y¢ ӈϰ xyÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ°yfiÌy!lܲ àë˛lˆÏܲ ܲyO xƒylyê˛!Ù (Kranz Anatomy) ӈϰ– ܲyO (Kranz) ܲÌyÓ˚ xÌ≈
•° ÚÓ°Î˚Û Óy ÚÙy°yÛ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §IyÜ˛ÙˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z Óy!u˛° !¢ò ˆÜ˛y¢à%!° ly!°Ü˛y
Óy!u˛°ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏlܲà%!° hflÏÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° x!ôܲ
§ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ñ àƒy§#Î˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ x«˛Ù ~Ùl ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ñ ˆÜ˛y¢yhs˝Ó˚ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È C4 í˛z!qò ˆÎÙl Ë%˛Ry Óy Óy!°≈ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˆSÈò ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ~•z ܲyO xƒylyê˛!Ù ~ÓÇ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛°
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚–
 í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚˛ í˛z!qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï 219

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y á%Ó•z Ùçy ˛õyˆÏÓ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y §Ç@˝Ã•
ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õyï˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ °¡∫ˆÏFSÈò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáy– xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚
Ìyܲy Óy!u˛° !¢ò‰!ê˛ áÑ%ˆÏç ˆòˆÏáy– Óy!u˛° !¢ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ C4 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî §y•y΃
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ál !ã˛e 13.9 ~ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õÌ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õÌ!ê˛G xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ÎyˆÏܲ •ƒyã˛ G fl‘ƒyܲ (Hatch and Slack Pathway) !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õÌ ÓˆÏ°– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y !lˆÏ¡¨ Ó!î≈ï˛
ôyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲ!Ùܲ ~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚l ܲ!Ó˚–
~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õˆÏÌ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆÎ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ CO2 @˝Ãy•Ü˛!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ï˛l ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ ˆÎÔà Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y~l°
˛õy•zÓ˚%ˆÏË˛ê˛ (PEP)ñ ~!ê˛ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛– ~•z !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î !Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ PEP ܲyÓ≈!:ˆÏ°ç
(PEP Case) í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛– ~áyˆÏl ~!ê˛G à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !ܲv
RuBisCO í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ÌyˆÏܲly– C4 x¡‘ x:yˆÏ°y xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ (OAA) ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•Î˚–
OAA Óy x:yˆÏ°yxƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z Ùƒy!°Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ Óy xƒy§˛õyÓ˚!ê˛Ü˛
xƒy!§í˛ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xlƒylƒ ã˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ≈l !Ó!¢T˛ ܲyÓ≈l ˆÎÔàà%!° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ G ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Óy!u˛° !¢ò‰ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢

ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ CO2
ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈y
ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛°
ˆÜ˛y¢
ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y~l°
˛õy•zÓˆ%̊ ËÏ ˛ê˛

!fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ˛õ%lÓ˚Í% ˛õyòl

˛≤’yçˆÏÙy
ˆí˛§Ùyê˛y

Óy!u˛°!¢ò
ˆÜ˛y¢
§Ù)•
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î

!í˛Ü˛yÓ≈!:ˆÏ°¢l

!ã˛e 13.9 ı •ƒyã˛ ~ÓÇ fl‘ƒyܲ ˛õˆÏÌÈüÈÓ˚ (Hatch and slack Pathway) !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ ..
220 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z Óy!u˛° !¢ò‰ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z C4 x¡‘à%ˆÏ°y ˆË˛ˆÏ. CO2 ~ÓÇ 3 ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ ˆÎÔà í˛zͲõߨ
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ï˛l ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ ˆÎÔà!ê˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ xyÓyÓ˚ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y ~ˆÏly° ˛õy•zÓ%̊ˆÏ˲ˆÏê˛
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ñ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ •Î˚–
Óy!u˛° !¢ò‰ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !là≈ï˛ CO2, C3 Óy ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎ ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ §Ó í˛z!qˆÏò•z
âˆÏê˛– Óy!u˛° !¢ò‰ ˆÜ˛y¢à%!° Ó˚y•z!Óí˛zˆ° Ï yç !Ó§‰Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ Ü˛yÓ≈!:ˆÏ°ç x!:!çˆÏlç (RuBisCO) í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛
§Ù,Âô •Î˚ !ܲv ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y ~ˆÏly° ˛õy•zÓ˚%ˆÏË˛ê˛ Ü˛yÓ≈!:ˆÏ°ç (PEP Case) ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ï˛y•z
¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ù)° !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ C3 ~ÓÇ C4 í˛z˲Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏò•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ C3 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ âˆÏê˛⁄ ~•z ã˛Ü˛!ê˛
ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ âˆÏê˛lyñ !ܲv ¢%ô%Ùye Óy!u˛° !¢ò ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ• âˆÏê˛–
13.9 xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l åPhotorespirationä /
ã˛° xyÙÓ˚y xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y xÌ≈yÍ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ Îy C3 ~ÓÇ C4
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ôy˛õ!ê˛ xÌ≈yÍ CO2 Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ôy˛õ!ê˛ xyÓ˚G ~ܲê%˛ !Ó¢ˆÏò çylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– RuBP,
CO2 ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ RuBisCO ÈÓ˚ È≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ 2 xî% 3-PGA í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

RuBisCO 2 x 3PGA
RuBP + CO2 ––––––––––

RuBisCO •ˆÏFSÈ ˆ§•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ˆÎ!ê˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– åˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ xyŸã˛Î≈ •ˆÏÎS˚ È⁄
ˆÜ˛l⁄ä ~•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ §!ܲÎ˚ܲ fiÌyˆÏl CO2 ~ÓÇ O2 í˛z˲Î˚•z Î%=˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚˛) õ lyÙܲÓ˚î
•ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y §Ω˛Ó⁄ RuBisCO Ó˚ O2 ~Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ CO2 ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!ôܲ
xy§!=˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓy˚ ~Ùl ly •ˆÏ° ܲ# •ï˛ú ~•z §ÇÎ%!=˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛– ~!ê˛ O2 ~ÓÇ CO2
~Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ âlˆÏcÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ âlc•z !fiÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÓ–
C3 í˛z!qˆÏò !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî O2 ï˛y•z RuBisCO ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ê˛ˆÏ° CO2 ~Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î •…y§
˛õyÎ˚– ~áyˆÏl RuBP, 2 xî% PGA ~ ˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ O2 ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ xî%
Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!@’§y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ~ÓÇ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y@’y•zˆÜÏ ˛y!°Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÎ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õˆÏÌ ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ âˆÏê˛
ï˛yˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l ӈϰ– ~•z xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l ˛õˆÏÌ ˆÎÙl ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ly ˆï˛Ù!l ATPG í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚
ly ÓÓ˚M˛ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ATP ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ CO2 ~Ó˚ Ù%!=˛ âˆÏê˛– xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ATP Óy NADPH §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ly ï˛y•z xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l ~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õã˛Î˚ܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y–
C4 í˛z!qˆÏò xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l âˆÏê˛ ly ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ~•z ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È Îy
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ §Ç°@¿ fiÌyˆÏl CO2 ~Ó˚ âlc Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ âˆÏê˛ Îál ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xyàï˛ C4 x¡‘!ê˛ Óy!u˛° !¢ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆË˛ˆÏ. !àˆÏÎ˚ CO2 í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛ál•z CO2 ~Ó˚ xhs˝/ˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ âlc
Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ RuBisCO í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ x!:!çˆÏlç ܲyÎ≈˛õÂô!ï˛ Ü˛!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ܲyÓ≈!:ˆÏ°ç
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ ܲyç ܲÓ˚y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚
~ál ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyl C4 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l âˆÏê˛ lyñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ ~ê˛yG Ó%ˆVÏ ˛ ˆàSÈ ˆÜ˛l C4
í˛z!qˆÏò í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y G Ê˛°l «˛Ùï˛y x!ôܲï˛Ó˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y ~•z í˛z!qòÓ˚y í˛zFã˛ï˛y˛õÙyey G §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ˆ§•z í˛z!qò ˆày¤˛#ˆÏܲ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏï˛ C3 !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ C4 !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚⁄ §yÓ˚!î ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ¢)lƒfiÌyl ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
 í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚˛ í˛z!qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï 221

ï˛y!°Ü˛y 13.1 - C3 ~ÓÇ C4 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó%V˛yÓ˚ çlƒ §yÓ˚!î

ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛Ó˚ hflÏΩ˛ 2 ~ÓÇ hflÏΩ˛ 3 ˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚y
ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ C3 í˛z!qò C4 í˛z!qò §!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛ ˆÓˆÏSÈ lyG

ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôÓ˚l ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛Ü˛ âˆÏê˛ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛°‡Óy!u˛°!¢ò‡í˛z˲Î˚•z

ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôÓ˚l ˆÎáyˆÏl ܲyÓ≈l !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛°‡Óy!u˛°!¢ò‡í˛z˲Î˚•z

≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y âˆÏê˛–
˛õyï˛y!fiÌï˛ Ü˛ï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ CO2 !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ò%•zı Óy!u˛°!¢ò ~ÓÇ
âê˛yÎ˚ ~ܲı ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛°
!ï˛lı Óy!u˛°!¢òñ ˛õƒy!°ˆÏ§í˛ñ
flõO# ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛°

≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ CO2 @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛ RuBP/PEP/PGA

≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ CO2 @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲ ܲyÓ≈l §Çáƒy Ü˛ï˛ 5/4/3

CO2 ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆîÏ í˛zͲõߨ Ó› ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛⁄ PGA/OAA/RuBP/PEP

CO2 !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ˆÎÔˆÏà ܲyÓ≈l §ÇáƒyÈüÈ 3/4/5

í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly RuBisCO xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ •Ñƒy ‡ ly‡ §Ó≈òy lÎ˚

í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly PEP Case xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ •Ñƒy ‡ ly‡ §Ó≈òy lÎ˚

í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï ˛ RuBisCO ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛°‡Óy!u˛°!¢ò‡ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z lÎ˚

Óï≈˛Ùyl⁄
í˛zFã˛ xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ CO2 !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ á%Ó Ü˛Ù‡ˆÓ!¢‡ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛
•yÓ˚ ˛ RuBisCO Óï≈˛Ùyl⁄
Ü˛Ù ï˛#Ó xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l •Î˚ !ܲ⁄ ˆÓ!¢‡ á%Ó §yÙylƒ‡ ܲáˆÏly

ˆÓ!¢ ï˛#Ó xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l •Î˚ !ܲ⁄ ˆÓ!¢‡ á%Ó §yÙylƒ‡ ܲáˆÏly

!l¡¨ CO2 âlˆÏc xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l •Î˚ !ܲ⁄ ˆÓ!¢‡ á%Ó §yÙylƒ‡ ܲáˆÏly

í˛zFã˛ CO2 âlˆÏc xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l •Î˚ !ܲ⁄ ˆÓ!¢‡ á%Ó §yÙylƒ‡ ܲáˆÏly

§Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y xl%Ü)˛° ï˛y˛õÙyey 30-400 C/20-250C/above 40 C

í˛zòy•Ó˚î §Ù)• !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ °¡∫ˆÏFSÈò ܲˆÏÓ˚ xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚

§y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ܲˆÏÓy˚ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆ°Ï yˆÏï˛ Ü˛yO xƒylyê˛!Ù
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ !ܲly ˆòˆÏáy ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ hflψÏΩ˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y
Ë%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
 222 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

13.10 §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï !lÎ˚sfîܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã˲yÓܲ åFactors affecting Photosynthesisä/

§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°y ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ Ó%ˆÏV˛ ˆlGÎ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ¢§ƒ
í˛z!qò§• !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ê˛°l !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏî §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yÓ˚ á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ xhs˝/fiÌ åí˛z!qòä ~ÓÇ Ó!•/fiÌ í˛z˲Î˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ myÓ˚y
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– í˛z!qI ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%!° •ˆÏ°y ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ §Çáƒyñ xyܲyÓ˚ñ ÓÎ˚§ ~ÓÇ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ !Ólƒy§ñ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛°
ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù)• ~ÓÇ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ñ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î CO2 ~Ó˚ âlc ~ÓÇ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî– í˛z!qI
xÌÓy xhs˝/fiÌ ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°y í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !çˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ~ÓÇ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó!•/fiÌ ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°y •° §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãï%˛°ï˛yñ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yñ CO2 ~Ó˚ âlc ~ÓÇ ç°– Îál
í˛z!qò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z§Ó ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ•z§yˆÏÌ ~Ó˚ •yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z
Î!òG Ó•% ≤Ã˲yÓܲ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï Óy CO 2 !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ìy!˛õ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyÓ˚î xÌÓy ~Ó˚
•yÓ˚ˆÏܲ §#!Ùï˛ Ó˚yˆÏá– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï#Î˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙÎ˚ ˆ§•z ≤Ã˲yÓܲ myÓ˚y•z !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛
•Î˚ ˆÎ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y xl%Ü)˛° ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã˲yÓܲ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ÓœƒyÜ˛ÙƒyˆÏlÓ˚
§#ÙyfiÌ §)e (1905) ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°– §)e!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y ÚÚÎ!ò ˆÜ˛yl Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ܲy!ôܲ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ myÓ˚y
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ≤Ã˲yÓܲ myÓ˚y•z !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚ Ùyl l)ƒlï˛Ù ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ~!ê˛ •° ˆ§•z ≤Ã˲yÓܲ ˆÎ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îál ~Ó˚ ÙyeyÓ˚
Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛–ÛÛ
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ §Ó%ç ˛õyï˛yñ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ ~ÓÇ CO2 ~Ó˚
âlc !ë˛Ü˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°G í˛z!qò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï lyG ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Î!ò
í˛z£÷Ïï˛y á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù •Î˚– ~•z ˛õyï˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z Îál §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y xl%Ü)˛°
í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ Ó˚yáy •Î˚ñ ï˛ál•z §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÓ–
13.10.1 xyˆÏ°yܲ åLightä
°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yÓ˚
§yˆÏphotosynthesis

C Îál xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yܲˆÏܲ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ !•§yˆÏÓ

B
E xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó ï˛ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ à%îÙylñ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛#Óï˛y
~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
A !l¡¨ xyˆÏ°yܲ ï˛#Óï˛yÎ˚ xy˛õ!ï˛ï˛ xyˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ CO2 !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
Rate of

ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚°˜ÏÓ!˚ áܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xlƒ ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆ° Ï y
§#!Ùï˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•z í˛zFã˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ ï˛#Óï˛yÎ˚ ~•z •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyÓ˚ ܲÙÓ,!Âô
âˆÏê˛ly– ÙçyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ~•z ˆÎ ˛õ)î≈ §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùye 10 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
D fiÌyˆÏl•z xyˆÏ°yܲ §¡õ,!=˛ âˆÏê˛– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ í˛z!qò SÈyÎ˚y ˆâÓ˚y
xyˆÏ
°yÓ˚ intensity
Light ï˛#Óï˛y xM˛° !ܲÇÓy à˲#Ó˚ xÓ˚ˆîÏ ƒ çß√yˆÏly í˛z!qòà%ˆ° Ï y SÈyí˛¸y ܲòy!ã˛Í•z xyˆÏ°yܲ
§#ÙyfiÌ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §#ÙyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xy˛õ!ï˛ï˛
!ã˛e 13.10 / §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï#Î˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Óyí˛¸ˆÏ° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° xî% ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §yˆÏ°yܲ
xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛#Óï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e
§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
 í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚˛ í˛z!qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï 223

13.10.2 ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ ~Ó˚ âlc åCarbondioxide Concentrationä /

ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%რ§#ÙyfiÌ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ– ÓyÎ˚%Ùu˛ˆÏ° CO2 ~Ó˚ âlc
á%Ó Ü˛Ù å0.03% G 0.04% ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒä– Î!ò CO2 ~Ó˚ âlc Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ 0.05% ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál
CO2 ~Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– CO2 ~Ó˚ âlc 0.05% ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏ° ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚
ôˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
C3 ~ÓÇ C4 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚y CO2 âlˆÏc !˲ߨ !˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ §yí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚– Ü˛Ù xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ C3 Óy C 4 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆày¤˛#•z í˛zFã˛ CO2 âlˆÏc §yí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚ ly– xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ôܲ ï˛#Óï˛yÎ˚ C3 ~ÓÇ C4 í˛z˲Î˚
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ~ܲê˛y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ~•z ˆÎ C4 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe CO2 §¡õ,!=˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 360µlL–1 âlˆÏc âˆÏê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ C3 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚y CO2 ~Ó˚ âlc Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ §yí˛¸y
ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye 450µlL–1 ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚•z CO2ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §¡õ,!=˛ âˆÏê˛– ï˛y•z ÓyÎ˚%Ùu˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
CO2 ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî C 3 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §#ÙyfiÌ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ–

âê˛ly!ê˛ •° ~•z ˆÎ C3 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚y í˛zFã˛ CO2 âlˆÏc §yí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚ ï˛y•z §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô
˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚y í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#° •Î˚– ~•z ôÙ≈ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ê˛ˆÏÙˆÏê˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒy˛õ!§Ü˛yÙ
åˆÓ° ˆ˛õ˛õyÓ˚ä ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È @˝Ã#l•yí˛z§ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– x!ôܲ Ê˛°l ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ CO2 §Ù,Âô ÓyÎ˚%Ùu˛°#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ~•z §Ó í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
13.10.3 í˛z£÷Ïï˛y åTemperatureä/

xrôܲyÓ˚ ò¢yÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚y í˛z£÷Ïï˛y myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– Î!òG xyˆÏ°yܲ
ò¢yÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°yG í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° ï˛Ó%G ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z Ü˛Ù– C4
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚y x!ôܲ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ §yí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ !ܲv C3
í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y xl%Ü)˛° Ùyl xˆÏlܲê˛y•z Ü˛Ù •Î˚–
!Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y xlÜ)˛° ï˛y˛õÙyey G Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ åxÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ fiÌyˆÏl
~Ó˚y Ó§ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#ä í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ly!ï˛¢#ˆÏï˛y£Ï̄ ç°ÓyÎ%̊ xM˛ˆÏ° Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
ܲyhs˝#Î˚ xM˛ˆÏ° Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ xl%Ü)˛° ï˛y˛õÙyey xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚–
13.10.4 ç° (Water)

Î!òG xyˆÏ°yܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚ܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ç°G ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚ܲñ ï˛Ó%G ≤Ã˲yÓܲ !•§yˆÏÓ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Îï˛ê˛y ≤Ã˲yÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˆÓ!¢– çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˲yÓç!lï˛
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õeÓ˚rô Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° CO2 ~Ó˚ ≤Ãï%˛°ï˛y •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˲yˆÏÓ
˛õyï˛yà%ˆÏ°yG l%•zˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z ˛õyï˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚G •…y§
˛õyÎ˚–
224 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

§yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ åSummaryä

§Ó%ç í˛z!qò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ áyòƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ CO2 ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ à,•#ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y Ù)°ï˛ @’%ˆÏܲyç ~ÓÇ ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó%ç xÇ¢ ≤Ãôylï˛ ˛õyï˛yˆÏï˛•z âˆÏê˛–˛ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ x!ôܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yfiê˛ CO2 !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˛õò≈yà%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ ò¢y âˆÏê˛– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ˆfiê˛∆yÙy xLjϢ âˆÏê˛– §yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ò%!ê˛ ò¢yÎ˚ •Î˚ı xyˆÏ°yܲ ò¢y ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ≈l !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î !Ó!ܲÎ˚y–
xyˆÏ°yܲ ò¢yÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ ¢!=˛ñ xƒyˆÏrê˛ly!fiÌï˛ Ó˚Oܲ myÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a xî% xÌ≈yÍ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y
ˆÜ˛w ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° ~ ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl ò%!ê˛ Ó˚Oܲï˛sf Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈI ~ÓÇ Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈII– Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈI ~Ó˚
!Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È 700 nm ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâƒ≈ Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ ˆ¢y£ÏîܲyÓ˚# ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ !Ê˛° a P700 xî% ~ÓÇ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈII
~Ó˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˆÜ˛w!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y P680ñ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a xî% Îy 680nm ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒ °y° xyˆÏ°yܲ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏ°yܲ
ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ PSII ~ÓÇ PSI ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï NAD ˆï˛
ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ñ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° NAD, NADH ~ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ Ìy•z°yܲˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l
ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎ˚rê˛ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ATPase í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ FO xLjϢÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°yã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎ˚rê˛ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚
~ÓÇ ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ¢!=˛ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî%Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçl Ó˚Oܲ ï˛sf üÈ II ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ
~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° O2ñ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l !là≈ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y Ó˚Oܲï˛sfÈüÈII ˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
ܲyÓ≈l !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ã˛ˆÏܲ CO2, 5 ܲyÓ≈l !Ó!¢T˛ ˆÎÔà RuBP ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAàñ RuBisCO í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Î%=˛ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° RuBP ò%•z xî% !ï˛l ܲyÓ≈l !Ó!¢T˛ ˆÎÔà PGA ˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~•z PGA ï˛ál ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ G RuBP Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl âˆÏê˛– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ ò¢yÎ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ ATP ~ÓÇ
NADPH ÓƒÓ•,Èï˛ •Î˚– RuBisCO Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ C3 í˛z!qˆÏò xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õã˛Î˚ܲyÓ˚# x!:ˆÏçl §ÇÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î !Ó!ܲÎ˚yG
âˆÏê˛ Îy •° xyˆÏ°yܲ Ÿª§l–
!ܲS%È Ü˛yhs˝#Î˚ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z!qˆÏò ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ C4 !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ
ӈϰ– ~•z í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ܲ°yÎ˚ ܲyÓ≈l !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÎÔà!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ 4 ܲyÓ≈l !Ó!¢T˛
ˆÎÔà– ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z§Ó í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Óy!u˛° !¢ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛Ü˛ âˆÏê˛–

xl%¢#°l#

1. ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!•/fiÌ àë˛l ˆòˆÏá ï%˛!Ù !ܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ í˛z!qò!ê˛ C3 ly C4 í˛z!qò⁄ ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ⁄
2. ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l àë˛l ˆòˆÏá ï%˛!Ù Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ í˛z!qò!ê˛ !ܲ C3 ly C4 í˛z!qò⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. Î!òG C4 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ á%Ó x“ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ò¢y xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛°!˲l ã˛Ü˛ âˆÏê˛ ï˛Ó%G ~Ó˚y Ê˛°l¢#°– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ
í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚˛ í˛z!qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï 225

xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l ~Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚⁄

4. RuBisCO •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ Îy ܲyÓ≈!:ˆÏ°ç ~ÓÇ x!:!çˆÏlç í˛z˲Î˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ•z ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l
˲yÓSÈ RuBisCO, C4 í˛z!qˆÏò ˆÓ!¢ ܲyÓ≈!:ˆÏ°¢l âê˛yÎ˚⁄
5. ôˆÏÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl í˛z!qˆÏò ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° b ~Ó˚ âlc ˆÓ!¢ !ܲv ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° a xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ñ ~•z í˛z!qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï âê˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ⁄
Î!ò •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° b ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §•yÎ˚ܲ Ó˚Oܲà%ˆÏ°y ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛l⁄
6. xrôܲyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏ° ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Óî≈ ˆÜ˛l •°%ò Óy •°ˆÏòˆÏê˛ §Ó%ç •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó˚Oܲ!ê˛ x!ôܲ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ӈϰ ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl
ܲÓ˚⁄
7. ~ܲ•z í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛yˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ fiÌyˆÏl ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛yˆÏܲ SÈyÎ˚y ˆâÓ˚y fiÌyˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòá Óy ê˛ˆÏÓ °yàyˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ SÈyÎ˚y ˆâÓ˚y fiÌyˆÏl çß√yˆÏly í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆÜ˛yl‰
àySÈ!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyï˛y àyì˛¸ §Ó%ç ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l⁄
8. 13.10 !ã˛ˆÏe §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˆ°á!ã˛e!ê˛ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG û
åܲä ~•z ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó®%‡ !Ó®%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ åA,B Óy Cä xyˆÏ°yܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §#ÙyfiÌ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ–
åáä A xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §#ÙyfiÌ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
åàä ~•z ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe C ~ÓÇ Ü˛# í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
9. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y /
åܲä C3 ~ÓÇ C4 !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ
åáä xyÓï≈˛yܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlyÓï≈˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚#˲Ól–
åàä C3 ~ÓÇ C4 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl–
 226 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xôƒyÎ˚ 14 åChapter 14ä

í˛!z qˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿª§l åRespiration in Plantsä

14.1 í˛z!qòÓ˚y !ܲ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈

ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ•z Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ •Î˚– !ܲv ˆÜ˛l ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ~ï˛ê˛y
ã˛y°yÎ˚⁄ çÓ˚%!Ó˚⁄ xyÙÓ˚y Îál Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°y•zñ ï˛ál ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄ í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ xî%ç#Ó§• §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›•z !ܲ
14.2 @’y•zˆÜÏ ˛y°y•z!§§ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°yÎ˚⁄ Î!ò ï˛y•z •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ⁄
14.3 §rôyl
14.4 §Óyï˛ Ÿª§l §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚•z ˜òl!®l !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õñ ˆÎÙl ˆ¢y£Ïîñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îñ ã˛°lñ ≤Ãçll ~Ùl!ܲ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈
14.5 Ÿª§ˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ G §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~•z §Ó ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ¢!=˛ ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§⁄ xyÙÓ˚y
í˛zͲõߨ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §Óy•z çy!l ¢!=˛ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ•z xyÙÓ˚y áyòƒ @˝Ã•î ܲ!Ó˚– !ܲv ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ áyòƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ¢!=˛ ˛õy•z ~ÓÇ
í˛zm_˛õe åBalance ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ•z Óy ~•z ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚⁄ §Ó áyòƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ܲ §Ù˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ¢!=˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ í˛z!qòÓ˚y !ܲ Úáyòƒ
sheetä @˝Ã•îÛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄ í˛z!qòÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ¢!=˛ ˛õyÎ˚⁄ xî%ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢!=˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
14.6 í˛z˲Î˚Ù%á# !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛õ)Ó˚î •Î˚ñ ~Ó˚yG !ܲ áyòƒ@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
˛õÌ
14.7 Ÿªy§ xl%˛õyï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óy í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ ~ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ≤ß¿ ˆòˆÏá xÓyܲ•z •ˆÏÎ˚SÈ– ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏá xy˛õyï˛ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛
~ê˛y•z ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÎñ ~Ó˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ lÎ˚– !ܲv ÓyhflψÏÓ Ÿªy§ ≤ߪy§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y
~ÓÇ áyòƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ù%!=˛ âê˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y
ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y âˆÏê˛–

ç#Ól ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §Ó ¢!=˛ !ܲS%È Ó,•òyܲyÓ˚ ˜çÓ xî%Ó˚ çyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y áyòƒ Ó!°– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye §Ó%ç í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ §yÎ˚yˆÏly Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ áyòƒ !lˆÏçÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ˆÏܲ xyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
¢!=˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ¢!=˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚˛) õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yçñ §%ˆÜÏ ˛yç ~ÓÇ ˆŸªï˛§yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Órôl#à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏï˛
§!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎÈüüüÈ §Ó%ç í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚G §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢ñ ܲ°y ~ÓÇ xAà
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛•z §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï
âˆÏê˛– ~•z ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛Î%=˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z í˛z!qò xˆÏAàÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ° xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
 í˛!zqˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿª§l 227

ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ùl!ܲ §Ó%ç í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ x§Ó%ç xlƒ §Ó xAàñ ܲ°y ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ G çyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÈ– ï˛y•z í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó xÈüȧÓ%ç xLjϢ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç#
åHeterotrophicä xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚y í˛z!qò ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ åí˛zòy/ ï,˛îˆÏ˲yç#ä xÌÓy ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ åí˛zòy/
Ùyǧy¢#ä áyòƒ xy•Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ù,ï˛ç#Ó#Ó˚y áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çlƒ Ù,ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õã˛l¢#° ˜çÓÓ›Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ~ê˛y ÙylˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ç#Ól ˛≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ §Ó áyòƒÓ›Ó˚ çyÓ˚î âˆÏê˛
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yG xy§ˆÏ° §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yçyï˛– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ Ÿª§l Óy ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ù%!=˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˲y.l ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ¢!=˛Ó˚ xyÓÂôܲÓ˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ å•zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeä ÙˆÏôƒ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆÎáyˆÏl ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ç!ê˛° xî%àˆ% ° Ï yÓ˚ ˲y.l ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆêÏ ˛y≤’yçÙ ~ÓÇ Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yˆÏï˛
å~ê˛yG ¢%ô%Ùye •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚Gê˛§ ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeä âˆÏê˛– çyÓ˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛y¢ÙôƒfiÌ ç!ê˛° xî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ C-
C Órôl#Ó˚ ˲y.ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ù%!=˛ âê˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ Ÿª§l åRespiration) ӈϰ– ~•z
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çyÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿª§l Ó› årespiratory substratesä ӈϰ–
Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y xî%à%ˆÏ°y çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ù%!=˛ âê˛yÎ˚ !ܲv ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÈ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏò ˛ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ ˆfl¨• ˛õòyÌ≈ ~Ùl!ܲ !ܲS%È ˜çÓ x¡‘G åorganic acidä Ÿª§l Ó› !•§yˆÏÓ
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ çyÓ˚îܲyˆÏ° Ÿª§l Ó›ˆÏï˛ §!M˛ï˛ §ÙhflÏ ¢!=˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§
ly Óy ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyˆÏ˛õG âˆÏê˛ ly– ~•z ¢!=˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ô#Ó˚°ˆÏÎ˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ ôyˆÏ˛õ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ~ܲà%FSÈ
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ¢!=˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ATP xî% !•§yˆÏÓ xyÓÂô •Î˚– ï˛y•z ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛y çÓ˚%!Ó˚
ˆÎ Ÿª§lܲyˆÏ° áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ù%=˛ ¢!=˛ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ly Óy xyÓ˚G §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°
ï˛y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– !ܲv ~•z ¢!=˛ ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏî ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– Îál•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ¢!=˛Ó˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ï˛ál•z ~•z ATP xî% ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆçyàyl ˆòÎ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z ATP
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ly!ç≈ ܲyˆÏÓ˚!™ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ• §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ˆÎ§Ó !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ñ ˆ§•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ATP xî%ˆÏï˛ xyÓÂô ¢!=˛ ܲyˆÏç °yˆÏà ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xlƒylƒ
xî%Ó˚ ˜çÓ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙy° !•§yˆÏÓ Ÿª§lܲyˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ܲyÓ≈l ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
14.1 í˛z!qò !ܲ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°yÎ˚⁄ (Do Plants Breathe⁄)
~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ •Ñƒy í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚G Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ O2 ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏòÓ˚G Ÿª§lܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ CO2 !là≈ï˛ •Î˚– ~ê˛y Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎñ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ùl ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ O2 ÈüÈ~Ó˚ °Ë˛ƒï˛yˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• àƒy§#Î˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ xAà ÌyˆÏܲ ly– !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•!fiÌï˛ ˛õeÓ˚rô åStomataä ~ÓÇ ˆ°!rê˛ˆÏ§°
åLenticelsä í˛z!qòˆÏܲ ~•z ܲyˆÏç §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ÿª§l xAà ly ÌyܲyÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl
ܲyÓ˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xÇ¢ñ ~Ó˚ !lçfl∫ àƒy§#Î˚ xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z ˛õ)Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– á%Ó•z x“ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî àƒy§#Î˚ Ó› í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ àƒy§#Î˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ á%Ó ~ܲê˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õˆÏí˛¸ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ñ ܲy[˛ ~ÓÇ
˛õyï˛yÎ˚ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z Ü˛Ù– ¢%ô%Ùye §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî àƒy§#Î˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õyï˛y•z G•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y âˆÏê˛ ï˛ál ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ˆÏï˛ O2 ~Ó˚
ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒy •Î˚ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ O2 ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚•z Ù%=˛ •Î˚–
228 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ~Ùl!ܲ Ó,•òyܲyÓ˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ fl≥˛#ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï í˛zͲõߨ àƒy§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ò)Óc˚ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ lÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛y¢ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
á%Ó•z ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ï˛ƒ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲÌy xÓ¢ƒ•z !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˛õ%Ó˚% ܲy¤˛° ܲy[˛ ~ÓÇ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
ÓyܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛°ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˛õyï˛°y hflψÏÓ˚ !ÓlƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲ– ܲyˆÏ[˛ ˆ°!rê˛ˆÏ§° lyÙܲ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y
!SÈo Óï≈˛Ùyl– ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚fiÌ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Ù,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y í˛z!qòˆÏܲ ¢%ô%Ùye Îy!sfܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y
˛≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚•z ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÇ¢ ÓyÎ%̊Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈
ÌyˆÏܲ– Ù)°ñ ܲy[˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !¢!Ì°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈
ÌyˆÏܲñ Îy ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%à•¥Ó˚ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ çy°Ü˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
@’%ˆÏܲyç xî%Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ çyÓ˚ˆÏî §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï í˛z˛õçyï˛ Ó› !•§yˆÏÓ CO2 ~ÓÇ ç° í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zͲõy!òï˛
¢!=˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z ï˛y˛õ¢!=˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !là≈ï˛ •Î˚–
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Î!ò ~•z ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# xlƒylƒ xî%Ó˚
§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛z!qòˆÏܲy¢ @’%ˆÏܲyç xî% ˲y.ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ê˛y•z ï˛y˛õ¢!=˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÜ˛y¢
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ù)°ï˛ @’%ˆÏܲyç xî%Ó˚ çyÓ˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ~ܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyˆÏ˛õ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ly
•ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ôyˆÏ˛õ âˆÏê˛– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ !ܲS%È !ܲS% ôy˛õ ~ï˛ê˛y•z ò#â≈ •Î˚ ˆÎ ~•z ôyˆÏ˛õ Ù%=˛
¢!=˛ ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç Î%=˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÙˆÏï˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ âˆÏê˛ ï˛y•z Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚
í˛z˛õç#Óƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚–
Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ã˛°y ܲyˆÏ° O2 ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y°kô ˛õòyÌ≈ !•§yˆÏÓ CO2ñ ç° ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛ Ù%=˛
•Î˚– ~•z çyÓ˚î !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ O2 ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ñ !ܲv !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛y¢ ~Ùl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢG ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ lyG ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ å~ÓÇ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ä ܲÌy ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚SÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl x!:ˆÏçl xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛⁄ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ §,T˛
≤ÃÌÙ ç#ÓˆÏܲy¢à%ˆÏ°y ~Ùl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyÜ˛ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl O2 ~Ó˚ x!hflÏc !SÈ° ly ~ÓÇ ~•z §ï˛ƒ!ê˛ !ÓŸªy§
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ΈÏÌT˛ ܲyÓ˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ùl!ܲ Óï≈˛Ùyl ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl !ܲS%È §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ܲÌy
xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ÎyÓ˚y xÓyï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢ Ó§ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛– ~•z ç#Óà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È •° xyÇ!¢Ü˛
xÓyÎ˚ç % #Ó# ˆÎáyˆÏl xlƒylƒ ç#ˆÏÓ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ x!:ˆÏçl !Ó•#l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ Ìyܲy Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛– Îy•z ˆ•yܲ
x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ §y•y΃ SÈyí˛¸y•z @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yˆÏçÓ˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ çyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çlƒ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ÓƒÓfiÌy Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yç ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˛õy•zÓ!%˚ ˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z @’y•zˆÜÏ ˛y°y•z!§§ ӈϰ–
14.2 @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ åGlycolysisä
@’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !@˝Ãܲ ¢∑ Ú@’y•zˆÏܲy§Û ~ÓÇ Ú°y•z!§§Û ˆÌˆÏܲ– ˆÎáyˆÏl Ú@’y•zˆÏܲy§Û
¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ Ú°y•z!§§Û •° ˲y.l– @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ày§≈ã˛y˲
~¡∫ˆÏí˛lñ GˆÏRy ˆÙÎ˚yÓ˚•Ê˛ ~ÓÇ ˆç ˛õyÓ˚ly§ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ EMP ˛õÌG Ó°y •Î˚– xÓyï˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛•z ~ܲÙye Ÿª§l ˛õÂô!ï˛– @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ §Ó ç#Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ âˆÏê ~ÓÇ §Ó
§ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛•z ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ çyÓ˚ˆÏî ò%•z xî% ˛õy•zÓ%̊!˲ܲ
xƒy!§í˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– í˛z!qˆÏò §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ §ÓˆÏ¢£Ï í˛zͲõߨ ˛õòyÌ≈ §%ˆÏܲyç Óy ˆòˆÏ• §!M˛ï˛
 í˛!zqˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿª§l 229

¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– •zl˲yÓ˚ˆêÏ ˛ç í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ
§%ˆÏܲyçñ @’%ˆÏܲyç ~ÓÇ Ê%˛ˆÏQyˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ~ܲܲ
¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y xï˛/˛õÓ˚ @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y ˛õˆÏÌ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
@’%ˆÏܲyç
ˆ•ˆÏ:yܲy•zˆlÏ ç í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yç G Ê˛% ˆÏQyˆÏçÓ˚ Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚#˲Ól å6 ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ä
ATP
âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° @’%ˆÏܲyçÈüÈ6 Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ADP
@’%ˆÏܲyç 6 Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
Ê˛§ˆÏÊ ê˛Î%=˛ ~•z Ó˚˛) õ!ê˛ å@’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yçÈüÈ6- Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ä ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xy•zˆ§Ï yÙyÓ˚ å6 ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ä
Ê%˛ˆÏQyç -6- Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– @’%ˆÏܲyç G Ê%˛ˆÏQyˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚
Ê %˛ˆÏQyç 6 Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ •Î˚– @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôy˛õ ATP å6 ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ä
!ã˛e 14.1 ~ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ADP
Ê ˛ˆÏQyç 1,6 !Ó§Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò¢!ê˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢,CˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yç å6 ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ä
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
ê˛∆yˆÏÎ˚yç Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ ê˛∆yˆÏÎ˚yç Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚àˆ% °
Ï y xôƒÎ˚lܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôyˆÏ˛õ ATP xÌÓy NADPH å!@’§yˆÏÓ˚°!í˛•y•zí˛ÈüÈ 3üÈ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ å!í˛•y•zˆÏí»˛y!: xƒy!§ˆÏê˛yl Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
å3 ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ä å3 ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ä
+ H ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ xÌÓy §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
+
NAD+
NADH+H+
ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ò%•z!ê˛ ôyˆÏ˛õ ATP ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ 2x ê˛∆yˆÏÎ˚yç !Ó§Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
å1, 3 È !Ó§Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!@’§y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ä
•Î˚– ≤ÃÌÙ ôy˛õ!ê˛ •° @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yç ˆÌˆÏܲ @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yçÈüÈ6 üÈ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ å3 ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ä
ADP
§ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ ôy˛õ!ê˛ •° Ê%˛ˆÏQyçüÈ6 ü Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ ˛ˆÌˆÏܲ˛ Ê%˛ˆÏQyç ATP
1, 6- !Ó§Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚– Ê%˛ˆÏQyç 1, 6 !Ó§Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ í˛y•z 2x ê˛∆yˆÏÎ˚yç Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
•y•zˆÏí»˛y!: xƒy!§ˆÏê˛yl Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ ~ÓÇ 3- Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!@’§yÓ˚°!í˛•y•zˆÏí˛ å3üÈ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!@’§y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ä
å3 ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ä
åPGALä !Ó!Ÿ’T˛ •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y °«˛ ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyˆÏ˛õ NAD+
ˆÌˆÏܲ NADH+H+ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ ï˛ál•z âˆÏê˛ Îál 3
2x2üÈ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!@’§yˆÏÓ˚ê˛
Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!@’§yÓ˚°!í˛•y•zí˛ åPGALä ˆÌˆÏܲ 1, 3 !Ó§Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!@’§yˆÏÓ˚ê˛
åBPGAä ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– PGAL ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆÓ˚í˛: §Ùï%˛°ƒ H2O
åò%!ê˛ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õä ~ܲ!ê˛ NAD+ xî%ˆÏï˛ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ 2x Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏÊ˛l° ˛õy•zÓ˚%ˆÏ˲ê˛
•Î˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° PGAL çy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ x˜ÏçÓ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ADP
ATP
§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ BPGA ˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– BPGA ˆÌˆÏܲ 3
2x ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛
Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!@’§y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lG ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yñ å3 ܲyÓ≈lÎ%=˛ä

~•z ¢!=˛ ATP xî%ˆÏï˛ xyÓÂô •Î˚– PEP ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛
à!ë˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ATP xî% í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ~•z !ã˛e 14.1 ı @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ôy˛õ§Ù)•
!Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õˆÏÌ 1 xî% @’%ˆÏܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ Ü˛ï˛ ATP xî% §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛
•Î˚ ï˛y !ܲ ï%˛!Ù !•§yÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄

@’y•zˆÜÏ ˛y°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ Ù%რӛ •° ˛õy•zÓ!%˚ ˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛–

˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ Ü˛#⁄ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– @’y•zˆÜÏ ˛y°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ ˛õy•zÓ!%˚ ˲ܲ
230 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xƒy!§í˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛y¢ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zà%ˆÏ°y •° °ƒy!Qܲ xƒy!§í˛ §rôylñ
ˆÜ˛y•° §rôyl ~ÓÇ §Óyï˛ Ÿª§l– Ó•% ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ G ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#ˆÏÓ §Óyï˛ Ÿª§l
!•§yˆÏÓ §rôyl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– @’ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ çyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° CO2 G ç° åH2Oä í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ ç#ÓˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛Ó§ ã˛Ü˛ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ Îy §Óyï˛ Ÿª§l lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ
x!:ˆÏçl §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–

14.3 §rôyl åFermentationä

§rôyl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y Îyܲ •zˆÏfiê˛ñ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚
x§¡õ)î≈ çyÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ CO2 G •zÌyl° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ
xƒy!§í˛ !í˛ Ü˛yˆÏÓ≈y!:ˆÏ°ç ~ÓÇ xƒy°ˆÏܲy•° !í˛•y•zˆÏí»˛y!çˆÏlç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y
âˆÏê˛– !ܲS%È Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ç#ˆÏÓ ˛õy•zÓ!%̊ ˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ °ƒy!Qܲ xƒy!§í˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y !ã˛e 14.2 ˆï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •°– ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢G
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ Ÿª§lÈüÈ~Ó˚ çlƒ Îál ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ï˛ál °ƒyܲˆÏê˛ê˛ !í˛•y•zˆÏí»˛y!çˆÏlç
í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛ !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ °ƒy!Qܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛
!ÓçyÓ˚ܲ oÓƒ •° NADH+H+ Îy ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ NAD+ ~ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–

°ƒyܲ!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ §rôyl ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y•° §rôyl í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z

@’%ˆÏܲyç
á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ù%!=˛ âˆÏê˛ ly– @’%ˆÏܲyç ÙôƒfiÌ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §yï˛
¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚G Ü˛Ù ¢!=˛ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ù%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yê˛y•z ATP ~Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ ¢!=˛ Órôl# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xyÓÂô •Î˚ ly–
!@’§yˆÏÓ°
˚ !í˛•y•zí˛ xƒy!§í˛ Óy xƒy°ˆÏܲy•° Îy•z í˛zͲõߨ ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y
3 Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ °ƒyܲ!ê˛Ü˛
xƒy!§í˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ !Ó˛õIlܲG ÓˆÏê˛– Îál ~ܲ xî% @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §rôyˆÏl
xƒy°ˆÏܲy•° Óy °ƒyܲ!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ï˛ál ˆÙyê˛ Ü˛ï˛
xî% ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚⁄ å@’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛
ATP ~Ó˚ §Çáƒy àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
3 Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛y!@’§y!Ó˚ܲ ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ
xƒy!§í˛ xƒy!§í˛ ATP ~Ó˚ §Çáƒy Óyò òyGä {ˆÏ fi ê˛Ó˚ §rôylܲyˆÏ ° í˛z Í ˛õߨ
xƒy°ˆÏܲy•ˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc Îál ≤ÃyÎ˚ 13 ¢ï˛yLjϢ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ñ ï˛ál
!Ó£Ï!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z !Ó£Ï!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° •zfiê˛à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z
Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏÊ˛l°
ÙyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ §rôyl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ
•zÌyl°
˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ˛õyl#Î˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ xƒy°ˆÏ Ü ˛y•ˆÏ ° Ó˚ §ˆÏ Ó ≈ y Fã˛ âlc Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏ Ó ⁄
xƒy°ˆÏܲy•° Î%=˛ ˛õyl#Î˚ˆÏï˛ xƒy°ˆÏܲy•ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~•z âlc
!ã˛e 14.2 ı xÓyï˛ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%რ˛õ̧Ù)• xˆÏ˛õ«˛y x!ôܲ âlˆÏcÓ˚ xƒy°ˆÏܲy•° ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ӈϰ ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
 í˛!zqˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿª§l 231

ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yl‰ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y myÓ˚y §ç#ÓÓ› @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ çyÓ˚î âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ áyòƒfiÌ §!M˛ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚
Ù%!=˛ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ !Ó˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ x!ôܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ATP xî% §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ⁄˚ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ çlƒ O2 ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– §Óyï˛
Ÿª§l •° ˆ§•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yñ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ O2 ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˜çÓ Ó›Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ çyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ CO2ñ ç° G
§yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆÏê˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ù%!=˛ âˆÏê˛– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ÿª§l §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚˛ ç#ˆÏÓ
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xLjϢ çylÓ–
14.4 §Óyï˛ Ÿª§l åAerobic Respirationä
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ §Óyï˛ Ÿª§l §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ
xhs˝˛õòyÌ≈ ˛õy•zÓ!%̊ ˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛ §y•zˆêÏ ˛y≤’yçÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– §Óyï˛ Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
Ù%რò%!ê˛ ôy˛õ •°ı
l ˛õy•zÓ%̊!˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ôyˆÏ˛õ ôyˆÏ˛õ §Ó •y•zˆÏí˛» yˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õy•zÓ%̊!˲ܲ
xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ çyÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ !ï˛l xî% CO2 ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§–
l •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y O2 ˛xî% ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚–
ÙçyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ~•z ˆÎ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ôy˛õ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ùƒy!ê˛∆ˆÏ: ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚
ôy˛õ!ê˛ âˆÏê˛ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ xhs˝/˛õò≈yÎ˚–
@’y•zˆÜÏ ˛y°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ §y•zˆêÏ ˛y§ˆÏ° å§y•zˆêÏ ˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ ôyeä ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˲y.ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ˛õy•zÓ!%̊ ˲ܲ
xƒy!§í˛ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ ôyˆÏe ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ !í˛•y•zˆÏí»˛y!çˆÏlç í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ
ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛!ê˛ ç!ê˛° !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çyÓ˚îÙ)°Ü˛ !í˛ Ü˛yˆÏÓy≈ !:ˆÏ°¢l åOxidative decarboxylationä âˆÏê˛–
˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ !í˛•y•zˆÏí»˛y!çˆÏlç í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ç!ê˛° !Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ NAD+
~ÓÇ CO- ~lçy•zÙ A §• Ó•% ˆÜ˛yÈüÈ~lçy•zˆÏÙÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–

Mg2+
˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛ + CoA+NAD+ xƒy!§ê˛y•z° CoA+CO2 +NADH+ H+
˛õy•zÓ˚%ˆÏË˛ê˛ !í˛•y•zˆÏí»˛y!çˆÏlç
~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ã˛°yܲyˆÏ° ò%•z xî% ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ò%•z xî% NADH í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚
åÎy @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲyˆÏ° ~ܲ xî% @’%ˆÏܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆä–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓy˚ =˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ xƒy!§ê˛y•z° ˆÜ˛yÈüÈ~ åAcetyl Co-Aä ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õÌÈüÈ
ê˛∆y•zܲyˆÏÓ≈y!:!°Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ ã˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÓK˛yl# ˆ•™ ˆÜ˛Ó§ åHans Krebsä ≤ÃÌÙ ~•z ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~•z ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ lyÙyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó§ ã˛Ü˛ lyˆÏÙ Ó•%° ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
14.4.1 ê˛∆y•zܲyˆÏÓ≈y!:!°Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ ã˛Ü˛ åTCA Cycleä
TCA åê˛∆y•zܲyˆÏÓ≈y!:!°Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ä ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ xƒy!§ê˛y•z° @˝Ã%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x:yˆÏ°y xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛
åOAAä ~ÓÇ çˆÏ°Ó˚ âl#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §y•z!ê˛∆ܲ xƒy!§í˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ å!ã˛e 14.3ä– §y•zˆÏê˛∆ê˛
!§ˆÏr̈Ïê˛ç í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ xî% Co-A Ù%=˛ •Î˚– §y•zˆêÏ ˛∆ê˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xy•zˆ§Ï yÙyÓ˚
xy•zˆÏ§y§y•z!ê˛∆ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ~ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !í˛ Ü˛yˆÏÓ≈y!:ˆÏ°¢l âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
≤ÃÌÙ ôyˆÏ˛õ α !ܲˆÏê˛y @’%ê˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ §yܲ!§ly•z° Co-A í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
 232 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

˛õy•zÓ˚%ˆÏË˛ê˛ §y•z!ê˛∆ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óy!ܲ ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ §yܲ!§ly•z° Co-A

( 3 C ) NAD+
CoA
çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ OAA åx:yˆÏ°y xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛äÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚
NADH+H+
CO2 ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §yܲ!§ly•z° Co-A §yܲ!§!lܲ
xƒy!§ê˛y•z° Co-A
(2C) xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ xî% GTP ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ •°
§yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ ˆ°ˆÏ˲° Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚#˲Ól– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y˛õ°í˛ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚
x:yˆÏ°y xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í
(4C) §y•z!ê˛∆ܲ xƒy!§í˛ åCoupled reactionä GTP ˆÌˆÏܲ GDP í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
NADH+H + CO2
(6C)
NAD+ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ADP ˆÌˆÏܲ ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ã˛Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛
NAD+
NADH+H+
α !ܲˆÏê˛y@’%ê˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í
fiÌyˆÏl NAD+ !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ NADH+ H+ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyˆÏl
Ùƒy!°Ü˛ xƒy!§í (5C)
FAD+ !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ FADH2 àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– TCA ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
(4C) §y•z!ê˛∆ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ã˛Ü˛
CO2 xƒy!§ê˛y•z° Co-A ~Ó˚ !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ çyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çlƒ ~•z ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ
NAD+
FADH2
NADH+H+ §ò§ƒ x:yˆÏ°y xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ x!ÓÓ˚yÙ ˆÎyàyl Ìyܲy
FAD+ §yܲ!§!lܲ xƒy!§í GDP
(4C) ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~SÈyí˛¸y ~Ó˚ çlƒ NADH ~ÓÇ FADH2 ˆÌˆÏܲ
GTP
ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ NAD+ ~ÓÇ FAD+ ~Ó˚G ˛õ%lÓ˚%ͲõyòlG ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
!ã˛e 14.3 §y•z!ê˛∆ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ã˛Ü˛
Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ç!«˛Æ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î!ê˛ !l¡¨Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆ°áy ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ı

˛õy•zÓ!%̊ ˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛ + 4NAD+ + FAD+ + 2H2O + ADP + Pi

Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚y° Ùƒy!ê˛∆:
3CO2 + 4NADH + 4H+
+ FADH2 + ATP

xyÙÓ˚y ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆòá°yÙ ˆÎ TCA ã˛ˆÏܲ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˲y.ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° CO2 Ù%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢%ô% ò%•z
xî% ATP í˛zͲõߨ •GÎ˚y SÈyí˛¸yG xyê˛ xî% NADH+ H+ ~ÓÇ ò%•z xî% FADH2 §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~•z ˆË˛ˆÏÓ xÓyܲ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l Ÿª§l !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl O2 ˆÜ˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏï˛
ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ ly xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎ !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒÜ˛ ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy !SÈ° ï˛yG •ˆÏFSÈ ly– ~SÈyí˛¸y ~•z
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ NADH +H+ ~ÓÇ FADH2 ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy•z Óy ܲ#⁄ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y Ÿª§ˆÏl O2 ~Ó˚
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ~ÓÇ ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ïî ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–

14.4.2 •zˆ°
Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îï˛sf ~ÓÇ çyÓ˚îÙ)°Ü˛ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚# ˲Ól åElectron transport system
(ETS) and oxidative phosphorylation)

NADH+ H+ ~ÓÇ FADH2 ˆï˛ §!M˛ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ù%!=˛ âê˛yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z Ù%=˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ Ÿª§l
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ !l¡¨Ó!î≈ï˛ ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ ï˛ál•z §¡õ)î≈ •Î˚ Îál ~Ó˚y åNADH+H+ ~ÓÇ
FADH2) •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y O2 xî%ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚
G Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ç° í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ˆÎ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒÓy•ˆÏܲ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚
˚˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îï˛sf Óy •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ê˛∆y™ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù åETS) ӈϰ– ~•z ï˛sf!ê˛
Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl‰!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ xhs˝/˛õò≈yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛
 í˛!zqˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿª§l 233

ˆÜ˛Ó§‰ ã˛Ü˛ ã˛°yܲyˆÏ° Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ ôyˆÏe í˛zͲõߨ

xyhs˝/˛õò≈y Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛yܲl‰!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ùƒy!ê˛∆: Óy ôye
NADH ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ •zˆ° Ï Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆ°Ï yÓ˚ çyÓ˚î NADH fiÌyl xhs˝/˛õò≈y
!í˛•y•zˆÏí˛» y!çˆÏlç åÜ˛ÙˆÏ≤’: Iä ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚
•zˆ°
Ï Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆ° Ï y Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ •zí˛z!ÓÜ%˛•zll
å ubiquinoneä ~ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– §y•z!ê˛∆ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ã˛ˆÏܲ
§yܲ!§!lܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ çyÓ˚îܲyˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ FADH2 åÜ˛ÙˆÏ≤’: Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’:ÈüÈ I
NADH !í˛•y•zˆÏí»˛y!çˆÏlç
IIä ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ÓçyÓ˚ܲ §Ùï%˛°ƒà%ˆÏ°yG •zí˛z!ÓÜ%˛•zll @˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ •zí˛z!ÓÜ%˛•zll å•zí˛z!ÓÜ%˛•zˆÏly°ä xï˛/˛õÓ˚
§y•zˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyÙ bc1 Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’: åÜ˛ÙˆÏ≤’: IIIä ~Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
§y•zˆêÏ ˛yˆÏܲyÙ c ˆï˛ •zˆ° Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
§y•zˆêÏ ˛yˆÏܲyÙ c Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚y xhs˝/˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ó!•à≈yˆÏe Î%=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’:ÈüÈ III
§y•zˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyÙ bc1
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l xî% ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ü˛ÙˆÏ˛≤’: III ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’:
IV ~ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ºyÙƒÙyl Óy•Ü˛ Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’:ÈüÈ II
åMobile Carrierä !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’: IV Ó°ˆÏï˛ §yܲ!§ˆÏlê˛ !í˛•y•zˆÏí»˛y!çˆÏlç
§yܲ!§ˆÏlê˛
§y•zˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyÙ a G a3 ~ÓÇ ò%•z!ê˛ Ü˛˛õyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w §Ù!ß∫ï˛ !Ê˛í˛zÙyˆÏÓ˚ê˛
§y•zˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyÙ c x!:ˆÏí˛ç Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’:ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–

•zˆ°
Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ï˛ˆÏsf Îál •zˆ°Ï ܲê˛∆là%ˆ°
Ï y ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•Ü˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’: I-IVüÈ~Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•ˆÏܲ Óy!•ï˛
Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’:ÈüÈ IV
•Î˚ñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y ADP G x˜ÏçÓ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ATP å§y•zˆÏê˛yˆÏܲyÙ C x!:ˆÏí˛çä
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ AT Pase í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ åÜ˛ÙˆÏ≤’: VäÈüÈ~Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ ATP xî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy Ü˛ï˛ !§ˆÏrÌç
•ˆÏÓ ï˛y •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l òyï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !l˲Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG
ï˛!í˛¸ÍÓ˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
§Óyï˛ Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye O2 ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey

x!hs˝Ù ò¢yˆÏï˛•z §#ÙyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛Ó%G O2 ÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛

!ã˛e 14.4 •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ï˛sf
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ
•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §¡õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– O2 x!hs˝Ù •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl @˝Ãy•Ü˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏê˛yÊ˛§ˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y•zˆÏ°¢l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y•zˆÏ°¢ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ˆ@˝Ã!í˛ˆÏÎ˚rê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ñ !ܲv Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe çyÓ˚î !ÓçyÓ˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !là≈ï˛ ¢!=˛
~•z ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ çyÓ˚îÙ)°Ü˛‡x!:ˆÏí˛!ê˛Ë˛ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y•zˆÏ°¢yl Ó°y •Î˚–

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˛õò≈y§ÇÎ%=˛ ATP xî% §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆçˆÏlSÈ– xyˆÏàÓ˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ~•z
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛!Ùx§ˆÏÙy!ê˛Ü˛ Ùï˛Óyò ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyˆÏà•z Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l
 234 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îï˛ˆÏsf !là≈ï˛ ¢!=˛ ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z

Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’:!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ Ù)° xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ F1 ~ÓÇ F0 å!ã˛e 14.5)–
!òܲ F1 ÙhflÏܲ á[˛Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ô!fiÌï˛ ˆÙÙˆÏÓl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’: ÎyˆÏï˛ ADP
~ÓÇ x˜ÏçÓ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ fiÌyl!ê˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl–

F0 xÇ¢!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xhs˝fiÌ ˆÙÙˆÏÓl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’: Îy ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛

ã˛ƒyˆÏl° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ≤Ãyê˛là%ˆÏ°y xhs/˛õò≈y x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ã˛ƒyˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛lñ ATP í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ F1 xLjϢÓ˚
ܲƒyê˛y°y•z!ê˛Ü˛ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ATP xî% §ÇˆÏŸ’£ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ çlƒ
Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚
xhs˝à≈ye 2H+ñ F0 xÇ¢ ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xhs˝/˛õò≈y fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛!í˛¸Í Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l
Ùƒy!ê˛∆:
@˝Ãƒy!í˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏrê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ ôyˆÏe fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
!ã˛e 14.5 Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ùƒy!ê˛∆ˆÏ: ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ– 14.5 Ÿª§ˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ G í˛zͲõߨ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zm_˛õe åRespiratory

Balance Sheetä

≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ @’%ˆÏܲyç xî% ˛çyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÙyê˛ Ü˛ï˛ xî% ATP °y˲ •Î˚ ï˛y !•§yÓ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó– !ܲv ÓyhflψÏÓ ~!ê˛
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !•§yÓ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !l!ò≈T˛ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !•§yÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ı

l ˛~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ñ !l!ò≈T˛Ü˛ˆÏÙ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õÌ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z çyÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ñ TCA ã˛Ü˛ G
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ï˛sfÈüüüÈ ~•z Ü˛Ù xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–

l ˛@’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ NADH Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÎ˚ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚

~Ó˚ çyÓ˚îÙ)°Ü˛ Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚#˲Ól âˆÏê˛–

l ˛~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# ˆÎÔà•z xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÎÔà §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ly–

l ˛Îál ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çyÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ñ ï˛ál xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Óܲ“ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õˆÏÌÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# ôyˆÏ˛õ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–

!ܲv ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ xl%Ùylà%ˆ°

Ï y §ç#ÓÓ›Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÎÏ yçƒ lÎ˚– ܲyÓ˚î ç#ÓˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ §Ó !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌà%ˆ°Ï y•z
~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ âˆÏê˛ñ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xl%ÎyÎ˚# §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛à%ˆÏ°y
!Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õˆÏÌ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ G ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ATP G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÙˆÏï˛y !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õˆÏÌ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
•yÓ˚G Ó•% ≤Ã˲yÓܲ myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– ï˛Ó%G ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòl G ¢!=˛ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚ §ç#ÓÓ›Ó˚ ò«˛ï˛y G ã˛ÙÍܲy!Ó˚c
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z !•§yÓ !lܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z !•§yÓ !lܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~ܲ
xî% @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ çyÓ˚ˆÏî 38 xî% ATP °y˲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
 í˛!zqˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿª§l 235

ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ÓyÓ˚ §rôyl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Óyï˛ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲ!Ó˚ÈüüüÈ

l ˛§rôyl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yç xî%Ó˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ çyÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ !ܲv §Óyï˛ Ÿª§ˆÏl @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yç xî% §¡õ)îË≈ ˛yˆÏÓ
çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ CO2 ~ÓÇ H2O ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–

l ˛§rôyl ˛˛≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xî% @’%ˆÏܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛ í˛zͲõߨ ܲyˆÏ° ˆÙyê˛ °y˲ •Î˚
Ùye ò%•z xî% ATP– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ §Óyï˛ Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏï˛ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çyÓ˚ˆÏî x!ôܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛
ATP xî% §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚–

l ˛çyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ NADH ˆÌˆÏܲ NAD+ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ §rôyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ á%Ó•z
ÙrÌÓ˚à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §¡õߨ •Î˚ñ !ܲv §Óyï˛ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ o%ï˛ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ âˆÏê˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–

14.6 xƒy!¡≥˛Ó!°Ü˛ Óy í˛z˲Î˚Ù%á# !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õÌ åAmphibolic Pathwayä

Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ @’%ˆÏܲyç•z •° í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛– Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yˆÏÓ≈•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛•z
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ xlƒylƒ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛G Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ôyˆÏ˛õ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– !ã˛e 14.6 ˆòˆÏáy ~ÓÇ
xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓy˚ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ôyˆÏ˛õ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢ âê˛ˆÏSÈ– ˆfl¨•çyï˛#Î˚
áyòƒÓ›ˆÏܲ Ÿª§lÈüÈ!Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õˆÏÌ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛ G !@’§yÓ˚ˆ° Ï ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyGÎ˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl–
Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛ Îál Ÿª§lÓ› !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ~!ê˛ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ xƒy!§ê˛y•z° Co-A ˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ñ
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~•z xƒy!§ê˛y•z° Co-A !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õˆÏÌ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !@’§yÓ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ PGAL ~
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ PGAL !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õˆÏÌ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ç í˛z͈§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°y ˆË˛ˆÏ.
ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲܲ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ å!í˛ xƒyÙy•zˆÏl¢l ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ä !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛Ó§‰ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲS%È ôyˆÏ˛õ Óy ~Ùl!ܲ ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛ Óy xƒy!§ê˛y•z° Co-A Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ÿª§l !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õˆÏÌ
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ÿª§lܲyˆÏ° §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˲y.l âˆÏê˛ ï˛y•z Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y.lÙ)°Ü˛
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y xÌ≈yÍ x˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ Ÿª§l !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛ṏÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ Ù)°Ü˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ !ܲ §!ë˛Ü˛⁄ xyÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ Ÿª§l !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õˆÏÌ çy!Ó˚ï˛
•GÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰
ôyˆÏ˛õ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ˆÙˆÏl ˆlGÎ˚y á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ ~Ó˚y •° ˆ§•z§Ó ˆÎÔà ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y=˛
§yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ Ÿª§l !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z Îál Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛
Ÿª§l !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õˆÏÌ §yÓˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õˆÏÌ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ~!ê˛ ˆË˛ˆÏ. !àˆÏÎ˚
xƒy!§ê˛y•z° Co-A àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ïî ~ÓÇ Ë˛y.lܲyˆÏ°G Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ
xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y ~•z §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ• §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ˲y.lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ x˛õ!ã˛!ï˛
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ïî Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ӈϰ– Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õˆÏÌ x˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ
í˛z˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ í˛z˲Î˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y•z âˆÏê˛ ÓˆÏ° ~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˲y.lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xƒy!¡≥˛Ó!°Ü˛
!Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y•z ˆ◊Î˚–
236 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Ê˛ƒyê˛ Ü˛yˆÏÓy≈ •y•zˆíÏ ˛» ê˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l

Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛ G !@’§yÓ˚° §Ó˚° ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛

í˛zòy•Ó˚î/ @’%ˆÏܲyç

@’%ˆÏܲyç È6üÈÊ˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
.
.

Ê%˛ˆÏQyç È1,6 üÈ!Ó§Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛

í˛y•z•y•zˆÏí»˛y!: xƒy!§ˆÏê˛yl Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ !@’§yÓ˚°!í˛•y•zí˛ È3üÈ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛

˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§í˛

xƒy!§ê˛y•z°

ˆÜ˛Ó§
ã˛Ü˛

!ã˛e 14.6 Ÿª§lܲyˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ xî%Ó˚ ˲y.ˆÏl CO2 ~ÓÇ H2O í˛zͲõyòl ˆòáyÎ˚ ~Ùl !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ˛õÌà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyhs˝ı§¡õÜ≈˛–

14.7 Ÿªy§ xî%˛õyï˛ åRespiratory Quotientä

ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ál xyÙÓ˚y Ÿª§l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ °«˛ ܲ!Ó˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyl ˆÎ §Óyï˛ Ÿª§lܲyˆÏ° O2
à,•#ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ CO2 !là≈ï˛ •Î˚– Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ CO2 ~Ó˚ âlÙyl ~ÓÇ à,•#ï˛ O2 ~Ó˚ âlÙyˆÏlÓ˚
xî%˛õyï˛ˆÏܲ Ÿªy§ xl%˛õyï˛ Óy ˆÓ˚§!˛õˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ§rê˛ åRespiratory Quotientä Óy RQ ӈϰ–
Ó!ç≈ï˛ CO2 ~Ó˚ âlÙyl
RQ =
à,•#ï˛˛ O2 ~Ó˚ âlÙyl

Ÿª§lܲyˆÏ° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ÿª§lÓ›Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ÿªy§ xî%˛õyï˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

Îál Ÿª§lÓ›Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y Óy ܲyˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ çyÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ ï˛ál RQ •ˆÏÓ1
ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §Ù˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî CO2 ~ÓÇ O2 ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ Ó!ç≈ï˛ G à,•#ï˛ •Î˚ñ !lˆÏ¡¨Ó˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏly
•°–
 í˛!zqˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿª§l 237

C6 H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + E¢!=˛

6CO2
RQ = = 1.0
6O2
Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ Îál ˆfl¨•˛õòyÌ≈ Ÿª§lÓ› Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál RQ 1 ~Ó˚ Ü˛Ù •Î˚– Îál Ÿª§lÓ›!ê˛
ê˛∆y•z˛õy°!Ù!ê˛l lyÙܲ Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál RQ ~Ó˚ !•§yÓ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏly •°–
2(C51H98 O6 ) + 145O2 →102CO2 + 98H2O + e¢!=˛
ê˛∆y•z˛õy°!Ù!ê˛l
102CO2
RQ = = 0.7
145O2

Ÿª§lܲyˆÏ° Îál ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l Ÿª§lÓ› Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál Ÿªy§ xî%˛õyï˛ Óy RQ •ˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 0.9ñ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe

~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ï˛y •° §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ Ÿª§lܲyˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ~ܲy!ôܲ
Ÿª§lÓ› ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó¢%Âô ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l Óy !Ó¢%Âô Ê˛ƒyê˛ Ü˛áˆÏly•z Ÿª§lÓ› Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ly–

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ åSummaryä

í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿªy§ ≤ߪy§ !ܲÎ˚y ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ àƒy§#Î˚ xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï xAà Óy ï˛sf
ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ˆfiê˛yÙyê˛y ~ÓÇ °ƒy!rê˛ˆÏ§° í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ àƒy§#Î˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛° ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ÌyˆÏܲ–

çyÓ˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛y¢ÙôƒfiÌ ç!ê˛° ˜çÓ xî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ C-C Órôl#Ó˚ ˲y.l ~ÓÇ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî
¢!=˛Ó˚ !là≈ÙˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y•z •° ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ Ÿª§l– Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ @’%ˆÏܲyç•z •° §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛ Ÿª§l Ó› åsubstrateä–
ˆfl¨•˛õòyÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˆË˛ˆÏ.G ¢!=˛ !là≈ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ•z âˆÏê˛–
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ @’%ˆÏܲyç xî% ˆË˛ˆÏ. ò%•z xî% ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ •° @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§– í˛zͲõߨ ˛õy•zÓ˚%!˲ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ
§ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xÓyï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢ °ƒyܲ!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ §rôyl Óy ˆÜ˛y•° §rôyl âˆÏê˛– xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓy˚ òàÙ
âê˛ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl Ó#ˆÏçñ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚Gê˛ G Ó•% ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#ˆÏÓ xÓyï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ §rôyl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ âˆÏê˛–
•zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Óyï˛ Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z âˆÏê˛– @’y•zˆÜÏ ˛y°y•z!§ˆÏ§ í˛zͲõߨ ˛õy•zÓ!%̊ ˲ܲ
xƒy!§í˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl ~!ê˛ xƒy!§ê˛y•z° ÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yÈüÈ~ åacetyl CoAä ˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ CO2 ~Ó˚ !là≈Ùî âˆÏê˛– xƒy!§ê˛y•z° ˆÜ˛yÈüÈ~ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ê˛∆y•zܲyˆÏÓ≈y!:!°Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õˆÏÌ Óy ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ó§ã˛ˆÏܲ
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ùƒy!ê˛∆ˆÏ: §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛Ó§ã˛ˆÏܲ NADH+ H+ ~ÓÇ FADH2 í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ~•z
xî%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !l!•ï˛ ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ NADH+ H+ ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z
âê˛ly!ê˛ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚
238 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xhs˝/˛õò≈yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚fiÌ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l Óy•Ü˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛sf xÌ≈yÍ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ åETSä ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
âˆÏê˛– •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y ΈÏÌT˛ ¢!=˛ Ù%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ATP
§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ çyÓ˚î Ù)°Ü˛ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚#˲Ól åOxidative Phosphorylationä ӈϰ–
~!ê˛ˆÏï˛ x!:ˆÏçl•z •° ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l @˝Ãy•Ü˛ Îy !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–

Ÿª§lܲyˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ x˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ í˛z˲Î˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y•z §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ Ÿª§l ˛õÌ!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˲Ù%á# !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õÌ
åAmphibolic pathwayä Ó°y •Î˚– Ÿª§lܲyˆÏ° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ÿª§lÓ›Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ÿª§l •yÓ˚ åRQä !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

xl%¢#°l#
1. ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
(a) Ÿª§l ~ÓÇ ò•l
(b) @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ó§ ã˛Ü˛
(c) §Óyï˛ Ÿª§l ~ÓÇ §rôyl
2. Ÿª§lÓ›à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ÿª§lÓ›!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
3. ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. §Óyï˛ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄
5. ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ˆÜ˛Ó§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6. •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ï˛sf!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
7. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚yı
(a) §Óyï˛ ~ÓÇ xÓyï˛ Ÿª§l
(b) @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ ~ÓÇ §rôyl
(c) @’y•zˆÏܲy°y•z!§§ ~ÓÇ §y•z!ê˛∆ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ã˛Ü˛
8. §Óyï˛ Ÿª§ˆÏl ˆÙyê˛ í˛zͲõߨ ATP xî%Ó˚ !•§yÓ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲ# ܲ# !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
9. ÚÚŸª§l !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ˛õÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ xƒy!¡≥˛Ó!°Ü˛ ˛õÌÛÛÈüüüÈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10. RQ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÇK˛y òyG– ˆfl¨• ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ó˚ Ùyl ܲï˛⁄
11. çyÓ˚îÙ)°Ü˛ Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚#˲Ól Óy x!:ˆÏí˛!ê˛Ë˛ Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y•zˆÏ°¢l ܲ#⁄
12. Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ ôyˆÏ˛õ ¢!=˛ !là≈ÙˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ܲ#⁄
 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ 239

xôƒyÎ˚-15È å Chapter-15ä
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢
åPlant growth & developmentä

15.1 Ó,!Âô ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •zˆÏï˛yÙˆÏôƒ•z ˛õM˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• §Çàë˛l xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ
15.2 !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚îñ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Ü˛áˆÏly ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ñ ܲy[˛ñ ˛õyï˛yñ Ê%˛°ñ Ê˛° G Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àë˛l§Ù)•
!ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î G ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ §%¢,C° ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚⁄ ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó#çñ xAÜ%˛!Ó˚ï˛
˛õ%l!Ó≈ˆËÏ ˛ò#ܲÓ˚î ã˛yÓ˚yàySÈñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ã˛yÓ˚yàySÈñ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ í˛z!qòÈüüüÈ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïyà%ˆÏ°y ˆçˆÏlSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~G ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎ Ó,«˛
15.3 ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î Óy !Óܲy¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ G ˛õ!Ó˚!ôˆÏï˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yñ Ê%˛° G Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÎ
¢%ô%Ùye §#!Ùï˛ Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛ ï˛y•z lÎ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ xhs˝Ó˚ Óy ܲálG ܲálG ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚y í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
15.4 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfܲ V˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ˆÜ˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏò xAàç ò¢yÓ˚ xÓƒÓ!•ï˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàÙ âˆÏê ⁄ §Ó í˛z!qò
§Ù)•
xAà•z !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ°y myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛°y G ~ܲ!ê˛ xˆÏAàÓ˚ àë˛l ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
15.5 xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ó!, _ myÓ˚y §¡õy!òï˛ Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡õÜ≈˛ ˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏS !ܲ⁄ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l G ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
15.6 Óy§hs˝#ܲÓ˚î âê˛yˆÏly §Ω˛Ó ܲ#⁄ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢•z çy•zˆÏàyê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §,T˛– ~áyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ß¿ •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÎ ~•z§Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢
ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ àë˛làï˛ G ܲyÎ≈àï˛ à%îyÓ!° ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î •° Ó,!Âô G
!ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î ~•z ò%!ê˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ù!T˛– ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ~!ê˛ çylyÈ
ΈÏÌT˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÎ çy•zˆÏàyê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ ÎÌyÎÌ ~ÓÇ
xï˛ƒhs˝ §%¢,C° ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ âê˛lyÓ!° ˆÙˆÏl §¡õߨ •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ã˛°yܲyˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° ˆò• §Çàë˛l
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ù)°ñ ˛õyï˛yñ ¢yáyÈüÈ≤âyáyñ Ê%˛°ñ Ê˛° G Ó#ç à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ
âˆÏê˛ å!ã˛e 15.1ä– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ôy˛õ!ê˛ •° Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yÂàÙ– Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yÂàÙ
ï˛ál•z •Î˚ Îál ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ xl%ܲ) ° xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ xl%ܲ) ° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
Ó#ç xAÜ%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ly ~ÓÇ Ó#ç §%ÆyÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– xl%Ü)˛° xÓfiÌy !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏ° Ó#ˆÏç !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ !ܲÎ˚y
¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛–
~•z §Ó ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ܲS%È ≤Ã˲yÓܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly˛ G !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z
≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°y xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î G Óy!•ƒÜ˛ í˛z˲Î˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚•z •Î˚–
240 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

º%îÙ%Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
•%ܲ
Ó#çcܲ

º)îÙ%Ü%˛°
Ù,!_ܲy hflÏÓ˚ Ó#ç˛õe Ó#ç˛õe

º)îÙ)°
º)îÙ)°

!ã˛e 15.1 !Ól çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yÂàÙ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ã˛yÓ˚yàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ §,!T˛–

15.1 Ó,!Âô (Growth)

Ó,!Âô •° §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ G §%flõT˛ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛– Ó,!Âô ܲ#⁄
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xAà Óy ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÇ¢ Óy ~Ùl!ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ G fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ
ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚yˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô !•§yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ å¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ myÓ˚yä
!Ó!˲ߨ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yG åí˛z˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ x˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ í˛z˲Î˚•zä âˆÏê˛– ï˛y•z í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚îG Ó,!Âô– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yáˆÏ° ~Ó˚ fl≥˛#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ âê˛lyˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
15.1.1 í˛z ! qˆÏ ò Ó˚ Ó, ! Âô §yôyÓ˚ î ï˛ x!lÎ˚ ï ˛ åPlant Growth Generally is
Indeterminate)
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó,!Âô fl∫ï˛sf ܲyÓ˚î í˛z!qò ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ç#Ólܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚•z §#Ùy•#l˲yˆÏÓ Ó,!Âô ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛y Ó˚yˆÏá– í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ !ܲS% !l!ò≈T˛È fiÌyˆÏl ˲yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z «˛Ùï˛y
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó˲yçl G !lˆÏçÓ˚ fiÌy!Î˚c ÓçyÎ˚ ˛˛Ó˚yáyÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛ˆÏÓ í˛zͲõߨ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó ¢#â•z !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y •yÓ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y•z í˛z!qòˆÏò• àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˆÎáyˆÏl ˲yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• §Ó≈òy lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• Î%=˛ •ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Ù%=˛ Ó,!Âô– Î!ò ˲yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ !Ó˲yçl ˆÌˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄ ~Ùl âê˛ly
!ܲ ܲáˆÏly âˆÏê˛⁄
£Ï¤˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°y ~ÓÇ !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
˛õˆÏí˛¸S– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyl ˆÎ ~•z ˲yçܲܲ°yà%ˆÏ°y í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ x«˛
ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ò#â≈#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîG ~Ó˚y Ù)რË)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ 241

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ê˛yG çyl ˆÎ !mÓ#ç˛õe# G Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qˆÏò ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ

˲yçܲܲ°y
ç#Ój¢yÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ ˲yçܲ ܲ°yñ ˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ
G ܲÜ≈˛ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛– ~•z §Ó ˲yçܲ ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°y ˆ§•z
§Ó í˛z!qò xˆÏAàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ôÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛yÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~Ó˚y §!ܲÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~!ê˛•z í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆàÔî Ó,!Âô å!ã˛e 15.2 ˆòáä– Ü˛y[˛
Shoot ˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚
V
ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ
cambium
15.1.2 Ó, ! Âô ˛õ!Ó˚ Ù y˛õˆÏ Î yàƒ (Growth is
Measurable)
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ hflψÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
Ê˛°◊%!ï˛– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó,!Âô §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z
˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚
ܲ!ë˛l ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛ÙÈüȈÓ!¢ Ù)°
Root ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ
xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÙÏ Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
!lˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È •° ı §Ó˚§ Gçlñ ¢%‹Ò
Gçlñ ˜òâ≈ƒñ ˆ«˛eÊ˛°ñ xyÎ˚ï˛l G ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÈüüüÈ ~§ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó,!Âô–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~ê˛y ˆçˆÏl xyŸã˛Î≈ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Ë%˛Ry í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚˛ RootÙ)ˆÏ°Ó˚apical
x@˝ÃfiÌ
˲yçܲ
x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ â^˝ê˛yÎ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ 17,500
~Ó˚G x!ôܲ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ«˛yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛e 15.2 Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲܲ°yñ !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲܲ°y
ï˛Ó˚Ù%ˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ 3,50,000 à%î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ G ˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlñ !ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛•´ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• G xˆÏAàÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Çáƒyàï˛ Ó,!Âô Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~ÓÇ
x!˲Ù%á ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚àï˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛õÓ˚yàly!°Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ~Ó˚ ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÙ˛õ,¤˛ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
Ó,!ÂôˆÜ˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
15.1.3 Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ò¢y§Ù)• (Phases of Growth)
Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲy°ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎÌy
!Ó˲yçl ò¢yñ ò#â≈#ܲÓ˚î ò¢y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ ò¢y å!ã˛e 15.3ä– G
F
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yà!ê˛ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ Ó%ˆÏV˛ !l•z– E

Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yà G !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ x@˝Ã˲yà í˛z˲Î˚ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ x!ÓÓ˚yÙ D

!Ó˲yçlÓ˚ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ !Ó˲yçl ò¢yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– C

~•z xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ §Ù,Âô G Ó,•Í §%flõT˛ B

!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§Î%=˛ •Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚ñ ~à%ˆ°
Ï y˚ A
˛õyï˛°y G ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç !l!Ù≈ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ≤’yçˆÏÙyˆÏí˛çÙyê˛y
!ã˛e 15.3 §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ˆÓ˚áy ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ò#â≈#ܲÓ˚î
üȧLjÏÎyà §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚– ˲yçܲ ܲ°y xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §!ߨ!•ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y xM˛°§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î x@˝Ã˲yˆÏàÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ˛õSȈlÏ Ó˚ A,
åx@˝Ã˲yˆÏàÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ˛õSȈÏlä ò#â≈#ܲÓ˚î ò¢y í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– B, C, D xM˛°§Ù)• §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ò#â≈#ܲÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ–
242 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚î ~ÓÇ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ àë˛l ~•z ò¢yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚
x@˝Ã˲yà ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%Èê˛y ò)ˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎáyˆÏl ò#â≈#ܲÓ˚î ò¢y âˆÏê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ xM˛ˆÏ° Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚
xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆÎ xÇ¢!ê˛ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ó˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ ò¢y âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó%̊c ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈y!ôܲ xyܲyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– £Ï¤˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎ
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ܲ°y ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ï˛y ~•z ò¢y!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

15.1.4 Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ (Growth rates)

≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Îï˛ê˛y Ó,!Âô •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ӈϰ– ï˛y•z Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ó Óy ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xAà !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ x!ôܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ í˛zͲõߨ
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚

åÜ˛ä §Ùyhs˝Ó˚ åáä à%ˆÏîy_Ó˚

åàä !Ó˲y!çï˛ çy•zˆÏàyê˛

à%ˆÏîy_Ó˚ ò¢y ı
§Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó˲yçl

§Ùyhs˝Ó˚ ò¢y
!Ó˲yçl §«˛Ù ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
!Ó˲yçl «˛Ùï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛°y ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y

!ã˛e 15.4 !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly ı åÜ˛ä §Ùyhs˝Ó˚ åáä à%ˆÏîy_Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ åàä º%ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚ G à%ˆÏîy_Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ò¢y§Ù)•
 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ 243

!ã˛e 15.4 ÈüÈ~ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚y ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy §Ùyhs˝Ó˚ Óy
à%ˆÏîy_Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§Ùyhs˝Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçˆÏl §,T˛ x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛y¢ ò%!ê˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ÓÓ˚yÙ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ G
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ò#â≈#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
§Ùyhs˝Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ å!ã˛e 15.5 °«˛

í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ (L)

ܲˆÏÓ˚yä– ~áyˆÏl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ xˆÏAàÓ˚ ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒˆÏܲ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛
˜Ó˚!áܲ ÓܲˆÏÓá˚ y ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Lt=L0 + rt
Lt=t §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏAàÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ
L0= ¢)lƒ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏAàÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ
r = Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚‡≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ò#â≈#ܲÓ˚î
xyÙÓ˚y ~ál ˆòáÓ à%ˆÏîy_Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ# •Î˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà
ç#Óçï˛sfà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛•z ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Ó,!Âô á%Ó ô#Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ å°ƒyà ò¢y Óy
!Ó°¡∫ ܲy°ä ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ o%ï˛ Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛ å°à Óy o%ï˛ Ó,!Âô ܲy°ä– §ÙÎ˚ (t)
~áyˆÏl Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ !Ó˲yçˆÏl §,T˛ í˛z˲Î˚ x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛y¢•z !Ó˲yçl«˛Ù •Î˚ !ã˛e 15.5 ~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ ˜Ó˚!áܲ Ó,!Âô ÈüüüÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl
~ÓÇ x!ÓÓ˚yÙ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ §#!Ùï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ t ˚ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xˆÏAàÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ L
Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Ù®#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ù¢ı !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ò¢yÎ˚ åStationary ˆÜ˛ Ó§yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
phasesä ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ˆÏܲ §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ fiÌy˛õl
ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ !§àÙˆÏÎ˚í˛ Óy S- ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e åSigmoid
curveä ˛õy•z å!ã˛e 15.6 ä– ~ܲ!ê˛ !§àÙˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÓ˚á!ã˛e •° ˛≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
§Ó ˆÜ˛y¢ñ ܲ°y ~ÓÇ xˆÏAàÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e– !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ò¢yphase
Stationary

ï%˛!Ù !ܲ xyÓ˚G ~Ó˚)˛õ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÌy !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄ }ï%˛!˲!_ܲ
the organ

§!ܲÎ˚ï˛y ˆòáyÎ˚ ~Ùl í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e!ê˛ Ü˛# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
e
as

ӈϰ ï%˛!Ù xy¢y ܲÓ˚⁄

ph¢y
iaÂlô ò
Gçl

o%ï˛ Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ åexponertial growthä !l¡¨Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

n˛ tÓ,!
xyܲyÓ˚‡of

W1= WO ert
noe%ï
Size/weight

W1= x!hs˝Ù xyܲyÓ˚ å Gçlñ í˛zFã˛ï˛yñ §Çáƒy •zï˛ƒy!òä

àpÓoy

WO= Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛˛ xyܲyÓ˚

E°x
xAà!ê˛Ó˚

r = Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚
t = Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲy°
°ƒyàphase
Lag ò¢y Óy !Ó°¡∫ ò¢y
e = ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ °ày!Ó˚òˆÏÙÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ù å Base of natural Logarithmä
~áyˆÏl r •° xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ årelative growth rateä ~ÓÇ §ÙÎ˚
Time
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ lï%˛l í˛z!qI í˛z˛õyòyl ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õñ ÎyˆÏܲ ò«˛ï˛y !ã˛e 15.6 ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ !§àÙˆÏÎ˚í˛ Ó,!ÂôÈüÈ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e Îy ˛õy°l
§)ã˛Ü˛ åefficiency indexä !•§yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÙyôƒÙ!fiÌï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•ñ Ó•% í˛zß¨ï˛ í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ
x!hs˝Ù xyܲyÓ˚ åW1ä ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛˛ xyܲyÓ˚ åWOÈäÈüÈ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qò xAà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ xyò¢≈ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e–
244 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

!ã˛e 15.7 !ãˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ G xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï%˛°ly– A ~ÓÇ B í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛°•z ≤Ãò_
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 5cm2 ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ A1˛ G B1˛ ˛õyï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–

ç#Óçï˛ˆÏsf ò%!ê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ ï%˛°ly ~•z ò%•z˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ / åiä ~ܲܲ
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°lyˆÏܲ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ åAbsolute
growth rateä ӈϰ– åiiä ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãò_ §ç#ÓÓ›Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ (Relative growth rate) ӈϰ– !ã˛e 15.7 ÈüÈ~ !˲ߨ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ ˛õyï˛y A G
B xÑyܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ã˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ ≤Ãò_ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° A ˛õyï˛y
1
A1 ÈüÈ~ G B ˛õyï˛y B ÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
•yÓ˚ xlƒ!ê xˆÏ˛õ«˛y˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˆÓ!¢– ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õyï˛y!ê˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l⁄

15.1.5 Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛§Ù)• åConditions for Growthä

ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ¢ï˛≈à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆï˛y⁄ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ç°ñ x!:ˆÏçl ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛y¢Èüȧ¡±§yÓ˚î myÓ˚y
í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ°Ï y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ çlƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚§fl≥˛#!ï˛ ≤çyÓ˚îç!lï˛
Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# !Óܲy¢ í˛z!qòˆÏò•!fiÌï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ç° í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒÙ !•§yˆÏÓG
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– x!:ˆÏçl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ù%!=˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ åÙƒyˆÏܲy G Ùy•zˆÏܲy xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ ˆÙÔ°ä ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚
~ÓÇ ï˛y ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓG ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–

~SÈyí˛¸y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y xl%Ü)˛° ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒ!Æ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z Óƒ!ÆÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ í˛z!qò!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xï˛ƒhs˝ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏ°yܲ
~ÓÇ ˛x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ ≤Ã˲yÓà%ˆÏ°yG í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ò¢y Óy ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ 245

15.2 !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚îñ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˛õ%l!≈Ó≈ˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î åDifferentiation,

Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiationä

Ù)° G !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲܲ°y G ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y §%!l!ò≈T˛ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
!ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î ӈϰ– !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚îܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z §yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù%რàë˛làï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆê˛∆!ܲÎ˚y!Ó˚ ~!°ˆÏÙrê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ!Ó•#l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~Ùl!ܲ
xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ˛õ#í˛¸lܲyˆÏ° ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~Ó˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ ò,ì˛¸ñ !fiÌ!ï˛fiÌy˛õܲñ
!°à!llÈüȈ§°%ˆÏ°yç !l!Ù≈ï˛ ˆàÔî ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ~Ùl !Ó!˲ߨ
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§Ù)• ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

í˛z!qˆÏò xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ÙçyòyÓ˚ âê˛ly ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– §ç#Ó !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ÎyÓ˚y •zˆÏï˛yÙˆÏôƒ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yG !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~•z âê˛lyˆÏܲ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î Ó°y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÌˆÏܲ
•zrê˛yÓ˚Ê˛ƒy!§Ü%˛í˛z°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ G ܲÜ≈˛ ܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙ lyÙܲ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z !ܲÎ˚y ã˛°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y Óy ܲ°y§Ù)• !Ó˲yçˆÏl §«˛Ù •Î˚ ~ÓÇ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚y
˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !Ó˲yçl «˛Ùï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚˛ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
˛õ%l!Ó≈ˆÏ˲!òï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y¤˛° !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ü˛°yÓ˚ lyÙ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y
˛õ%l!Ó≈ˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !ê˛í˛zÙyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ§•z
˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲ# Ó°ˆÏÓñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyˆÏÓ˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ í˛z!qòÈüÈܲ°y ˛õy°lÈ
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó˲yçl âê˛yˆÏly •Î˚–

ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáy 15.1.1 xl%ˆÏFSȈÏò xyÙÓ˚y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ ˆÎ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó,!Âô Ù%=˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
xÌ≈yÍ ~!ê˛ x!lÎ˚ï˛ Óy !lÎ˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ál xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ í˛z!qˆÏò !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î Ù%=˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚î ~ܲ•z ˲yçܲ ܲ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ ˆÜ˛y¢‡Ü˛°y ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !˲ߨ àë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ Óy ܲ°yÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ àë˛l ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲܲ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ù)°ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚!ôÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
Ó!•/cܲ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È Ù%=˛ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛ylG
xˆÏAàÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–

15.3 ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î åDevelopmentä

~ܲ!ê˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ ã˛°yܲyˆÏ° Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yÂàÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyô≈ܲƒ ≤Ãy!Æ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ âˆÏê˛ ÎyGÎ˚y §Ó
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y•z ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– !ã˛e 15.8ÈüÈ~ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚˛) õ!ê˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~!ê˛ Ü˛°y§Ù)•‡xAà§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ≤ÈÎÏ y烖
246 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl Ù,ï˛% ƒ

Óyô≈ܲƒ ≤Ãy!Æ
SENESCENCE

ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Plasmatic
Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏgrowth
ÙÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î
Differentiation
˲yçܲ ܲ°y
MERISTEMATIC
ˆÜ˛y¢
CELL
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
MATURE
≤çyÓ˚î
Expansion Maturation
˛õ!Ó˚îÙl ˆÜ˛y¢
CELL
(Elongation)
åò#â≈#ܲÓ˚îä

!ã˛e 15.8 ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ

˛ õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Óy ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ò¢y§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛z!qò§Ù)• !Ó!˲ߨ
˛õÌ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ≤’y!fiê˛!§!ê˛ åPlasticityä Ó°y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îñ ï%˛°yñ ôˆÏl ~ÓÇ
°yÜ≈˛§‰˛õ%Ó˚ åò#â≈ l#° Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ Ê%˛° !Ó!¢T˛ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ à%Õ√ä í˛z!qˆÏò ˆ•ˆÏê˛ˆÏÓ˚yÊ˛y•z!° ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏò ç%ˆÏ˲ly•z° Óy ï˛Ó%̊î í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ í˛z!qò xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ
Óyê˛yÓ˚ܲy˛õ≈ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚Ó ˛õyï˛y G çˆÏ° !lÙ!Iï˛ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒG ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ
xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ˆÏܲ åHeterophyllous developmentä !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ å !ã˛e 15.9ä– ~ܲ•z í˛z!qˆÏò
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y §,!T˛Ó˚ åHeterophyllyä ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ •° ≤’y!fiê˛!§!ê˛ åPlasticity ä ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
í˛zòy•Ó˚î–

ï˛Ó%̊î åÜ˛ä ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛

ç°ç xyÓy§fiÌ°
fiÌ°ç xyÓy§fiÌ° åáä
!ã˛e 15. 9 åÜ˛ä °yÜ≈˛§‰˛õ%Ó˚ ~ÓÇ åáä Óyê˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ˛õ≈ ˆ•ê˛yˆÏÓ˚yÊ˛y•z!°
 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ 247

§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó,!Âôñ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î ~•z âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ç!í˛¸ï˛– !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓñ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô G !ÓˆÏ˲òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛° !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î
åxÌ≈yÍñ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏ˲òl í˛z˲Î˚•äz x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î ~ÓÇ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛– x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆ°
Ï y
xhs/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ å!çlàï˛ä Óy xyhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ åˆÎÙl í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfܲ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ oÓƒä
í˛z˲Î˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚È– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyˆÏ°yܲñ ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ ç°ñ x!:ˆÏçlñ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
15.4 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfܲ§Ù)• åPlant growth regulatorsä
15.4.1 ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!° åCharacteristicsä
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfîܲ§Ù)• åPGRsä •° !Ó!ã˛e Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ àë˛l §Ù!ß∫ï˛ §Ó˚° «%˛o xî%– ~à%ˆÏ°y •zˆÏu˛y°
6
ˆÎÔà å •zˆÏu˛y°ÈüÈ3ÈüÈxƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ñ IAAäó xƒy!í˛!ll °kô ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• åN ÈüÈÊ˛yÓ˚!Ê˛í˛zÓ˚y•z° xƒy!ÙˆÏly
!˛õí˛z!Ó˚lñ ܲy•zˆlÏ !ê˛läñ ܲƒyˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛l °kô ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• åxƒyÓ!§!§Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ÈüÈABAäó ê˛yÓ˚!˛õl§ å !çˆÏÓÁˆÏÓ!˚ °Ü˛
xƒy!§í˛ÈüÈGA3ä Óy àƒy§#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• å•z!Ì!°lÈüÈC2H4) •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sÜf ˛§Ù)•ˆÏܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
Ó,!Âô §•yÎ˚ܲ Ó›ñ í˛z!qò •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl Óy Ê˛y•zˆÏê˛y•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
PGR à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ç#Ó í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò%!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛
˲yà ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ xhs˝Ë˛%≈ =˛ PGRà%ˆ°
Ï y ˆÜ˛y¢!Ó˲yçlñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚îñ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ñ !òܲ!lî≈#ï˛ Ó,!Âôñ ˛õ%ˆ‹Ï õyÂàÙñ Ê˛° G Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó,!Âô §•yÎ˚ܲ !ܲÎ˚y§Ù)ˆ•Ï
xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô í˛zj#˛õܲG Ó°y •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl x!:lñ !çˆÏÓÁˆÏÓ˚!°l ~ÓÇ
§y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•z!ll– x˛õÓ˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ PGR §Ù)• ç#Óç ~ÓÇ xç#Óç ܲyÓ˚îâ!ê˛ï˛ «˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y §%ÆyÓfiÌy G ˆÙyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ Ó,!Âô ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô# !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌG ç!í˛¸ï˛– xƒyÓ!§!§Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ PGR– àƒy§#Î˚
PGR •z!Ì!°lˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛•z Ó˚yáy ÎyÎ˚ñ !ܲv ~!ê˛ Ù%áƒï˛ Ó,!Âô ˆÓ˚yôܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
15.4.2 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfܲ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ åThe Discovery of Plant Growth
Regulatorsä
ÙçyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •°ñ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ù%რPGRÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚•z •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyܲ!fløܲ˲yˆÏÓ– ~§ˆÏÓÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛
•ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ã˛y°≈§ í˛yÓ˚í˛z•zl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%e Ê˛y!Aܲ§ í˛yÓ˚í˛z•zˆÏlÓ˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Îál ï˛yÓ˚y °«˛ ܲÓ˚° ˆÎ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï
ây§çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏò åcanary grassä º)îÙ%ܲ% °yÓÓ˚î# åcoleoptileä
xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆáÏ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ åphototropismä myÓ˚y ~ܲ˛õyŸª#≈ Î˚
xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §yí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚– ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
§¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎ
º)îÙ%Ü%˛°yÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈ ˲yà •° ˆ§•z fiÌyl ˆÎ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛
a b c d
≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ•z §¡õ)î≈ º)îÙ%Ü%˛°yÓÓ˚î#!ê˛ ˆÓшÏܲ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° å
!ã˛e 15.10ä– F.W. Went §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ Gê‰˛ åOatä ~Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚yàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ !ã˛e 15.10 º)îÙ%ܲ% °yÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈ ˲yà x!:ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧÈüüüÈ ï˛y ≤Ãò¢≈ˆlÏ
º)îÙ%Ü%˛°yÓÓ˚î#!ê˛Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈˲yà ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:l !l‹Òy¢l ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y– !ï˛Ó˚§Ù)• xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á !lˆÏò≈¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
248 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Gibberella fujikuroi lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# SÈeyܲ ôyˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ ÓƒyˆÏܲ!l ˆÓ˚yà åfoolish
seedlingä §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ E. Kurosawa ôyˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚yàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ SÈeyܲ!ê˛Ó˚ !lÓ≈#!çï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ Ó˚§ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ x§Çܲ!Ùï˛ ôylàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ °«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
F. Skoog ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §•Ü˛Ù≈#Ó˚y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ï˛yÙyܲ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ≈ÙˆÏôƒÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛°yˆÏ§Ó˚ åx!ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õ%Oä Ó,!Âô ï˛ál•z âˆÏê˛ Îál ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£Ïܲ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!:ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !lˆÏ¡y¨ =˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ÎÌy ˲ƒy§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ܲ°yÓ˚ !lÎ≈y§ñ •zˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ !lÎ≈y§ñ lyÓ˚ˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ò%ô Óy DNA ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– Skoog ~ÓÇ Miller ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° §y•zˆêÏ ˛yܲy•zˆlÏ !§§Èüȧ•yÎ˚ܲ §!ܲÎ˚ Ó›ˆÏܲ ¢ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓl˚ G ˆÜ˛°y!§ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆÎ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ܲy•zˆÏl!ê˛l lyÙܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
1960 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛lçl àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ !˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲ ÎÌy •zl!•!Óê˛yÓ˚ÈüÈBñ xƒyÓ!§§yl II ~ÓÇ í˛Ó˚!ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó¢%!ÂôܲÓ˚î G Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˜Ó!¢!T˛Ü˛Ó˚î
!ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲ•z Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ x!˲ߨ ӈϰ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚
lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° xƒyÓ!§!§Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ åABAä–
Cousins ~ê˛y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ ˛õyܲy Ü˛Ù°yˆÏ°Ó% ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zmyÎ˚# ˛õòyÌ≈ !là≈ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
~!ê˛ à%òyÙçyï˛ x˛õE˛ ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏܲ ÎyGÎ˚yˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ~•z í˛zmyÎ˚# ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z ~ܲ!ê˛
àƒy§#Î˚ PGR •z!Ì!°l !•§yˆÏÓ ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
ã˛ˆÏ°y ÈPGRüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ !ܲS%È ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˛xl%ˆÏFSȈÏò
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚–
15.4.3 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfܲ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ åPhysiological Effects of Plant
Growth Regulatorsä
15.4.3.1 x!:l åAuxinsä
x!:l å!@˝Ãܲ ¢∑ ‘auxein’ : to growä §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ ÙylÓ Ù)e ˆÌˆÏܲ !l‹Òy¢l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– x!:l ¢∑!ê˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° •zˆÏu˛y°ÈüÈ3ÈüÈxƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ åIAAä ~ÓÇ xlƒ !ܲS%È ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ G Ü,˛!eÙ˲yˆÏÓ
§ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfܲ ôÙ≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ü˛y[˛ G Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚
x@˝Ã˲yˆÏàÓ˚ Óô≈l¢#° xM˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ~à%ˆÏ°y ~ˆÏÏòÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yÈüÈfiÌyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
IAA ~ÓÇ •zˆÏu˛y° !Óí˛zê˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ åIBAä ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ x!:là%ˆÏ°y í˛z!qò ˆÌˆÏܲ !l‹Òy¢l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
NAA ålƒy˛õÌ!°l xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ä ~ÓÇ 2, 4-D å2, 4 í˛y•zˆÏÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÊ˛l!: xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ä •°
Ü,˛!eÙ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ x!:l– ~•z x!:là%ˆÏ°y•z Ü,˛!£ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÏ ~ÓÇ í˛zòƒyl ˛õy°l ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ–
~à%ˆÏ°y ܲ!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲy[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù)° §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qò ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~à%ˆÏ°y Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– x!:l ˛õ%‹õ ≤Ãfl≥%˛ê˛lˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙlñ xylyÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– ~à%ˆÏ°y Ê˛° G ˛õyï˛yÓ˚
xܲy° ˆÙyã˛l ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly G ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ˛õyï˛y G Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙyã˛ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏò•zñ Óô≈l¢#° x@˝ÃfiÌ Ù%Ü%˛°!ê˛ ˛õyŸª≈ åܲy!«˛Ü˛ä Ù%Ü%˛°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛
Óyôy òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z âê˛lyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ ≤Ãܲê˛ï˛y åApical dominanceä– !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ¢#£Ï≈˲yˆÏàÓ˚
x˛õ§yÓ˚î ådecapitationä §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˛õyŸª≈ Ù%Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛yÎ˚ å !ã˛e 15.11ä– ã˛y ÓyàyˆÏl ~ÓÇ ˆVÑ˛y˛õ
˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ åhedge-makingä È ~Ó˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà •Î˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ 249

x!:l ˛õyˆÏÌ≈ˆÏlyܲy!˛õ≈ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲG í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙl

ê˛ˆÏÙˆÏê˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– xyàySÈyly¢Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ~à%ˆ° Ï y Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚– 2, 4-D !mÓ#ç˛õe# xyàySÈy !lÙ≈)°Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚ !ܲv ~!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ly– xyàySÈyÙ%=˛ °l ålawnä ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓyàyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy!°Ó˚y
~!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– çy•zˆÏ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢
!Ó˲yçˆÏlG x!:l §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
15.4.3.2 !çˆÏÓÁˆÏÓ˚!°l åGibberellinsä
x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ PGR •° !çˆÏÓÁˆÏÓ˚!°l– SÈeyܲ
~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ §ç#Ó
Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢ï˛y!ôܲ !çˆÏÓÁˆÏÓ˚!°l ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈó ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ GA1, åܲä åáä
GA 2 , GA 3 ~•z Ë ˛yˆÏ Ó !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ y •Î˚ – ≤ÃÌÙ xy!Ó‹, Ò ï˛
!ã˛e 15.11 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ ≤Ãܲê˛ï˛yı ܲä x«˛ï˛ x@˝ÃÙÜ% ˛% ° §• ~ܲ!ê˛
!çˆÏÓÁˆÏÓ!˚ °là%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° !çÓÁyˆÏÓ!˚ °Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ åGA3ä í˛z!qò áä x@˝ÃÙ%Ü%˛°!ê˛ x˛õ§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §Ó !çˆÏÓÁˆÏÓ˚!°Ü˛ í˛z!qò !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ¢#£ÏË≈ ˛yà x˛õ§yÓ˚î åDecapitation˛äÈüÈ~Ó˚
xƒy!§í˛•z xy!¡‘ܲ– ~à%ˆÏ°y í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó_, #Î˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈Ù%Ü%˛°à%ˆÏ°y Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ¢yáy §,!T˛ •GÎ˚y °«˛
˛≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ Ó,!Âô âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚–
«˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ Èñ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xy.%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆÓÑyê˛yÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !çˆÏÓÁˆÏÓ˚!°l xyˆÏ˛õˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ê˛°ˆÏܲ ò#â≈yÎ˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛G Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ Óyô≈ܲƒ
≤Ãy!ƈÏܲG !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó•%!òl ˛õÎ≈hs˝ àyˆÏSÈ Ó˚yáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ÓyçyÓ˚çyï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ܲy° Óyí˛¸yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– !ÓÎ˚yÓ˚ Óy Ùò ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ !¢Ó˚y Óy Ù[˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
GA3 ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
xyá ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛ ܲyˆÏÓy≈ •y•zˆíÏ ˛» ê˛ˆÏܲ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ §M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– xyˆÏáÓ˚ Ê˛§ˆÏ° !çˆÏÓÁˆÏÓ!˚ °l ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à
ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï Ü˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ Ê˛°l ≤ÃyÎ˚ 20 ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚–
ï˛Ó%̊î ˛õy•zl çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏò GA ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛y í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ ò¢yˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ°
ÎÌy§ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ xyˆÏà•z Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl âˆÏê˛– !Óê˛ñ ÓÑyôyܲ!˛õ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yˆÏçê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÎ%=˛ Ó•% í˛z!qˆÏò !çˆÏÓÁˆÏÓ!˚ °l
ˆÓy!Œê˛Ç å˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàˆÏÙÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˛õÓ≈ÙˆÏôƒÓ˚ ò#â≈#ܲÓ˚îä âê˛yÎ˚–
15.4.3.3 §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•z!ll åCytokininsä
§y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•zˆÏl!§ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•z!lˆÏlÓ˚ §%!l!ò≈T˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ü˛y•zˆÏl!ê˛l åxƒy!í˛!lˆÏlÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ Ó˚˛) õ– xƒy!í˛!ll ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !˛õí˛z!Ó˚lä Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ~•z ܲy•zˆlÏ !ê˛l ˆ•!Ó˚ÇÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚
¢%ܲyî%Ó˚ DNAˆÏܲ xˆÏê˛yˆÏÜœ˛ˆÏ˲Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ åAutoclaved herring sperm DNAä !lÓ≈#!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ܲy•zˆÏl!ê˛l ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z!qˆÏò ÌyˆÏܲ ly– §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•z!lˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
!ܲÎ˚y¢#° ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˲%Ry Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ¢Ñy§ ~ÓÇ lyÓ˚ˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ò%ô ˆÌˆÏܲ !çÎ˚y!ê˛lˆÏܲ
˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !çÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•z!ll ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zj#˛õly ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# !ܲS%È Ü,˛!eÙ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î •ˆÏÎ˚!S°È– ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•z!ll ˆ§§Ó xM˛ˆÏ°
§ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl á%Ó o%ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl âˆÏê˛ñ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yàñ Óô≈l¢#° !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚
Ù%Ü%˛°ñ x˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ê˛° •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~!ê˛ lï%˛l ˛õyï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ñ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ñ ˛õyŸª≈ ¢yáyÓ˚
Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xfiÌy!lܲ ¢yáy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛G §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
250 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

§y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•z!ll x@˝ÃfiÌ ≤Ãܲê˛ï˛y ˆÓ˚yˆÏô §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy
˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Óyô≈ܲƒ ≤Ãy!Æ !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
15.4.3.4 •z!Ì!°l åEthyleneä
•z!Ì!°l •° ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚° àƒy§#Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfܲ åPGRä– ˛õyܲy Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ Óyô≈ܲƒ ò¢y ã˛°ˆÏSÈ
~Ùl ܲ°yÎ˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî •z!Ì!°l §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ •z!Ì!°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ã˛yÓ˚yàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ Ó,!Âôñ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ fl≥˛#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !mÓ#ç˛õe# ã˛yÓ˚yàyˆÏSÈ x@˝ÃfiÌ •%ܲ àë˛l– •z!Ì!°l í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
xAà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ˛õyï˛y ~ÓÇ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óyô≈ܲƒ≤Ãy!Æ ~ÓÇ ˆÙyã˛l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •z!Ì!°l x!ôܲ !ܲÎ˚y¢#°– Ê˛° ˛õyܲyÓ˚˛ §ÙÎ˚ ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ÿª§l •yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ÿª§l
•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚§!˛õˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚ Üœ˛y•zˆÏÙ!ê˛Ü˛ åRespiratory climaticä ӈϰ–
•z!Ì!°l Ó#ç G Ù%Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §%ÆyÓfiÌy ˲Aà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÓyòyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yÏÂàˆÏÙÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xy°%Ó˚
fl≥˛#ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ Ù%ܲ% ˆÏ°yÂàÙ âê˛yÎ˚– •z!Ì!°l à˲#Ó˚ çˆÏ° çß√yˆÏly ôylàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈Ùôƒ‡˛õeÓ,ˆhÏ s˝Ó˚ o%ï˛ ò#â≈#ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ
í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ˛õyï˛y‡!Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏàÓ˚ xÇ¢§Ù)•ˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•z!Ì!°l Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ àë˛lˆÏܲG í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïîï˛°
Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàˆÏÙÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xylyÓ˚ˆÏ§ Ê˛° àë˛l ~•z ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙO§ƒ !ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
•z!Ì!°l ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ xyÙàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàÙˆÏܲG í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– •z!Ì!°l ~ï˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ˛˛≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ ~!ê˛ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏÎ≈ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ PGR ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛–
•z!Ì!°ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ !•§yˆÏÓ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˆÎÔà!ê˛ •° •zˆÏÌÊ˛l– •zˆÏÌÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ç°#Î˚ oÓî §•ˆÏç•z
í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ •z!Ì!°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%!=˛ âˆÏê˛– •zˆÏÌÊ˛l ê˛ˆÏÙˆÏê˛yñ
xyˆÏ˛õˆÏ°Ó˚ Ê˛° ˛õyܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ê%˛° G Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙyã˛l å ï%˛°yñ ˆã˛!Ó˚ñ xyáˆÏÓ˚yˆÏê˛Ó˚ áˆÏ§
˛õí˛¸yä o%ï˛ï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢¢yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛ flf# Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Çáƒy Ó,!Âô â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚ Ê˛°l Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
15.4.3.5 xƒyÓ!§!§Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ åAbscisic acidä
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎñ ˆÙyã˛l G §%ÆyÓfiÌy !lÎ˚sfˆÏî xƒyÓ!§!§Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ åABAä Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÌyܲyÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ~!ê˛ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ܲv xlƒylƒ PGR ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•zñ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚G ~Ó˚ §%ò)Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚# ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏS– ~!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õyܲ !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ Óyôy ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ABA Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yò‰àˆÏÙG Óyôy òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ABAñ Ó!•ıcˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚
Órô •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §•l¢#°ï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ§•z çlƒ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ#í˛¸l •Ó˚ˆÏÙylG Ó°y •Î˚– Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ Ó,!Âôñ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •GÎ˚y ~ÓÇ §%ÆyÓfiÌy !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ABA à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ÆyÓfiÌyˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ABA Ó#çà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ÓlT˛
•GÎ˚yˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° xlƒylƒ ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z ABAÈ !çˆÏÓÁˆÏÓ˚!°Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ôÙ≈# ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyÙÓ˚y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î G ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
ò¢yÓ˚ çlƒ•z ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ PGR ˆÜ˛ !ܲS%È Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ
Óy ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y fl∫ï˛sf Óy §Ù!T˛àï˛G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ ~Ùl âê˛ly Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲy!ôܲ PGR Èxyhs˝ı!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl Ó#ç‡Ù%Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §%ÆyÓfiÌyñ ˆÙyã˛lñ Óyô≈ܲƒ≤Ãy!Æñ x@˝ÃfiÌ ≤Ãܲê˛ï˛y
•zï˛ƒy!ò–
 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ 251

ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáyñ PGR ÈüÈ ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy •°ñ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î !lÎ˚sfܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲÓ˚y–
!çˆÏlyÙàï˛ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà ~Ó˚y í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚ˆÏî à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó•% Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ≤Ã˲yÓܲñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈï˛y˛õÙyey ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°yܲñ PGRÈü~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G
˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È âê˛lyÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •°ı Óy§hs˝#ܲÓ˚îñ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàÙñ §%Æò¢yñ
Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yÂàÙñ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛°l •zï˛ƒy!ò–

˛õ%‹õ ≤Ãfl≥%˛ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛lyÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ å~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˲Î˚•z •° Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ≤Ã˲yÓܲä Ë)˛!Ùܲy
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–

15.5 xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ó,!_ åPhotoperiodismä

~!ê˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏò ˛õ%ˆ‹Ï õyÂàÙ âê˛yˆÏï˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ xhs˝Ó˚ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
Ó˚yáy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ê˛yG ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏò ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàˆÏÙÓ˚ çlƒ Ü˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚
í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyG ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏò
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ xyˆÏ°yܲܲy° åcritical durationä ~Ó˚ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
•Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ xlƒ í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàˆÏÙÓ˚ §)ã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~•z §Çܲê˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚
Ü˛Ù §ÙÎ˚Óƒy˛õ# xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤ÃÌÙ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ í˛z!qòˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ò#â≈ !òÓy
í˛z!qò åLong day plantäñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˆày¤˛#!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ •…fl∫ !òÓy í˛z!qò åShort day
plantä– !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §Çܲê˛Ü˛y° !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– ~Ùl Ó•% í˛z!qò Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚
§ÙÎ˚ܲy° G ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàˆÏÙÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ lÎ˚ñ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ !òÓy !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ í˛z!qò
åDay neutral plantä ӈϰ å!ã˛e 5.12ä–

ˆÓ!¢ ˆÓ!¢

Ê%˛° ˆÊ˛yˆÏê˛ly
§Çܲê˛
Ê%˛° ˆÊ˛yˆÏê˛ xyˆÏ°yܲܲy°
§Çܲê˛
xyˆÏ°yܲܲy°
xAàç
Ü˛Ù Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚
˛õÓ˚ Ê%˛°
ˆÊ˛yê˛y
Ê%˛° ˆÊ˛yˆÏê˛ly Ê%˛° ˆÊ˛yˆÏê˛
ò#â≈ !òÓy í˛z!qò •…fl∫ !òÓy í˛z!qò !òÓy !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ í˛z!qò
!ã˛e 15.12 xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ó,!_ı ò#â≈ !òÓyñ •…fl∫ !òÓy ~ÓÇ !òÓy !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°y–
252 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~ál ~!ê˛G çyly ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye xyˆÏ°yܲܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛y°•z lÎ˚ñ xrôܲyÓ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛y°G
§Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î–≈ xÌ≈yÍ ~!ê˛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ%ˆ‹Ï õyÂàÙ ¢%ôÙ% ye xyˆÏ°yܲܲy°
~ÓÇ xrôܲyÓ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ù!°ï˛ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ í˛z˛õÓ˚v ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚G !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !òÓy‡Ó˚y!eܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ó!, _–
°«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ÙçyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ~•z ˆÎñ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Îál !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ¢#£Ï≈˲yà!ê˛ ˛õ%‹õ §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚#
!Óê˛˛õyLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ~Ó˚y åí˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Óê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ¢#£ÏË≈ ˛yàä !lˆÏç ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yܲܲy°!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ‡xrôܲyÓ˚ܲy° í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ fiÌyl!ê˛ •°ÈüÈ ˛õyï˛y– ~ê˛y xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl çyï˛#Î˚ Ó› ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàˆÏÙÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl çyï˛#Î˚ Ó›!ê˛ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàÙ
âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛ál•z ˛õyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óê˛˛õ ¢#ˆÏ£Ï≈ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ Îál í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ xyˆÏÓ¢Ü˛
xyˆÏ°yܲܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ åinductive photoperiodä í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáy •Î˚–
15.6 Óy§hs˝#ܲÓ˚î åVernalisationä

~Ùl !ܲS%È í˛z!qò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ Óy à%îàï˛ Ùyl í˛z!qòˆÏܲ !l¡¨ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚
Ó˚yáyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Óy§hs˝#ܲÓ˚î– ~!ê˛ àySÈ˛õy°yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ÙÓ˚¢%ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï!òˆÏܲ
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ çllàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚ˆÏî Óyôy òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z!qò ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §ÙÎ˚
˛õyÎ˚– Óy§hs˝#ܲÓ˚î Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !l¡¨ï˛y˛õÙyey ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y
˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàÙˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– àÙñ Óy!°≈ñ Ó˚y•zÈüÈ~§Ó à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !ܲS%È áyòƒ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ò%•z
ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ ı ¢#ï˛Ü˛y°#l ~ÓÇ Ó§hs˝Ü˛y°#l ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛– Ó§hs˝Ü˛y°#l ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛ˆÏܲ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z
Ó§hs˝Ü˛yˆÏ° °yàyˆÏly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ÙÓ˚¢%ˆÏÙ•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàÙ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ÙÓ˚¢%Ù ˆ¢£Ï •GÎ˚yÓ˚
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ¢#ï˛Ü˛y°#l ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó§hs˝Ü˛yˆÏ° °yàyˆÏly •ˆÏ°G ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ê%˛° ˆÊ˛yˆÏê˛
ly Óy Ê%˛° ˆÊ˛yê˛yÓ˚ ÙÓ˚¢%Ù ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ¢§ƒòylyG í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ly– ï˛y•z ˆ§•z í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ˛ ¢Ó˚ÍܲyˆÏ°
°yàyˆÏly •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yò‰àÙ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ §Ù@˝Ã ¢#ï˛Ü˛y° ç%ˆÏí˛¸ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ã˛yÓ˚yàyˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
•Î˚– Ó§hsܲyˆÏ° Ó,!Âô ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ @˝Ã#‹øܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ê˛§° ˆï˛y°y •Î˚–
Óy§hs˝#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !mÓ£Ï≈ç#Ó# í˛z!qˆÏò– !mÓ£Ï≈ç#Ó# í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°y
~Ü˛Ê˛§!° •Î˚ñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ ÙÓ˚¢%ˆÏÙ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàÙ âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !Óê˛ñ ÓÑyôyܲ!˛õñ àyçÓ˚
•° !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î !mÓ£Ï≈ç#Ó# í˛z!qò– !l¡¨ ï˛y˛õÙyey ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ !mÓ£Ï≈ç#Ó# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚!˲!_ܲ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàÙˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–

§yÓ˚yÇ¢
Ó,!Âô •° §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ âê˛y §%flõT˛ âê˛lyÓ!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y §%flõT˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly– ~!ê˛ •° §ç#Ó
Ó›Ó˚ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ•z ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏܲ xyܲyÓ˚ñ ˆ«˛eÊ˛°ñ ˜òâ≈ƒñ í˛zFã˛ï˛yñ xyÎ˚ï˛lñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Çáƒy
•zï˛ƒy!ò ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ Ó,!Âô §%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛–
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲yçܲ ܲ°y •° Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ fiÌyl– Ù)° G ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ°y ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly !lˆÏÓ!¢ï˛
˲yçܲܲ°y §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà í˛z!qò xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ò#â≈#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî xÇ¢ ˆlÎ˚– í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó,!Âô x!lÎ˚ï˛–
 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ 253

Ù)° G ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° âê˛y Ó,!Âô §Ùyhs˝Ó˚ Óy à%ˆÏîy_Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛y¢‡Ü˛°y‡xAà‡ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ç#Ólܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ í˛zFã˛•yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô §yôyÓ˚îï˛ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚ ly– Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ù)რò¢yˆÏܲ
ˆ°àñ °à‰ ~ÓÇ Óyô≈ܲƒ ò¢y !•§yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ï˛ál ~!ê˛
!ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •Î˚– !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ àë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ Îy ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛y !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛y¢ñ
ܲ°y ~ÓÇ xˆÏAàÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î l#!ï˛ ~ܲ•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ xyÓyÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˛õ%l/!ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ í˛z!qˆÏò !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î Ù%=˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛y•z ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG lÙl#Î˚ï˛y
ˆòáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î •° Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°– ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚îܲyˆÏ° í˛z!qˆÏò ≤’y!fiê˛!§!ê˛G
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î G Óy!•ƒÜ˛ í˛z˲Î˚ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ myÓ˚y•z !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– xyhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚
x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°y •° Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfܲ åPGRä Ó°y •Î˚– í˛z!qˆÏò !Ó!˲ߨ
ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ PGR Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y Ù)áƒï˛ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ÈüüüÈ x!:lñ !çˆÏÓÁˆÏÓ˚!°lñ §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•z!llñ xƒyÓ!§!§Ü˛
xƒy!§í˛ ~ÓÇ •z!Ì!°l– ~•z §Ü˛° PGR í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y !Ó˲ò#ܲÓ˚î G ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ âê˛lyˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly PGR ~Ó˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
PGR à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓG ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚– PGR à%ˆÏ°y §!¡ø!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óy ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y xyˆÏ°yܲñ ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲñ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîñ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ÈüÈÓ° ~ÓÇ ~
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ myÓ˚yG ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏò ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàÙ ï˛ál•z âˆÏê˛ Îál ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yܲܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛y° ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó˚yáy •Î˚–
ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# xyˆÏ°yܲܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ •…fl∫ !òÓy í˛z!qòñ ò#â≈ !òÓy í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ !òÓy
!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ í˛z!qò Ó°y •Î˚– !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàÙ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !l¡¨ ï˛y˛õÙyey
≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ Óy§hs˝#ܲÓ˚î Ó°y •Î˚–

xl%¢#°l#

1. §ÇK˛y òyG ı Ó,!Âôñ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚îñ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛Ó˚î Óy !Óܲy¢ñ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚îñ ˛õ%l!Ó≈ˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚îñ !lÎ˚ï˛ Ó,!Âôñ
ˆÙ!Ó˚ˆÏfiê˛Ùñ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚–
2. ~ܲ!ê˛ §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ç#Ólܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ âê˛y Ó,!Âô ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õî ˛õÂô!ï˛
ΈÏÌT˛ lÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
3. §Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚î òyG ı
åÜ˛ä §Ùyhs˝Ó˚ Ó,!Âô
åáä à%ˆÏîy_Ó˚ Ó,!Âô
åàä !§àÙˆÏÎ˚í˛ Ó,!ÂôÈüȈ°á!ã˛e
åâä ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ G xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚
4. í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfܲ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ù%რˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ñ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ‡í˛zòƒyl˛õy°ˆÏl ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
254 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

5. xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ó,!_ G Óy§hs˝#ܲÓ˚î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ˆ°ˆÏáy–

6. xƒyÓ!§!§Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ˆÏܲ Ú˛õ#í˛¸l •Ó˚ˆÏÙylÛ ÓˆÏ° ˆÜ˛l⁄
7. Úí˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ í˛z!qˆÏò Ó,!Âô G !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î í˛z˲Î˚•z Ù%=˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚Û ÈüüüÈ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
8. Ú!l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyˆÏl Ó˚yáy ò#â≈ !òÓy ~ÓÇ •…fl∫ !òÓy í˛z!qò ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàÙ âˆÏê˛˛Û ÈüüüÈ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛yl‰ í˛z!qÏò Ó,!Âô !lÎ˚sfܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ åPGRä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
åܲä ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ܲyê˛y xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù)° §,!T˛ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
åáä o%ï˛ Ê˛° ˛õyܲyˆÏï˛
åàä ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Óyô≈ܲƒ !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
åâä ܲy!«˛Ü˛ Ù%Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó,!Âô í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
å.ä ˆÓ˚yˆÏçê˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓy!Œê˛Ç âê˛yˆÏï˛
åã˛ä ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ ï˛Í«˛îyÍ Órô •GÎ˚y í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
10. ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛y V˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y í˛z!qò !ܲ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ó,_#Î˚ ã˛ˆÏܲ˛ §yí˛¸y ˆòˆÏÓ⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
11. ܲ# âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Î!ò ı
åܲä ôyˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ GA ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
3

åáä !Ó˲yçl¢#° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚

åàä ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õã˛y Ê˛°ˆÏܲ x˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙ¢yˆÏly •Î˚
åâä Î!ò ï%˛!Ù ˛õy°l ÙyôƒˆÏÙ åculture mediumä §y•zˆÏê˛yܲy•z!ll !òˆÏï˛ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyG
 ~ܲܲ û 5
ÙylÓ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy (Human Physiology)
xôƒyÎ˚ 16 !Ó!¢T˛Ü˛Ó˚î ˛õˆÏÌ xÌ≈yÍ ç!ê˛° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ §Ó˚° á[˛yLjϢ !Ó!Ÿ’T˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ G ˆ¢y£Ïîñ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ôyÓ˚îy G ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
xôƒyÎ˚ 17 ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ç#Óhs˝ ܲ°y ÙˆÏí˛°ÈüÈ~ Óy §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ Ù%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ– xyî!Óܲ
ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÎ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚î âê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyî!Óܲ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˜çÓ Ó˚§yÎ˚l G ˜çÓ
Ÿªy§!ܲÎ˚y G àƒy§#Î˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòylñ
˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– Î!òG ~ál ~ê˛y ܲÙÓÂô≈Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆÎ !Ó¢%Âô §ç#Ó
xôƒyÎ˚ 18 Ó› §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˛õÌ Óy !Ó¢%Âô !Ó!¢T˛ xyî!Óܲ ˛õÌ (reductionist molecular approach) ~Ó˚
ˆò•ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•lñ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ê˛•z ˜ç!Óܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y§Ù)• ~ÓÇ §ç#Ó âê˛lyÓ!° §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §ï˛ƒï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l–
xôƒyÎ˚ 19 !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!ç xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ §Ü˛° §ç#Ó âê˛lyÓ!°•z xôƒÎ˚l xô#l !§ˆÏfiê˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyhs˝/!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zq(ï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– xî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yÜ≈˛ñ x!ô xyî!Óܲ
§Ùß∫Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•ñ ܲîy§Ù)•ñ §ç#Ó Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ xÓ¢ƒ•z çlˆÏày¤˛# G §¡±òyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z
xôƒyÎ˚ 20
í˛zayl¢#° ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ xhs˝àï≈ ˛ xôƒyÎ˚àˆ% °
Ï yˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲñ àƒy§#Î˚ xyòyl≤Ãòylñ
ã˛°l G àÙl Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓ•lñ ã˛°l G àÙl ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ G xyî!Óܲ
xôƒyÎ˚ 21 ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ò%ˆÏê˛y xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ• §Çâ!ê˛ï˛
fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ §Ùß∫Î˚ñ âê˛lyÓ!°Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfî §ç#ÓÓ›Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xôƒyÎ˚ 22
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl G
~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î
 •zï˛y°#Î˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl!Óò‰ xƒy°Ê˛lˆÏ§y ܲÓ˚!ê˛ (Alfonso Corti) 1822 §yˆÏ° çß√@˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §Ó˚#§,˛õˆÏòÓ˚ •,ò§ÇÓ•lï˛sf§Ù)• xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z !ï˛!l ï˛yÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ
ܲÙ≈ç#Ól ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l hfllÏ ƒ˛õyÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ◊Óîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– 1851 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!l ~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy˛õe ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ~•z àˆÏÓ£Ïîy˛õˆÏe
!ï˛!l ܲܲ!°Î˚yÓ˚ Óƒy!§°yÓ˚ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆÓ˚yÙ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Óî≈ly
ˆòl Îy ¢∑ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®ˆÏl Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– 1888 §yˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚–

Alfonso Corti
(1822 – 1888)
 xôƒyÎ˚ 16 (Chapter 16)
˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ G ˆ¢y£Ïî (Digestion & Absorp-
tion)
16.1 ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ ï˛sfñ
16.2 áyòƒÓ›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° áyòƒ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒÓ›Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y •°
16.3 ˛õy!ã˛ï˛ áyòƒÓ›Ó˚ ܲyˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí˛» ê˛ñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ÓÇ Ê˛ƒyê˛– !˲ê˛y!Ùl ~ÓÇ á!lç °Óî á%Ó fl∫“ ÙyeyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– áyòƒ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆ¢y£Ïî ˜ç!Óܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚ Îy ܲ°yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G «˛Î˚˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ç° ˛õyl ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y
16.4 ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆò•ˆÏܲ ç°¢)lƒï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲG Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆày°ˆÏÎyà §Ù)• áyòƒ!fiÌï˛ Ó,•Í ˜çÓ xî%à%ˆÏ°y ˆÎ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ áyˆÏòƒ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§•z Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ly– ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ ï˛ˆÏsf ~•z xî%à%ˆÏ°y ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚° í˛z˛õyòyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ç!ê˛° áyòƒÓ›
§Ó˚° ˆ¢y£ÏîˆÏÎyàƒ áyòƒ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ú˛õ!Ó˚˛õyÜ˛Û ÓˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ ï˛ˆÏsf Îy!sfܲ G ˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– !ã˛e 16.1 ~ ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î §Çàë˛l ˆòáyˆÏly •°–
16.1 ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲï˛sf (Digestive System)ı
ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲï˛sf ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
16.1.1 ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!° (Alimentary Canal) ı
ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!° ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §¡ø%á˲yˆÏà í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ù%á!SÈo ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õŸã˛yò!òˆÏܲ ˛õyÎ˚%Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚– Ù%á!SÈo!ê˛ Ù%áà•¥ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ù%á à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È òÑyï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%°
!ç•¥y ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ òÑyï˛ ˆã˛yÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ x!fiÌÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!Ìï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 16.2ä– òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
§ÇÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲyˆÏí˛yrê˛ (thecodont) ӈϰ– Ùyl%£Ï §• ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ój¢yÎ˚
ò%ÛÓyÓ˚ òÑyï˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ xÌ≈yÍ ò%•z ˆ§ê˛ òÑyï˛ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ÎÌy ò%ˆÏôÓ˚ òÑyï˛ G fiÌyÎ˚# òÑyï˛– !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ò%ˆÏôÓ˚ òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚
fiÌyˆÏl fiÌyÎ˚# òÑyï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
258 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Ù%áà•¥Ó˚
Ù%á ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛í˛ @˝Ã!rÌ
à°!Ó°
§yÓˆÏÙ!:°y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
§yÓ!°Aà%Î˚y° @˝Ã!rÌ

@˝Ãy§ly!°

ÎÜ,˛Í˛

!˛õ_Ì!° ˛õyܲfiÌ°#

x@¿ƒy¢Î˚
!í˛GˆÏí˛lyÙ
xl%≤ÃfiÌ ˆÜ˛y°l ˆçç%lyÙ
xyˆÏÓ˚y•# ˆÜ˛y°l xÓˆÏÓ˚y•# ˆÜ˛y°l
•z!°Î˚y§
!§àÙˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y°l
!§Ü˛yÙ
Ù°y¢Î˚
˲y!Ù≈Ê˛Ù≈ xƒyˆÏ˛õ!u˛:
˛õyÎ˚%

!ã˛e 16.1 ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲï˛sf

~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ òhs˝!Ólƒy§ˆÏܲ í˛y•z!Ê˛Gí˛rê˛ (diphyodont) ӈϰ– ~ܲçl ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ 32!ê˛
fiÌyÎ˚# òÑyï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z òÑyï˛à%ˆÏ°y ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏܲ ˆ•ê˛yˆÏÓ˚yí˛rê˛ (heterodont) òhs˝˛ !Ólƒy§
ӈϰ– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° û Ü,˛hs˝Ü˛ Óy •zl!§çyÓ˚ (I)ñ ܲƒyly•zl Óy ˆSÈòܲ (C) ˛õ%Ó˚/ˆ˛õ£Ïܲ Óy !≤ÈÏÙy°yÓ˚ (PM)
~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ£Ïܲ Óy ˆÙy°yÓ˚ (M)– í˛zôÁ≈ G !l¡¨ ˆã˛yÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xô≈yLjϢ òhs˝ !Ólƒy§ Iñ Cñ PMñ M ~•z
2123
ܲˆÏÙ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏܲ ˆÎ òhs˝ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§!ê˛ •° –
2123
òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢=˛ ã˛Ó≈î í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛° ~lyˆÏÙ° myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z xÇ¢!ê˛ áyòƒÓ›Ó˚ ã˛Ó≈ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ˛õ¢#ÙÎ˚ G fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ §M˛y°l«˛Ù !ç•¥y!ê˛ Ù%á!ÓÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙˆÏV˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ê˛!lG°yÙ (frenulum) myÓ˚y
§ÇÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ç•¥yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ° ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y x!˲ˆÏ«˛˛õ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õƒy!˛õ!° ӈϰ– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˛õƒy!˛õ!°ˆÏï˛
fl∫yòˆÏܲyÓ˚ܲ Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ù%á!ÓÓÓ˚!ê˛ ly!ï˛ò#â≈ à°!ӈϰ í˛zß√=% ˛ •Î˚ Îy áyòƒ G ÓyÎ˚Ó% ˚ çlƒ §yôyÓ˚î ˛õÌ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ •zˆ§Ï yˆÏÊ˛ày§
å@˝Ãy§ly°#ä ~ÓÇ ê˛∆ƒy!ܲÎ˚y 埪y§ly!°ä §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ à°!ӈϰ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚– ~!˛õ@’!ê˛§ lyÙܲ ï˛Ó˚l% y!fiÌ !l!Ù≈ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õyï˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ à°yôıܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ÿªy§ly!°Ó˚ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢ ˛õˆÏÌ xÌ≈yÍ @’!ê˛ˆÏ§ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÓÏ ˆÏ¢ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚–
 ÙylÓ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy 259

@˝Ãy§ly!°!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚% °¡∫y l°yܲyÓ˚ àë˛l Îy ˛õŸã˛yò!òˆÏܲ

!Óhfl,Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ @˝Ã#Óyñ Ó«˛ñ ~ÓÇ ÙôƒFSÈòyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ü,˛hs˝Ü˛
J xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ó!¢T˛ Ì!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àë˛l ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚–
ˆSÈòܲ
@˝Ãy§ly!° G ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ°!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%°
!fl≥˛Çê˛yÓ˚ åSphincterä myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– ˛õyܲfiÌ°#!ê˛ ˛õ%Ó˚/ˆ˛õ£Ïܲ
í˛zòÓ˚à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏà ÓyÙ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ xLjϢ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl xÇ¢ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ •,ò‰ xÇ¢ (Cardiac por- ˆ˛õ£Ïܲ ˆã˛yÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚
tion) ˆÎáyˆÏl @˝Ãy§ly!°!ê˛ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛yu˛y§ xM˛° ˆÜ˛yê˛Ó˚
~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy•zˆÏ°y!Ó˚ܲ xÇ¢ Îy «%˛oyˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xLjϢ í˛zß√%=˛
•Î˚ å!ã˛e 16.3ä– «%˛oysfˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ xLjϢ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
~à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ ‘U’ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !í˛GˆÏí˛lyÙñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò#â≈ !ã˛e 16.2 ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆã˛yÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆã˛yÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yê˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ü%˛u˛°#ï˛ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# xÇ¢ xÌ≈yÍ ˆçç%lyÙ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Iy !Ólƒy§–
Ü%˛u˛°#ï˛ •z!°Î˚yÙ– !í˛GˆÏí˛lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÎ xLjϢ ˛õyܲfiÌ°# í˛zß√%=˛
•Î˚ ˆ§•z fiÌyl!ê˛ ˛õy•zˆÏ°y!Ó˚ܲ !fl≥˛Çê˛yÓ˚ (Pyloric Sphinc-
ter) myÓ˚y §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– •z!°Î˚yÙ Ó,•òˆÏsf í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
~!ê˛ !§Ü˛yÙñ ˆÜ˛y°l ~ÓÇ Ù°y¢Î˚ §Ù!ß∫ï˛– !§Ü˛yÙ ~ܲ!ê˛
«%˛o ÓÂôÌ!° ÎyÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ÙˆÏÌyç#Ó# xî%ç#Ó Ó§Óy§
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !§Ü˛yÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚% xy.%ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y x!˲ˆÏ«˛˛õ
@˝Ãy§ly°#
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ xyˆÏ§ ÎyˆÏܲ ˲y!Ù≈Ê˛Ù≈ xƒyˆÏ˛õ!u˛: åVermiform Ap-
pendixä ӈϰ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!‹;Î˚ xAà– !§Ü˛yÙ ˆÜ˛y°ˆÏl Ù%=˛ Ê˛yu˛y§
•Î˚– ˆÜ˛y°ˆÏl í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ xÇ¢ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zôÁ≈àyÙ# xÇ¢ñ
~ܲ!ê˛ xl%≤ÃfiÌ xÇ¢ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ xô/àyÙ# å !l¡¨àyÙ#ä xÇ¢– !í˛GˆÏí˛lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲy!í≈˛Î˚yܲ
xô/àyÙ# xÇ¢!ê˛ Ù°y¢ˆÏÎ˚ Ù%=˛ •Î˚ Îy ˛õyÎ˚%Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛zôÁ≈ xÇ¢
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚–
@˝Ãy§ly!° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù°y¢Î˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ly!°Ó˚
õy•zˆ°Ï y!Ó˚ܲ
≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚!ê˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ å!ã˛e 16.4ä– hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ
ˆ§ˆÏÓy˚ §y hflÓÏ ñ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢hflÓÏ ñ˚ xô/ˆŸ’‹øy˛ ~ÓÇ ˆŸ’‹øyhflÓÏ –˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏβ˚
!ã˛e 16.3 Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ xM˛°§Ù)•–
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ •° ˆ§ˆÏÓ˚y§y hflÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y
ˆÙˆÏ§yˆÏÌ!°Î˚yÙ åx˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î xAà§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ ~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚yÙä ~ÓÇ
!ܲS%È ˆÎyàܲ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆ˛õ!¢ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢ myÓ˚y
à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ Îy §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xl%˜Ïòâ≈ƒ hflÏÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È
xM˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ !ï˛Î≈ܲ ˆ˛õ!¢hflÏÓ˚G ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !¢!Ì°
ˆÎyàܲ°y §Ù!ß∫ï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ñ Ó˚=˛Óy• ~ÓÇ °!§Ü˛yÓy• myÓ˚y xô/
ˆŸ’‹øy hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
 260 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆ§ˆÏÓy˚ §y hflÓÏ ˚

xhs˝/fiÌ ã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚
Ó!•/fiÌ ò#â≈yܲyÓ˚ } ˆ˛õ!¢hflÏÓ˚
xô/ˆŸ’‹øyhflÏÓ˚
ˆŸ’‹øyhflÏÓ˚

ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°Ó˚ à•¥Ó˚

!ã˛e 16.4 ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°Ó˚ ≤ÃfïÏFSȈÏòÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl !í˛GˆÏí˛lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xô/ˆŸ’‹øy hflψÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È @˝Ã!rÌ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°Ó˚ à•¥Ó˚ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
ï˛yˆÏܲ !Ùí˛zܲy§ hflÓÏ ˚ ӈϰ– ~•z hflÓÏ !˚ ê˛ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆ°
Ï y x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛
˲Ñyç (rugae) ~ÓÇ «%˛oyˆÏsf !˲!Õ‘ lyÙܲ xy.%ˆÏ°Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y
«˛%o xhs˝Ë≈˛yç ˛àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 16.5ä– ~•z !˲°y•zà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy
!˲!Õ‘
V
ˆ°!QˆÏÎ˚°
Lacteal ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Ùy•zˆÏÜœ˛y!˲!Õ‘ lyÙܲ x§Çრxyî%Ó#«˛!îܲ x!˲ˆÏ«˛˛õ §,!T˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤Ãyhs˝ Ó%Ó˚%¢ ~Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
Ó˚)˛õ§Ù)• ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° Ó•%°yLjϢ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– !˲!Õ‘à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó˚=˛çy!°Ü˛y
Capillaries Ó˚=˛çy°Ü˛ §Çàë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í °!§Ü˛yÓy• ÌyˆÏܲ–
ôÙl# !˲°y•z!fiÌï˛ ~•z °!§Ü˛yÓy•!ê˛ˆÏܲ °ƒy!QˆÏÎ˚° ӈϰ– !Ùí˛zܲy§
!ܲ≤Wz§ ~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚yÙ!ê˛ àÓ‰ˆÏ°ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!¢Ó˚y !Ùí˛zܲy§ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ Îy ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°ˆÏܲ !˛õ!FSÈ° Ó˚yˆÏá– !Ùí˛zܲy§ hflÓÏ !˚ ê˛G
˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ã!rÌ (gastric gland) ~ÓÇ «%˛oyˆÏsf !˲°y•z
!ã˛e 16.5 «%˛oyˆÏsfÓ˚ ˜Ÿ’!‹øܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈò ˆÎáyˆÏl
!˲°y•zà%ˆÏ°y ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ï˛°ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y áÑyç å!°ÓyÓ˚Ü%˛ˆÏlÓ˚ áÑyçä
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ~•z ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ •Î˚–

16.1.2 ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ @˝Ã!rÌ (Digestive Gland)

˛ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆ°

Ï y •° °y°y@˝Ã!rÌñ ÎÜ,˛Íñ ~ÓÇ x@¿ƒy¢Î˚–

!ï˛lˆÏçyí˛¸y °y°y@˝Ã!r̈Ïï˛•z ≤Ãôylï˛ °y°yÓ˚§ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ~•z °y°y @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆ° Ï y •° ˆ˛õˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛í˛ @˝Ã!rÌ å!ã˛Ó%ˆÜÏ ˛äñ §yÓ
Ùƒy!:°yÓ˚#‡§yÓÙƒy!u˛Ó%°yÓ˚ å!l¡¨ ˆã˛yÎ˚yˆÏ°ä ~ÓÇ §yÓ !°Aà%Îy˚ ° @˝Ã!rÌ å!ç•¥yÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ä– ~•z @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆ° Ï y Ù%á!ÓÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
!ë˛Ü˛ Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ !òˆÏܲ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆ°
Ï y ˆÌˆÏܲ °y°yÓ˚§ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ù%áà•¥ˆÓÏ ˚ xyˆÏ§–
 ÙylÓ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy 261

ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y @˝Ã!rÌ!ê˛ •° ÎÜ,˛Í ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï ~Ó˚ Gçl ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1.2
ˆÌˆÏܲ 1.5kg •Î˚– ~!ê˛ í˛zòÓ˚ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ ÙôƒFSÏòyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ l#ˆÏã˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ á[˛Ü˛ !Ó!¢T˛– ˆ•˛õy!ê˛Ü˛
á[˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ÎÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ àë˛làï˛ G ܲyÎ≈àï˛ ~ܲܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z áu˛Ü˛ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ˆ•˛õy!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%!° ò!í˛¸Ó˚
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ•˛õy!ê˛Ü˛ á[˛Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y ˆÎyàܲ°yÓ˚ xyFSÈyòl myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~ˆÏܲ !@’§™ ܲƒy˛õ§%í˛z° (Glisson’s Capsule) ӈϰ– ÎÜ,˛Í ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˛õ_ «˛!˛Ó˚ï˛˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎÜ,˛Íly!°Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%° Ì!°ˆÏï˛ §!M˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ âlc Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z Ì!°!ê˛ˆÏܲ

!˛õ_ Ì!°
!˛õ_Ì!° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎÜ,˛Í ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ ly!°
í˛zͲõߨ ly!°

§yôyÓ˚î !˛õ_ly!°
x@¿ƒy¢Î˚

x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ly!°
!í˛GˆÏí˛lyÙ

ÎÜ,˛ÍÈüÈx@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ly!°
!ã˛e 16.6 ÎÜ,˛Íñ !˛õ_Ì!° ~ÓÇ x@¿ƒy¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ly!°Ü˛yï˛sf§Ù)•–
!˛õ_ Ì!° (Gall bladder) ӈϰ– ÎÜ,˛Í ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ ÎÜ,˛Íly!° å ˆ•˛õy!ê˛Ü˛ ly!°ä ~ÓÇ !˛õ_Ì!°Ó˚
ly!°!ê˛ å!§!fiê˛Ü˛ ly!°ä ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î !˛õ_ly!° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 16.6ä–
ÎÜ,˛Íly!° ~ÓÇ x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ly!° ò%!ê˛ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ˆ•˛õyˆÏê˛y ˆ˛õl!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ly!° Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ !í˛GˆÏí˛lyˆÏÙ
í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ly!°!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !fl≥˛Çê˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §%Ó!˚ «˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z !fl≥˛ÇܲyÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ G!í˛Ó˚ !fl≥˛Çê˛yÓ˚ åSphinc-
ter of Oddiä ӈϰ–
x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ °¡∫yˆÏê˛ ˆÎÔ!àܲ @˝Ã!rÌ åxhs˝/«˛Ó˚y G Ó!•/«˛Ó˚y í˛z˲Î˚ @˝Ã!rÌ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ä Îy U xyÜ,˛È!ï˛Ó˚
!í˛GˆÏí˛lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ò%•z Óy•%Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl xÓ!fiÌï˛– x@¿ƒy¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó!•/«˛Ó˚y xÇ¢ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ å~lçy•zÙä
§Ù!ß∫ï˛ «˛yÓ˚#Î˚ x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ Ó˚§ «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ˛ •zl§%!°l ~ÓÇ @’%ܲyàl lyÙܲ
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
16.2 áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ (Digestion of food)
Îy!sfܲ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ §¡õߨ •Î˚–
Ù%á!ÓÓˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ò%!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ܲyç §¡õyòl •Î˚ ˆ§à%!° •° ã˛Ó≈î ~ÓÇ à°yô/ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y– òÑyï˛ ~ÓÇ !ç•¥y
°y°yÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ áyòƒˆÏܲ !ã˛ˆÏÓyˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ !Ù¢yˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
262 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

°y°yÓ˚§!fiÌï˛ ˆŸ’‹øy áyòƒˆÏܲ !˛õ!FSÈ°Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî ~ÓÇ áyòƒÜ˛îyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ áyòƒÙu˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z áyòƒÙu˛ xï˛/˛õÓ˚ à°!ӈϰ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ à°yô/ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ @˝Ãy§ly!°ˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚–
áyòƒÙu˛!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õ¢#Î˚ Ü˛Ù §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° @˝Ãy§ly!° !òˆÏÎ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆlˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§– ~ˆÏܲ
ˆ˛õ!Ó˚fiê˛°!§§ ӈϰ– àƒy§ˆÏê˛∆yÈüÈ•zˆÏ§yˆÏÊ˛ày° !fl≥˛Çê˛yÓ˚ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù%áà•¥ˆÏÓ˚
«˛!Ó˚ï˛ °y°yÓ˚ˆ§Ï Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%!° •° •zˆ° Ï ˆÏQy… °y•zê˛§ Óy ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’£ƒÏ (Na+, Cl–, HCO3–) ~ÓÇ ~lçy•zÙ
Óy í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ñ §ƒy°y•z˲y!Ó˚ xƒyÙy•zˆÏ°ç ~ÓÇ °y•zˆÏ§yçy•zÙ– Ù%áà•¥ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛
ܲyˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲܲyÓ˚# í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ §ƒy°y•z˲y!Ó˚ xƒyÙy•zˆÏ°ˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ xyo≈ !ӈϟ’£Ïî !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
myÓ˚y ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ å§Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y xl%Ü)˛° PH 6.8) ~•z fiÌyˆÏl ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚
xyo≈ !ӈϟ’!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ù°ˆÏê˛yç lyÙܲ í˛y•z§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– °y°yÓ˚ˆÏ§ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ °y•zˆÏ§yçy•zÙñ
ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏÓ˚yô# Ó› !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §ÇܲÙî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§ƒy°y•z˲y!Ó˚ xƒyÙy•z
Salivary AmylaseˆÏ°ç
ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ H
P 6.8
→ Ù°ˆÏê˛yç

õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ !Ùí˛zܲy§ hflψÏÓ˚ àƒy!fiê˛∆ܲ @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– àƒy!fiê˛∆ܲ @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ≤Ãôyl !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÎÌy û
(i) àƒy!fiê˛∆ܲ áÑyˆÏçÓ˚ @˝Ã#Óy xM˛°!fiÌï˛ ˆŸ’‹øy «˛Ó˚îܲyÓ˚# ˆÜ˛y¢ å Mucus neck cellsä ÈüüüÈ ~Ó˚y ˆŸ’‹øy
«˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ –
(ii) ˆ˛õ˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ Óy !ã˛Ê‰˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù!T˛ å Chief Cellsä û ~Ó˚y ˆ˛õ˛õ!§ˆÏlyˆÏçl lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãy ~lçy•zÙ
«˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
(iii) ˛õƒyÓ˚y•zê˛y° Óy x!:l!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• û ~Ó˚y HCl ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î Ê˛ƒyQÓ˚˛˛å•zl!ê˛∆l!§Ü˛ä å!˲ê˛y!Ùl
B12 ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z Ê˛ƒyQˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ä «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
áyòƒ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ 4 – 5 â^˝ê˛y çÙy ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ áyòƒ xy!¡‘ܲ ˛õyã˛Ü˛ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢
àye §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ !Ù!◊ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲy•z٠ӈϰ– •y•zˆÏí˛» yˆÏÜœ˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ§
ˆ˛õ˛õ!§ˆÏlyˆÏçl ˆ≤Ãy ~lçy•zÙ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲܲyÓ˚# ~lçy•zÙ ˆ˛õ˛õ!§ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ˆ˛õ˛õ!§l ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lˆÏܲ
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛Gç ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ˛õˆÏê˛yˆÏl åˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ä ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyã˛Ü˛ Ó˚ˆÏ§ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆŸ’‹øy ~ÓÇ Óy•z ܲyˆÏÓ≈yˆÏlê˛§
!Ùí˛zˆÜÏ ˛y§y° ~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚yÙˆÏܲ !˛õ!FSÈ° Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ àyeˆÏܲ x!ï˛ âlˆÏcÓ˚ •y•zˆíÏ ˛» yˆÏܲœ y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛
myÓ˚y «˛Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆlÎ˚– •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏÜœ˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ (HCl) ˆ˛õ˛õ!§ˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ §Ó≈y!ôܲ xl%Ü)˛° xy!¡‘ܲ PH(PH 1.8) ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyã˛Ü˛ Ó˚ˆÏ§ ˆÓ˚!ll lyÙܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲܲyÓ˚# í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Îy ò%?ôˆÏ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyã˛ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî °y•zˆÏ˛õçG
ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ !l/§,ï˛ •Î˚–
«%˛oyˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆ˛õ¢#ÈüÈhflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛°l §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z ã˛°l áyòƒˆÏܲ x!sfܲÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ !Ù!◊ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ܲ– !˛õ_ñ x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ Ó˚§ ~ÓÇ xy!sfܲ Ó˚§ !l/§,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
«%˛oyˆÏsf xyˆÏ§– x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ Ó˚§ ~ÓÇ !˛õ_ ÎÜ,˛ÍÈüÈx@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ly!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !l/§,ï˛ •Î˚– x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§ !l!fl;Î˚
í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ !ê˛∆˛õ!§ˆÏlyˆÏçlñ ܲy•zˆÙÏ y!ê˛∆˛õ!§ˆÏlyˆÏçlñ ˆ≤ÃyܲyˆÏÓy≈ !:ÈüȈ˛õ˛õê˛y•zˆíÏ ˛çñ xƒyÙy•zˆ°
Ï çñ °y•zˆ˛Ï õç ~ÓÇ
!lí˛z!Üœ˛ˆÏÎ˚ç Óï≈˛Ùyl–
 ÙylÓ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy 263

xy!sfܲ ˆŸ’‹øy (mucosa) hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !l/§,ï˛ ~rê˛yˆÏÓ˚yܲy•zˆÏlç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ !ê˛∆˛õ!§ˆÏlyˆÏçlˆÏܲ §!ܲÎ˚
!ê˛∆˛õ!§ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ xlƒylƒ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲG §!ܲÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– !˛õ_Ó˚§
!í˛GˆÏí˛lyˆÏÙ Ù%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y •° !˛õ_Ó˚Oܲ å!Ó!°Ó˚%!Ól ~ÓÇ !Ó!°Ë˛yÓ˚!í˛läñ !˛õ_ °Ólñ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛!°!˛õí˛§ñ !ܲv ~ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– !˛õ_Ó˚§ ˆfl¨•çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
xÓoÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ê˛ƒyê˛ Óy ˆfl¨• ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ˆË˛ˆÏ. xï˛ƒhs˝ «%˛o «%˛o Ùy•zˆÏ§!° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !˛õ_Ó˚§
°y•zˆÏ˛õçˆÏܲG §!ܲÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xy!sfܲ ˆŸ’‹øyxyÓÓ˚î#hflÏÓ˚ (mucosal epithelium) àÓˆÏ°ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !Ùí˛zܲy§ «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– xy!sfܲ ˆŸ’‹øy hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy¢ Óí≈˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ «˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ àÓ‰ˆÏ°ê˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ «˛Ó˚î ~ܲˆÏe xy!sfܲ Ó˚§ Óy §yE˛y§ xƒyrê˛y!Ó˚ܲy§ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z Ó˚ˆÏ§ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛
Óï≈˛Ùyl ÎÌy û í˛y•z§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛ç åí˛zòy•Ó˚î Ù°ˆÏê˛çä í˛y•zˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛yˆÏí˛çñ °y•zˆÏ˛õçñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ §y•zˆÏí˛ç
•zï˛ƒy!ò– x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ Óy ˛õƒyl!ܲÎ˚y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ Óy•zܲyˆÏÓ≈yˆÏlê˛§• !Ùí˛zܲy§ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Ùí˛zܲy§ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ x¡‘#Î˚
Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ «˛yÓ˚#Î˚ ÙyôƒÙ (PH 7.8) ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xô/ˆÏÏŸ’‹øy (Submucosal) @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°yG åÓ%lyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌä ~•z ܲyˆÏç §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ Ó˚ˆ§Ï í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲܲyÓ˚# (Proteolytic) í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛Gç G ˆ˛õ˛õˆÏê˛yˆÏl
!Ó!Ÿ’T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ ܲy•zˆÙÏ åç°#Î˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õy!ã˛ï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lä Ó˚˛) õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y !lˆÏ¡¨ ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l !ê˛∆˛õ!§l‡Ü˛y•z ˆÏÙy!ê˛∆˛õ!§l
Salivary Amylase
ˆ˛õ˛õˆÏê˛yl  → í˛y•zˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛
ܲyˆÏÓ≈y!:ˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛y•zˆÏí˛ç
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ç
Úܲy•zÙÛ ~ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛yˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ Óy ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ xƒyÙy•zˆÏ°ç myÓ˚y xyo≈ !Ó!Ÿ’T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛y•z§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ Óy !m¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
xƒyÙy•z
Salivary ˆÏ°ç
Amylase
˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ åˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ä 
→ í˛y•z§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí
°y•zˆÏ˛õç í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ !˛õ_Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆfl¨•˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ˆË˛ˆÏ. í˛y•z!@’§yÓ˚y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly!@’§yÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚–

°y•zˆÏ˛õç
Salivary Amylase Salivary Amylase
Ê˛ƒyê˛ åˆfl¨• ˛õòyÌ≈ä 
→ í˛y•z!@’§yÓ˚y•zí˛ → ÙˆÏly!@’§yÓ˚y•zí˛


x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛ˆÏÎ˚ç !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ê˛y•zí˛§ ~ÓÇ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚§y•zí˛§
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–

!ÈSalivary
lí˛z!Üœ˛Amylase
ˆÏÎ˚ç Salivary Amylase
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ 
→ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ê˛y•zí˛§ → !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚§y•zí˛§


xy!sfܲ Ó˚§ Óy §yE˛y§ ~ˆÏrê˛!Ó˚ܲy§ ~Ó˚ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆ° Ï y í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%!°Ó˚ §Ó≈ˆ¢Ï £Ï í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ó›à%!°Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §Ó˚° ˆ¢y£ÏîˆÏÎyàƒ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚!ê˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛
•Î˚ xˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆŸ’‹øy xyÓÓ˚î# ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §!ߨܲˆÏê˛–
264 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

í˛y•zˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛§ í˛y•z
ˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛y•zAmylase
ˆÏí˛ç →
Salivary
xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛
Ù°ˆÏ
Salivary ê˛ç
Amylase
Ù°ˆÏê˛yç 
→ @’%ˆÏܲyç + @’%ˆÏܲyç
ˆ°Ü˛ˆÏ
Salivary ê˛ç
Amylase
ˆ°Ü˛ˆÏê˛yç 
→ @’%ˆÏܲyç + àƒy°yܲˆÏê˛yç
Salivary §% ˆÏܲç
Amylase
§%ˆÏܲyç 
→ @’%ˆÏܲyç + Ê˛%ˆÏQyç
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•z
Salivary ˆÏí˛ç
Amylase !lí˛zSalivary
!Üœ˛G§y•z ˆÏí˛ç
Amylase
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Gê˛y•zí˛§‰ 
→ !lí˛z!Üœ˛G§y•zí˛§‰ → ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y + ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlÎ%=˛ «˛yÓ˚

°y•zˆÏ˛õçAmylase
Salivary
í˛y•z G ÙˆÏly!@’§yÓ˚y•zí˛§ 
→ Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛ + !@’§yÓ˚°–

«%˛oyˆÏsÓf ˚ !í˛GˆÏí˛lyÙ xM˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ Ó,•Í ˜çÓ xî%àˆ% °

Ï y !ӈϟ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõߨ §Ó˚° ˛õòyÌ≈àˆ% °
Ï y
«%˛oyˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆçç%lyÙ ~ÓÇ •z!°Î˚yÙ xLjϢ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– x˛õyã˛ƒ ~ÓÇ xˆÏ¢y!£Ïï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y Ó,•òˆÏsf ã˛ˆÏ°
xyˆÏ§–

Ó,•òˆÏsf ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˛õyã˛l!ܲÎ˚y âˆÏê˛ ly– Ó,•òˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y •° ı

(i) !ܲS%È ç°ñ á!lç °Óî ~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È Å£ÏˆÏôÓ˚ !ӈϢy£Ïlı

(ii) ˆŸ’‹øy «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ åx˛õy!ã˛ï˛ä ~ܲ!eï˛ ~ÓÇ !˛õ!FSÈ° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ Ó!•‹ÒÓ˚ˆÏî
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–

x˛õy!ã˛ï˛ G xˆÏ¢y!£Ïï˛ áyòƒˆÏܲ Ù° ӈϰ Îy •z!°G!§Ü˛y° ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó,•òˆÏsfÓ˚ !§Ü˛yˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ü˛y Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ≤ÃÓy•ˆÏܲ Óyôy òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!•‹ÒÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~!ê˛
Ù°y¢ˆÏÎ˚ §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–

fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf G •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ àƒyˆÏfiê˛∆y•zˆÏrê˛!fiê˛ly° ly!°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚–
ò¢≈lñ àrô ~ÓÇ xÌÓy Ù%á!ÓÓˆÏÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ °y°yÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ «˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ
˛õyã˛Ü˛ Ó˚§ ~ÓÇ xy!sfܲ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ «˛Ó˚î fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !lˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚– fiÌyl#Î˚ ~ÓÇ CNS í˛z˲Î˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ ˆ˛õ¢#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– ˛õyã˛Ü˛ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ «˛Ó˚î
àƒy!fiê˛∆ܲ ~ÓÇ xy!sfܲ ˆŸ’‹øyhflÏÓ˚ !l/§,ï˛ fiÌyl#Î˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚–

16.3 ˛õy!ã˛ï˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî (Absorption of digested Product)

ˆÎ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛õyã˛ˆÏl í˛zͲõߨ xhs˝˛õòyÌ≈ «%˛oyˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆŸ’‹øyhflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó˚=˛ Óy °!§Ü˛yˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆ¢y£Ïî ӈϰ– ~!ê˛ !l!‹;Î˚ñ §!ܲÎ˚ Óy §•yÎ˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y §¡õy!òï˛ •Î˚– !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
ÙˆÏly§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ ˆÎÙl @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yçñ xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ y xƒy!§í˛ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’£ƒÏ ÎÌy ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ xyÎ˚l §yôyÓ˚î
§Ó˚° Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y myÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ~•z ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
 ÙylÓ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy 265

ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îy•z ˆ•yܲ !ܲS%È ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÎÙl @’%ˆÏܲyç ~ÓÇ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ Óy•Ü˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l myÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ~•z
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î åfacilitiated transportä–
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x!˲flÀÓî#Î˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚çlƒ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ˆÎÙl xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ñ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ÙˆÏly§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ñ Na+ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’£Ïƒà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚–
Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛ ~ÓÇ !@’§yÓ˚° ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xoyÓƒ ï˛y•z ~à%ˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~Ó˚y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ
ܲï˛à%ˆ°Ï y «%˛o «%˛o ˜ï˛°!Ó®%Ó˚ xhs˝Ë˛%≈ =˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ Ùy•zˆ§Ï !° (micelles) ӈϰ– Ùy•zˆÏ§!°à%ˆÏ°y
«%˛oyˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆŸ’‹øyhflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ «%˛o «%˛o ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l xyÓÓ˚î# Î%=˛ Ê˛ƒyê˛
Ó!ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ åfat globulesä ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó,ï˛ ~•z Ê˛ƒyê˛ Ó!ê˛Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲy•zˆÏ°yÙy•zܲl§
(chylomicrons) ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y !˲°y•z!fiÌï˛ °!§Ü˛yÓyˆÏ• å°ƒyܲ!ê˛Î˚y°ä fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z
°!§Ü˛yÓy•à%ˆÏ°y xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ áyòƒÓ›à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓyˆÏ• Ù%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly°#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ ˆÎÙl Ù%áà•¥Ó˚ñ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ñ «%˛oysf ~ÓÇ Ó,•òˆÏsf ˛õy!ã˛ï˛ áyòƒÜ˛îy ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚–
Î!òG §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆ¢y£Ïî «%˛oyˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z âˆÏê˛– l#ˆÏã˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ 刢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ fiÌyl
~ÓÇ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ Ó›à%ˆÏ°yä ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓ˚!î ˆòGÎ˚y •° û 16.1
§yÓ˚î# 16.1 ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ §yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ

Ù%áà•¥Ó˚ ˛õyܲfiÌ°# «%˛oysf Ó,•òsf

Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ ˆŸ’‹øyhflÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ç•¥yÓ˚ ç°ñ §Ó˚° ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õ%!T˛oÓƒ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl xAà– ~áyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ ç°ñ !ܲS%È á!lç °Óî ~ÓÇ
ï˛°ˆÏòˆÏ¢ Ìyܲy Ó˚=˛çy°Ü˛ myÓ˚y xƒy°ˆÏܲy•° •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ °kô ˛õòyÌ≈ ÎÌy @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yçñ !ܲS% È Å£Ï ô ~•z fiÌyˆÏ l
!ܲS%È Å£Ïô ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ˆ¢y£Ï î ~•z fiÌyˆÏ l Ê˛yܲˆÏê˛yçñ Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛ñ !@’§yÓ˚° ~ÓÇ xƒyÙy•zˆlÏ y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚–
âˆÏê˛– xƒy!§í˛ ˆŸ’‹øyhflÏÓ˚myÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛ˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ °!§Ü˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚–

ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ áyòƒÓ›à%ˆ°Ï y ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ ܲ°yˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ§à%ˆ°

Ï y ܲyˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ
Ó°y •Î˚ xy_#ܲÓ˚î–
˛õy!ã˛ï˛ Óç≈ƒ ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲ!ë˛l Ù° !•§yˆÏÓ Ù°y¢ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy fl¨yÎ˚%ç ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zˆÏ_çly Óy •zFSÈy
xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ !l‹Òy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õyÎ˚%Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ وϰÓ˚ Ó!•‹ÒÓ˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ ˙!FSÈܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y Îy
ò°ÓÂô Ü˛Ù§ÇˆÏܲyã˛l ã˛°l (Peristaltic movement)myÓ˚y âˆÏê˛–

16.4 ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyÜ˛ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆày°ˆÏÎyà§Ù)• (Disorders of digestive system)

xsfly!°Ó˚ ≤Ãòy•ç!lï˛ ˆÓ˚yà •° ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛ §yôyÓ˚î x§%fiÌï˛y Îy Óƒyܲ!Ïê˛!Ó˚Î˚y xÌÓy ˲y•zÓ˚y§ myÓ˚y
§Çܲ!Ùï˛ •Î˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# myÓ˚yG §Çܲ!Ùï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl !Ê˛ï˛yÜ,˛!Ùñ ˆày°Ü,˛!Ùñ ˆÌí˛GÎ˚yÙ≈ñ
•%ܲGÎ˚yÙ≈ñ !˛õl GÎ˚yÙ≈ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
266 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ç!u˛§ (Jaundice) ı ÎÜ,˛Í xyܲyhs˝ •Î˚ñ !˛õ_ Ó˚OˆÏܲÓ˚ çÙy •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° cܲ G ˆã˛yá •°%ò Óî≈ ôyÓ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÓÙl (Vomiting) ı ÓÙl •ˆÏFSÈ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó!•‹ÒÓ˚î– ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !ܲÎ˚y!ê˛
ˆÙí%˛°yÓ˚ ÓÙlˆÏܲw myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– ÓÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó!Ù Ó!Ù Ë˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛yÎ˚!Ó˚Î˚y (Diarrhoea) ı xsfly!°Ó˚ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ ã˛°lñ وϰÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚°ï˛y Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ó!•‹ÒÓ˚îˆÏܲ
Ó°y •Î˚ í˛yÎ˚!Ó˚Î˚y– ~!ê˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïl •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛y¤˛Ü˛y!ë˛lƒ (Constipation) ı ˆÜ˛y¤˛Ü˛y!ë˛ˆÏlƒÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ù°y¢ˆÏÎ˚ Ù° çˆÏÙ ÌyܲyÎ˚ xˆÏsÓf ˚ ã˛°l x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛
•Î˚–
Óò•çÙ (indigestion) ı ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ áyòƒ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õy!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ly– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õê˛ Ë˛!ï≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ
ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚– Óò•çˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° •° x˛õÎ≈yÆ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ «˛Ó˚îñ ò%/!Ÿã˛hs˝yñ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ !Ó£Ïy=˛ï˛yñ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ
~ÓÇ Ù¢°yòyÓ˚ áyòƒ @˝Ã•î–

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ

Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ï˛sf ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ @˝Ã!rÌ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°
Ù%áñ Ù%á!ÓÓÓ˚ñ à°!Ó°ñ áyòƒly!°ñ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ñ «%˛oysfñ Ó,•òsfñ Ù°y¢Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÎ˚% !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– §•Ü˛yÓ˚#
ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°y •° °y°y@˝Ã!rÌñ ÎÜ,˛Í å!˛õ_Ì!°§•ä ~ÓÇ x@¿ƒy¢Î˚– Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ òÑyï˛ áyòƒˆÏܲ !Óã%˛î≈
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ç•¥y áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ fl∫yò xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ °y°yÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ áyòƒˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˆÙ¢yˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
°y°yÓ˚ˆÏ§ ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ Óy fiê˛yã≈˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲܲyÓ˚# í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ §ƒy°y•z˲y!Ó˚ xƒyÙy•zˆÏ°ç ˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ù°ˆÏê˛yˆÏç
åí˛y•z§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛ Óy !m¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yä ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ áyòƒ à°!ӈϰÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ @˝Ãy§ly!°ˆÏï˛ áyòƒÙu˛ !•§yˆÏÓ
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ áyòƒly!°Ó˚ Ü˛Ù§ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° l#ˆÏã˛ ˆlˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚–
˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãôylï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l çyï˛#Î˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ âˆÏê˛– §Ó˚° ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yñ xƒy°ˆÏܲy•° ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È Å£ÏôG
˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚–
ܲy•zÙ å˛õyã˛Ü˛ Ó˚§ !Ù!◊ï˛ä «%˛oyˆÏsfÓ˚ !í˛GˆÏí˛lyÙ xLjϢ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ Ó˚§ñ !˛õ_Ó˚§ ~ÓÇ
§Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï §yE˛y§ ~ˆÏrê˛!Ó˚ܲy§ !Ù!◊ï˛ !ܲS%È í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ܲyˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ÓÇ Ê˛ƒyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ §¡õ)î≈
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ áyòƒ «%˛oyˆÏsf ˆçç%lyÙ G •z!°Î˚yÙ xLjϢ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– ܲyˆÏÓy≈ •y•zˆíÏ ˛» ê˛ ˛õy!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏly§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛
ˆÎÙl @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˛!Ó!Ÿ’T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– Ê˛ƒyê˛
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ê˛ƒy!ê˛ xƒy!§í˛ ~ÓÇ !@’§yÓ˚ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ °kô Ó›à%ˆÏ°y xy!sfܲ !˲°y•z
~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚yÙ xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ• ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– x˛õyã˛ƒ áyòƒÓ› åÙ°ä •z!°G!§Ü˛y° ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó,•òˆÏsfÓ˚ !§Ü˛yˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ≤ÃÓyˆÏ• Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà çˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆ¢y£Ïî Ó,•òˆÏsf âˆÏê˛– x˛õyã˛ƒ áyòƒÓ› xô≈ܲ!ë˛l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ù°y¢ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù°y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
~•z x˛õyã˛ƒ áyòƒÓ› Ù°ly!°ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ §ÓˆÏÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˛õyÎ˚%Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!•‹,Òï˛ •Î˚–
ÙylÓ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy 267

xl%¢#°l#

1. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ í˛z_Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

åÜ˛ä ˛õyã˛Ü˛ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y •° û
(i) ˆ˛õ˛õ!§lñ °y•zˆ˛Ï õç ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚!ll (Rennin)
(ii) !ê˛∆˛õ!§lñ °y•zˆ˛Ï õç ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚!ll (Renin)
(iii) !ê˛∆˛õ!§lñ ˆ˛õ˛õ!§l ~ÓÇ °y•zˆÏ˛õç
(iv) !ê˛∆˛õ!§lñ ˆ˛õ˛õ!§l ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚!ll–
åáä §yE˛y§ ~ˆÏrê˛!Ó˚ܲy§
(i) •z!°Î˚yÙ G Ó,•òˆÏsfÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ°
(ii) xy!sfܲ Ó˚§
(iii) ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°Ó˚ fl≥˛#!ï˛
(iv) xƒyˆÏ˛õl!í˛:–
2. hflÏΩ˛ I ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ hflÏΩ˛ II ˆÙ°yG
hflÏΩ˛ I hflÏΩ˛ II
åܲä !Ó!°Ó%̊!Ól G !Ó!°Ë˛yÓ˚!í˛l (i) ˛õƒyˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛í˛
åáä ˆŸªï˛§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyo≈!ӈϟ’£Ïî (ii) !˛õ_
åàä Ê˛ƒyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ (iii) °y•zˆ˛Ï õç
åâä °y°y@˝Ã!rÌ (iv) xƒyÙy•zˆ° Ï ç
3. §Ç!«˛Æ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG ı
åܲä Ú!˲°y•zÛ xˆÏsf ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲv ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly ˆÜ˛l⁄
åáä ˆ˛õ˛õ!§ˆÏlyˆÏçl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ §!ܲÎ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚⁄
åàä ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
åâä ˆfl¨• ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲ !˛õ_ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
4. ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲ x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5. ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6. Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ òhs˝ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ !°ˆÏáy–
7. !˛õ_Ó˚ˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲܲyÓ˚# í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ~!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÜ˛l⁄
8. ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲ ܲy•zˆÙÏ y!ê˛∆˛õ!§ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓy˚ – ~Ó˚ í˛zͧ@˝Ã!rÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ !l/§,ï˛ §ÙˆÏàye#Î˚ ò%!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲܲyÓ˚#
í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ lyÙ Ü˛#⁄
9. í˛y•z§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛§ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!°§ƒyܲyÓ˚y•zí˛§ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õy!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄
10. Î!ò ˛õyܲfiÌ°# ˆÌˆÏܲ HCl «˛Ó˚î ly •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄
11. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒ Ìyܲy Ùyál ˆòˆÏ• ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õy!ã˛ï˛ G ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚⁄
12. ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ ly!°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ôy˛õà%!° Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
13. ˆÌˆÏܲyí˛rê˛ G í˛y•z!Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚yí˛rê˛ ~•z ¢∑ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
14. ~ܲçl ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ lyÙ G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
15. ÎÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
 268 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xôƒyÎ˚ -17 åChapter -17ä

Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ~ÓÇ àƒy§#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ xyòylÈ≤Ãòyl
åBreathing and Exchange of gasesä
17.1 Ÿª§l xAà§Ù)• ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ˆÎ §ç#ÓÓ› @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ%!T˛oÓƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ë˛y.yÓ˚ çlƒ
17.2 Ÿªy§!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ¢!=˛ xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x!:ˆÏçl åO2ä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ
àƒy§ ܲyÓ≈lÈ í˛y•zx:y•zí˛G åCO2ä í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ x˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ !Ó˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !là≈ï˛ •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~!ê˛
17.3 àƒy§#Î˚
xyòylÈüÈ≤Ãòyl flõT˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ• x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ x!ÓÓ˚yÙ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ í˛zͲõߨ ܲyÓ≈lÈ í˛y•zx:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚
!là≈Ùî ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛ O2 ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ í˛zͲõߨ CO2 üÈ~Ó˚ ~•z xyòyl ≤Ãòyl
17.4 àƒy§#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ӈϰñ ÎyˆÏܲ §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ Ÿª§l Ó°y •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ •yï˛à%ˆÏ°y Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏ°ñ
ï%˛!Ù xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ó%ܲ í˛z˛õÓ˚ÈüÈl#ã˛ í˛zë˛ylyÙy ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈÉ ï%˛!Ù çyl ˆÎ ~!ê˛ Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
17.5 Ÿª§l !lÎ˚sfî
Ê˛ˆÏ° •ˆÏFSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°y•z⁄ ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ xl%ˆÏFSÈòà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ÿª§l˛xAà
17.6 Ÿª§lï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ ~ÓÇ Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆày°ˆÏÎyà
17.1 : Ÿª§l xAà§Ù)• åRespiratory organsä ı

≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ù)°ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§fiÌyl ~ÓÇ ˆò• §Çàë˛l hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– flõOñ !§ˆÏ°rê˛yˆÏÓ˚ê˛§ñ ã˛ƒy≤WzyÜ,˛!Ù •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !l¡¨ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚
xˆÏÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• O2 ~ÓÇ CO2- ~Ó˚ xyòyl≤Ãòyl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˆò•ï˛° ç%ˆÏí˛¸ §•ç
Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛– ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !§=˛ ˆò•cܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õï˛AàÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ly!°Ü˛yçy°ˆÏܲÓ˚
埪y§ly°#ä §y•yˆÏ΃ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ÓyÎ˚% ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ç°ç §!rô˛õò#
~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏ¡∫yç ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y !ӈϢ£Ï Ó˚=˛çy°Ü˛ §¡õߨ àë˛l Ê%˛°Ü˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ÓÇ fiÌ°ç ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y
Ó˚=˛Óy• §Ù!ß∫ï˛ Ì!° xÌ≈yÍ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ àƒy§#Î˚ xyòylÈ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÙySÈ
Ê%˛°Ü˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyÓyÓ˚ §Ó˚#§,˛õñ ˛õy!á ~ÓÇ hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°yÎ˚– ÓƒyˆÏ.Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛y í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !§=˛ ˆò•cˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•
§%à!ë˛ï˛ Ÿª§lï˛sf ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ~ÓÇ àƒy§#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl 269

17.1.1 : Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ÿª§lï˛sf åHuman Respiratory systemä ı xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y

Ó!•/ly§yÓ˚rô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy |ôÁ≈ GˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏà í˛zß√%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ ly§y˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ly!§Ü˛y ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛
˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ÓhflÏï, ˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ly!§Ü˛y ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛!ê˛ à°!ӈϰ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚ñ à°!ӈϰÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ áyòƒ ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ%̊ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚
çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ≤ÈÏÓ¢˛õÌ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– à°!Ó°!ê˛ fl∫Ó˚ΈÏsfÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ÿªy§ly°#ˆÏï˛ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚–
fl∫Ó˚Îsf •° ï˛Ó%̊îy!fiÌï˛ !l!Ù≈ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy:ÈüÈxyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ àë˛l Îy ¢∑ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ ¢∑
í˛zͲõߨܲyÓ˚#Îsf Ó°y •Î˚– áyòƒ à°yô/ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ÿªy§!SÈo Óy @’!ê˛§!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y !fiÌ!ï˛fiÌy˛õܲ
ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌï˛ !l!Ù≈ï˛ ˛õyï˛ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õyï˛°y ˛õyï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~!˛õ@’!ê˛§ ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛
fl∫Ó˚ΈÏsf áyòƒ ≤ÈÏӈϢ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– Ÿªy§ly°# •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ§yçy ly°yܲyÓ˚ àë˛l Îy Ùôƒ Ó«˛à•¥Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ó
Ÿªy§ly°#!ê˛ ˛õM˛Ù å5thä Ó«˛ˆÏò¢#Î˚ ܲˆÏ¢Ó%̊ܲyfïϰ !Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛yl G ÓyÙ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÜœ˛yÙ¢yáy åBronchiä
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜœ˛yÙ¢yáy ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ !Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàÔî ˆÜœ˛yÙ¢yáy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏàÔî ˆÜœ˛yÙ¢yáy àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤ÈÏàÔî ˆÜœ˛yÙ¢yáy xyÓyÓ˚ !Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó•% í˛z˛õˆÏÜœ˛yÙ¢yáy àë˛l ~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï í˛z˛õˆÏÜœ˛yÙ¢yáyà%ˆÏ°y á%Ó•z
˛õyï˛°y ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÜœ˛yÙ¢yáyÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚– Ÿªy§ly°#ñ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲñ ˆàÔî ~ÓÇ ˛ ≤ÈÏàÔî ˆÏÜœ˛yÙ¢yáy ~ÓÇ
≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÜœ˛yÙ¢yáyà%ˆÏ°y x§¡õ)î≈ñ ï˛Ó%̊îy!fiÌï˛ !l!Ù≈ï˛ Ó°Î˚ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÜœ˛yÙ¢yáy
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È á%Ó•z ˛õyï˛°y x§Ù ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚!Ó!¢T˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛Óy• §Ù!ß∫ï˛ Ì!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚
~ˆÏòÓ˚ xƒy°!˲G°y•z Óy ÓyÎ˚%Ì!° ӈϰ– ˆÜœ˛yÙ¢yáyÓ˚ ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ çy°Ü˛ñ í˛z˛õˆÏÜœ˛yÙ¢yáy ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!° !وϰ
Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e17.1ä– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ !mhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ ≤’%Ó˚y myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–

~!˛õ@’!ê˛§
Epiglottis

fl∫Ó˚Îsf
Larynx

Ÿªy§ly°#
T

ˆÜœonchus
˛yÙ¢yáy

˛õOÓ˚
Cuty!fiÌÎ˚
endܲyê˛y≤Ãyhs˝
of rib heart ≤’%Ó˚y° xyÓÓ˚
Pleural î#
membranes
•,Í!˛õ[˛
heart
ÓyÎ˚ %Ì!°
Alveoli
≤’%Ó˚y° ï˛Ó˚°fluid
Pleural
Ê%˛§Ê%
Lung˛§
í˛z˛õˆÏÜœ˛yÙ¢yáy
Br
ÙôƒFSÈòy
Diaphragm

!ã˛e 17.1 / Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ÿª§lï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ åÓyÙ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ë˛lG ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä
270 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

≤’%Ó˚yhflÏÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ≤’%Ó˚y ï˛Ó˚° ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ï˛Ó˚°!ê˛ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ° â£Ï≈î •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !mhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ ≤’%Ó˚yÓ˚
Ó!•Ó˚yÓÓ˚î#!ê˛ Ó«˛ xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !l!Óí˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ç°@¿ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xhs˝/xyÓÓ˚î#!ê˛ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈
ÌyˆÏܲ– Ÿª§lï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó!•/ly§yÓ˚rô ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜœ˛yÙ¢yáy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ xM˛°!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy•# xÇ¢ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!° ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ly!°Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y Ÿª§lï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ àƒy§#Î˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xM˛° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚Óy•#
xÇ¢!ê˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óy•# xLjϢÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óy!•ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚% ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óçyï˛#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ñ ÓyÎ˚% xyo≈ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyey ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚
§Ùyl •Î˚– àƒy§#Î˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ܲyÓ˚# xÇ¢ •° ˆ§•z fiÌyl ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó˚=˛ G ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ O2 ~ÓÇ
CO2 ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Óƒy˛õl âˆÏê˛–

Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ ò%!ê˛ Ó«˛à•¥ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Îy ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl#ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyÎ%̊!lÓ%̊Âô ˛ ≤ÈÜÏ ˛y¤˛– Ó«˛à•¥Ó!˚ ê˛Ó˚
˛õ,¤˛ˆÏò¢ ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛ myÓ˚yñ xAܲˆÏò¢ í˛zÓ˚)Ê˛°Ü˛ myÓ˚y ˛õyŸª≈ˆÏò¢ ˛õÑyçÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !l¡¨ xM˛° à¡∫%çyÜ,˛!ï˛ ÙôƒFSÈòy
myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– Ó«˛à•¥ˆÓÏ ˚ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl#Î˚ xÓfiÌyl ~Ùl •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó«˛à•¥ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛ˆÏ°•z ï˛y Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ å˛õy°ˆÏÙyly!Ó˚ä ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §IyÜ˛Ù Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
çlƒ xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î xyÙÓ˚y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly–

Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ôy˛õ§Ù)• /˛

åiä Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ Óy Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ÓyÎ˚%ã˛°yã˛° ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚% ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ CO2 §Ù,Âô ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚% Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !là≈ï˛ •Î˚–
åiiä ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ àƒy§#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ åO2 ~ÓÇ CO2ä Óƒy˛õl–
åiiiä Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ àƒy§#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î–
åivä Ó˚=˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ åO2 ~ÓÇ CO2ä Óƒy˛õl–
(v) x˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ !Ó˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ O2 ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z !Ó˛õyܲ !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ
CO2 ~Ó˚ !là≈Ùî å xôƒyÎ˚ 14 ˆï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ Ÿª§l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä–

17.2 : Ÿªy§!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ åMechanism of Breathingä ı

Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ò%!ê˛ ôyˆÏ˛õ âˆÏê˛ ÎÌy ≤ߪy§ ~ÓÇ !l/Ÿªy§– ≤ߪy§Ü˛yˆÏ° ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛°#Î˚ ÓyÎ%̊ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ !lıŸªy§Ü˛yˆÏ° Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚% ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ G ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛l!ï˛Ùyey §,!T˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ G Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ !là≈Ùî âˆÏê˛– Îál
Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ ÙôƒfiÌ ã˛y˛õ åxhs˝/Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ã˛y˛õä ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ï˛ál•z ≤ߪy§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛
âˆÏê˛– xÌ≈yÍ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ }îydܲ ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛ˆÏÓ•z ≤ߪy§
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ !l/Ÿªy§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ï˛ál•z âˆÏê˛ Îál xhs˝/Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ã˛y˛õ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚
ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚– ÙôƒFSÈòy ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §Ù!T˛ ÈüüüÈ ˛õÑyçÓ˚ ÙôƒfiÌ Ó!•/fiÌ ~ÓÇ
xhflÏ/fiÌ ˛õOÓ˚y!fiÌ ˆ˛õ!¢ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛l!ï˛Ùyey §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ~ÓÇ àƒy§#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl 271

ÙôƒFSÈòyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ߪy§ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §)ã˛ly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢
Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó«˛ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l §¡ø%áÈüÈ˛õŸã˛yÍ x«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚–
Ó!•/fiÌ xyhs˝Ó˚ ˛õOÓ˚y!fiÌï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏl ˛õÑyçÓ˚ G í˛zÓÊ)˚ ˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚
í˛zˆÏ_y°l âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó«˛à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l xAܲ#Î˚˛õ,¤˛ x«˛ ˛õOÓ˚y!fiÌ G
ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– Ó«˛à•¥ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ Ó,!Âô Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ fiê˛yÓ˚lyˆÏÙÓ˚
xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚G ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ó,!Âô âê˛yÎ˚– Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ í˛zˆ_Ï y°l Ó«˛à•¥ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ã˛y˛õ ÓyÎ˚[% ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ܲˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ xyÎ˚ï˛l Ó,!Âô
ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚% Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌyÍ ≤ߪy§ !ܲÎ˚y!ê˛
âˆÏê˛ å!ã˛e 17.2 ܲä ÙôƒFSÈòy ~ÓÇ xyhs˝Ó˚ ˛õOÓ˚y!fiÌ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ Ó«˛!˛õOÓ˚
!¢!Ì°yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÙôƒFSÈòy G í˛zÓ˚)Ê˛°Ü˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lç !lç fiÌyˆÏl
!Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ Ó«˛à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l G ˆ§•z §yˆÏÌ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙôƒFSÈòyÓ˚
xyÎ˚ï˛lG •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xhs˝/Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ã˛y˛õ ÓyÎ˚[% ˛°#Î˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ §yÙylƒ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚– ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~•z ˛õyÌ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ƒÓ˚ çlƒ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ÓyÎ˚% ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ !l/Ÿªy§ !ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ âˆÏê˛ å !ã˛e åܲä
17.2 áä– í˛zòÓ˚!fiÌï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆ˛õ!¢§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ߪy§
G !l/Ÿªy§ «˛Ùï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~ܲçl §%fiÌ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ùyl%£Ï Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ !là≈Ùî
≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ àˆÏí˛¸ 12-16 ÓyÓ˚ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°yÎ˚– flõy•zˆÏÓ˚y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ Îsf
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ÿªy§!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ÓyÎ%̊Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy !ã˛!ܲͧy §¡∫rô#Î˚ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !lÓ˚˛% õˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˛õOÓ˚y!fiÌ G
17.2.1 : Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛y åRespiratory fiê˛yÓ˚lyˆÏÙÓ˚
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó«˛à•¥ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚
volumes and capacitiesä ı xyÎ˚ï˛l
!Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§y •…y§
ê˛y•zí˛y° ˲!°í˛Ùz Óy ≤ÃÓy•# ÓyÎ˚Ó% ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî åTVäı fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ≤ߪy§ G
!l/Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏ° ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ÓyÎ˚% @˝Ã•î Óy Óç≈l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛y •° ≤ÃÓy•#
ÙôƒFSÈòyÓ˚
ÓyÎ˚Ó% ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ≤ÃyÎ˚ 500 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲçl §%fiÌ ≤çyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ùyl%£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ ≤ߪy§ Óy !lŸªy§Ü˛yˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ 6000 ˆÌˆÏܲ ôl%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
8000 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚% @˝Ã•î Óy ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÓшÏܲ Gë˛y
•zl§!˛õˆÏÓê˚ ˛!Ó˚ !Ó˚çyË≈˛ ˲!°í˛Ùz Óy ≤ߪy§!ܲÎy˚ Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ÓyÎ˚% ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî åáä
åIRVä ı ~ܲçl Ùyl%£Ï ≤ߪy§!ܲÎy˚ Î˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ÓyÎ˚% Ó°˛õÓ) Ü≈ ˛
!ã˛e 17.2: Ÿª§lܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢° / åܲä ≤ߪy§ åáä !l/Ÿªy§ ˆòáyˆÏly
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ≤ߪy§!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ÓyÎ˚% ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
àˆÏí˛¸ 2500 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 3000 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •Î˚–
~:!˛õˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚ !Ó˚çyË≈˛ ˲!°í˛zÙ Óy !l/Ÿªy§ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî åERVäı ~ܲçl Ùyl%£Ï !l/Ÿªy§ !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
ÓyÎ˚% Ó°˛õ)Ó≈ܲ ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y •° !l/Ÿªy§ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
ÓyÎ˚%˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî àˆÏí˛¸ 1000 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 1100
!Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •Î˚–
272 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆÓ˚!§!í˛í˛zÎ˚y° ˲!°í˛zÙ Óy xÓ!¢T˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî åRVäı Ó°˛õ)Ó≈ܲ !l/ŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚G ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ÓyÎ˚%
Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ ñ ï˛y•z •° xÓ!¢T˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî 1100 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 1200
!Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ Ÿª§lÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ !ܲS%È ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÎÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ôyÓ˚ܲc
!lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ Îy !ã˛!ܲͧy §¡õÜ≈˛#Î˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
•zl§!˛õˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚ ܲƒy˛õy!§!ê˛ Óy ≤ߪy§ «˛Ùï˛y åICä ı fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !l/Ÿªy§ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ≤ߪy§
!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ÓyÎ˚% @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ xyÎ˚ï˛l •° ≤ߪy§ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚%ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y–
≤ÃÓy•# ÓyÎ˚% G ≤ߪy§!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ˆÏï˛ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ åTV + IRVä–
~:!˛õˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚ ܲƒy˛õy!§!ê˛ Óy !l/Ÿªy§ «˛Ùï˛y åECäı fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ≤ߪyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ÓyÎ%̊
ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî •° !l/Ÿªy§ «˛Ùï˛y– ~!ê˛ ≤ÃÓy•# ÓyÎ˚% G !l/Ÿªy§ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ §Ù!T˛ åTV + ERVä–
Ê˛yÇ¢lƒy° ˆÓ˚!§!í˛í˛° z ܲƒy˛õy!§!ê˛ Óy !ܲÎy˚ ˛õˆÏÎyà# xÓ!¢T˛ ÓyÎ˚Ó% ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî åFRCäı fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !lıŸªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚
˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ÓyÎ˚% Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§ xÓ!¢T˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# xÓ!¢T˛ ÓyÎ˚% ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y ӈϰ– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ERV + RV myÓ˚y–
˲y•zê˛y° ܲƒy˛õy!§!ê˛ Óy ÓyÎ˚% ôyÓ˚ܲc åVCä ı Ó°˛õ)Ó≈ܲ !l/ŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
ÓyÎ˚% @˝Ã•î Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z •° ÓyÎ˚% ôyÓ˚ܲc– ÈERV, TV ~ÓÇ IRV üÈ~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ Óy ~!ê˛
•° Ó°˛õ)Ó≈Ü ≤ߪyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ÓyÎ˚% ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî–
ˆê˛yê˛y° °yÇ Ü˛ƒy˛õy!§!ê˛ Óy Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ ÓyÎ˚% ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y ı Ó°˛õ)Ó≈ܲ ≤ߪyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
ÓyÎ˚% Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z •° Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ ÓyÎ˚% ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y– RV, ERV, TV, ~ÓÇ IRV ~Ó˚
xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛˛ Óy Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ ÓyÎ˚% ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y •° ÓyÎ˚% ôyÓ˚ܲc ~ÓÇ xÓ!¢T˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°–
17.3 : àƒy§#Î˚ xyòyl≤Ãòyl åExchange of gasesä ı
ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°à%ˆÏ°y •° àƒy§#Î˚ xyòyl≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fiÌyl– Ó˚=˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG àƒy§#Î˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚
âˆÏê˛– ~•z fiÌylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ O2 ~ÓÇ CO2 ~Ó˚ xyòyl≤Ãòyl Ù)áƒï˛ ã˛y˛õ‡âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey !lË≈˛Ó˚ §Ó˚°
Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ âˆÏê˛– Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# àƒy§#Î˚ Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ oyÓƒï˛y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ fiÌ)°cG •° !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ Îy Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ÓyÎ˚% !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ àƒy§ ˆÎ ã˛y˛õ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˙ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ ӈϰ ~ÓÇ
x!:ˆÏçl G ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛y˛õˆÏܲ PO2 ~ÓÇ PCO2 myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ~•z ò%!ê˛ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ ~ÓÇ Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ fiÌyl ò%!ê˛ˆÏܲ §yÓ˚!î 17.1 G !ã˛e 17.3-ˆï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly
•ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ï˛Ìƒà%ˆ°Ï y flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓyÎ˚Ì% !° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆ=Ï ˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚
âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§yÓ˚!î 17.1: ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ x!:ˆÏçl ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚
xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ§Ù)• åmm Hgä
Ÿª§l ÓyÎ˚Ù% [˛°#Î˚ ÓyÎ˚Ì% °# Ó˚=˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ°yˆÏܲy¢
ÓyÎ˚% ÓyÎ˚% åx!:ˆÏçl •…y§≤ÃyÆä åx!:ˆÏçl Î%=˛ä
O2 159 104 40 95 40

CO 2 0.3 40 45 40 45
Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ~ÓÇ àƒy§#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl 273

≤ߪy§ ÓyÎ˚% !lŸªy§ ÓyÎ%̊

ÓyÎ%̊Ì!°Ó˚ ÓyÎ%̊
ÓyÎ˚Ì% !°

Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚
ôÙl# !¢Ó˚y

!§ˆÏfiê˛!Ùܲ !¢Ó˚y !§ˆÏfiê˛!Ùܲ ôÙl#

åx!:ˆÏçl •…y§≤ÃyÆ åx!ôܲ x!:ˆÏçl Î%=˛ Ó˚ˆ=Ï ˛Ó˚ §ÇÓ•lä
Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ §ÇÓ•lä

ˆò• ܲ°y
!ã˛e 17.3: !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!° ~ÓÇ ˆò• ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ÿª§lÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ àƒy§#Î˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ O2 G CO2
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛°yˆÏܲy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆ=Ï ˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚Ì% °#ˆÏï˛

CO2 l!ï˛Ùyey!ê˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# •Î˚– ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zˆíÏ ˛Ó˚ oyÓƒï˛y
x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ oyÓƒï˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ 20-25 à%î ˆÓ!¢ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%
˛õyŸª≈ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲܲ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ƒ Óƒy˛õl˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
CO2 Óƒy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y O2 ~Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˆÓ!¢–
ÓyÎ%̊Ì!°Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !˲!_Ó›
å~ܲˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ hflÓÏ ä˚
Óƒy˛õl ˛õò≈y!ê˛ ≤Ãôylï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ~à%ˆÏ°y •°
ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°Ó˚ ˛õyï˛°y xÑy•z¢yܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yñ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°Ó˚ ÓyÎ%̊Ì°#Ó˚ à•¥Ó˚
Ó˚=˛çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ˆÏu˛yˆÏÌ!°Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ ~•z ò%•z hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛#
!˲!_Ó›– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ˛ ˛õ%Óc%̊ ~ܲ !Ù!°!Ùê˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ G ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y Ó˚=˛çy!°Ü˛y
Ü˛Ù •Î˚– ï˛y•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ó ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆ° Ï y•z ÓyÎ˚Ì% !° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ°y!•ï˛
Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲy
ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°yˆÏܲy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ%̊Ì!°ˆÏï˛ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ O2 ~ÓÇ
!ã˛e 17.4: ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ Ó˚=˛çy°Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆSÈò!ã˛e
CO2 ~Ó˚ Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ xl%Ü)˛°–
ˆòáyˆÏly •°–
 274 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

17.4 : àƒy§#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î åTransport of Gasesä ı

Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ O2 ~ÓÇ CO2 ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 97 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ O2 Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ RBC myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛
•Î˚– xÓ!¢T˛ 3 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ O2 Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– 20-25 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ
CO2 ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ RBC myÓ˚y ~ÓÇ 70 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ Óy•zܲyˆÏÓ≈yˆÏlê˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 7 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
CO2 Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚–

17.4.1 : x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î åTransport of Oxygenä ı

!•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól •° ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲy!fiÌï˛ ˆ°Ô•à!ë˛ï˛ °y°ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ Ó˚Oܲ ˛õòyÌ≈– x!:ˆÏçl !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ x!:!•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z !Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ í˛z˲Ù%á# •Î˚– ≤Ã!ï˛ xî% !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól
§Ó≈y!ôܲ ã˛yÓ˚ xî% x!:ˆÏçl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ
O2 ~Ó˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ~SÈyí˛¸y xlƒylƒ ˆÎ§Ó ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°y !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆ°Ï y •° CO2 ~Ó˚ ˛õyŸª≈ã˛y˛õñ H+È~Ó˚ âlc ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyey–
Îál !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y §¡õ,!=˛ˆÏܲ
oxygen

x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál ~ܲ!ê˛

!§àÙˆÏÎ˚í˛ ˆ°á!ã˛e ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ˆ°á!ã˛eˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçl
with!=˛

!í˛ˆÏ§y!§ˆÏÎ˚¢l ܲyË≈˛ ӈϰ å!ã˛e 17.5ä ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚

!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y §¡õ,

100
§yˆÏÌ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˛õyŸª≈ã˛y˛õñ
§yˆÏÌ !•ˆÏÙyˆÏof@’yhaemoglobin

•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âlc •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛

80
xôƒÎ˚ˆlÏ á%Ó•z í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#– Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ÓyÎ%̊Ì!°ˆÏï˛ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zFã˛
60
xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ åpO2äñåܲyÓ≈l í˛yx:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ !l¡¨ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ
åpCO2äñ H+ ~Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ Ü˛Ù âlc ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù ï˛y˛õÙyey ~•z
O2 È ~Ó˚saturation

40
≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°y•z x!:!•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ çlƒ xl%Ü)˛° •Î˚–
x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ !l¡¨ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ åpO2äñ
20 í˛zFã˛ pCO2ñ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ åH+ä xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ âlc
Percentage

~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ ï˛y˛õÙyey ÌyܲyÓ˚ x!:!•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚

˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ xl%Ü)˛° •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~!ê˛ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
0 20 40 60 80 100
≤Ãï˛#Î˚Ùyl •Î˚ ˆÎ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ï˛ˆÏ° O2 !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛
x!:ˆÏ
Partial çˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈
pressure ã˛y˛õ åmm
of oxygen (mm ä
HgHg)
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ~!ê˛ !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
!ã˛e 17.5 : x!:ˆÏçl !í˛ˆÏ§y!§ˆÏÎ˚¢l ˆ°á!ã˛e fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ 100 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲ
x!:ˆÏçl Î%=˛ Ó˚=˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 5 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ O2 ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
17.4.2 : ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î åTransport of Carbondioxideä ı
CO2 !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyˆÏÓ≈y!ÙˆÏly!•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól ˆÎÔà Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ å≤ÃyÎ˚ 20-25
¢ï˛yÇ¢ä– ~•z §ÇÎ%!=˛ CO2È~Ó˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ •° ≤Ãôyl
≤Ã˲yÓܲ Îy ~•z §ÇÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ í˛zãã˛ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ
~ÓÇ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ !l¡¨ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ CO2 ~Ó˚ x!ôܲ §ÇÎ%!=˛ âˆÏê˛–
Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ~ÓÇ àƒy§#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl 275

x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°ˆÏï˛ CO2 ~Ó˚ !l¡¨ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ ~ÓÇ O2 ~Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ ÌyܲyÎ˚
ܲyˆÏÓ≈y!ÙˆÏly!•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ CO2 ~Ó˚ !ÓÙ%!=˛ âˆÏê˛– xÌ≈yÍñ ˆÎ CO2 ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛y Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°ˆÏï˛ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– RBC ÈüÈˆï˛ Ü˛yˆÏÓ≈y!lܲ xƒyl•y•zˆÏí»˛ç í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
âlc á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢G í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ á%Ó x“ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛!ê˛ !lˆÏã˛Ó˚
!Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˲Î˚ !òˆÏܲ•z ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyˆÏÓ≈y!lܲ ܲyˆÏÓ≈y!lܲ
xƒyl•y•zˆÏí»˛ç
anhydrase xƒyl•y•zˆÏí»˛çse
anhydra

CO2 + H2 O ← 
→ H2 CO3 ←


→ HCO3− + H +

ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ x˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ !Ó˛õyܲ âê˛yÎ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl CO2 -~Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z CO2 Óƒy˛õl
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ å ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛Ó˚§ä ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ HCO3- G H+ xyÎ˚l àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°ˆÏï˛ CO2 ~Ó˚ !l¡¨ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ ÌyܲyÎ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° CO2 ~ÓÇ H2O í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ CO2 ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ Óy•zܲyˆÏÓ≈yˆÏlê˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xyÓÂô •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ CO2 Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !là≈ï˛ •Î˚ å !ã˛e 17.4 ä– ≤Ã!ï˛ 100 ml
O2 •…y§≤ÃyÆ Ó˚=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 4 ml CO2 Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°ˆÏï˛ Ù%=˛ •Î˚–

17.5 : Ÿª§l !lÎ˚sfî åRegulation of Respirationä ı

Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆò•Ü˛°yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ SÈ® ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï «˛Ùï˛y
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˆÙí%˛°y xM˛ˆÏ° Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆÎ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ ˆÜ˛w!ê˛ Ÿª§l
!lÎ˚sfˆÏî Ù)რË)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ SÈ® !lÎ˚yÙܲ ˆÜ˛w Ó°y •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ~•z !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
Ù)áƒï˛ òyÎ˚#–
Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˛õl§‰ xM˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ SÈ® !lÎ˚yÙܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ
!lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ !lí˛zˆÏÙyˆÏê˛!:ܲ ˆÜ˛w ӈϰ– ~•z fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲw ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàï˛ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ §ÇˆÏܲï˛
≤ߪy§ ˛≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲy°ˆÏܲ •…y§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ÿª§l •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚
SÈ® !lÎ˚yÙܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !lܲˆÏê˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏÓò# xM˛°!ê˛ CO2 ~ÓÇ •y•zˆÏí˛» yˆÏçl xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
xï˛ƒhs˝ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° •Î˚– ~•z Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!Âô ~•z ˆÜ˛w!ê˛ˆÏܲ §!ܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛
Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ §Ùß∫Χ˚ yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ SÈ®!lÎ˚yÙܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛í˛ ôÙl# ~ÓÇ xƒyG!ê˛≈ܲ xyˆÏã≈˛Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ §ÇÎ%=˛ @˝Ãy•Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y CO2 ~ÓÇ H+ È~Ó˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ SÈ® !lÎ˚yÙܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ˛õyë˛yÎ˚– Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚
SÈ® !lÎ˚sfˆÏî x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy á%Ó•z làlƒ–
17.6 : Ÿª§l ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆày°ˆÏÎyà åDisorders of Respiratory Systemä ı
•Ñy˛õy!l åAsthmaä •° Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Óyôy Óy ܲT˛– Îy ˆÜœ˛yÙ¢yáy G í˛z˛õˆÏÜœ˛yÙ ¢yáyÓ˚ ≤Ãòy•ç!lï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî
àí˛¸àí˛¸ ¢∑ §• ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•zÙÊ˛y•z!§Ùy åEmphysemaä •° ò#â≈ fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yà ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸– Ê˛ˆÏ° Ÿª§lï˛° •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î •° ô)Ù˛õyl–
276 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛ Ÿª§l ˆÓ˚yà §Ù)• åOccupational Respiratory Disorderä !ܲS%È Ü˛yÓ˚áylyÓ˚

ÙˆÏôƒ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õyÌÓ˚˲y.y xÌÓy ˛õyÌÓ˚à%шÏí˛¸y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl ~ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ô%ˆÏ°y í˛zͲõߨ
•Î˚ ˆÎ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ÓƒÓfiÌy ~Ó˚ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ô%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈
ÌyܲˆÏ° ≤Ãòy• §,!T˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ê˛y•zˆÏÓy!§§ åï˛vÙÎ˚ ܲ°yÓ˚ Ó,!Âôä •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ
Îy Ê˛%§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙyÓ˚ydܲ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÙ)°Ü˛ Ù%ˆÏáy¢
˛õÓ˚y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛–

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ åSummaryä ı

ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ x!:ˆÏçlˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ G !ܲS%È «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÎÙl
ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zí˛ àƒy§G í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆ•Ï x!:ˆÏçl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zí˛
x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zqÓ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿª§l ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ á%Ó•z í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Îy ò%!ê˛
Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ ~ÓÇ Ÿªy§ly°# myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ •° Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚% ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ å≤ߪy§ä ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚% ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !là≈ï˛ •Î˚ å!l/Ÿªy§ä– ÓyÎ˚%Ì!° ~ÓÇ O2 !Ó•#l Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ O2 ~ÓÇ CO2 ~Ó˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ñ
§yÓ˚yˆÏòˆÏ• Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ àƒy§#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îñ O2 §Ù,Âô Ó˚=˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°yÎ˚ O2 G CO2 ~Ó˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ O2 ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ åxhs˝/ˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ Ÿª§lä ~•z ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛–
≤ߪy§ G !l/Ÿªy§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ò%!ê˛ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛° ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey §,!T˛Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛– ~•z !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüÈ ÙôƒFSÈòy Óy í˛yÎ˚yÊ˛yÙ ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyhs˝Ó˚ ˛õOÓ˚y!fiÌñ ˆ˛õ!¢Ü˛°y
Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– flõy•zˆÏÓ˚y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ÿªy§ ܲyˆÏÎ≈ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ÿªy§ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ âlÙyl å˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîä !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ Îy !ã˛!ܲͧyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈–
x!:ˆÏçl ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zí˛ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!° G ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §Çà!ë˛ï˛
•Î˚– Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x!:ˆÏçl åpO2ä ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zí˛ åpCO2ä ˛xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ oyÓƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õl fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ Óy ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏcÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
~•z ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆ° Ï y ÓyÎ%̊Ì!° ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçlˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçl •…y§≤ÃyÆ Ó˚ˆ=Ï ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•zÓÜ˚ ˛Ù˲yˆÏÓ x!:ˆÏçl
Î%=˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°y CO2 ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ
ܲ°yˆÏܲy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°ˆÏï˛ CO2 ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
x!:ˆÏçl ≤Ãôylï˛ x!:!•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎáyˆÏl pO2 x!ôܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§áyˆÏl
O2 !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÇÎ%=˛ •Î˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° O2 ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ §•ˆÏç•z !ÓˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ •Î˚– ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§áyˆÏl pO2 , pCO2
~ÓÇ H+ ~Ó˚ âlc á%Ó í˛zFã˛ÙyeyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 70% ~Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ Ü˛yÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zí˛ àƒy§ ܲyˆÏÓ≈y!lܲ xƒyl•y•zˆÏí»˛ç
í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óy•zܲyˆÏÓ≈yˆÏlê˛ åHCO3- ä !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– 20-25 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zí˛
åܲyˆÏÓ≈y!ÙˆÏly !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ˆò•Ü˛°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl CO2 ~Ó˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ
åpCO2ä í˛zFã˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§áyˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ CO2 §ÇÎ%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°ˆÏï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl pCO2 !l¡¨ÙyeyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
pO2 í˛zFã˛ÙyeyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§áyˆÏl CO2 Ó˚=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !là≈ï˛ •Î˚–
Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˆÙí%˛°y xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ÿª§l ˆÜ˛w!ê˛ Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ SÈ®ÙÎ˚ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˛õl‰§ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !lí˛zˆÏÙyê˛ƒy!:ܲ
ˆÜ˛w ~ÓÇ ˆÙí%˛°yÓ˚ Ó˚§yÎ˚l §ÇˆÏÓò# xM˛° Ÿª§l ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ~ÓÇ àƒy§#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl 277

xl%¢#°l# åExerciseä
1. ÓyÎ˚% ôyÓ˚ܲc Óy ˲y•zê˛y° ܲƒy˛õy!§!ê˛Ó˚ §ÇK˛y ˆ°ˆÏáy– ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c ܲ#⁄
2. fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ÓyÎ˚% xÓ!¢T˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ âlÙyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. Ÿª§l ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ Óƒy˛õl Ÿª§lï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ÓyÎ˚%Ì!° å xƒy°!˲G°y•zä xM˛ˆÏ°•z §Çâ!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xLjϢ
lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛l⁄
4. CO 2 àƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl Óy í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%!° !ܲ !ܲ⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5. ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ pO2 ~ÓÇ pCO2 l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
i) pO2 ܲÙñ pCO2 x!ôܲ
ii) pO2 x!ôܲñ pCO2 ܲÙ
iii) pO2 x!ôܲñ pCO2 x!ôܲ
iv) pO2 Ü˛Ù˛ñ pCO2 ܲÙ
6. fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤ߪy§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
7. Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚⁄
8. x!:ˆÏçl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zí˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õyŸª≈ã˛y˛õ åpCO2 ä ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ü˛#⁄
9. ~ܲçl Ùyl%£Ï Îál ˛õÓ≈ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ Ÿª§l ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# âˆÏê˛⁄
10. ˛õï˛ˆÏAà ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ Ÿªy§ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ xyòyl≤Ãòyl âˆÏê˛⁄
11. x!:ˆÏçl !í˛ˆÏ§y!§ˆÏÎ˚¢lˆ°á!ã˛e!ê˛Ó˚ §ÇK˛y òyG– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~Ó˚ !§àÙÎ˚í˛y° xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÓ˚î ˆòáyˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄
12. ï%˛!Ù !ܲ •y•zˆÏ˛õy!:Î˚y Óy x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yÓÈüÈ~Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ¢%ˆÏlSÈ⁄ ~•z §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ˆçyàyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
13. ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy /
ܲä IRV ~ÓÇ ERV
áä ≤ߪy§ «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ !l/Ÿªy§ «˛Ùï˛y–
àä ÓyÎ˚% ôyÓ˚ܲc ~ÓÇ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ ÓyÎ˚% ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y–
14. ≤ÃÓy•# ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Óy ê˛y•zí˛y° ˲!°í˛zÙ Ü˛#⁄ ~ܲçl §%fiÌ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ê˛y•zí˛y° ˲!°í˛zÙ ~ܲ â^˝ê˛yÎ˚ Ü˛ï˛ ï˛y
!lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y å≤ÃyÎ˚ Ùylä–
 278 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xôƒyÎ˚ 18È åCHAPTER 18ä

ˆò• ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•l åBODY FLUIDS AND
CIRCULATIONä
18.1 Ó˚=˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏlS ˆÎñ §Ó §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲñ x!:ˆÏçl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Ó› §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•
•GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ Ü˛°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ í˛zͲõߨ Óç≈ƒ Óy
18.2 °!§Ü˛y åܲ°yÓ˚§ä
«˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚G ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ x˛õ§yÓ˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z§Ó Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
18.3 §ÇÓ•l ˛õ̧Ù)• ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÓƒÓfiÌy Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛
18.4 !mã˛Ü˛# §ÇÓ•l !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zqÓ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– flõO ~ÓÇ ~ܲly°#ˆÏò•# Óy !§ˆÏ°lê˛yˆÏÓ˚ê˛y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §Ó˚°
ç#Ó§Ù)ˆ•Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•à•¥ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ç°§ÇÓ•l âˆÏê˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆ•Ï
18.5 •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚
!lÎ˚sîf ~•z Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl âˆÏê˛– Ùyl%£Ï§• ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà í˛zߨï˛ç#ˆÏÓ ~•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆÎ
ˆò•ï˛Ó˚°!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§!ê˛ •° Ó˚=˛– °!§Ü˛y •° xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò• ï˛Ó˚° Îy !ܲS%È Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîG
18.6 §ÇÓ•lï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó˚=˛ G °!§Ü˛yÓ˚ àë˛l G ôÙ≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ó˚= §M˛y°l
ˆày°ˆÏÎyà
˛õÂô!ï˛G ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

18.1 Ó˚=˛ åBloodä /

Ó˚=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚° ôyeñ ≤’yçÙy ~ÓÇ §yܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÎyàܲ°y–

18.1.1 ≤’yçÙy‡Ó˚=˛Ó˚§ åPlasmaä /

≤’yçÙy ~ܲ!ê˛ •y°Ü˛y •°%ò ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ §yw ï˛Ó˚° Îy Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 55 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ 90-92
¢ï˛yÇ¢ •° ç° ~ÓÇ 6-8 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ •° ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l– Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆ§Ï Ó˚ Ù%რˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆ°
Ï y •° Ê˛y•z!ÓˆÏlyˆÏçlñ ˆ@’y!Óí˛z!°l
~ÓÇ xƒy°Ó%!Ùl– Ê˛y•z!ÓˆÏlyˆÏçl Ó˚=˛ï˛M˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
 ˆò• ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•l 279

ˆ@’y!Óí˛z!°l ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xƒy°Ó%!Ùl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
x!˲flÀÓlç!lï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§ Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3- , cl- •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
á!lçG x“ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ– @’%ˆÏܲyçñ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ñ !°!˛õí˛ •zï˛ƒy!òG Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ˆòˆÏ• §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îˆÏÎyàƒ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ó˚=˛ï˛M˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ Ê˛ƒQÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yG !l!‹;Î˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ó˚=˛ï˛M˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ Ê˛ƒyQÓ˚ Óƒï˛#ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ó˚§ˆÏܲ !§Ó˚y٠ӈϰ–
18.1.2 §yܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl åFormed elementsä /
ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲyñ ˆŸªï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy ~ÓÇ xl%ã˛!ܲܲy ÈüüüÈ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòylˆÏܲ ~ܲ §yˆÏÌ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚
§yܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ӈϰ å!ã˛e 18.1ä– Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 45 ¢ï˛yÇ¢•z ~•z §yܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
~!Ó˚ˆÏÌy§y•zê˛ Óy ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲçl §%fiÌ ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒ
˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛ âl !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ 5-5.5 !Ù!°Î˚l ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲy ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ• ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy °y° x!fiÌÙIy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°y!•ï˛
Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§!Ó•#l ~ÓÇ !mxÓï˛° xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲyˆÏï˛ °y° ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ˆ°Ô•
à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç!ê˛° ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏܲ !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól ӈϰ ~ÓÇ !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲy °y° ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ •Î˚– ~ܲçl §%fiÌ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ 100 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ 12-16
@˝ÃyÙ !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Ÿªy§ÓyÎ˚% ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî ~ܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲyÓ˚ àí˛¸ xyÎ˚% 120 !òl– ~•z §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚y ≤’#•yˆÏï˛ åˆ°y!•ï˛ ܲ!îܲyÓ˚ ܲÓÓ˚fiÌylä
ôÁǧ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚–
!•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !°í˛zˆÏܲy§y•zê˛ Óî≈•#l •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ˆŸªï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy åWBCä
lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~Ó˚y !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ Î%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ Ü˛Ù §ÇáƒyÎ˚ñ àˆÏí˛¸ 6000-8000 mm-3
§ÇáƒyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆŸªï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy §yôyÓ˚îï˛ fl∫“yÎ˚% •Î˚– Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ≤Ãôylï˛ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆŸªï˛
Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ òylyòyÓ˚ ˆŸªï˛Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲy ~ÓÇ xòylyòyÓ˚ ˆŸªï˛Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲy– !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ òylyòyÓ˚
ˆŸªï˛Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲyà%ˆÏ°y •° !lí˛zˆÏê˛∆y!Ê˛°ñ •zG!§ˆÏly!Ê˛° G ˆÓˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ~ÓÇ !°ˆÏ¡≥˛y§y•zê˛ G ÙˆÏly§y•zê˛ •°
xòylyòyÓ˚ ˆŸªï˛Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲy– !°í˛zˆÏܲy§y•zê˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ åWBCä ÙˆÏôƒ !lí˛zˆÏê˛∆y!Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Çáƒy §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢
å60-65 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä ~ÓÇ ˆÓˆÏ§y!Ê˛° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ù §ÇáƒyÎ˚ å0.5-1 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä ÌyˆÏܲ– !lí˛zˆÏê˛∆y!Ê˛° G
ÙˆÏly§y•zê˛à%ˆÏ°y å06-08 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä •° xy@˝Ãy§# ˆÜ˛y¢ ÎyÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ• ≤Ã!ÓT˛ !Óçyï˛#Î˚ xî%ç#Óà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ôÁǧ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !•fiê˛y!Ùlñ ˆ§ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏê˛y!llñ ˆ•˛õy!Ó˚l •zï˛ƒy!ò «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãòy•ç!lï˛
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– •zG!§ˆÏly!Ê˛° å2-3%ä §ÇܲÙî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~°y!ç≈ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌG Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !°ˆÏ¡≥˛y§y•zê˛à%ˆÏ°y å20-25%ä ≤Ãôylï˛ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ ÈüüüÈ

•zí˛z!§ˆÏly!Ê˛° !lí˛zˆÏê˛∆y!Ê˛° !°ˆÏ¡≥˛y§y•zê˛

ˆ≤’ê˛ˆÏ°ê˛§ ˆÓˆÏ§y!Ê˛° ÙˆÏly§y•zê˛ !°ˆÏ¡≥˛y§y•zê˛

!ã˛e 18.1 Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ §yܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §!ã˛e í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl

280 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

B ~ÓÇ T àë˛l– B ~ÓÇ T !°ˆÏ¡≥˛y§y•zê˛ í˛z˲Î˚•z ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xlyÜ˛Ùƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– xl%ã˛!ܲܲyà%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ
xyÓyÓ˚ ̈ϡ∫y§y•zê˛G ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ í˛z˛õyÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÙàyˆÏܲ!Ó˚G§y•zê˛ åx!fiÌ ÙIy!fiÌï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï
ˆÜ˛y¢ä ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ âl !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆ=Ï ˛ 150000- 38000 §ÇáƒÜ˛ xl%ã˛!ܲܲy
ÌyˆÏܲ– xl%ã˛!ܲܲy !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ !l/§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z Ó˚=˛ï˛M˛ˆÏl xÌÓy
Ó˚=˛ çÙyê˛ ÓÑyôyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ xl%ã˛!ܲܲyÓ˚ §Çáƒy •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏ° Ó˚=˛ï˛M˛l ç!lï˛ §Ù§ƒy ˆòáy
!òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ Ó˚=˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

18.1.3 Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà åBlood Groupsä /

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyl ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ Ó˚=˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù •ˆÏ°G !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛
•Î˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Ó•%°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ~Ó˚)˛õ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚
ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ~Ó˚)˛õ ò%!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ •° ABO ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Rh ˛õÂô!ï˛–

18.1.3.1 Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ABO ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà åABO Groupingä /

Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ABO ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ˆ°y!•ï˛ ܲ!îܲyÓ˚ àye!fiÌï˛ ò%•z!ê˛ ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ xƒy!rê˛ˆÏçl ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ A ~ÓÇ B
åÓ˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ä ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Óy xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ !Ó!˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆ§Ï ò%!ê˛ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xƒy!rê˛Ó!í˛ åˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆ°
Ï y xƒy!rê˛ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ä ÌyˆÏܲ– §yÓ˚!î 18.1 ~ A, B, AB G O ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ó˚ˆ=Ï ˛ xƒy!rê˛ˆÏçl G xƒy!rê˛Ó!í˛Ó˚ Ó^˝ê˛l
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ çyl ˆÎ Ó˚=˛ §M˛yÓ˚îܲyˆÏ° åBlood Transfusionä ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚=˛•z
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚=˛ñ §M˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲyÓ˚ çÙyê˛ Óyôy 到y!•ï˛ ܲ!îܲyÓ˚ ôÁǧ
•GÎ˚yäÈüÈ ç!lï˛ ï˛#Ó §Ù§ƒy ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ òyï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ @˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ˆÏܲ Îb§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ Óy
Ùƒy!ã˛Ç ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §yÓ˚!î 18.1ˆï˛˛ òyï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ §Aà!ï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ã˛e 18.1 Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!î§Ù)• ~ÓÇ òyï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ §Aà!ï˛
RBCsˆï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!î Ó˚=˛òyï˛yÓ˚ ˆ◊!î
xƒy!rê˛ˆÏçl xƒy!rê˛Ó!í˛
A A anti-B A, O

B B anti-A B, O

AB A, B nil AB, A, B, O

O nil anti-A, B O

í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ §yÓ˚!î ˆÌˆÏܲ ~!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛#Î˚Ùyl •Î˚ ˆÎ ‘O’ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ xlƒ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚=˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ• §M˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÚOÛ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó≈çl#l òyï˛y ӈϰ– ÚABÛ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ÚABÛ
ˆ◊!î ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xlƒ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ó˚=˛G @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ÚABÛ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚
§Ó≈çl#l @˝Ã!•ï˛y ӈϰ–
 ˆò• ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•l 281

18.1.3.2 Rh ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yà

ˆÓ˚§y§ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÓylˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ å ˆ§•z !l!ò≈T˛ xƒy!rê˛ˆÏçlä xƒy!rê˛ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ xl%Ó˚)˛õ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
xƒy!rê˛ˆÏçl ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà å ≤ÃyÎ˚ 80% ä Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲyÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ° ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚È– ~§Ó Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Rh ˛õ!ç!ê˛Ë˛ åRh+Veä ~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ~•z xƒy!rê˛ˆÏçl xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Rh
ˆlˆÏà!ê˛Ë˛ åRh-Veä ӈϰ– ~ܲçl Rh-Ve Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ó˚=˛ Î!ò Rh+Ve Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§ ï˛ˆÏÓ Rh-
-Ve Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• Rh xƒy!rê˛ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !ӈϢ£Ï xƒy!rê˛Ó!í˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z Rh-Ve àË≈˛Óï˛# Ùyï˛yÓ˚
Ó˚=˛ G ï˛yÓ˚ àË≈˛fiÌ Rh+Ve !¢¢%º%ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Rh x§Aà!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
Ùyï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙÓyÓ˚ àË≈˛yÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢¢%º%ˆÏîÓ˚ Rh xƒy!rê˛ˆÏçl Ùyï˛yÓ˚ Rh-Ve Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§ ly ܲyÓ˚î
Ùyï˛y G !¢¢%º%ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ xÙÓ˚y Óy ≤’yˆÏ§rê˛y myÓ˚y ˛õ,Ìܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌÙ §hs˝yl ≤çÓܲyˆÏ° !¢¢%º%ˆÏîÓ˚ x“
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Rh+Ve Ó˚=˛ Ùyï˛yÓ˚ Rh-Ve Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xy§yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ùyï˛yÓ˚
Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ Rh xƒy!rê˛ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ%̊ˆÏÂô xƒy!rê˛Ó!í˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# àË≈˛yÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ùyï˛yÓ˚
åRh-ä Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ Rh xƒy!rê˛Ó!í˛ !¢¢%º%ˆÏîÓ˚ åRh+ä Ó˚ˆ=Ï ˛Ó˚ Rh xƒy!rê˛Ó!í˛Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%º%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲyà%ˆÏ°y˛ RBC ôÁǧ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ !¢¢%º%ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Óy ~!ê˛ §ˆÏòƒyçyï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙyÓ˚ydܲ Ó˚=˛y“ï˛y Óy ç!u˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ
~!Ó˚ˆÌÏ yÓœyˆÏfiê˛y!§§ !Ê˛ê˛y!°§ åErythroblastosis foetalisä ӈϰ– ≤ÃÌÙ §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚•z Ùyï˛yÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ• xƒy!rê˛ Rh xƒy!rê˛Ó!í˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~í˛¸yˆÏly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

18.1.4 Ó˚=˛ÈüÈï˛M˛l åCoagulation of Bloodä

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyl ˆÎ Îál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xy.%° ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚ Óy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyâyï˛ ˛õyG ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ «˛ï˛fiÌyl
ˆÌˆÏܲ ò#â≈§ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ «˛Ó˚î •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z «˛ï˛fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚=˛ «˛Ó˚î Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ çyl ˆÜ˛l ~Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚⁄ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyâyï˛ Óy xyâyï˛ç!lï˛ x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚=˛ ï˛!M˛ï˛ •Î˚ Óy
çÙyê˛ ÓÑyˆÏô– ~!ê˛ •° ˆ§•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˛Ó˚=˛«˛Ó˚î ˆÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y
ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyGÎ˚y fiÌyl Óy xyâyï˛≤ÃyÆ fiÌyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ àyì˛¸ °y°ˆÏã˛ Óyòy!Ù ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ !˛õ[˛˛ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛M˛l !˛õ[˛ Îy Ù)°ï˛ Ê˛y•z!Ól lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛vÙÎ˚ çy°Ü˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ Ù,ï˛ ~ÓÇ ôÁǧ≤ÃyÆ
§yܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y xyÓÂô •Î˚– Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ì!¡∫l í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !l!‹;Î˚ Ê˛y•z!ÓˆÏlyˆÏçl
Ê˛y•z!ÓˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛˛ •Î˚– Ì!¡∫l xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!‹;Î˚ Ó› ˆ≤ÃyÌ!¡∫l ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚–
̈ϡ∫yܲy•zˆÏlç lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ˆçyê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ âê˛yˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–~•z˛ ˆçyê˛!ê˛ Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§
!l!‹;Î˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y Ê˛ƒyQˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Î%=˛ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!ÙÜ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛
!lË≈˛Ó˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ åCascade Processä ÙyôƒˆÏÙ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyâyï˛ Óy xyâyï˛ç!lï˛ x§%fiÌï˛y Óy
ê˛∆Ùy Ó˚=˛!fiÌï˛ xl%ã˛!ܲܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ xl%ã˛!ܲܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È Ê˛ƒyQÓ˚
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Ó˚=˛ï˛M˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ §!ܲÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyâyï˛≤ÃyÆ fiÌyˆÏl ܲ°yˆÏܲy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§y !ܲS%È
Ê˛ƒyQÓ˚G Ó˚=˛ ï˛M˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ca++˛ Ó˚=˛ ï˛M˛ˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
282 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

18.2 °!§Ü˛y Óy !°¡≥˛ åܲ°yÓ˚§ä Lymph (Tissuefluid)

ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ çˆÏ° oyÓƒ Ó•% «%˛oÓ› §• !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç°
ܲ°y!fiÌï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ xyhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌyˆÏl ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ÓˆÏí˛y¸ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l xî%àˆ% °Ï y
G ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà §yܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ• ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– !l/§,ï˛ ~•z ï˛Ó˚°ˆÏܲ xyhs˝ıˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ Ó˚§ Óy ܲ°yÓ˚§
ӈϰ– Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆ§Ï í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ á!lç í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ Ùï˛ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ °!§Ü˛yˆÏï˛G á!lç í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆ° Ï y í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– Ó˚=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó≈òy•z ˛õ%!T˛oÓƒ G àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ~•z ï˛Ó˚° xÌ≈yÍ °!§Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z
âˆÏê˛– °!§Ü˛yÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ çy°Ü˛ ~•z ï˛Ó˚° §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ï˛y ≤Ãôyl !¢Ó˚y §Ù)ˆÏ• ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
ï˛yˆÏܲ °!§Ü˛yï˛sf ӈϰ– °!§Ü˛y •° !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ !°ˆÏ¡≥˛y§y•zê˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óî≈•#l ï˛Ó˚° Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•
xlyÜ˛Ùƒ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– °!§Ü˛y ˛õ%!T˛oÓƒ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲñ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Óy•Ü˛G
ÓˆÏê˛– xˆÏsfÓ˚ !˲°y•z ~ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ °ƒyˆÏܲ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚° §Ù)ˆÏ• °!§Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ê˛ƒyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî âˆÏê˛–

18.3 §ÇÓ•l ˛õ̧Ù)• åCirculatory Pathways)

≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇÓ•l ˛õÌ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ÈüÈ Ù%=˛ Óy ÓÂô §ÇÓ•l– §!rô˛õò# ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏ¡∫yç ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• Ù%=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe •,Í!˛õ[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!aï˛ Ó˚=˛ Ó˚=˛Óy• §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌyl Óy ˆò• à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˆò• à•¥Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §y•zly§ ӈϰ– xAà%Ó˚#Ùy° ~ÓÇ
ܲí≈˛yê˛y ˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓÂô §ÇÓ•lï˛sf ˆÎáyˆÏl •,Í!˛õ[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!aï˛ Ó˚=˛ §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z
Ó˚=˛Óy• §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ÓÂô çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ §ÇÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy• x!ôܲï˛Ó˚
§!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z §ÇÓ•ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚l!ê˛ˆÏܲ x!ôܲ §%!Óôyçlܲ ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚–

§Ó ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ÙÎ˚ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •,Í!˛õu˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙyˆÏSȈÏòÓ˚ •,Í!˛õ[˛
~ܲ!ê˛ x!°® G ~ܲ!ê˛ !l°Î˚ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ò%•z ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ G §Ó˚#§,˛õˆÏòÓ˚ åÜ%˛Ù#Ó˚ Óƒï˛#ï˛ä
ò%•z!ê˛ x!°® G ~ܲ!ê˛ !l°Î˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ !ï˛l ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛Î%=˛ •,Í!˛õu˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ Ü%˛Ù#Ó˚ñ ˛õ«˛# ~ÓÇ
hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ •,Í!˛õ[˛ ò%•z!ê˛ x!°® G ò%•z!ê˛ !l°Î˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚–
ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ •,Í!˛õu˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçl •…y§≤ÃyÆ Ó˚=˛ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ê%˛°Ü˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ï˛y x!ôܲ x!:ˆÏçl
Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢§Ù)ˆÏ• ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçl •…y§≤ÃyÆ Ó˚=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ§ å~ܲã˛Ü˛# §ÇÓ•lä– í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚#§,˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓyÙ x!°®!ê˛ Ê%˛°Ü˛y‡Ê%˛§Ê%˛§‡cܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
x!:ˆÏçl Î%=˛ Ó˚=˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xlƒylƒ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçl •…y§≤ÃyÆ Ó˚=˛ í˛yl x!°ˆÏ®
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG ~ܲÙye !l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ù◊î âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z !Ù!◊ï˛ Ó˚=˛ !l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛zÍ!«˛Æ •Î˚ åx§¡õ)î≈ ˜mï˛ §ÇÓ•lä– ˛õ«˛# ~ÓÇ hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓyÙ x!°® ~ÓÇ í˛yl x!°®
ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ x!ôܲ x!:ˆÏçl Î%=˛ Ó˚=˛ G x!:ˆÏçl •…y§ ≤ÃyÆ Ó˚=˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚=˛ í˛yl x!°® ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛yl
!l°ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ù◊î SÈyí˛¸y•z !l°Î˚mÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚=˛ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~•z §ÙhflÏ
ç#ˆÏÓ ò%•z!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ §ÇÓ•l ˛õÌ Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜mï˛ Óy !mã˛Ü˛# §ÇÓ•l §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ã˛° xyÙÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf xôƒÎ˚l ܲ!Ó˚–
 ˆò• ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•l 283

18.3.1 Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf åHuman Circulatory System)

Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ÇÓ•lï˛sfˆÏܲ Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%° ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛!Ó!¢T˛ •,Í!˛õ[˛˛ ÓÂô
¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ Ó˚=˛Óy•§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ çy°Ü˛ G Ó˚=˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ Ó˚=˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ˆ§•z ï˛Ó˚° ˆÎyàܲ°y Îy §ÇÓy!•ï˛
•Î˚–

•,Í!˛õ[˛ñ ˆÙˆÏ§yí˛yÙ≈ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ó«˛à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ÓÑy!òˆÏܲ
§yÙylƒ ˆ•°yˆÏly xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ÓÂô Ù%!¤˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– ~!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ܲy!í≈˛Î˚y° ï˛Ó˚°ˆÏܲ
!âˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !mhflÏÓ˚# ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ Ì!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ܲy!í≈˛Î˚y٠ӈϰ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
•,Í!˛õu˛!ê˛ ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÜÏ ˛y¤˛ !Ó!¢T˛– í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ≤ÈÜÏ ˛y¤˛ ò%!ê˛ˆÏܲ x!°® ~ÓÇ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛
ÓˆÏí˛¸y ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ ò%!ê˛ˆÏܲ !l°Î˚ ӈϰ– xyhs˝/x!°® ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ܲ lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%° ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ í˛yl
x!°®ˆÏܲ ÓyÙ x!°® ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚% ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ xyhs˝/!l°Î˚ ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ܲ í˛yl
!l°Î˚ˆÏܲ ÓyÙ !l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ Ó˚yˆÏá å!ã˛e 18.2 ˆòˆÏáyä– ~ܲ•z!òˆÏܲÓ˚ x!°® G !l°Î˚ x!°®ÈüÈ!l°Î˚
ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ܲ lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%Ó˚% ï˛vÙÎ˚ ܲ°yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚)˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ܲ
!SÈoÎ%=˛ •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z!òˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛mÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛yl x!°® G í˛yl !l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
!SÈo˛õÌ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%° !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õyÕ‘y!Ó!¢T˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛˛õy!ê˛Ü˛y xÌ≈yÍ !e˛õe˛ ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ü˛y myÓ˚y §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ ÓyÙ x!°® G ÓyÙ !l°ˆÏÎ˚ÏÓ˚ ÙôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ !SÈo˛õÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ !m˛õe˛ Óy !Ùê˛∆y° ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ü˛y myÓ˚y §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–

Ù•yôÙ!l

Ù•y !¢Ó˚y
Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ôÙ!l
Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ !¢Ó˚y
§y•zl%xƒy!ê˛∆Î˚y° ˆlyí˛ ÓyÙ x!°®
í˛yl x!°®
xƒy!ê˛∆GˆÏ˲!rê˛∆Ü%˛°yÓ˚
ˆlyí˛
!•ˆÏçÓ˚ Óy!u˛°

ܲ!í≈ ˛ˆê˛u˛!l
í˛yl !l°Î˚
ÓyÙ !l°Î˚

xyhs˝/!l°Î˚ ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ܲ

~ˆÏ˛õ:

!ã˛e 18.2 Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆSÈò ò,¢ƒ

284 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

í˛yl !l°Î˚ G Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ôÙl# ~ÓÇ ÓyÙ !l°Î˚ G Ù•yôÙl#Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfïϰ xô≈ã˛wyÜ,˛!ï˛ Ü˛˛õy!ê˛Ü˛y Óï≈˛Ùyl–
•,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛ ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓy• ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲÙ%á# •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ x!°® ˆÌˆÏܲ !l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ôÙl# G Ù•yôÙl#Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓy• âˆÏê˛– ~•z ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ü˛yà%ˆ°
Ï y !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á#
Ó˚=˛ ≤ÃÓyˆÏ• Óyôy ˆòÎ˚–

§¡õ)î≈ •,Í!˛õ[˛!ê˛ •,ÍˆÏ˛õ!¢ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– !l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ x!°ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y ˛õ%Ó˚%
•Î˚– ˆlyí˛y° ܲ°y lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ •,ÍˆÏ˛õ!¢ï˛vG •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ
xÇ¢ í˛yl x!°ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛yl !òˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yîyÎ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏܲ §y•zˆÏlyxƒy!ê˛∆Î˚y°ˆÏlyí˛
åSANä ӈϰ– ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ xÇ¢ í˛yl x!°ˆÏ®Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÓyÙ ˆÜ˛yîyÎ˚ x!°® !l°Î˚
ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ §!ߨܲˆÏê˛ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~ˆÏܲ xƒy!ê˛∆GˆÏ˲!rê˛∆ܲ% °yÓ˚ ˆlyí˛ åAVNä ӈϰ– ˆlyí˛y°ï˛vÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ÓyˆÏu˛° xÌ≈yÍ xƒy!ê˛∆G ˆË˛!rê˛∆Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ˆlyí˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xƒy!ê˛∆G ˆË˛!rê˛∆Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚
!Óhfl,Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyhs˝/!l°Î˚ ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢#£Ï≈ˆÏòˆÏ¢ í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ ï˛Í«˛îyÍ !Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛yl G ÓyÙ Óy!u˛°
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ¢yáyà%ˆÏ°y ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ !l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vÓ˚ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y «%˛o ï˛vÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚!ܲl!ç ï˛v ӈϰ– í˛yl G ÓyÙ Óy!u˛° §• ~•z ï˛và%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ !•ˆÏçÓ˚ ï˛và%FSÈ åBundle of
Hisä ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óy!•ƒÜ˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ SÈyí˛¸y•z ~•z ˆlyí˛y° ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛và%ˆÏ°y !ܲÎ˚y!ÓË˛Ó §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚
xÌ≈yÍ ~!ê˛ fl∫í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆlyí˛y°ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ §,T˛ !ܲÎ˚y!Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Çáƒy !˲ߨ
!˲ߨ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §y•zˆÏly xƒy!ê˛∆Î˚y° ˆlyí˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛ !ܲÎ˚y!Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ
≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ 70-75!ê˛ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ SÈy!®Ü˛ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l¢#° ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚
Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– ï˛y•z §y•zˆÏly xƒy!ê˛∆Î˚y° ˆlyí˛ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ§ˆÏÙܲyÓ˚ ӈϰ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •,Í!˛õ[˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ 70-
75 ÓyÓ˚ flõ®l §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ å àˆÏí˛¸ 72!ê˛ flõ®l‡!Ù!lê˛ä–

18.3.2 •,òã˛Ü˛ åCardiac Cycle)

•,Í!˛õ[˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ã˛ˆÏ°y ˆòáy Îyܲ– •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ≤ÈÏܲyˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ §Óܲ!ê˛•z Îál !¢!Ì°yÓfiÌyÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÍ Îál ï˛yÓ˚y çˆÏÎr˚ ê˛ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏfiê˛y° å ˆÎÔÌ ≤çyÓ˚îä xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§•z xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ•z •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛˛Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° §Çܲyhs˝ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly!ê˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !e˛õe ~ÓÇ !m˛õe ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y
í˛zß√%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ !¢Ó˚y ~ÓÇ í˛zôÁ≈‡xô/ Ù•y !¢Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚=˛ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ ÓyÙ x!°® G í˛yl x!°ˆÏ®Ó˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÙ !l°Î˚ G í˛yl !l°ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xô≈ã˛wyÜ,˛!ï˛ Ü˛˛õy!ê˛Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y Órô ÌyˆÏܲ– SA
ˆlyí˛ ~•z §ÙÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ܲÎ˚y !Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓó˚ Îy ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ x!°®mÎ˚ˆÜÏ ˛
í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ~!ê˛•z •° x!°® §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !l°ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓy• ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ~•z
!ܲÎ˚y!Ó˲Ó!ê˛ xï˛/˛õÓ˚ AV ˆlyí˛ ~ÓÇ AV Óy!u˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !l°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– AV Óy!u˛°
ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z !ܲÎ˚y !Ó˲Ó!ê˛ !l°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !l°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l âˆÏê˛
å!l°Î˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛läñ !l°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ x!°®à%ˆ° Ï yG !¢!Ì° •Î˚– Óy!u˛° xÊ˛ !•ˆÏçÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ AV ˆlyí˛ ~Ç AV Óy!u˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z !ܲÎ˚y!Ó˲Ó!ê˛ !l°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ó ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
!l°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l âˆÏê˛ å!l°Î˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛lä– !l°Î˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!°®à%ˆ° Ï yG !¢!Ì° •Î˚–
 ˆò• ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•l 285

!l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !§ˆÏfiê˛y° !l°Î˚ ÙôƒfiÌ ã˛y˛õ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓy• x!°ˆÏ®
≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !e˛õe G !m˛õe ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– !l°Î˚ ÙôƒfiÌ ã˛y˛õ xyÓ˚G Ó,!Âô
ˆ˛õˆÏ° í˛yl !l°Î˚ G Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ôÙl# å í˛yl !òˆÏܲä ~ÓÇ ÓyÙ !l°Î˚ G Ù•yôÙ!lÓ˚ åÓyÙ !òˆÏÜ˛ä §ÇˆÏÎyàfïϰ
xÓ!fiÌï˛ xô≈ã˛wyÜ,˛!ï˛ Ü˛˛õy!ê˛Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y §ˆÏÓˆÏà í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !l°Î˚mÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ Ó˚=˛
Ó˚=˛Óy•à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §ÇÓ•l ˛õˆÏÌ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– !l°Î˚mÎ˚ ~•z §ÙÎ˚ !¢!Ì° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ
å!l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏfiê˛y°ä ~ÓÇ !l°Î˚ ÙôƒfiÌ ã˛y˛õ •…y§ ˛õyGÎ˚yÎ˚ xô≈ã˛wyÜ,˛!ï˛ Ü˛˛õy!ê˛à%ˆÏ°y Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
!l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy• Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •Î˚– !l°Î˚ ÙôƒfiÌ ã˛y˛õ xyÓ˚G •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏ° !¢Ó˚yÓy!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ x!°ˆÏ®
Ù%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó˚=˛ x!°ˆÏ® ˆÎ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ !e˛õe G !m˛õe ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y
§ˆÏÓˆÏà á%ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚=˛ ~ál ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ Óyôy•#l˲yˆÏÓ !l°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !l°Î˚mÎ˚ ~ÓÇ x!°®mÎ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚
!¢!Ì° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ å ˆÎÔÌ ≤çyÓ˚îä ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– SA ˛ˆlyí˛ åSA nodeä á%Ó ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï˛%l !ܲÎ˚y!˲ˆÏÓÓ˚
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ âê˛lyÓ°#Ó˚ ~ܲ•zܲˆÏÙ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–

•,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ~•z ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ âê˛lyÓ!° Îy ã˛Ü˛yܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,_ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ •,Íã˛Ü˛ ӈϰ–
!l°Î˚mÎ˚ G x!°®mÎ˚ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z !§ˆÏfiê˛y° G í˛yÎ˚yˆÏfiê˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z •,Íã˛Ü˛!ê˛ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– xyˆÏà•z Ó°y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ •,Í!˛õ[˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ 72 ÓyÓ˚ flõ!®ï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ xy§y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛
•,òã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° 0.4 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛– •,Íã˛Ü˛ ã˛°yܲyˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 70 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛ˆÏsf˝
í˛zÍ!«˛Æ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ âyï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ӈϰ– âyï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ •,Íflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚˛ •yÓ˚ å ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ flõ®ˆÏlÓ˚
§Çáƒyä !òˆÏÎ˚ à%î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° •yò≈ í˛zͲ˛õyò ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛y•z •,ò!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ ˆÎ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó˚=˛ ôÙl#ï˛ˆÏsf í˛zÍ!«˛Æ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z •,Í í˛zͲõyò Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl
§%fiÌ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •yò≈ í˛zͲõyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî •° àˆÏí˛¸ 5000 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ Óy 5 !°ê˛yÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• âyï˛
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ •,ò flõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° •yò≈ í˛zͲõyˆÏòÓ˚G
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲçl xƒÿϰˆÏê˛Ó˚ •yò≈ í˛zͲõyò ~ܲçl §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yò≈ í˛zͲõyˆÏòÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˆÓ!¢–

•,òã˛Ü˛ ã˛°yܲyˆÏ° ò%!ê˛ §%flõT˛ ¢∑ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˆfiê˛ˆÏÌyˆÏflÒyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §•ˆÏç•z ˆ¢yly ÎyÎ˚–
!e˛õe G !m˛õe ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ü˛yà%ˆ° Ï y Órô •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃÌÙ •,ò¢‰ ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ålubä §,!T˛ •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ xôã˛wyÜ,˛!ï˛
ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y Órô •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !mï˛#Î˚ •,ò‰¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ådubä §,!T˛ •Î˚– !ã˛!ܲͧyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ˚yà !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚ ~•z
•,ò‰¢∑ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù–

18.3.3 •zˆ°
Ï Ü˛ˆÏê˛∆yܲy!í≈˛G@˝ÃyÊ˛ åElectrocardiograph) ECG ):

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ xyò¢≈ !ã˛!ܲͧyˆÏܲˆÏw ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly ~Ùl ò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
xySÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl ܲy!í≈˛Î˚yܲ xƒyˆÏÓfi˚ ê˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ~Ùl ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ù!lê˛y!Ó˚Ç ˆÙ!¢l!ê˛ Î%=˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Îsf!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í!Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ !˛õ˛õ !˛õ˛õ ÉÉÉ !˛õ •z •z •z •z ¢∑!ê˛ ˆ¢yly
ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙ!¢l Óy Îsf å •zˆÏ°Ü˛ˆÏê˛∆yܲy!í≈˛G@˝ÃyÊ˛ä ~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ˆÏê˛∆yܲy!í≈˛G@˝ÃyÙ åECGä ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– •,òã˛Ü˛ ã˛°yܲyˆÏ° •,ò!˛õˆÏ[˛ §,T˛ ï˛!í˛¸Í ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl •° ECG–
~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ ECG ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ åˆÎÙl !ã˛e 18.3 ˆï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä–
286 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

~ܲçl ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ ï˛!í˛¸ÍmyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ å ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛!∂ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚

~ÓÇ ÓyÙ ˆàyí˛¸y!°ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ä §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÙ!¢l Óy ΈÏsfÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˆÙ!¢ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ •,ò!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ï˛!í˛¸ÍmyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ Ó«˛ xM˛ˆÏ° °yàyˆÏly •Î˚–
~áyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ ECG §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚Ó–
!ã˛e 18.3 / ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ ECG ~Ó˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ– •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !ܲÎ˚y˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ ECG ~Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ã)˛í˛¸yˆÏܲ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç Óî≈Ùy°yÓ˚ P-T Óî≈ myÓ˚y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
P ï˛Ó˚Aà!ê˛ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ x!°ˆÏ®Ó˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í §!ܲÎ˚ï˛yˆÏܲ å!Ó§ÙÓï≈˛lä !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z˲Î˚
x!°ˆÏ®Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l âˆÏê˛–
QRS Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’: myÓ˚y !l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó§Ùï≈˛lˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚ Îy !l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– Q
ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !§ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §)ã˛lyˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
T ï˛Ó˚Aà!ê˛ myÓ˚y •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !l°Î˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yˆÏܲ
å˛õ%l/§ÙÓï≈˛lä !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl T ï˛Ó˚Aà!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ ï˛y !§ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùy!Æ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xÓ¢ƒ•z ≤Ãò_ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ âê˛y QRS Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤’: ~Ó˚ §Çáƒy àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ •,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚
!lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG !Ó!˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ECGà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãò_ ï˛!í˛¸ÍmyˆÏÓ˚ ܲl!Ê˛àyˆÏÓ˚¢l
åConfigurationä ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ ~ܲ•zÓÜ˚ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚Aàà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §Ω˛yÓƒ
xfl∫y˲y!Óܲï˛y Óy ˆÓ˚yàˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z !ã˛!ܲͧy ¢yˆÏflf ~Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
18.4 !mÈüÈã˛Ü˛# §ÇÓ•l åDouble Circulation ):
Ó˚=˛ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õˆÏÌ ôÙ!l G !¢Ó˚y ~•z ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛
•Î˚– Ù)°ï˛ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ôÙ!l G !¢Ó˚y !ehflÓÏ #˚ •Î˚– Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ hflÓÏ !˚ ê˛ ˆflÒyÎ˚yÙy§ ~ˆÏu˛yˆÏÌ!°Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚
hflÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ !ê˛í˛z!lܲy •zl!ê˛Ùy ӈϰ– ÙyˆÏV˛Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢ G !fiÌ!ï˛fiÌy˛õܲï˛vÓ˚ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ~ˆÏܲ
!ê˛í˛z!lܲy !Ù!í˛Î˚y ӈϰ ~ÓÇ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçl ï˛v§• ï˛vÙÎ˚ ˆÎyààܲ°y myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ñ
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ !ê˛í˛z!lܲy ~:ê˛yÓ˚ly ӈϰ– !¢Ó˚yÎ˚ !ê˛í˛z!lܲy !Ù!í˛Î˚yhflÏÓ˚!ê˛ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õyï˛°y •Î˚–
˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ˆÎ í˛yl !l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ Ó˚=˛ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ôÙ!lˆÏï˛ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ •Î˚– Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚
ôÙ!lˆÏï˛ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ x!:ˆÏçl •…y§≤ÃyÆ Ó˚=˛ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyl ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ x!:ˆÏçlÎ%=˛ Ó˚=˛
Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ !¢Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÓyÙ x!°ˆÏ® ≤ÈÓÏ ¢ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z §ÇÓ•l ˛õÌ•z Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ §ÇÓ•Ólï˛sf àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚
Ù•yôÙ!lˆÏï˛ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ x!ôܲ x!:ˆÏçl Î%=˛ Ó˚=˛ ôÙ!lçy°Ü˛ñ ôÙ!lܲy ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçl •…y§≤ÃyÆ Ó˚=˛ í˛z˛õ!¢Ó˚yï˛sfñ !¢Ó˚yñ Ù•y!¢Ó˚y myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ •,ò!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ í˛yl x!°ˆÏ® ≤ÈÓÏ ¢ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §ÇÓ•lˆÏܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛!Ùܲ §ÇÓ•l ӈϰ å!ã˛e 18.4
ˆòˆÏáy)– !§ˆÏfiê˛!Ùܲ §ÇÓ•ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôˆÏÙ ˛õ%!T˛oÓƒñ x!:ˆÏçl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ í˛z˛õyòyl §Ù)• ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢
ˆ˛õÑÔSyÎ˚È ~ÓÇ ~•z §ÇÓ•l ܲ°yˆÏܲy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ CO2 ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ Ó›§Ù)•ˆÏܲ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly°# ~ÓÇ ÎÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ xllƒ Ó˚=˛Óy• §ÇˆÏÎyà Óï≈˛Ùyl ~ˆÏܲ ˆ•˛õy!ê˛Ü˛ ˆ˛õyê≈˛y°ï˛sf
ӈϰ– ˆ•˛õy!ê˛Ü˛ ˆ˛õyê≈˛y° !¢Ó˚y xsf ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚=˛ˆÏܲ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎÜ,˛ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ÎÜ,˛Í ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z Ó˚=˛
!§ˆÏfiê˛!Ùܲ §ÇÓ•ˆÏl ≤ÈÓÏ ¢ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓy˚ ly!Ó˚ §ÇÓ•l Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È Îy ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
•,Í!˛õ[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ •,òˆÏ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ •,òˆÏ˛õ!¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛ Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓ•l ܲˆÏÓ–˚
 ˆò• ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•l 287

Ê%˛§Ê%˛§
Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ôÙ!l
Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ !¢Ó˚y

Ù•y!¢Ó˚y ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ôÙ!l

å≤Ãôyl !¢Ó˚y §Ù)•ä •,ò!˛õ[˛

Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢
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ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xÇ¢§Ù)• ôÙ!l Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢
Ó˚=˛çy°Ü˛ ly!°Ü˛y à•¥Ó˚

!ã˛e 18.4 ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ• Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓ•ˆÏlÓ˚ lܲ¢y

18.5 •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !lÎ˚sfî åRegulation of Cardiac Activity ):

•,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î˲yˆÏÓ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛
ˆ˛õ!¢ åˆlyí˛y° !ê˛§%ä myÓ˚y fl∫!lÎ˚!sfï˛ä– ï˛y•z •,Í!˛õ[˛ˆÏܲ ÙyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏç!lܲ ӈϰ– §%£Ï%¡¨y¢#£Ï≈ܲ åmedulla
oblongataä !fiÌï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï fl¨yÎ˚ˆÏܲw fl∫Î˚Ç!ܲÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ åAutonolic nervous system Óy
ANSä ÙyôƒˆÏÙ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ˛õ!Ó˚!Ùï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !§Ù˛õƒyˆÏÌ!ê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ åANS ~Ó˚ xÇ¢ä
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy!•ï˛ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ Óyï≈˛y •,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ G !l°Î˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛lÈüÈӈϰÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ
•yò≈ í˛zͲõyò Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ˛õƒyÓ˚y!§Ù˛õƒyˆÏÌ!ê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ åANS ~Ó˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ä ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
Óy!•ï˛ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ Óyï≈˛y •,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ G !ܲÎ˚y!ÓË˛Ó ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ à!ï˛ •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ •yò≈ÈüÈí˛zͲõyò
•…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– xƒy!í»˛ly° @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ˆÙí˛y°y xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°yG •yò≈ í˛zͲõyò Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
18.6 •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !lÎ˚sfî åDisorders of Circulation System ):
í˛zFã˛ Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ å•y•z˛õyÓ˚ˆÏê˛l¢lä / Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ fl∫y˲y!ÓˆÏܲÓ˚ å120/80ä ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏ° ï˛ál ˆÎ
˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy myÓ˚y ~!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚ ï˛y •° •y•z˛õyÓ˚ˆêÏ ˛l¢l– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ 120 mm Hg (!Ù!°!Ùê˛yÓ˚
˛õyÓ˚òhflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ §Ùylä •° !§ˆÏfiê˛y!°Ü˛ Óy ˛õy!¡õÇ ã˛y˛õ ~ÓÇ 80 mm Hg •° í˛yÎ˚yˆÏfiê˛y!°Ü˛ Óy ˆÓ˚!fiê˛Ç ã˛y˛õ–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G Î!ò ï˛y 140/90 å!§ˆÏfiê˛y!°Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ 140 mm Hg ‡í˛yÎ˚yˆÏfiê˛y!°Ü˛
ã˛y˛õ 90 mm Hgä Óy ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ ï˛ál ~!ê˛ •y•z˛õyÓ˚ˆêÏ ˛¢l !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ í˛zFã˛ Ó˚=˛ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
•,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yà ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ù!hflÏ‹Òñ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xAàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚G «˛!ï˛§yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
288 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ܲˆÏÓ˚ylyÓ˚# ôÙ!l ˆÓ˚yà åCoronary Artery Disease / CADä / ܲˆÏÓ˚ylyÓ˚# ôÙ!lÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yàˆÏܲ
≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z xƒyˆÏ̈ÏÓ˚yˆÏflœÒˆÏÓ˚y!§§ ӈϰ– ~•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏà ˆ§•z Ó˚=˛Óy•à%ˆÏ°y•z «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •Î˚ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y •,òˆÏ˛õ¢#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚=˛
§Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ôÙ!lÓ˚ àyˆÏe ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙñ Ê˛ƒyê˛ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ ï˛vÙÎ˚ ܲîy §!M˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
ôÙ!là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à•¥Ó˚ §Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆÓ˚yà •Î˚–
~lçy•zly åAnginaä / ~ˆÏܲ ~lçy•zly ˆ˛õˆÏQy!Ó˚§G ӈϰ– Îál ˛õÎ≈yÆ x!:ˆÏçl •,ÍˆÏ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚
ly ï˛ál Ó%ˆÏܲ ï˛#Ó ÓƒyÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ§à≈ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó%̊£Ï G Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ~lçy•zly •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
!ܲv ~!ê˛ §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ÙôƒÓÎ˚flÒ ~ÓÇ Ó,ÂôˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ!¢ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎ xÓfiÌy§Ù)• Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓyˆÏ• !Ó⯠âê˛yÎ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ~•z ˆÓ˚yà •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
•yê≈˛ ˆÊ˛!°GÓ˚ åHeart failureä / •yê˛≈ ˆÊ˛!°GÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Îál
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ Ó˚=˛ •,Í!˛õ[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ •Î˚ ly– ~ˆÏܲ ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛ ܲlˆÏç§!ê˛Ë˛
•yê≈˛ ˆÊ˛!°GÓ˚ ӈϰ– ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl í˛z˛õ§à≈ •° Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚=˛Óy•à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚î G
ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ˛õ)î≈ •GÎ˚y– •yê≈˛ ˆÊ˛!°GÓ˚ !ܲv ܲy!í≈˛Î˚yܲ ~ˆÏÓ˚fiê˛ å Îál •,òflõ®l Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ä Óy
•yê≈˛ xƒyê˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ å ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÙˆÏï˛y Ó˚=˛§Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ly •GÎ˚yÎ˚ •,òˆÏ˛õ!¢Ó˚ •ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •GÎ˚yä ÙˆÏï˛y lÎ˚–

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ
åSummaryä
ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• Ó˚=˛ñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚° ˆÎyàܲ°y ï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Ó› ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈
§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚– °!§Ü˛y åܲ°yÓ˚§ä •° x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚° ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG !ܲS%È Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛–
Ó˚=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚° ôye ~ÓÇ §yܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚° ôyeˆÏܲ ≤’yçÙy ӈϰ– ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲy
åRBC à%ˆÏ°yñ ~ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏÌy§y•zê˛§ä ˆŸªï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy åWBC !°í˛zˆÏܲy§y•zê˛ä ~ÓÇ ˆ≤’ê˛ˆÏ°ê˛§‰ Óy xl%ã˛!ܲܲy å ̈ϡ∫y§y•zê˛ä •° Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚
§yܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ˆÏܲ RBC ~Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ xƒy!rê˛ˆÏçl A ~ÓÇ B ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ Óy xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
A, B, AB, O ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– RBC ~Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆÓ˚§y§ ˆÊ˛QÓ˚ lyÙܲ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ xƒy!rê˛ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛
Óy xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚G Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ܲ°y!fiÌï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï˛≈# ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌyl ˆÎ Ó˚=˛°kô
~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚° myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ°yÓ˚§ ӈϰ– ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚§ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ °!§Ü˛y– ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l G Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ §yܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl Óƒï˛#ï˛ ~!ê˛
xˆÏlܲê˛y•z Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •Î˚–
§Ü˛° ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ xˆÏÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ˛≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ÓÂô§ÇÓ•lï˛sf Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%° ˛õy!flõÇ xAà xÌ≈yÍ •,ò!˛õ[˛ñ Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ çy°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚° xÌ≈yÍ Ó˚=˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– •,òˆÏ˛õ!¢ï˛v§Ù)•
fl∫í˛zj#˛õܲ •Î˚– §y•zˆÏly ~!rê˛∆Î˚y° ˆlyí˛ åSA ˆlyí˛ä §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛ !ܲÎ˚y!ÓË˛Ó å≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ 70-75ä §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z
~!ê˛ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ à!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî SA ˆlyí˛ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ§ˆÏÙܲyÓ˚ ӈϰ– !ܲÎ˚y !Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤Ã̈ÏÙ x!°®
~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l å!§ˆÏfiê˛y°ä •Î˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢!Ì°yÎ˚l å í˛yÎ˚yˆÏfiê˛y°ä âˆÏê˛– !§ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó˚=˛ §ˆÏÓˆÏà
x!°® ˆÌˆÏܲ !l°ˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚=˛ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ôÙ!l ~ÓÇ Ù•yôÙ!lˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛
âê˛lyÓ!° •,òã˛Ü˛ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z âê˛lyÓ!°Ó˚ ã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ •,òã˛Ü˛ ӈϰ å ܲy!í≈˛Î˚yܲ ã˛Ü˛ä ~ܲçl §%fiÌ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ˆòˆÏ• ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ 72 ÓyÓ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ •,òã˛Ü˛ ã˛°yܲyˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 70 ml Ó˚=˛ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ âyï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Óy flõ®l ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ӈϰ–
 ˆò• ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•l 289

≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó˚=˛ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ •yò≈ í˛z˛Í˛õyò ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ âyï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî G
•,òflõ®l •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à%îÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl •Î˚– •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õ ˆò•ï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ˆÏê˛∆yܲy!í≈˛G@˝ÃyˆÏÊ˛Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ˆ°á!ã˛eÓ˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ l!ÌË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆ°á!ã˛e!ê˛ˆÏܲ •zˆ°
Ï Ü˛ˆÏê˛∆yܲy!í≈˛G@˝ÃyÙ åECGä ӈϰ– !ã˛!ܲͧyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
åECGä ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ !mã˛Ü˛# §ÇÓ•l âˆÏê˛– ~•z §ÇÓ•l Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !§ˆÏfiê˛!Ùܲ ~•z ò%!ê˛ §ÇÓ•l˛õÌ
!lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– í˛yl !l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçl •…y§≤ÃyÆ Ó˚=˛ í˛z!aï˛ •ˆÏ° Ê%˛§Ê%˛§#Î˚ §ÇÓ•l ¢%%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z Ó˚=˛ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§
Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§ Óy!•ï˛ ~•z Ó˚=˛ x!:ˆÏçl Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÙ x!°ˆÏ® !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– ÓyÙ !l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ x!:ˆÏçlÎ%=˛
Ó˚=˛ í˛z!aï˛ •ˆÏ°•z !§ˆÏfiê˛!Ùܲ §ÇÓ•l ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z Ó˚=˛ ÓyÙ !l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù•yôÙ!lˆÏï˛ í˛z!aï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyl
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ó ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ܲ°yˆÏܲy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçl •…y§ ≤ÃyÆ Ó˚=˛ !¢Ó˚y§Ù)• myÓ˚y §Çà,•#ï˛ •Î˚
~ÓÇ í˛yl x!°ˆÏ® !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– Î!òG •,Í!˛õ[˛ fl∫í˛zj#˛õܲ ï˛Ó%G ~Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° fl¨yÎ˚%ç G •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lË≈˛Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

xl%¢#°l# åExercisesä

1. Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §yܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ !°ˆÏáy ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. ≤’yçÙy ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c ܲ# ܲ#⁄
3. hflÏΩ˛ ÈüÈ I ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ hflÏΩ˛ ÈüÈ II ˆÙ°yG /
hflÏΩ˛ ÈüÈ I hflÏΩ˛ ÈüÈ I
åܲ˛ä •zG!§ˆÏly!Ê˛° (i) Ó˚=˛ï˛M˛l
åáä RBC (ii) §Ó≈çll#l @˝Ã!•ï˛y
åàä AB @˝Ã%˛õ (ii) §ÇܲÙî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲyÓ˚#
åâä xl%ã˛!ܲܲy (iv) •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l
å.ä !§ˆÏfiê˛y° (v) àƒy§#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
4. Ó˚=˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎyàܲ°y Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
5. Ó˚=˛ ~ÓÇ °!§Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !°ˆÏáy–
6. !mã˛Ü˛# §ÇÓ•l Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚⁄ ~Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
7. ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !°ˆÏáy
ܲä Ó˚=˛ G °!§Ü˛y
áä ÓÂô G Ù%=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf
àä !§ˆÏfiê˛y° G í˛yÎ˚yˆÏfiê˛y°
âä P ï˛Ó˚Aà G T ï˛Ó˚Aà
8. ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛lç!lï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •,Í!˛õ[˛ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ÙyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏç!lܲ Ó!° ˆÜ˛l⁄
10. SA ˆlyí˛ˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õ§ˆÏÙܲyÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
11. •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç xƒy!ê˛∆G ˆË˛!rê˛∆Ü%˛°yÓ˚ ˆlyí˛ ~ÓÇ xƒy!ê˛∆G ˆË˛!rê Ü%˛°yÓ˚ Óy!u˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c ܲ#⁄
12. •,Íã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ •yò≈ í˛zͲõyò ~Ó˚ §ÇK˛y !°ˆÏáy–
13. •,òôÁ!là%ˆÏ°y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
14. ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ ECG ~Ó˚ !ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
 290 ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!ç

xôƒyÎ˚ û 19 (Chapter - 19)

ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢l
(Excretory Products and their Elimination)

19.1. Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛lï˛sf

≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• !Ó˛õyܲ!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xÌÓy xlƒ ܲyÓ˚î ˆÎÙl x!ôܲ áyòƒ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yñ •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚yñ
19.2. Ù)e í˛zͲõyòl •zí˛z!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ñ ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ñ ç° ~ÓÇ Na+, K+, Cl– Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ñ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò xyÎ˚là%ˆÏ°y
çÙy •Î˚– ~•z§Ó ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Óy xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õ§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~•z
19.3. Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlâ!ê˛ï˛ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°
˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yñ •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y ~ÓÇ •zí˛z!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ •° ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆÓ˚!ã˛ï˛
19.4. õ!Ó˚◊%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlâ!ê˛ï˛ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)•– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ !Ó£Ïy=˛ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚
àyì˛¸Ü˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yñ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ñ •zí˛z!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ Ü˛Ù !Ó£Ïy=˛ •GÎ˚yÎ˚
19.5. Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲyç !lÎ˚sfî
§yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z ~Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î §Ω˛Ó–
xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y ˆÓ˚ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ xƒyˆÏÙyˆÏlyˆÏê˛!°§Ù Ó°y •Î˚– Ó•% x!fiÌÎ%=˛ ÙySÈñ ç°ç í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#
19.6. Ù)e ï˛ƒyà ˛õÂô!ï
~ÓÇ ç°ç ˛õï˛Aà§Ù)• xƒyˆÏÙyˆÏlyˆÏê˛!°Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §•ˆÏç•z oÓî#Î˚ ï˛y•z
19.7. ˆÓ˚ã˛ˆÏl xlƒylƒ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆò•ï˛° xÌÓy Ê%˛°Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ åÙyˆÏSÈä xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ xyÎ˚l Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÓ˚!ã˛ï˛
xAà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy •Î˚– xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏî Ó,E˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– fiÌ°ç x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚
19.8 ˆÓ˚ã˛lï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ç#Ó ˆòˆÏ• ç° §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y ~ÓÇ •zí˛z!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ü˛Ù !Ó£Ïy=˛
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlâ!ê˛ï˛ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî#ñ Ó•% fiÌ°ç í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §yÙ%!oܲ ÙySÈ
ˆày°ˆÏÎyà§Ù)•
ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãôylï˛ •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ •zí˛z!Ó˚GˆÏê˛!°Ü˛ ≤Ãyî# ӈϰ– ~§Ó ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
!Ó˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yñ ÎÜ,˛ˆÏï˛ •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ G ˆÓ˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆòˆÏ• ΈÏÌy˛õÎ%=˛ x!˲flÀÓî âlc (Osmolarity) ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚
çlƒ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ôyˆÏe !ܲS%Èê˛y •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y §!M˛ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §Ó˚#§,˛õñ ˛õ«˛#ñ
fiÌ°ç ¢yÙ%ܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õï˛AàÓ˚y Ü˛Ù ç° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlâ!ê˛ï˛ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• •zí˛z!Ó˚ܲ
 ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢l 291

xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ «%˛o Ó!ê˛Ü˛y xÌÓy ˆ°•z Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ •zí˛z!Ó˚GˆÏê˛!°Ü˛ ≤Ãyî# Ó°y •Î˚–
§Ù#«˛yÎ˚ ≤Ãyî#çàˆÏï˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ ˆÓ˚ã˛l xˆÏAàÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÓ¢#Ó˚˲yà
xˆÏÙÓ˚%òu˛# ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛l xAàà%ˆÏ°y §Ó˚° ly!°Ü˛y §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚ñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆÙÓ˚%òu˛# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛l
xAà ç!ê˛° ly!°Ü˛y §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ Ó,E˛ ӈϰ– ~áyˆÏl ~Ùl !ܲS%È àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤’y!ê˛ˆÏ•°!Ùl!̧ åã˛ƒy≤WzyÜ,˛!Ùñ í˛zòy ı ≤’ƒyˆÏl!Ó˚Î˚yäñ Ó˚!ê˛Ê˛yÓ˚ñ !ܲS%È xAà%Ó˚#Ùy° åxƒy!l!°í˛§‰ä ˛õÓ≈Ë)˛=˛
≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ ˆ§Ê˛yˆÏ°yܲˆÏí≈˛ê˛ÈüÈxƒy!¡≥˛x:y§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛l xAà •° ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y xÌÓy !¢áy ˆÜ˛y¢
åˆÊœ˛Ù ˆ§°ä– ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ˛ xyÎ˚l ~ÓÇ ˆò• ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ
~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ x§ˆÏÙyˆÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°¢l (osmoregulation) ӈϰ– ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xAà%Ó˚#Ùy°
˛õÓ≈Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛l xAà •° ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y Îy l°yܲyÓ˚ àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚y ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlâ!ê˛ï˛
ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆò•ï˛Ó˚° G xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y
§• ˆÓ¢#Ó˚ ˲yà ˛õï˛AàˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛l xAà •° Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl !ê˛í˛z!Óí˛z°– Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl !ê˛í˛z!Óí˛z°
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlâ!ê˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏl ~ÓÇ x§ˆÏÙyˆÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°¢yˆÏl (osmoregulation) §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ã˛Ç!í˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆ◊!î˲%=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y xƒy!rê˛ly° @˝Ã!rÌ Óy §Ó%ç@˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÓ˚ã˛lܲyÎ≈ §¡õߨ
ܲˆÏÓ˚–

19.1. Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛lï˛sf (Human Excretory

System) xƒy!í»˛ly° @˝Ã!rÌ
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛lï˛sf!ê˛ ~ܲ ˆçyí˛¸y Ó,E˛ñ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y à!Ól#ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l¡¨ Ù•y!¢Ó˚y ˆÓ˚ly° ôÙl#
Ù)ey¢Î˚ G ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)ely°# !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ å!ã˛e 19.1 ˆòˆÏáyä–
°y°ˆÏã˛ ÓyòyÙ# G xˆÏlܲê˛y !¢Ù Ó#ç xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ó!¢T˛ Ó,E˛ ˆ˛õ°!˲§ ˆÓ˚ly° !¢Ó˚y
ò%!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï ˆÌyÓ˚y!§Ü˛ ܲˆÏ¢Ó˚%ܲy ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ °y¡∫yÓ˚ ܲˆÏ¢Ó˚%ܲyÓ˚ ˆÙí˛y°y Ó,E˛
ÙôƒÓï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl í˛zòÓ˚ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏò¢#Î˚ xhs˝ı≤ÃyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§!ߨܲˆÏê˛ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏê˛≈ :
˜òâ≈ƒ 10 - 12 ˆ§!Ùñ ≤ÃfiÌ 5-7 ˆ§!Ùñ ˛õ%Ó˚%c 2-3 ˆ§!Ù ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ôÙl#
§• àí˛¸ Gçl ≤ÃyÎ˚ 120 - 170 @˝ÃyÙ •Î˚– Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à!Ól#
xÓï˛° ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ áÑyç Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ˆÏܲ
•y•z°y٠ӈϰ– •y•z°yˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ à!Ól#ñ Ó˚=˛Óy• ~ÓÇ
fl¨yÎ˚%à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– •y•z°yˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)eÌ!°
≤âfiÌ Ê˛yˆÏl° xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ xM˛° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆSÏ È– ~ˆÏܲ Ó,E˛#Î˚ ˆ˛õ°!˲§
ӈϰ– ˆÓ˚ly° ˆ˛õ°!˲ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ x!˲ˆÏ«˛˛õà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ù)ely°#
ܲƒy!°: ӈϰ– Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸ ܲƒy˛˛õ§%° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ã˛e 19.1.
Figure 19.1 Human/ Ùyl%ˆUrinary
Ï£ÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛lï˛sfsystem
Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ xM˛° xyˆÏSÈñ Ó!•ıfiÌ Ü˛ˆÏê≈˛: ~ÓÇ xhs˝ıfiÌ
ˆÙí˛y°y– ˆÙí˛y°y !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ ¢yAܲÓyܲyÓ˚ xLjϢ åˆÙí%˛°yÓ˚#
!˛õÓ˚y!Ùí˛ä !Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛!°ˆÏ§§ÈüÈ~ å~ܲÓã˛l ܲƒy!°:ä
í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚– ܲˆÏê≈˛: ˆÙí%˛°yÓ˚# !˛õÓ˚y!Ùí˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛#fiÌyˆÏl
 292 ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!ç

ˆÙí%˛°yÓ˚#
!Óhfl,Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,E˛#Î˚ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
!˛õÓ˚y!Ùí˛
ÓyÓ˚!ê˛!lÓ˚ hflÏΩ˛ (Columns of Bertini) å!ã˛e 19.2ˆòˆÏáyä
Ó,E˛#Î˚ hflÏΩ˛ ӈϰ–
ܲƒy!°: ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó,ˆÏE˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ !Ù!°Î˚l ç!ê˛° ly!°Ü˛y §Ù!ß∫ï˛ àë˛l
ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlÊ˛l Ó°y •Î˚ å!ã˛e 19.3 ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆlÊ˛là%ˆÏ°y
Ó,E˛#Î˚ ôÙl# •° Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈àï˛ ~ܲܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆlÊ˛l ò%!ê˛ xLjϢ !Ó˲=˛ÈüÈ
ܲˆÏê˛≈ : Ó,E˛#Î˚ !¢Ó˚y ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§ ~ÓÇ Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛y– Ó,E˛#Î˚ ôÙl#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §)-
Ó,E˛#Î˚ Ó,E˛#Î˚ ˆ˛õ°!˲§ ¢yáy xÌ≈yÍ xhs≈˝Ù%á# í˛z˛õôÙl# ˆÎ Ó˚=˛çy°Ü˛ Ü%˛u˛°# àë˛l
ܲƒy˛õ§%° à!Ól# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§ ӈϰ– ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚=˛ Ó!•Ù%≈á#
í˛z˛õôÙl#Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy ~ܲ!ê˛ !mhflÏÓ˚# ܲy˛õ §ò,¢ àë˛l
!ã˛e 19.2.
Figure 19.2 Ó,ˆEÏ ˛Ó˚ °¡∫ˆFÏ SÈò å!ã˛eÓ˚˛) õä
Longitudinal section Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏܲ Óy_ˆÏÙl§ ܲƒy˛õ§%° ӈϰ ~ÓÇ Óy_ˆÏÙl§
(Diagrammatic) of Kidney
ܲƒy˛õ§%ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÓÓ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛y ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– Óy_ˆÏÙl§
ܲƒy˛õ§%° §• ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§ˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl Ó!í˛ xÌÓy

xhs˝Ù≈%á# Ó!•Ù≈%á# í˛z˛õôÙl#

í˛z˛õôÙl#
ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§
Óy_ˆÏÙl§
ܲƒy˛õ§%° õÓ˚y§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y

ò)Ó§˚ ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y

ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚
xˆÏôyàyÙ# Óy•%
ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%˛õ
ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚
|ôÁ≈àyÙ# Óy•%

˲y§y ˆÓ˚ܲê˛y §Ç@˝Ãy•# ly!°Ü˛y

!ã˛e 19.3. / Ó˚=˛Óy•ñ ly°# ~ÓÇ ly!°Ü˛y§• ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆlÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ı
 ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢l 293

Ó,E˛#Î˚ ܲÓ˚˛õy§° å!ã˛e 19.4 ˆòˆÏáyä ӈϰ– Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛y xhAfferent

s˝Ù%≈á# í˛z˛õôÙl#
arteriole
!ܲS%Èò)Ó˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚G Ü%˛u˛°#Ü,˛ï˛ ˛õуyã˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚y§ÇÓï≈˛
Ó!•Ù%Efferent
Ň#
ly!°Ü˛y (PCT) àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xÇ¢!ê˛
í˛z˛õôÙl#
arteriole
ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÜÑ˛yê˛yÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ó!¢T˛ ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%˛õ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ xˆÏôyàyÙ# G ~ܲ!ê˛ |ôÁ≈àyÙ# Óy•% ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Óy_ˆÏÙl§
Bowman’s
capsule
|ôÁ≈àyÙ# Óy•%!ê˛ !ܲS%Èò)Ó˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ü%˛u˛°#Ü,˛ï˛ ܲƒy˛õ§%°
ly!°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ xM˛° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y (DCT)
Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÓ¢#Ó˚˲yà ˆlÊ˛ˆÏl ò)Ó˚§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆ§yçy xÜ%˛u˛°#ï˛ ly!°Ü˛yÎ˚ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ §Ç@˝Ãy•# ly!°Ü˛y
ӈϰ– §Ç@˝Ãy•# ly!°Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ° y ly!°Ü˛y
~ܲ§ˆÏAà Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲƒy!°ˆÏ:Ó˚ ˆÙí˛%°yÓ˚# !˛õÓ˚y!ÙˆÏí˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õ°!˲ˆÏ§ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚–
˛õÓ˚yProximal
§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y
ˆlÊ ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl ܲ!îܲyñ ˛õÓ˚y§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y ~ÓÇ convoluted tubule

ò)Ó˚§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏê≈˛: xM˛ˆÏ° xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ

( !ã˛e 19.4) / Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl Ó!í˛ åÓ,E˛#Î˚ ܲ!îܲy Óy ˆÓ˚ly° ܲÓ˚˛õy§°ä
x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%˛õ ˆÙí˛y°yÓ˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÓ¢#Ó˚˲yà ˆlÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%˛õ á%Ó ˆSÈyê˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙylƒ xÇ¢ ˆÙí˛y°yˆÏï˛ xÓfiÌyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ §ÙhflÏ ˆlÊ˛l§Ù)•ˆÏܲ ܲ!ê≈˛ˆÏܲ° ˆlÊ˛l Ó°y •Î˚– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆlÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%˛õ á%Ó
°¡∫y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÙí˛y°yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ çy:ê˛yˆÏÙí˛%°yÓ˚# ˆlÊ˛l ӈϰ–
Ó!•Ù%≈á# í˛z˛õôÙl# ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ §)- çy!°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ àë˛l
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚!ê˛í˛z!Óí˛z°yÓ˚ ܲƒy!˛õ°yÓ˚# Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z çy!°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ àë˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o
Ó˚=˛Óy• ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° ˆÌˆÏܲ ‘U’ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˲y§y ˆÓ˚Qy (Vasa recta) àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲ!ê≈˛ˆÏܲ° ˆlÊ˛là%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ë˛y§y ˆÓ˚Qy xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xÌÓy á%Ó•z §Ç!«˛Æ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
19.2 Ù)e í˛zͲõyòl (Urine Formation)
Ù)e í˛zͲõyòl !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ âˆÏê˛– ÎÌyıÈüÈ ˆ@’yˆÏ§Ó˚%°y§ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓîñ ˛õ%lıˆ¢y£Ïî
~ÓÇ «˛Ó˚î– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˆlÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ âˆÏê˛–
Ù)e í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ôy˛õ!ê˛ •° Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓîñ Îy ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§ myÓ˚y §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ
ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî (Glomerular filtration) ӈϰ– ~ܲ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ •,ò!˛õˆÏu˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
!l°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zÍ!«˛Æ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˛õÑyã˛ Ë˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲ xÇ¢ xÌ≈yÍ àˆÏí˛¸ 1100-1200 ml Ó˚=˛
≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ Ó,E˛ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ •Î˚– ˆ@’yˆÏ§Ó˚%°yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚=˛çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õñ !ï˛l!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî âê˛yÎ˚– ~•z hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y •° û ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§ Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ˆÏu˛yˆÏÌ!°Î˚yÙ
hflÏÓ˚ñ Óy_ˆÏÙl§ ܲƒy˛õ§%ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚yÙ hflÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ò%•z hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# !˲!_˛õò≈y Óy_ˆÏÙl§
ܲƒy˛õ§%ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚yÙ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù)•ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õyˆÏí˛y§y•zê˛ ÓˆÏ°– ~•z ˆ˛õyˆÏí˛y§y•zê˛à%ˆÏ°y ç!ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ
!ÓlƒhflÏ ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !ܲS%È ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !fl‘ê˛ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ (Slit Pore) Óy ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî
!SÈo ӈϰ– Ó˚=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî !V˛!Õ‘Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ï˛ §)-˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l SÈyí˛¸y Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚
294 ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!ç

≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó í˛z˛õyòyl•z Óy_ˆÏÙl§ ܲƒy˛õ§%ˆÏ°Ó˚ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~çlƒ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚flÀÓî
(Ultra filtration) ӈϰ–
≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ Ó,E˛ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙylˆÏܲ ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî •yÓ˚ (GFR) ӈϰ–
~ܲçl §%fiÌ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ GFR ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 125 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ Óy ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏl 180 !°ê˛yÓ˚ •Î˚–
Ó,E˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî •yÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§ §!ߨ!•ï˛ ΈÏsfÓ˚ myÓ˚y §¡õߨ •Î˚– ˆÎ fiÌyˆÏl ò)Ó˚§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y!ê˛
xhs˝Ù%≈á# í˛z˛õôÙl#Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§ ˆ§ fiÌyˆÏl ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°
xM˛° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ çy:ê˛yˆÏ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yÓ˚ Îsf ӈϰ– GFR ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏ° çy:ê˛yˆÏ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛y¢ §!ܲÎ˚ •Î˚ G ˆÓ˚!ll «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚!ll ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚=˛ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚
G GFR fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ÙyˆÏl !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§–
ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚° ≤Ã!ï˛!òl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ å180 !°ê˛yÓ˚‡ !òlä G ≤Ã!ï˛!òl ˆÎ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ù)e å1.5 !°ê˛yÓ˚ä ˆÓ˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 99 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚°
Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛y myÓ˚y ˛õ%l/ˆÏ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˛õ%l/ˆ¢y£Ïî– ˆlÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚
ly!°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ ~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚yÙ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù)• §!ܲÎ˚ Óy !l!‹;Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%l/ˆ¢y£Ïî âê˛yÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚° ˆÌˆÏܲ @’%ˆÏܲyçñ xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ñ Na+ •zï˛ƒy!ò Ó›§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §!ܲÎ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî âˆÏê˛–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlÎ%=˛ Óç≈ƒ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !l!‹;˛Î˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆlÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚
≤ÃÌÙ xLjϢ çˆÏ°Ó˚ !l!‹;Î˚ ˛õ%l/ˆ¢y£Ïî âˆÏê˛ å!ã˛e 19.5ä–
Ù)e í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° H+, K+ ~ÓÇ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y Ó›§Ù)• «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆò•ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ x¡‘ «˛yÓ˚ G xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ Ó,E˛#Î˚
ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ~•z «˛Ó˚î Ù)e í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ôy˛õ–
19.3 û Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°# (Function of the Tublues)ı
˛õÓ˚y§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y (PCT) ı ˛õÓ˚y§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ xhs˝ı≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ §Ó˚° Óy¢ Óí≈˛yÓ˚Î%=˛ âlܲyܲyÓ˚ §Ó˚°
xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ Îy ˛õ%l/ˆÏ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xLjϢ
≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y 70 - 80 ˲yà ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’£Ïƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ G ç° ˛õ%l/ˆÏ¢y!£Ïï˛
•Î˚– ˛õÓ˚y§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl xyÎ˚lñ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
!ܲS%È !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ Ó› «˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ÓÇ ~•z ï˛Ó˚° ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy•z ܲyˆÏÓ≈yˆÏlê˛ xyÎ˚l (HCO3–) ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆò• ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ PH ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙƒyÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%˛õ (Henle’s Loop) ı ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛zÂô≈àyÙ# Óy•%ˆÏï˛ á%Ó §yÙylƒ ˛õ%l/ˆÏ¢y£Ïî âˆÏê˛–
Î!òG ~•z xM˛°!ê˛ ˆÙí˛y°y ÙôƒfiÌ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ x!˲flÀÓî ã˛y˛õ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xˆÏôyàyÙ# Óy•% ç°ˆÏ˲òƒ !ܲv ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’£Ïƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃyÎ˚ xˆÏ˲òƒ •Î˚–
~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° xˆÏôyàyÙ# Óy•% !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ àyì˛¸c Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– í˛zÂô≈àyÙ# Óy•%
ç° xˆÏ˲òƒ !ܲv ~Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ xÌÓy !l!‹;Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’£Ïƒ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l
âˆÏê˛– ï˛y•z ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛zÂô≈àyÙ# Óy•%Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îál àyì˛¸ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚° ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál
ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’£Ïƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆÙí˛y°y!fiÌï˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚°#ܲÓ˚î
âˆÏê˛ xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚ àyì˛¸c •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
 ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢l 295

˛õÓ˚y§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y ò)Ó˚§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ

ܲˆÏê≈˛:

ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ |ôÁ≈àyÙ# Óy•%Ó˚

xˆÏôyàyÙ# Óy•% fiÌ)° xÇ¢

§Ç@˝Ãy•#
ly!°Ü˛y

ˆÙí˛%°y |ôÁ≈àyÙ# Óy•%Ó˚ §Ó˚%

xǢ

•zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y

!ã˛e 19.5 ˆlÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ≤Ãôyl Ó›§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ%l/ˆÏ¢y£Ïî ~ÓÇ «˛Ó˚î åï˛#Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
!Óã˛°l‡ à!ï˛!Ó!ôÓ˚ !òܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–ä
ò)Ó˚§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y (DCT) ı Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ~•z xLjϢ Na+ ~ÓÇ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ¢ï≈˛§yˆÏ˛õ«˛ ˛õ%l/ˆÏ¢y£Ïî âˆÏê˛– ò)Ó˚§ÇÓï≈˛
ly!°Ü˛y Óy•z ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlê˛ xyÎ˚lG (HCO3–) ˛õ%l/ˆÏ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ PH ~ÓÇ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ~•z xLjϢ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl G ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ xyÎ˚l ~ÓÇ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
§Ç@˝Ãy•# ly!°Ü˛y (Collecting Duct) ı ~•z °¡∫y ly!°Ü˛y!ê˛ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏê≈˛: ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÙí˛y°yÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
!Óhfl,Ïï˛– ~•z xM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ç° ˛õ%l/ˆÏ¢y!£Ïï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~áyˆÏl àyì˛¸ Ù)e í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ˆÙí˛y°y
xLjϢ x!˲flÀÓî âlc ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ §Ç@˝Ãy•# ly!°Ü˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙí˛y°yÓ˚ xhs˝Ó˚Óï≈˛#
fiÌyˆÏl xyˆÏ§– ~•z xÇ¢ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ PH ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÎÙl H+ ~ÓÇ
K+ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ó˚î âê˛yÎ˚ å!ã˛e 19.5ä–
19.4 ˛õ!Ó˚flÀï% ˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ àyì˛¸Ü˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ı (Machanism of Concentration of the filtrate)
hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y àyì˛¸ Ù)e í˛zͲõyòˆÏl §«˛Ù– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%˛õ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y§y ˆÓ˚Qy à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ò%•z Óy•%ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚° !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !òˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤ÃÓy•
296 ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!ç

(Counter Current) §,!T˛ •Î˚– ˲y§y ˆÓ˚QyÓ˚ ò%•z Óy•%Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓy•G ≤Ã!ï˛≤ÃÓy• ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
•Î˚– ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%˛õ G ˲y§y ˆÓ˚QyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ xÓfiÌyl ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,T˛ ≤Ã!ï˛≤ÃÓy•
ˆÙí˛y°yÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# xM˛ˆÏ° ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl x!˲flÀÓî ã˛y˛õ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎÙl ı ܲˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ: (300m OsmolL–1, ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙí˛y°yÓ˚ xhs˝ıhflψÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1200 m OsmolL–1 ~•z
l!ï˛Ùyey ≤Ãôylï˛ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ (NaCl) G •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî âˆÏê˛– ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ |Âô≈àyÙ#
Óy•%Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ NaCl ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˲y§y ˆÓ˚QyÓ˚ !l¡¨àyÙ#Óy•%Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !Ó!lÙÎ˚ âˆÏê˛– ~•z
NaCl xyÓyÓ˚ ˲y§y ˆÓ˚QyÓ˚ |Âô≈àyÙ# Óy•%Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ •zrê˛yÓ˚!fiê˛!§Î˚yˆÏÙ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ §yÙylƒ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ |Âô≈àyÙ# Óy•%Ó˚ ˛õyï˛°y xLjϢ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ãy•#
ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚!fiê˛!§Î˚yˆÏÙ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%˛õ G ˲y§y ˆÓ˚QyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï §IyܲˆÏÙÓ˚
çlƒ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ Ó›à%ˆÏ°y §•ˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤ÃÓy•# ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y

Óy_ˆÏÙl§
xhs˝Ù≈%á# ܲƒy˛õ§%°
í˛z˛õôÙl#
ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§

Ó!•Ù≈%á#
í˛z˛õôÙl#

ܲˆÏê≈˛:

Ó!•ıfiÌ ˆÙí%˛°y

xhs˝ıfiÌ ˆÙí%˛°y

˲y§y ˆÓ˚Qy ˆlÊ˛l

!ã˛e 19.6 ˆlÊ˛l G ˲y§y ˆÓ˚QyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤ÃÓy•# ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòáyˆÏly •°–
 ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢l 297

(Counter Current Mechanism) å!ã˛e 19.6 ˆòˆÏáyä– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ˆÙí%˛°yÓ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚!fiê˛!§Î˚yÙ xM˛ˆÏ°
âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙí%˛°yÓ˚# •zrê˛yÓ˚!fiê˛!§Î˚yˆÏÙ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚
í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ §Ç@˝Ãy•# ly!°Ü˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ §•ˆÏç•z çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%l/ˆÏ¢y£ÏˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z§yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛
ï˛Ó˚° åÙ)eä ~Ó˚ àyì˛¸c Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– Ù)e í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚° í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 4 à%î âl Ù)e Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó,E˛ ò%!ê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
19.5 Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲyç !lÎ˚sfî ı (Regulation of kidney function)
•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ñ çy:ê˛yˆÏ@’yˆÏÙÓ%̊°yÓ˚ xƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛y§ (JGA) ~ÓÇ !ܲS%Ȉϫ˛ˆÏe •,ò!˛õˆÏu˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛#í˛ Óƒyܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°# §%ò«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚–
Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîñ ˆò•ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî G xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l myÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ x!˲flÀÓî
@˝Ãy•Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y (Osmo receptors) §!ܲÎ˚ •Î˚– ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ï˛Ó˚° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° ~•z @˝Ãy•Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y
§!ܲÎ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Ê˛ˆÏ° !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚y•y•zˆÏ˛õyÊ˛y•z!§§ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xƒy!rê˛í˛y•z •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚!ê˛Ü˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (ADH) Óy ˆË˛ˆÏ§yˆÏ≤Ã!§l «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ADH Ó,E˛ ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï
xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%l/ˆÏ¢y£ÏˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ G í˛y•z•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚!§§ xÌ≈yÍ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ
çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î ˆÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆò• ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ° ~•z x!˲flÀÓî @˝Ãy•Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y !l!‹;˛Î˚
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ (Switch off) ~ÓÇ ADH ~Ó˚ «˛Ó˚î Ù®#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛#í˛ Óƒyܲ
§¡õ)î≈ •Î˚– ADH Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,ȈÏE˛Ó˚ ܲyçˆÏܲG ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ°
Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ° ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§ Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓy•G Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓˆÏîÓ˚ •yÓ˚ (GFR) G Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚–
çy:ê˛yˆÏ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yÓ˚ xƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛y§ (JGA) ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° !lÎ˚sfˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§
Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓy•‡ ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§ Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ‡ ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî •yÓ˚ (GFR) •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏ° JG (Juxta
Glomerular cell) ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• §!Ü ˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚!ll «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚!ll (renin) Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚
xƒy!OGˆÏê˛l!§lˆÏܲ xƒy!OGˆÏê˛l!§l I ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xƒy!OGˆÏê˛l!§l II ˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xƒy!OGˆÏê˛l!§l
II ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛¢y°# Ó˚=˛Óy• §ÇˆÏܲyã˛Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆ§•z§ˆÏAà GFR G Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– xƒy!OGˆÏê˛l!§l II xƒy!:ly° ܲˆÏê≈˛:G í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xƒy°ˆÏí˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ó˚î âˆÏê˛– xyƒ°ˆÏí˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ò)Ó˚§ÇÓï≈˛
ly!°Ü˛yÎ˚ Na+ ~ÓÇ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%l/ˆÏ¢y£Ïî âˆÏê˛– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ ~ÓÇ GFRG Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ~•z ç!ê˛°
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ı ˆÓ˚!ll xƒy!OGˆÏê˛l!§l ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°–
•,Í!˛õˆÏu˛Ó˚ x!°ˆÏ® Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓy• Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ° •,Í!˛õu˛ ~!ê˛∆Î˚y° lƒy!ê˛∆•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚!ê˛Ü˛ Ê˛ƒyQÓ˚ (ANF) «˛Ó˚l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ANF Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚î (Vasodilation) âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚
ANF ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚!ll xƒy!OGˆÏê˛l!§l ~Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
19.6 Ù)e ï˛ƒyà ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Micturition)
ˆlÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ Ù)e ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ù)eÌ!°ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ çÙy •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˙!FSÈܲ í˛zj#˛õly §,!T˛ ly •GÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ù)e Ù)eÌ!°ˆÏï˛ çÙy ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ Ù)eÌ!°
§¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Ù)e ˛õ)î≈ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál•z Ù)eÌ!°Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ~•z í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
298 ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!ç

~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ù)eÌ!°Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚!fiÌï˛ ê˛yl@˝Ãy•Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ~•z í˛zj#˛õly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ xyK˛yÓ• Óyï≈˛y Ù)eÌ!°Ó˚ Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ Ù)ely°#Ó˚ !fl≥˛Çê˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ !¢!Ì°yÎ˚î âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z Ù)eÌ!° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù)ˆÏeÓ˚
!là≈Ùî âˆÏê˛– Ù)e!là≈ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ù)eï˛ƒyà ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ˆÎ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ù)e
!là≈ÙîˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ù)eï˛ƒyà ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !ܲÎ˚y åMicturition Reflexä ӈϰ– ~ܲçl ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ
Ùyl%£Ï ˜ò!lܲ 1–1.5 !°ê˛yÓ˚ Ù)e ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù)e §yôyÓ˚î •y°Ü˛y •°%ò ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ç°#Î˚ ï˛Ó˚°ñ Îy §yÙylƒ
xy!¡‘ܲ (PH 6.0) ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï àrôÎ%=˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!òl àˆÏí˛¸ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 25 – 30 @˝ÃyÙ •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚!ã˛ï˛
•Î˚– !Ó!˲ߨ xÓfiÌy Ù)ˆÏeÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ó•% !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ e%!ê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !Ó˛õyܲç!lï˛ e%!ê˛ ~ÓÇ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°# ç!lï˛ ˆÓ˚yà§Ù)• !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù)e
!ӈϟ’£Ïî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ı Ù)ˆÏe @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ å@’y•zˆÏܲy§%!Ó˚Î˚yä ~ÓÇ !ܲˆÏê˛yl
Ó!í˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ å!ܲˆÏê˛yl%!Ó˚Î˚yä Ùô%ˆÏÙ• (Diabetes mellitus) ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
19.7 ˆÓ˚ã˛ˆÏl xlƒylƒ xˆÏAàÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ı (Role of other organs in excretion) :
Ó,E˛ SÈyí˛¸y Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ñ ÎÜ,˛Í ~ÓÇ cܲG ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ã!ï˛!òl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ (CO2) åàˆÏí˛¸ ≤ÃyÎ˚
80 liters/dayä ~ÓÇ ÎˆÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õ§yÓ˚î âê˛yÎ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
Óí˛¸ @˝Ã!rÌ •° ÎÜ,˛Í (Liver) ~!ê˛ !˛õ_Ó˚§ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ Ó› ˆÎÙl !Ó!°Ó˚%!Ólñ !Ó!°Ë˛yÓ˚!í˛lñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°fiê˛Ó˚°ñ
ˆfiê˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˲@¿yÇ¢ñ !˲ê˛y!Ùl ~ÓÇ í»˛yà «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~•z ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z
˛õyã˛l ÓˆÏç≈ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
cˆÏܲÓ˚ âÙ≈@˝Ã!rÌ ~ÓÇ ˜ï˛°@˝Ã!rÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î âê˛yˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– âÙ≈@˝Ã!rÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ âÙ≈ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ (NaCl)ñ §yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚yñ °ƒyܲ!ê˛Ü˛
xƒy!§í˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ç°#Î˚ ï˛Ó˚°– ˆò•ï˛°ˆÏܲ ¢#ï˛° Ó˚yáy âˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Ù%áƒ Ü˛yç •ˆÏ°G ~!ê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛
Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîG §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜ï˛°@˝Ã!rÌ ˆfiê˛Ó˚°ñ •y•zˆÏí»˛yܲyÓ≈l
~ÓÇ ˆÙyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î âê˛yÎ˚– ~•z «˛Ó˚î cˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%Ó˚«˛y ≤ÃòyîܲyÓ˚#
˜ï˛°y=˛ xyÓÓ˚î àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyl !ܲ °y°yÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlâ!ê˛ï˛
Óç≈ƒ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚⁄
19.8 ˆÓ˚ã˛lï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆày°ˆÏÎyà ı (Disorders of the excretory System)
Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈àï˛ e%!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y çÙˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚!ÙÎ˚y ӈϰñ Îy xï˛ƒhs˝
«˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y §¡õ)î≈ lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åkidney failureä– ~•z §Ó
ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ !•ˆÏÙyí˛yÎ˚y°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y x˛õ§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ §%!Óôyçlܲ ôÙl# ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚=˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ•˛õy!Ó˚l lyÙܲ ï˛M˛l !lˆÏÓ˚yôܲ
ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ˆÏܲ í˛yÎ˚y°y•z!çÇ •zí˛z!lˆÏê˛ ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z •zí˛z!lê˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õуyã˛yˆÏly
ˆ§ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛l ly!°Ü˛yˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ í˛yÎ˚y°y•z!§ˆÏ§ §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# (dialysing fluid) ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚° ÌyˆÏܲ–
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlâ!ê˛ï˛ Óç≈ƒ˛ Óƒy!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~•z ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z •Î˚–
âlˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛ÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ !SÈoÎ%=˛ ˆ§ˆÏ°yˆÏÊ˛l ˛õò≈y !Ó!˲ߨ xî%Ó˚ ã˛°yã˛ˆÏ°
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛yÎ˚y°y•z!§ˆÏ§ §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlâ!ê˛ï˛ Óç≈ƒ ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ñ ~•z Ó›à%ˆÏ°y
 ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢l 299

§•ˆÏç ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛˛ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xƒy!rê˛ ˆ•˛õy!Ó˚l
!Ù!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ• ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •Î˚– §ÙhflÏ !ӈϟªÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ •zí˛z!Ó˚!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚yà# xÌ≈yÍ
!ܲí˛l#Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ Ë%˛àˆÏSÈñ ~Ùl ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ xy¢#Ó≈yò fl∫Ó˚)˛õ–
ï˛#Ó ˆÓ˚ly° ˆÊ˛!°GÓ˚ (Kidney failure) ç!lï˛ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl Ó,E˛ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y•z •° §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï
˛õÌ– Ó,E˛ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲçl òyï˛yÓ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ @˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !lÜ˛ê˛ xyd#ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òyl ܲÓ˚y
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù≈«˛Ù Ó,E˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ @˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛sf ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ˙ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ Óç≈ˆÏlÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓly •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– xyô%!lܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç!ê˛° ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚
•yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ó,E˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚ (Renal Calculi) ı Ó,ˆÏE˛ í˛zͲõߨ ˛õyÌÓ˚ xÌÓy çˆÏ° xoÓî#Î˚ ˆÜ˛°y§yܲyÓ˚ °Ól
åx:yˆÏ°ê˛ •zï˛ƒy!òä–
ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%ˆÏ°yˆÏlÊ˛y•z!ê˛§ (Glomerulonephritis) ı Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãòy• ç!lï˛ ˆÓ˚yà–

§yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ
åSummaryä

ˆòˆÏ• §!M˛ï˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlâ!ê˛ï˛ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ñ xyÎ˚lñ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ñ ç° •zï˛ƒy!ò x˛õ§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlâ!ê˛ï˛
Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ G çˆÏ°Ó˚
§•ç°Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yñ •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y ~ÓÇ •zí˛z!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ≤Ãôyl ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlâ!ê˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈–
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˆÓ˚ã˛l xAàà%ˆÏ°y •° û ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚yñ ˆl!Ê˛!í˛Î˚yñ Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl ly!°Ü˛yñ §Ó%ç @˝Ã!rÌ ~ÓÇ Ó,E˛–
~•z §ÙhflÏ ˆÓ˚ã˛l xAàà%ˆÏ°y ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl â!ê˛ï˛ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ x˛õ§yÓ˚î SÈyí˛¸yGñ ˆò• ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÎ˚l G x¡‘ «˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛lï˛sf!ê˛ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y Ó,E˛ñ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y à!Ól#ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)eÌ!° ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)ely!° !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó,ˆÏE˛
≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ !Ù!°Î˚l ly!°Ü˛y §Ù!ß∫ï˛ àë˛l ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlÊ˛l Ó°y •Î˚– Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈àï˛ ~ܲܲˆÏܲ ˆlÊ˛l ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ò%!ê˛
xÇ¢ ÌyˆÏܲÈüȈ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§ G Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛y– Ó,E˛#Î˚ ôÙl#Ó˚ §)- ¢yáy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ xhsÙ≈%á# í˛z˛õôÙl# ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚=˛çy°Ü˛
§Çàë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§ ӈϰ– Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛y!ê˛ !mhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ Óy_ˆÏÙl§ ܲƒy˛õ§%° !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ
!Ó˲=˛ •Î˚– ÎÌy û ˛õÓ˚y§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛yñ ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%˛õ ~ÓÇ ò)Ó˚§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y– xˆÏlܲ ˆlÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò)Ó˚§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛yà%ˆÏ°y
§Ç@˝Ãy•# ly!°Ü˛yˆÏï˛ Î%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙÎ˚ ~!ê˛ ˆÙí%˛°yÓ˚# !˛õÓ˚y!ÙˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÓ˚ly° ˆ˛õ°!˲ˆÏ§ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– Óy_ˆÏÙl§
ܲƒy˛õ§%° ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓT˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùƒy°!˛õ!çÎ˚yl ܲ!îܲy xÌÓy ˆÓ˚ly° ܲÓ˚˛õy§° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ù)e í˛zͲõyòl !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ •Î˚ û ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓlñ ˛õ%l/ˆ¢y£Ïl ~ÓÇ «˛Ó˚î– ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ~ܲ!ê˛ x!lÓ≈yã˛l#
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ånon selectiveäñ Îy ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚=˛ çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ §¡õߨ •Î˚– ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§ ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛
≤ÃyÎ˚ 1200ml Ó˚=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ Óy_ˆÏÙl§ ܲƒy˛õ§%ˆÏ° 125 ml ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚° çÙy ܲˆÏÓ˚ (GFR)–
300 ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!ç

ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓl •yÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ˆlÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xÇ¢ çy:ê˛yˆÏ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°y§ xƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛y§ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆlÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y 99 ˲yà ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%l/ˆ¢y£Ïî âˆÏê˛– ˛õÓ˚y§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛yÎ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ%l/ˆ¢y£Ïî ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ «˛Ó˚î âˆÏê˛– ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%˛õ ≤Ãôylï˛ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ˆÙí˛y°yÓ˚ xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl x!˲flÀÓî
ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey (300m OsmolL–1 – 1200mOsmolL–1) ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò)Ó˚§ÇÓï≈˛ly!°Ü˛y G §Ç@˝Ãy•#
ly!°Ü˛y ç° ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’ˆÏ£ÏƒÓ˚ ˛õ%l/ˆ¢y£Ïî âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ x!˲flÀÓî ã˛y˛õ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛y ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛
ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° H+, K+ñ ~ÓÇ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚/ ˆò•ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ PH ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Óy•% G ˲y§y ˆÓ˚QyÓ˚ 刕l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° Ó˚=˛çy°Ü˛ä ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤ÃÓy•# ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y §,!T˛
•Î˚– ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xˆÏôyàyÙ# Óy•% !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚° ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ G |ôÁ≈àyÙ# Óy•%
!òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~Ó˚ âlc •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ˆÙí˛y°yÓ˚ xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’£Ïƒ
~ÓÇ •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ò)Ó˚§ÇÓï≈˛ly!°Ü˛y G §Ç@˝Ãy•# ly!°Ü˛y ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ âlcˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 4 à%î Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ (300m
OsmolL–1 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1200m OsmolL–1)– ~!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ• ç° §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ
˙!FSÈܲ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ í˛zj#˛õly ly xy§y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ù)e Ù)eÌ!°ˆÏï˛ §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ çlƒ Ù)ely°#Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
Ù)e !lı§Ó˚î •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ Ù)eï˛ƒyà Ó°y •Î˚– cܲñ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ ~ÓÇ ÎÜ˛Í G ˆÓ˚ã˛ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

xl%¢#°l#

1. ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ (GFR) §ÇK˛y òyG–

2. ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫Î˚Ç!ܲÎ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ÓƒÓfiÌy!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
3. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ó=˛Óƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛ §ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛ !Ù̃y !°á ı
(a) Ù)eï˛ƒyà ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚–
(b) ADH ç° x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù)eˆÏܲ °â%§yÓ˚ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
(c) Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ˛≤’yçÙy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lÙ%=˛ ï˛Ó˚° ˛õ!Ó˚flÀy!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyGˆÏÙl§ ܲƒy˛õ§%ˆÏ° çÙy •Î˚–
(d) Ù)ˆÏeÓ˚ àyì˛¸Ü˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%˛õ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
(e) ˛õÓ˚y§ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛yÎ˚ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ%lıˆÏ¢y£Ïî âˆÏê˛–
4. ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤ÃÓy•# ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚–
5. ˆÓ˚ã˛l !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ÎÜ,˛Íñ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ ~ÓÇ cˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
6. Ù)e ï˛ƒyà ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
7. hflÏΩ˛ I ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ hflÏΩ˛ II ˆÙ°yG /
hflÏΩ˛ I hflÏΩ˛ II
a) xƒyˆÏÙyˆÏlyˆÏê˛!°çÙ i) ˛õyá#
b) ÓyGˆÏÙl§ ܲƒy˛õ§%° ii) çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%lıˆÏ¢y£Ïî
c) Ù)eï˛ƒyà ˛õÂô!ï˛ iii) x!fiÌÎ%=˛ ÙySÈ
d) •zí˛z!Ó˚GˆÏê˛!°çÙ iv) Ù)eÌ!°
e) ADH v) Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛y
 ˆÓ˚ã˛l ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢l 301

8. x§ˆÏÙyˆÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°¢yl Óy x!˲flÀÓî !lÎ˚sfî Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆÓyV˛⁄

9. fiÌ°ç ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ •zí˛z!Ó˚GˆÏê˛!°Ü˛ xÌÓy •zí˛z!Ó˚ˆÏܲyˆÏê˛!°Ü˛ñ !ܲv xƒyˆÏÙyˆÏlyˆÏê˛!°Ü˛ lÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛l⁄
10. Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî çy:ê˛yˆÏ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yÓ˚ xƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c !ܲ⁄
11. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ !°áı
a) ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏí≈˛ê˛ ≤Ãyî# ÎyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛l xAà ˆÊœ˛ÙˆÏܲy¢–
b) Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ xÇ¢ Îy ˆÙí%˛°y!Ó˚ !˛õÓ˚y!ÙˆÏí˛Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ÓT˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
c) ˆ•l!°Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚=˛çy°Ü˛ Ü%˛u˛°#–
12. ¢)lƒfiÌyl ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
åÜ˛ä ˆ•l°#Ó˚ °%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ |ôÁ≈àyÙ# Óy•% ç° ûûû !ܲv ~Ó˚ xˆÏôyàyÙ# Óy•%!ê˛ ç° ûûû–
åáä Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# xLjϢ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%lıˆÏ¢y£Ïî ûûû •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛–
åàä í˛yÎ˚y°y•z!§ˆÏ§ §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ûûû í˛z˛õyòyl!ê˛ SÈyí˛¸y Óyܲ# §Ó í˛z˛õyòyl•z Ó˚=˛Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y •Î˚–
åâä ~ܲçl §%fiÌ ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒ Óƒ!=˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!òl àˆÏí˛¸ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ûûû @˝ÃyÙ •zí˛z!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÓ˚ã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
 302 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xôƒyÎ˚ 20 åChapter 20ä

.
ã˛°l G àÙl
åLocomotion and Movementä
20.1 ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ã˛°l •° ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛°l ˆòáy
20.2 ˆ˛õ!¢ ÎyÎ˚– xƒy!ÙÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy• åstreaming of protoplasmä
20.3 ܲAܲy°ï˛sf ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚° ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l– Ó•% ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ !§!°Î˚yñ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç°y ~ÓÇ ˆê˛rê˛yܲ° ~Ó˚ ã˛°l °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ùyl%£Ï
20.4 x!fi̧!rô ï˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãï˛ƒAàñ ˆã˛yÎ˚y°ñ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yñ !ç•¥y •zï˛ƒy!ò lyí˛¸yã˛yí˛¸y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È
ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xÓfiÌyl xÌÓy fiÌyl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˙!FSÈܲ ã˛°lˆÏܲ àÙl ӈϰ– •Ñyê˛yñ
20.5 ˆ˛õ!¢ G
ܲAܲy°ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏlyñ xyˆÏÓy˚ •îñ Gí˛¸yñ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyê˛y •° !ܲS%È àÙl §•yÎ˚ܲ ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– xlƒ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ã˛°là%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ
ˆày°ˆÏÎyà§Ù)• ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl §ÙhflÏ àë˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ àÙl §•yÎ˚ܲ àë˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ly–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˛õƒyÓ˚yˆÏÙ!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !§!°Î˚y §y•zˆÏê˛yÊ˛ƒy!Ó˚LjÏ:Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ áyòƒÓ›Ó˚ ã˛°ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ àÙˆÏlG xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– •y•zí»˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆê˛rê˛yܲ° Óy ܲ!£Ï≈ܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç
G àÙˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒAàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆò•Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ÓÇ
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ àÙˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçG ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy °y˲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ
ã˛°l G àÙl ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚l §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ˆÎ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ã˛°l G àÙˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •° Ú§Ó àÙl•z ã˛°l !ܲv §Ó ã˛°l•z àÙl lÎ˚Û–
≤Ãyî#Ó˚ àÙl ˛õÂô!ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§fiÌyl ~ÓÇ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– Îy ˆ•yܲ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ àÙl
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ áyòƒñ xy◊Î˚ñ §Aà#ñ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ≤Ãçll ˆ«˛e G xl%Ü)˛° ç°ÓyÎ˚% §rôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Óy ¢e%‡!¢Ü˛y!Ó˚
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy°yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ âˆÏê˛–
20.1 ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ åTypes of Movementä
ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ≤Ãôylï˛ !ï˛l ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛°l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎÌyÈüÈ xƒy!ÙÓˆÏÎ˚í˛ ã˛°lñ !§!°Î˚y!Ó˚
ã˛°l ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢ç ã˛°l–
 ã˛°l G àÙl 303

xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• Ó˚=˛!fiÌï˛ ÙƒyˆÏܲyÊ˛yç ~ÓÇ !°í˛zˆÏܲy§y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ xƒy!ÙÓˆÏÎ˚í˛
ã˛°l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy• myÓ˚y §,T˛ «˛î˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛°l ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚
åxƒy!ÙÓyÎ˚G ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ã˛°l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ä– xl%ï˛vÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §y•zˆêÏ ˛yˆÏflÒ!°ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆ° Ï yG xƒy!ÙÓˆÏÎí˚ ˛
ã˛°ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!§!°Î˚yÎ%=˛ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î l°yܲyÓ˚ xAà §Ù)ˆÏ•
!§!°Î˚y!Ó˚ ã˛°l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Ÿªy§ly°#ˆÏï˛ !§!°Î˚yÓ˚ §Ùß∫y!Î˚ï˛ ã˛°l ≤ߪyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
à,•#ï˛ ô)!°Ü˛îy ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È !Óçyï˛#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– flf#çll ly!°!ê˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !í˛¡∫yî%Ó˚
ã˛°lG !§!°Î˚yÓ˚# ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §•ˆÏç•z âˆÏê˛–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒAàà%ˆÏ°yñ ˆã˛yÎ˚y°ñ !ç•¥y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ˛õ!¢ç ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– Ùyl%£Ï
~ÓÇ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢# ç#Óà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ àÙl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l ôÙ≈!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– àÙˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛sfñ ܲAܲy°ï˛sf ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# §Ùß∫y!Î˚ï˛ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛òñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛lñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l ˛˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Aܲy°ï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !òܲà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏÓ–
20.2 ˆ˛õ!¢ åMuscleä
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xT˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ˆÎñ !§!°Î˚y ~ÓÇ Êœ˛yˆÏç°y ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚•z ≤ÃÓ!ô≈ï˛ xÇ¢– flõyÙ≈yˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚yÓ˚
§hs˝Ó˚ˆÏîñ flõˆÏOÓ˚ ly!°Ü˛yï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ç°≤ÃÓy• ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ •zí˛z!@’lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyòƒ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àÙˆÏl
Êœ˛ƒyˆÏç!°Î˚ ã˛°l §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ˛õ!¢ ˆÙˆÏ§yí˛yÙ≈ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ Ü˛°y– ~ܲçl ≤ÃyÆ
ÓÎ˚flÒ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ GçˆÏlÓ˚ 40-50 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ •° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆò•!fiÌï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ Gçl– ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y
!ӈϢ£Ï ôÙ≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüÈ ~à%ˆÏ°y •° í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛yñ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l¢#°ï˛yñ ≤çyÎ≈ï˛y ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛fiÌy˛õܲï˛y xÓfiÌylñ
Óy!•ƒÜ˛ Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~•z§Ó !Ó!˲ߨ xî%Ùy˛õܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yà
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° ı åiä x!fiÌ
ˆ˛õ!¢ åiiä xyhs˝Ó˚Îsf#Î˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ åiiiä •,òˆÏ˛õ!¢–
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ x!fiÌÙÎ˚ xLjϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ!¢ â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsÓf ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~•z ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚áyAܲl °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚á ˆ˛õ!¢ ӈϰ– ~•z ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õ
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ fl¨yÎ˚ï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ ˙!FSÈܲ xLjϢÓ˚ !lÎ˚sîf yô#lñ ï˛y•z ~•z ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏܲ ˙!FSÈܲ ˆ˛õ!¢G Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆ°
Ï y
Ù%áƒï˛ ˆò•Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l G àÙl !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°ñ çllly!° •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ÊÑ˛y˛õy xyhs˝Ó˚Îsf#Î˚ xAàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xhs˝/≤ÃyܲyˆÏÓ˚ xyhs˝Ó˚Îsf#Î˚ ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°y xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚áyAܲl ÌyˆÏܲ ly ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù§,î ˆòáyÎ˚– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢ åxˆÏÓ˚á ˆ˛õ!¢ä ӈϰ– ~•z
ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˙!FSÈܲ xLjϢÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfîyô#l lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ ˆ˛õ!¢
ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ fiÌylyhs˝Óî˚ ~ÓÇ çllly!°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ çll ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
˛fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏî ~•z ˆ˛õ!¢ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•,òˆÏ˛õ!¢ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ~Ó˚)˛õ lyÙܲÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó•% •,òˆÏ˛õ!¢ˆÏܲy¢ ¢yáyÓ˚
lƒyÎ˚ ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ •,òˆÏ˛õ!¢ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
304 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Óy!•ƒÜ˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ •,òˆÏ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÓ˚áy!AÜ˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° fl¨yÎ˚ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfîyô#l
lÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚y x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚–

x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ!¢Ó˚ àë˛l ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ%Cyl%˛õ%C˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ܲ!Ó˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ x!fiÌ ˆ˛õ!¢ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛và%FSÈ åFasciclesä !lˆÏÎ˚
à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z ˆÊ˛!§ˆÏܲ° Óy ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛và%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçl !l!Ù≈ï˛ ˆÎyàܲ°yÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
~ܲ!eï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~•z hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ê˛ƒy!§Î˚y åFasciaä ӈϰ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛và%FSÈ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛v !lˆÏÎ˚
à!ë˛ï˛ å!ã˛e 20.1 ˆòˆÏáyä–

ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛v
Fascicle
à%FSÈ
(muscle bundle)

ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛v
Muscle fibre
(muscle cell)
åˆ˛õ!¢ ˆÜ˛y¢ä
colemma
§yÓ˚ ˆÏܲyˆÏ°Ùy
BloodÓ˚capillary
=˛ çy°Ü˛

!ã˛e 20.1 / ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ≤ÃfïÏSȈÏòÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛và%FSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛v ˆòáyˆÏly •°–

≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛v ˆÎ ≤’yçÙy ˛õò≈y !òˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ §yÓ˚ˆÏܲyˆÏ°Ùy ӈϰ– §yÓ˚ˆÏܲyˆÏ°Ùy
§yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛y≤’yçyÙˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ x§Çრ!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛và%ˆ° Ï y !§l!§!ê˛Î˚yÙ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ Ó•% !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ Î%=˛ •Î˚– ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vÓ˚ ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÙ xÌ≈yÍ §yÓ˚ˆÏܲy≤’yç!Ùܲ
ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÙ Ü˛ƒy°!¢Î˚yÙ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §M˛Î˚ ˲y[˛yÓ˚– ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ~•z ˆÎñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
§yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ §Ùyhs˝Óy˚ °Ë˛yˆÏÓ x§Çრ!Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ÙyˆÏÎy˚ !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛
Óy ÙyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•z!Ó° ӈϰ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ÙyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•z!ӈϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ àyì˛¸ G •y°Ü˛y Óƒyu˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ ÙyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•z!ӈϰÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ xôƒÎ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ ~!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎ xƒy!Ql G ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l lyÙܲ ò%!ê˛
à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §IyܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ•z ÙyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•z!Ó°ˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚áy!AÜ˛ï˛ ˆòáyÎ˚– •y°Ü˛y Óƒyu˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
xƒy!Ql ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ I Óƒyu˛ Óy xy•zˆÏ§yˆÏê˛∆y!˛õܲ Óƒyu˛ ӈϰ–
 ã˛°l G àÙl 305

x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ àyì˛¸ Óƒyu˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xƒyly•zˆÏ§yê˛∆!˛õܲ Óƒyu˛ ӈϰñ ~ˆÏï˛ ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l Óï≈˛Ùyl– í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ ÙyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•z!ӈϰÓ˚ xl%˜Ïòâ≈ƒ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌG §Ùyhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° ˆÌˆÏܲ òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ àë˛lÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ
§!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l !Ê˛°yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xƒy!Ql !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õyï˛°y •Î˚ñ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ
˛õyï˛°y G ˛õ%Ó˚% !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ ÓˆÏ°– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ I ÓƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ~ܲ!ê˛ !fiÌ!ï˛fiÌy˛õܲï˛v ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Z ˆÓ˚áy
ӈϰ– ~•z ˆÓ˚áy I Óƒyu˛ˆÏܲ !má![˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyï˛°y !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛à%ˆÏ°y Z ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
A ÓƒyˆÏu˛ ˛õ%Ó˚% !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛à%ˆÏ°yG G•z ÓƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y ï˛vÙÎ˚ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ܲ!eï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ˛õyï˛°y ï˛vÙÎ˚ ˛õò≈y!ê˛ˆÏܲ M ˆÓ˚áy ӈϰ– A Óƒyu˛ G I Óƒyu˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲˆÏÙ ÙyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•z!ӈϰÓ˚
§¡õ)î≈ ˜òâ≈ƒ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ò%ˆÏê˛y Z ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ÙyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•z!ӈϰÓ˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ˆ˛õ!¢ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ~ܲܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ §yÓ˚ˆÏܲy!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ åSarcomereä ӈϰ å!ã˛e
20.2 ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ !Ó◊yÙÓ˚ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚% !Ê˛°yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ í˛z˲Î˚!òˆÏܲ Óï˛≈Ùyl ˛õyï˛°y !Ê˛°yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚
≤Ãyhs˝à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%Ó˚% !Ê˛°yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ Ù%=˛ ≤Ãyhs˝à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ x!ôÜ˛Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ˛õ%Ó˚% !Ê˛°yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ x!ôÜ˛Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˛õ%Ó˚% !Ê˛°yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛!ê˛ x!ôÜ˛Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ lyñ
ï˛yˆÏܲ H xM˛° ӈϰ–

åÜä
ˆÓ˚áy
Óƒyu˛ Óƒyu˛

xM˛°
§yÓ˚ˆÏܲy!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚
åáä
!ã˛e 20.2 / !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ãò¢≈l åܲä ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓ˚ˆÏܲy!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
åáä ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓ˚ˆÏܲy!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚
306 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

20.2.1. §ÇˆÏܲyã˛# ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ àë˛l

åStructure of Contractile Protein) /
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xƒy!Ql !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ å˛õyï˛°y !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ä ò%!ê˛ ‘F’ xƒy!QˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl xƒy!QlmÎ˚˛
˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õуyã˛yˆÏly xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ – ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ÚFÛ xƒy!Ql ÙˆÏlyÙy!Ó˚ܲ ÚGÛ (ˆ@’y!Óí˛z°yÓ˚ Óy Ó!ê˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ä
xƒy!Qlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚– ˆê˛∆yˆÏ˛õyÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§lñ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛G ‘F’ xƒy!QˆÏlÓ˚
§!ߨܲˆÏê˛ ~Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ ˜òâ≈ƒ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆê˛∆yˆÏ˛õy!ll lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˆ˛õyÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏlÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó◊yÙÓ˚ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆê˛∆yˆÏ˛õy!ll ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xô/~ܲܲ
xƒy!Ql !Ê˛°yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎy˚ !§ˆÏlÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ fiÌylà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ˆì˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏá å!ã˛eÈ È20.3 (Ü˛ä ˆòˆÏáyä–
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l å˛õ%Ó˚%ä !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛G ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õ%Ó˚% !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ Ó•% ÙˆÏlyÙy!Ó˚ܲ˛
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚– ~•z ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚yÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l ӈϰ å!ã˛e 20.3 á ˆòˆÏáyä– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
ˆÙˆÏÓ˚yÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Óy•% §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ˆ@’y!Óí˛z°yÓ˚ åÓ!ê˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ä ÙhflÏܲ ~ÓÇ
~ܲ!ê˛ °ƒyç– ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Óy•% Î%=˛ ˆ@’y!Óí˛z°yÓ˚ ÙhflÏܲˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˲yÓ˚# ˆÙˆÏÓ˚yÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l ~ÓÇ °ƒyç xÇ¢ˆÏܲ
Ó°y •Î˚ •y°Ü˛y ˆÙˆÏÓ˚yÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l– ˲yÓ˚# ˆÙˆÏÓ˚yÙyˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏlÓ˚ xÇ¢ xÌ≈yÍ ÙhflÏܲ G ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Óy•%!ê˛ ˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚Î%=˛
ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ò)Ó˚c ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ x!˲!«˛Æ ÌyˆÏܲñ
ÎyˆÏܲ ܲ§ Óy•% åCross armä ӈϰ– ˆ@’y!Óí˛z°yÓ˚ ÙhflÏܲ!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §!ܲÎ˚ ATPase í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ATP
§ÇÎ%!=˛ fiÌyl ~ÓÇ xƒy!QˆÏlÓ˚ ˛§!ܲÎ˚ fiÌyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

ˆê˛∆yˆÏ˛õy!ll
ˆê˛∆yˆÏ˛õyÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l
F xƒy!Ql
åÜä

xƒy!QˆÏlÓ˚ sites
Actin binding §ÇÎ%!=˛
ÙhflÜÏ ˛
ATP ATP §ÇÎ%!=˛sites
binding fiÌyl

ܲ§ Óy•%

åáä
!ã˛e 20.3 / åܲä ~ܲ!ê˛ xƒy!Ql å˛õyï˛°yä !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ åáä ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l ÙˆÏlyÙyÓ˚ å ˆÙˆÏÓ˚yÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§lä

20.2.2. ˆ˛õ!¢ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ åMechanism of muscle contraction)

ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ fl‘y•z!í˛ !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z ï˛_¥ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚% !Ê˛°yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚% !Ê˛°yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õ!¢ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚–
 ã˛°l G àÙl 307

ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ xyK˛yÓ• Óy ˆã˛T˛#Î˚ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ í˛zj#˛õly ˆ˛õ!¢ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚
§)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆã˛T˛#Î˚ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl G ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛v ~ܲˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ •zí˛z!lê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆã˛T˛#Î˚ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl G ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vÓ˚ §yÓ˚ˆÏܲyˆÏ°ÙyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ°ˆÏܲ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ° Óy ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ï˛v
ˆ≤’ê˛ åMotor endplateä ӈϰ– fl¨yÎ%̊flõ®l ~•z §ÇˆÏÎyàfïϰ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏ° ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚
åxƒy!§ê˛y•z°ˆÏܲy!°lä «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ñ Îy §yÓ˚ˆÏܲyˆÏ°Ùy xM˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ !ܲÎ˚y!ÓË˛Ó §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !ܲÎ˚y!Ó˲Ó
ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §yÓ˚ˆÏܲy≤’yçˆÏÙ Ü˛ƒy°!¢Î˚yÙ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ åCa++ä Ù%!=˛ âˆÏê˛–
Ca++ ~Ó˚ Ùyey Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ°ñ xƒy!Ql !Ê˛°yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌï˛ ê˛∆ˆÏ˛õy!lˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xô/~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ܲƒy°!¢Î˚yÙ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚˛ §ÇÎ%!=˛ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° xƒy!Ql!fiÌï˛ ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ fiÌyl!ê˛ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚–
ATP ~Ó˚ xyo≈!ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙhflÏܲ!ê˛ ~ál xƒy!QˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zß√%=˛ §!ܲÎ˚ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛§ !Óç å !ã˛e 20.4 ˆòˆÏáyä àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–

xƒy!Ql
!Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛
ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l
!Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛

ܲ§!Óç ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l ÙhflÏܲ

ܲ§!ÓˆÏçÓ˚ ˲y.l ܲ§!ÓˆÏçÓ˚ àë˛l

fl‘y•z!í˛Ç‡â)î≈l

!ã˛e 20.4 / ܲ§!Óç ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôy˛õ§Ù)•ñ ÙhflψÏܲÓ˚ â)î≈l G ܲ§!ÓˆÏçÓ˚ ˲y.l–

~•z ܲ§!Óç ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ xƒy!Ql !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ A ÓƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§–
ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà ~!ê˛ ~•z xƒy!Ql !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ z ˆÓ˚áyˆÏܲG !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§–
~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §yÓ˚ˆÏܲy!ÙÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l âˆÏê˛– í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ §%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ •…yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛lܲyˆÏ°ñ I Óƒyu˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ
A Óƒyu˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å !ã˛e 20.5 ˆòˆÏáyä– ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l ˆÌˆÏܲ ADP ~ÓÇ Pi Ù%=˛
•GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~!ê˛ !¢!Ì° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ATP ~Ó˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ âê˛ˆÏ° ܲ§!Óç!ê˛ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚
å!ã˛e 20.4 ˆòˆÏáyä –
308 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Óƒyu˛
xM˛° Óƒyu˛

!¢!Ì° xÓfiÌy

ˆÓ˚áy ˆÓ˚áy ˆÓ˚áy

§ÇˆÏܲyã˛lÓ˚ï˛
xÓfiÌy

§Ó≈y!ôܲ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛
xÓfiÌy

ò%ˆÏê˛y §yÓ˚ˆÏܲy!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚

!ã˛e 20.5 / ˆ˛õ!¢ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ fl‘y•z!í˛Ç !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ ï˛_¥ å˛õyï˛°y !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã˛°l ~ÓÇ I Óƒyu˛ G H
xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ä–
ÙyˆÏÎy˚ !§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙhflˆÏ ÜÏ ˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ATP ~Ó˚ xyo≈!ӈϟ’£îÏ âê˛ˆÏ° ܲ§!ÓˆÏçÓ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y G ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚
ã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ âˆÏê˛– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õ!¢ !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛à%ˆÏ°yÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚G @’y•z!í˛Ç âˆÏê˛– Ca++ xyÎ˚l
˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ §yÓ˚ˆÏܲy≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ !§fiê˛yÓ˚lyˆÏï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly ÎyGÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
xƒy!Ql !Ê˛°yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ fiÌyl!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚G ˆì˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ˛Ê˛ˆÏ° Z ˆÓ˚áyà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ xÓfiÌyˆÏl
!Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ˛õ!¢ !¢!Ì° •Î˚– ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛và%ˆÏ°y !Ó!ܲÎ˚yܲy° !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏܲ
ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ~ˆÏï˛ @’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ xÓyï˛ çyÓ˚î âê˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî °ƒyܲ!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ çÙy •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓñ˚ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õ!¢ x§yí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ x!:ˆÏçl §M˛Î˚ܲyÓ˚# °y° ÓˆÏîÓ≈ ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚Oܲ ÙyˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏ@’y!Ól
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ ÙyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÓ!¢ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ °y°ˆÏã˛ ˆòáyÎ˚– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ°y!•ï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛hs%˝ ӈϰ– ~•z ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yG ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎyÓ˚y
ATP í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ°y!•ï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ §!M˛ï˛ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî x!:ˆÏçl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~çlƒ
~•z ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Óyï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢G Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ á%Ó x“ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
ÙyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏ@’y!Ól ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ê˛ƒyܲyˆÏ¢ xÌÓy §yòyˆÏê˛ ˆòáyÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆŸªï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛v ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Çáƒy G á%Ó Ü˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲv §yÓ˚ˆÏܲy≤’yç!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
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 ã˛°l G àÙl 309

20.3. ܲAܲy°ï˛sf åSkeletal Systemä

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x!fiÌ •z!°Î˚yÙ åIliumäñ •z!Ÿã˛Î˚yÙ åIschiumä ~ÓÇ !˛õí˛z!Ó§ åPu- ˛õƒyˆÏê˛°y
bisä ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ x!fiÌ !وϰ !àˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– !ï˛l!ê˛ x!fiÌ ˆÎ
fiÌyˆÏl !وϢ ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ
!ê˛!ÓÎ˚y
xƒy!§ê˛yÓ%°yÙ åacctabulumä ӈϰ– í˛zÓÓ%˚ ˚ x!fiÌ xƒy!§ê˛yÓ%°yˆÏÙÓ˚
!Ê˛!Óí˛z°y
§yˆÏÌ §ÇˆÏÎyà §!rô fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ◊y!îã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y xô≈yÇ¢
xAܲ#Î˚ˆÏòˆÏ¢ !Ù!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛vÙÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌï˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ !˛õí˛z!Óܲ
ê˛y§≈y°
!§ÙÊ˛y•z!§§ åPubic Symphysisä àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙê˛yê˛y§≈y°
˛Ê˛ƒy°yˆÏO§
20.4 x!fi̧!rô åJointsä /
!ã˛e 20.10 / í˛yl ˆ˛õ°!˲ܲ àyí≈˛° Óy ˆ◊y!îã˛Ü˛§Ù)• 姡ø%á˛ò,¢ƒä
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ x!fiÌÙÎ˚ xLjϢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ x!fi̧!rôà%ˆ°
Ï y §Ó ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚
ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– àÙl §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ã˛°ˆÏlG ~Ó˚ Óƒ!ï˛Ü˛Ù âˆÏê˛ ly–
312 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

x!fiÌà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÌÓy x!fiÌ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!fi̧!rô ӈϰ–
x!fi̧!rôÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ã˛°l §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ˛õ!¢ç !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ Ó° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe x!fi̧!rô!ê˛
xy°ˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z x!fi̧!rôà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !Óã˛°lñ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !˲ߨ
!˲ߨ •Î˚– x!fi̧!rôà%ˆ°
Ï y !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl àyë˛!lܲ Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~à%ˆ°
Ï y •° ï˛vÙÎ˚ åFibrousä
x!fi̧!rôñ ï˛Ó˚î% y!fiÌÙÎ˚ åCartilaginousä x!fi̧!rô ~ÓÇ §y•zˆlÏ y!˲Î˚y° åSynovialä x!fi̧!rô–
ï˛vÙÎ˚ x!fi̧!rôà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ã˛°l âê˛yÎ˚ ly– ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ ã˛ƒy≤Wzy x!fiÌà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
x!fi̧!rô ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛!lÎ˚yÙ àë˛ˆÏl âl ï˛vç ˆÎyàܲ°yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ x!fiÌà%ˆÏ°y ¢%Ó˚% ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ¢£Ï
≤Ãyhs˝ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !وϢ ÎyÎ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá ˆ§°y•z ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl •Î˚–
ï˛Ó%̊îy!fiÌÙÎ˚ x!fi̧!rôˆÏï˛ñ x!fi̧!rô àë˛lܲyÓ˚# x!fiÌà%ˆ°Ï y ï˛Ó%̊îy!fiÌÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛ §Ç°@¿ ܲˆÏ¢Ó˚%ܲyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z §!rô ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ §#!Ùï˛ ã˛°ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§y•zˆÏly!˲Î˚y° x!fi̧!rôÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ò%!ê˛ x!fiÌÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚°˛õ)î≈
§y•zˆÏly!˲Î˚y° à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §IyÜ˛Ù ÎˆÏÌT˛ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yÎ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z x!fiÌà%ˆÏ°y
àÙl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xyÓ˚G ã˛°ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x!fi̧!rôÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° ÈüüüÈ Ó° G §ˆÏܲê˛
x!fi̧!rô å!•í˛zˆÙÏ Ó˚y§ ~ÓÇ í˛zÓ/˚ Ÿã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!fiÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ ܲ∂y x!fi̧!rô åܲl%•z x!fi̧!rôäñ !˛õË˛ê˛ x!fi̧!rô
å xƒyê˛°y§ G xƒy!:§ x!fiÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒäñ @’y•z!í˛Ç x!fi̧!rô åܲyÓ˚˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ x!fiÌà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒä ~ÓÇ §ƒyí˛y°
x!fi̧!rô å Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y xy.%ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚˛õy° ~ÓÇ ˆÙê˛yܲyÓ˚˛õy° x!fiÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒä–
20.4 ˆ˛õ!¢ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Aܲy°ï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ ˆày°ˆÏÎyà§Ù)• åDisorders of muscular and skeletal
systemä /
ÙyÎ˚y§ˆÏÌ!lÎ˚y ˆ@˝Ã!˲§ / fl∫ xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛y !Ó!â¯ï˛ •ˆÏ° ~•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ˆÏ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ° xyܲyhs˝
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ!¢Ó˚ xÓ§yòñ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y ~ÓÇ x§yí˛¸ï˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
Ùy§Ü%˛ƒ°yÓ˚ !í˛§ê˛∆!Ê˛ / ≤Ãôylï˛ ÓÇ¢àï˛ e%!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z ˆÓ˚yà •Î˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏà x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ!¢ ܲÙyàï˛ «˛Î˚
•ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!ê˛ˆÏê˛!l / ˆò•ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° Ca++ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏ° ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ o%ï˛ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l Óy !áÑã%˛!l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
xyÓ˚Ìy•z!ê˛§ / x!fi̧!rôÓ˚ ≤Ãòy•
x!fiê˛GˆÏ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y!§§ / Óyô≈ܲƒç!lï˛ ~•z Óƒy!ôÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° x!fiÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl •…y§ ˛õyGÎ˚y G x!fiÌ
ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚y– ~•z ˆÓ˚yà!ê˛ §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ •zˆÏfiê˛∆yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyey •…y§ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •Î˚–
àyí˛zê˛ / àyí˛zê Ó°ˆÏï˛ x!fi̧!rôÓ˚ ≤Ãòy•ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Îy •zí˛z!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ !ܲfiê˛y° çˆÏÙ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •Î˚–

§yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ
ã˛°l •° §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~Ùl !ܲSÈ% ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l •° ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy•ñ
!§!°Î˚y!Ó˚ ã˛°lñ ˛õyályñ ≤Ãï˛ƒAàñ í˛yly •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ã˛°l– ˆÎ •zFSÈyô#l ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚î âˆÏê˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ àÙl ӈϰ–
áyòƒñ xy◊Î˚ñ §Aà#ñ ≤Ãçll ˆ«˛eñ xl%Ü)˛° ç°ÓyÎ˚% §rôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Óy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xydÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ àÙl
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
 ã˛°l G àÙl 313

ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ• xƒy!ÙÓˆÏÎ˚í˛ñ !§!°Î˚y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢ç ã˛°l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– àÙl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ Ó•% ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
§Ùß∫y!Î˚ï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ç !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ Óï˛≈Ùyl– x!fiÌ ˆ˛õ!¢ ܲAܲy° í˛z˛õyòl xÌ≈yÍ
x!fiÌÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚y ˙!FSÈܲ ~ÓÇ Óy!•ƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ˆÏÓ˚á ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚– xyhs˝Ó˚ΈÏsfÓ˚ xhs˝/≤ÃyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl xyhs˝/
Îsf#Î˚ ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°y xˆÏÓ˚Რ~ÓÇ x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– •Í!˛õ[˛ !fiÌï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏòÓ˚ •,òˆÏ˛õ!¢ ӈϰ– ~Ó˚y §ˆÏÓ˚áñ ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛
~ÓÇ x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛yñ ≤çyÎ≈ï˛yñ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l¢#°ï˛y ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛fiÌy˛õܲï˛y •° ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ôÙ≈–

ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌy!lܲ ~ܲܲ •° ˆ˛õ!¢ ï˛v– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vˆÏï˛ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° §!Iï˛ Ó•% ÙyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•z!Ó° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ÙyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•z!Ó° ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ Ó•% ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y•z •° ÙyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•z!ӈϰÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ~ܲܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §yÓ˚ˆÏܲy!ÙÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õ%Ó˚% ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ !l!Ù≈ï˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ A Óƒyu˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z A ÓƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚
í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ Z ˆÓ˚áy myÓ˚y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ˛õyï˛°y xƒy!Ql !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ !l!Ù≈ï˛ I ÓƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ xô≈yÇ¢– xƒy!Ql ~ÓÇ ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l
•° §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l¢#° ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!°ÙyÓ˚– !Ó◊yÙÓ˚ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xƒy!Ql !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛!fiÌï˛ ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ §!ܲÎ˚ fiÌyl!ê˛
ˆê˛∆yˆÏ˛õy!ll ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y ì˛yܲy ÌyˆÏܲ– ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙhflψÏܲ ATPase í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ñ ATP ÈüÈÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ fiÌyl ~ÓÇ
xƒy!QˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ §!ܲÎ˚ fiÌyl Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ –È ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆã˛T˛#Î˚ !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ l ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vˆÏï˛ í˛zj#˛õly ˆ≤ÃÓî˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vˆÏï˛
!ܲÎ˚y!ÓË˛Ó §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ca++ ~Ó˚ Ù%!=˛ âˆÏê˛– Ca++ xƒy!Ql !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ
§!ܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~!ê˛ ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙhflψÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛§!Óç àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲ§!Óçà%ˆÏ°y xƒyܲ!ê˛l
!Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ê˛ylyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~à%ˆÏ°y ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l !Ê˛°yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l
âˆÏê˛– Ca++ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ §yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛y≤’yç!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yˆÏÙ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ xƒy!Qlà%ˆ° Ï y !l!‹;Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ܲ§!Óçà%ˆ°
Ï y
ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢ !¢!Ì° •Î˚–

ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆ˛õ!¢Üœ˛yhs˝ Óy xÓ§yò@˝ÃfiÌ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ °y° ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù%áƒï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏܲ ˆ°y!•ï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ ~ÓÇ ˆŸªï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ ~•z ò%•z ˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–

xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲAܲy°ï˛sf x!fiÌ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ܲAܲy°ï˛sf!ê˛ x«˛#Î˚ ܲAܲy° ~ÓÇ í˛z õyAà#Î˚
ܲAܲy° ~•z ò%•z ˲yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛– ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ñ ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛ñ ˛õÑyçÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zÓ˚/Ê˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ x«˛#Î˚ ܲAܲy° à!ë˛ï˛– ≤Ãï˛ƒAà
x!fiÌ åLimb bonesä ~ÓÇ àyˆÏí≈˛°à%ˆÏ°y åGirdlesä !lˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õyAà#Î˚ ܲAܲy°!ê˛ à!ë˛ï˛– x!fiÌà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÌÓy
x!fiÌ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!fi̧!rô ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüüÈ ï˛vÙÎ˚ x!fi̧!rôñ ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌÙÎ˚
x!fi̧!rô ~ÓÇ §y•zˆÏly!˲Î˚y° x!fi̧!rô– §y•zˆÏly!˲Î˚y° x!fi̧!rô ΈÏÌT˛ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yÎ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
~•z §!rô àÙˆÏl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–

xl%¢#°l#

1. x!fiÌ ˆ˛õ!¢!fiÌï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓ˚ˆÏܲy!ÙÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛°à%ˆÏ°y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚–
2. ˆ˛õ!¢ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l §Çܲyhs˝ fl‘y•z!í˛Ç !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ ï˛_¥!ê˛Ó˚ §ÇK˛y òyG–
3. ˆ˛õ!¢ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
314 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

4. !ÓÓ,!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ §ï˛ƒ xÌÓy !Ù̃y ˆ°ˆÏáy– Î!ò !Ù̃y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó=˛Óƒ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛
Ó=˛Óƒ!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ •Î˚–
Ü˛ä ˛õyï˛°y åthinä !Ê˛°yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛ xƒy!Ql í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛–
áä §ˆÏÓ˚á ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vÓ˚ ÚHÛ xM˛°!ê˛ ˛õ%Ó˚% åthikä ~ÓÇ ˛õyï˛°y åthinä í˛z˲Î˚ !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
àä ÙylÓ Ü˛AܲyˆÏ° 206 !ê˛ x!fiÌ Óï≈˛Ùyl–
âä ÙylÓ ˆòˆÏ• 11 ˆçyí˛¸y ˛õÑyçÓ˚ åribä xyˆÏSÈ–
.ä ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xAܲ#Î˚ˆÏòˆÏ¢ í˛zÓ˚/ Ê˛°Ü˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛–
5. ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy /
ܲä xƒy!Ql ~ÓÇ ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l
áä ˆ°y!•ï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ ~ÓÇ ˆŸªï˛ˆÏ˛õ!¢
àä í˛zÓ˚Ÿã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ◊y!îã˛Ü˛
6. 1 lÇ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ 2 lÇ hflÏΩ˛!ê˛ ˆÙ°yG
hflÏΩ˛ÈüÈ Ü˛ hflÏΩ˛ ÈüÈ á
ܲä Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢ åiä ÙyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏ@’y!Ól
áä ê˛∆ˆ˛Ï õyÙyˆÏÎy˚ !§l åiiä ˛ õyï˛°y !Ê˛°yˆÏÙrê˛ åthinä
àä ˆ°y!•ï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ åiiiä §%ã˛yÓ˚
âä ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ åivä x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ
7. ÙylÓ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ܲ# ܲ# !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛°l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚⁄
8. ~ܲ!ê˛ x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ!¢ G ~ܲ!ê˛ •,òˆÏ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ⁄
9. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ x!fi̧!rôà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
ܲä xƒyê˛°y§ ‡ xƒy!:§
áä ܲyÓ˚˛õy°‡Ó,ÂôyAà%ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ ˆÙê˛yܲyÓ˚˛õy°
àä Ê˛ƒy°yˆÏO§ Óy xy.%ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!fiÌà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
âä !Ê˛ÙyÓ˚ ‡ xƒy!§ê˛yÓ%°yÙ
.ä ˆÜ˛!lÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ x!fi̧Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ã˛ä ˆ◊y!îã˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !˛õí˛z!Óܲ x!fi̧Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
10. ¢)lƒfiÌyl ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
Ü˛ä §Ó hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# å!ܲS%È ≤Ãyî# Óƒï˛#ï˛ä ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ È üüüÈüÈ üüÈ !ê˛ @˝Ã#ÓyˆÏò¢#Î˚ ܲˆÏ¢Ó˚%ܲy Óï≈˛Ùyl–
áä Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏAà Ê˛ƒy°yˆÏOˆÏ§Ó˚ §Çáƒy È üüüÈüüüÈ È –
àä ÙyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•z!ӈϰÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y åthinä ï˛vˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ÚFÛ xƒy!Ql ~ÓÇ xlƒ ò%!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ lyÙ •° È üüüÈüüüÈ
È ÈG
È üüüÈüüüÈ
È È–
âä ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vˆÏï˛ Ca++ ÈüüüÈüüüÈ È È ~ §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
.ä ÈüüüÈüüüÈ
È G ÈüüüÈüüüÈ
È ˆçyí˛¸y ܲˆÏ¢Ó˚%ܲyˆÏܲ ˲y§Ùyl ܲˆÏ¢Ó˚%ܲy ӈϰ–
ã˛ä Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛!lÎ˚yÙ åCraniumä à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ !ê˛ x!fiÌ myÓ˚y–
 fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl 315

xôƒyÎ˚ û 21 (Chapter 21)

fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !lÎ˚sîf ~ÓÇ §Ùß∫Χ˚ yôl
(Neural Control and Co-ordination)

21.1. fl¨yÎ˚ï% ˛sf ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyl ˆÎñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §yÙƒÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xAà Óy xAàï˛sfà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
21.2. Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆÎ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ xAà ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)ÓÜ˚ ˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yÈüÈx!í≈˛ˆÏl¢yl Óy §Ùß∫Χ˚ yôl ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õ
21.3. !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ lÈüüüÈ xyÙÓ˚y Îál ܲy!Î˚ܲ ◊Ù Ü˛!Ó˚ ï˛ál ˆ˛õ!¢ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z Ó!ô≈ï˛ •yÓ˚ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆòˆÏ•
fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ñ Ê˛ˆÏ° x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•G Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– Ÿª§l •yÓ˚ñ •,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ
àë˛làï˛ G
Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓy• ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî x!:ˆÏçl §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ˜ò!•Ü˛ xl%¢#°l Órô
ܲyÎ≈àï˛ ~ܲܲ
•ˆÏ° fl¨yÎ˚%ñ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ñ •,ò!˛õu˛ ~ÓÇ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
21.4. ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf ˜ò!•Ü˛ xl%¢#°lܲyˆÏ° ˆ˛õ!¢ñ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ñ •,ò!˛õu˛ñ Ó˚=˛Óy•ñ Ó,E˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xAàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyç §Ùß∫y!Î˚ï˛
˲yˆÏÓ •Î˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚yï˛sf ~ܲˆÏe ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xAà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ó ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚
21.5. ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !ܲÎ˚y G
≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ ã˛y˛õ §yôl ~ÓÇ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ xAàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ •Î˚–

21.6. §ÇK˛yÓ• í˛zj#˛õly fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf o%ï˛ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚ylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛
@˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%çy°Ü˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xhs˝/«˛Ó˚yï˛sf •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
≤Èϧ!§Ç Óy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yñ ˆÎÙl fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îñ §y•zlƒy˛õ§ xÌ≈yÍ
!ӈϟ’£îÏ fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ô ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚fiÌyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏÓ–
316 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

21.1. fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (Neural System) ı

§Ó ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf xï˛ƒhs˝ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ӈϰ– ÎyÓ˚y
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ @˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!l¡¨ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ xˆÏÙÓ%̊òu˛# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §Çàë˛l á%Ó•z §Ó˚° •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚˛) õñ •y•zí˛» yÓ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf!ê˛
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ çy°Ü˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˛õï˛AàˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf ÌyˆÏܲñ
ˆÎáyˆÏl Ù!hflÏ‹Ò!ê˛ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ àƒyÇ!°Î˚y ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°y §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÙÓ˚%òu˛# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf xyÓ˚G §%à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
21.2. Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (Human Neural System) ı
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ı
(i) ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (CNS)
(ii) ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (PNS)
Ù!hflÏ‹Ò G §%£Ï¡¨yܲyu˛ •° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z fiÌyl!ê˛ •° ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî G !lÎ˚sfî
ˆÜ˛w– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ åÙ!hflÏ‹Ò G §%£Ï%¡¨yܲyu˛ä §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ fl¨yÎ˚%à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛và%ˆÏ°y ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÎÌyû
åܲä xhs˝Ó≈y•# fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛v
åáä Ó!•Ó≈y•# fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛v
xhs˝Ó≈y•# fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛và%%ˆÏ°y fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l ܲ°y Óy xAà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó!•Ó≈y•#
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛và%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ ܲ°y Óy xˆÏAà !lÎ˚sfîܲyÓ˚# flõ®l ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfˆÏܲ ò%˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ÎÌy û ˆ§yÙy!ê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf G fl∫Î˚Ç!ܲÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf– ˆ§yÙy!ê˛Ü˛
fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ fl¨yÎ%̊flõ®l x!fiÌˆÏ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ fl∫Î˚Ç!ܲÎ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ xAà§Ù)ˆ•Ï G Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ fl¨yÎ%̊flõ®l ˆ≤ÃÓî˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ fl∫ÎÇ˚ !ܲÎ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sfˆÜÏ ˛
xyÓyÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÎÌy û fl∫ï˛sf fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf G ˛õÓ˚yfl∫ï˛sf fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf–
xyhs˝ÓÎ˚ sf#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚ï% ˛sf ˛õÓ˚yfl∫ï˛sf fl¨yÎ˚ï% ˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ Îy xˆÏlܲà%ˆ°
Ï y fl¨yÎ˚ï% ˛vñ àƒyÇ!°Î˚y ~ÓÇ ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛
fl¨yÎ˚%çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ (Plexuses) §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ xyhs˝Ó˚ΈÏsf ~ÓÇ
xyhs˝Ó˚Îsf ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
21.3. !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ÈüÈ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ G ܲyÎ≈àï˛ ~ܲܲ (Neuron as Structural and
functional unit of neuron system) :
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ~ܲ!ê˛ xyî%Ó#«˛!îܲ àë˛l Îy !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ñ ÎÌy û ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò•ñ ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛ G
xƒy:l å!ã˛e 21.1 ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò•!ê˛ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ xyò¢≈ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚
xAàyî% G !ܲS%È òylyòyÓ˚ Ó› Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~•z òylyòyÓ˚ Ó›à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lç° òyly ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
≤ÃÓ!ô≈ï˛ G ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ «%˛o ï˛v§Ù)• ÎyÓ˚y !lç°òyly §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛§ ӈϰ– ~•z
ï˛và%ˆÏ°y fl¨yÎ˚% í˛zj#˛õly ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
 fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl 317

xƒy:l ~ܲ!ê˛ ò#â≈ ï˛v– ÎyÓ˚ ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# ≤Ãyhs˝!ê˛ ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚– xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚
ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ¢yáyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ≤Ãyhs˝ ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ˆí»˛lí»˛y•zê˛
~ˆÏܲ fl¨yÎ˚% §!ߨ!ôfl≥˛#!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°– ~•z fl¨yÎ˚% §!ߨ!ôfl≥˛#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !lç° òyly
˛õòyÌ≈ ˛ õ) î ≈ §!ߨ ! ô Ì!° Óï˛≈ Ù yl– ~•z Ó˚ y §yÎ˚ ! lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ à % ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ Ü ˛
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ӈϰ– xƒy:l fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò• ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò•
fl¨yÎ˚§% !ߨ!ôˆÏï˛ Óy fl¨yÎ˚ˆ% ˛Ï õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfïϰ ˆ≤ÃÓî˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆí˛lí»˛l G xƒ:ˆÏlÓ˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
§ÇáƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢ˆÏܲ !ï˛l˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ÎÌy û
Ùy!Œê˛ˆÏ˛õy°yÓ˚ Óy Ó•%ˆÏÙÓ˚% !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl å~ܲ!ê˛ xƒy:l ~ÓÇ ò%•z Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ñ à%ÓÙ%˚ !hflˆÏ ‹Ï Ò ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚äñ Óy•zˆ˛Ï õy°yÓ˚ Óy !mˆÏÙÓ˚% !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ l
ˆ§yÎ˚yl ˆÜ˛y¢
å~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye xƒy:l G ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye ˆí˛lí»˛l §Ù!ß∫ï˛ñ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyˆÏï˛
˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ä ~ÓÇ •zí˛z!lˆÏ˛õy°yÓ˚ Óy ~ܲˆÏÙÓ˚% !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl åˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛
xƒy:l §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò•ñ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ º%î xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ä– ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xƒy:l
xƒy:l Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ ÎÌy û ÙyˆÏÎy˚ !°lÎ%=˛ ~ÓÇ ÙyˆÏÎy˚ !°l !Ó•#l– ÙyˆÏÎy˚ !°lÎ%=˛
ÙyˆÏÎy˚ !°l
fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sfà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆ§yÎ˚yl ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ xyÓÓ˚î ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§yÎ˚yl ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !§ò‰
xƒy:lˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎy˚ !°l !§ò àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ò%ˆêÏ ˛y ÙyˆÏÎy˚ !°l !§ò‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# Ó˚ƒyl!˲Î˚yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌylˆÏܲ Óƒyl!˲Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ≈ ӈϰ– ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚% G §%£Ï%¡¨yfl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ≈
ÙyˆÏÎy˚ !°lÎ%=˛ fl¨yÎ˚ï% ˛sf ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ÙyˆÏÎy˚ !°l !Ó•#l fl¨yÎ˚ï% ˛vˆÏï˛ ˆ§yÎ˚yl ˆÜ˛y¢ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚
Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyܲˆÏ°G ~•z ˆ§yÎ˚yl ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y xƒy:lˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!°l !§ò‰ ≤Ãyhs˝Ë˛yà
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– fl∫Î˚Ç!ܲÎ˚ G ˆ§yÙy!ê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!°l !Ó•#l fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛v §!ߨ!ô
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– fl≥˛#!ï˛
21.3.1. fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÓy• (Generation and !ã˛e 21.1 / !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l˛
Conduction of Nerve Impulse) :
fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y §ÙÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ xÓfiÌy ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢§Ù)• í˛zˆÏ_çܲ ôÙ≈# •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ
çyl ˆÜ˛l !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y §ÙÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ fl¨yÎ%̊ˆÜÏ ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ xyÎ˚l
ã˛ƒyˆÏl° Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~•z xyÎ˚l ã˛ƒyˆÏl°à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏ˲òܲ ˆË˛òƒ– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ly xÌ≈yÍ !Ó◊yÙÓ˚ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xƒy:l !V˛!Õ‘
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ (K+) xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˆË˛òƒ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ (Na+) xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
≤ÃyÎ˚ xˆÏ˲òƒ •Î˚– xl%Ó˛)˚ õ˲yˆÏÓñ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ !V˛!Õ‘˛õò≈y xƒyˆÏ:y≤’yçˆÏÙ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ }îydܲ xyôylÎ%=˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ G xˆÏ˲òƒ •Î˚– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ xƒyˆÏ:y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ (K+) xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âlc G
}îydܲ xyôylÎ%=˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ˆÓ!¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ (Na+) xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âlc Ü˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲ–
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xƒy:l Ó!•/fiÌ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° K+~Ó˚ âlc Ü˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲñ Na+ ~Ó˚ âlc ˆÓ!¢ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ âlˆÏcÓ˚
l!ï˛Ùyey ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– !Ó◊yÙÓ˚ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z l!ï˛Ùyey ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ
˛õy¡õ myÓ˚y xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ ˛õy¡õ 3!ê˛ Na+
G 2!ê˛ K+ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ G ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
318 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

A
Na
- + + + + + + + + + +
-
- - - - - - - -
+ + -
+ + - - - - - - - -
- - + + + + + + +
+ +
+
Na

B
- + + + + + + + + + +
-
- - - - - - - -
+ + -
+ + - - - - - - - -
- - + + + + + + +
+ +
+

!ã˛e 21.2 / xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ åA ~ÓÇ B fiÌyˆÏlä

~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° xƒy:l !V˛!Õ‘Ó˚ Ó!•˛õ≈,¤˛ ôlydܲ xyôyl Î%=˛ •Î˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ }îydܲ xyôyl ÓçyÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ !V˛!Õ‘Ó˚ §ÙÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ Óy ˆ˛õy°yÓ˚y•zçí˛ xÓfiÌy ӈϰ– !fiÌï˛yÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ï˛!í˛¸Í !Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ !fiÌ!ï˛!ÓË˛Ó ÓˆÏ°–

xƒy:l ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ §,!T˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛•°# •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓy˚ – Îál §ÙÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !V˛!Õ‘Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y !l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyˆÏl å!ã˛e 21.2ñ í˛zòy•Ó˚î A !Ó®%ˆïÏ ˛ä í˛zj#˛õly ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ñ !V˛!Õ‘Ó˚ G•z fiÌyl åA fiÌylä Na+ ~Ó˚ çlƒ §•çˆÏ˲òƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° o%ï˛ Na+ !V˛!Õ‘Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z §yˆÏÌ G•z fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó§ÙÓï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– xÌ≈yÍ fl¨yÎ˚%!V˛!Õ‘Ó˚ Ó!•˛õ≈,¤˛ }îydܲ xyôyˆÏl xy!•ï˛
G xhs˛õ≈,¤˛ ôlydܲ xyôyˆÏl xy!•ï˛ •Î˚– A !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ˆÙÓ˚%≤ÃÓîï˛y í˛zˆÏŒê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ G•z !Ó®%ˆÏï˛
˛õò≈y!ê˛Ó˚ !Ó§ÏÙÓï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– A !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í !Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒˆÏܲ !ܲÎ˚y!ÓË˛Ó (Action
Potential) ӈϰ ÎyˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l ӈϰ– G•z fiÌylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ §yÙˆÏl xƒy:l åí˛zòy•Ó˚î B
!Ó®%ˆÏï˛ä !V˛!Õ‘Ó˚ Ó!•˛õ≈,ˆÏ¤˛ ôlydܲ xyôyl ÌyˆÏܲ G ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ }îydܲ xyôyl ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° !V˛!Õ‘Ó˚
xhs˛õ≈,ˆÏ¤˛ A !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏܲ B !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ï˛!í˛¸Í ≤ÃÓy• âˆÏê˛– ï˛!í˛¸Í Óï≈˛l#Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í≤ÃÓy• §¡õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ ï˛!í˛¸Í≤ÃÓy• Ó!•˛õ≈,ˆÏ¤˛ B fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ A fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ âˆÏê˛ å!ã˛e 21.2 ˆòˆÏáyä– ï˛y•z ~•z fiÌyˆÏl
ˆÙÓ˚%≤ÃÓîï˛y í˛zˆÏŒê˛ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ B fiÌyˆÏl !ܲÎ˚y!Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~˲yˆÏÓñ A fiÌyˆÏl §,T˛ fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l å!ܲÎ˚y
!Ó˲Óä B fiÌyˆÏl ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~•z ܲ!Ùܲ âê˛lyÓ!°Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!ï˛ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛– í˛zj#˛õܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Na+ ~Ó˚ ˆË˛òƒï˛y Ó,!Âô á%Ó Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚–
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚•z ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ K+ ~Ó˚ ˆË˛òƒï˛y o%ï˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ K+ Óƒy˛õl
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ o%ï˛ !V˛!Õ‘Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zj#˛õly fiÌyˆÏl ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛!ÓË˛Ó ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ G ï˛v!ê˛
xyÓyÓ˚ l)ï˛l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zj#˛õlyÎ˚ §yí˛¸y !òˆÏï˛ x!ôܲ §«˛Ù •Î˚–
 fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl 319

21.3.2. fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Transmission of Impulses):

fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl Óy fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ˆÎ §ÇˆÏÎyàfïϰÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ô (Synaptic) ӈϰ– ~ܲ!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ô ≤Ãy܉˛§!ߨ!ô !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl (Pre
Synaptic) G ˛õŸã˛yò §!ߨ!ô (Post Synaptic) !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õò≈yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
fl¨yÎ%̊§!ߨ!ôˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌyl ÌyܲˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ lyG ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z
ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌyl!ê˛ˆÏܲ §!ߨ!ô≤Ãîy°# (Synaptic Cleft) ӈϰ– fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ô ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚– ÎÌy û
ï˛!í˛¸Í fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ô (Electrical Synapses) ~ÓÇ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ô (Chemical
Synapses)– ï˛!í˛¸Í fl¨yÎ%̊ §!ߨ!ôˆÏï˛ ≤Ãyܲ‰ G ˛õŸã˛yò§!ߨ!ô !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õò≈yà%ˆÏ°y á%Ó•z ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z §!ߨ!ôà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏl ï˛!í˛¸Í≤ÃÓy• §Ó˚y§!Ó˚
âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛!í˛¸Í fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ôÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚% flõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î xˆÏlܲê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ
xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ flõ®l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z •Î˚– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ fl¨yÎ%̊§!ߨ!ôÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í
fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ôÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z o%ï˛ •Î˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ï˛!í˛¸Í
fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ôÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ fl¨yÎ%̊§!ߨ!ôˆÏï˛ ≤Ãy܉˛§!ߨ!ô !V˛!Õ‘ G ˛õŸã˛yò§!ߨ!ô !V˛!Õ‘ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚°˛õ)î≈ fiÌyl
myÓ˚y ˛õ,Ìܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ §!ߨ!ô ≤Ãîy°# (Synaptic Cleft) ӈϰ å!ã˛e 21.3 ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ
çyl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãy܉˛§!ߨ!ô !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ l §!ߨ!ô ≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚fl% õ®l å!ܲÎ˚y !Ó˲Óä ˛õŸã˛yò§!ߨ!ô
!lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏl ˆ≤ÃÓî˚ ܲˆÏÓ⁄˚ ~•z§Ó fl¨yÎ˚§% !ߨ!ôà%ˆ°Ï yˆÏï˛ ˆÎ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• fl¨yÎ˚fl% õ®l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ӈϰ– xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ì!°à%ˆ° Ï y ~•z§Ó
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ •Î˚–

xƒy:l

xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ãyhs˝
§!ߨ!ô
Ì!°
≤Ãy܉˛§!ߨ!ô
!V˛!Õ‘
fl¨yÎ%̊ §!ߨ!ô

§!ߨ!ô ≤Ãîy°#
˛õŸã˛yò§!ߨ!ô
!V˛!Õ‘
@˝Ãy•Ü˛
!lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚

!ã˛e 21.3 / !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝ ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ô ˆòáyˆÏly •°

320 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l å!ܲÎ˚y!Ó˲Óä xƒy:l ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ñ ~!ê˛ ˛õò≈y x!˲Ù%ˆÏá §!ߨ!ôÌ!°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ã˛°lˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~•z Ì!°à%ˆÏ°y ˛õò≈yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!°ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y
§!ߨ!ô˛≤Ãîy°#ˆÏï˛ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– §!ߨ!ôÌ!° ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
Î%=˛ •Î˚– ~•z §ÇÎ%!=˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÎ˚l ã˛ƒyˆÏl°à%ˆÏ°y í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚ G xyÎ˚là%ˆÏ°y˛ ˛õŸã˛yò§!ߨ!ô !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l !ܲÎ˚y!ÓË˛Ó §,!T˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §,T˛ ~•z lï%˛l !Ó˲Ó!ê˛
í˛zj#˛õܲôÙ≈# Óy ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôôÙ≈# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
21.4 ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (Central Neural System) ı
Ù!hflÏ‹Ò •° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ !ӈϟ’£ÏîܲyÓ˚# xAà Îy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ G !lÎ˚sfî ï˛sf !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ˙!FSÈܲ ã˛°lñ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛yñ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ xAà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲyç åí˛zòy•Ó˚î Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ñ
•,Í!˛õu˛ñ Ó,E˛ •zï˛ƒy!òäñ ˆò• í˛z£÷Ïï˛y !lÎ˚sfîñ «%˛ôy G ï,˛£÷Ïyñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §yÓ˚ܲy!í≈˛Î˚yl SÈ® å≤Ã!ï˛ 24
â^˝ê˛yÎ˚ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ SÈy!®Ü˛ âê˛ly≤ÃÓy•äñ !Ó!˲ߨ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y G Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î •zï˛ƒy!ò
!lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ò¢≈lñ ◊Óîñ Óyܲ¢!=˛ñ flø,!ï˛ñ Ó%!ÂôÙ_yñ xyˆÏÓà ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓly •zï˛ƒy!ò ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
!ӈϟ’£Ïî fiÌyl Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ Ù!hfl‹Ï Ò Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛ myÓ˚y §%Ó!˚ «˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ܲˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù!hfl‹Ï Ò!ê˛ ˆÜ˛!lˆÏΰ
˚ ˆÙ!llˆÏç§ (Cranial
meninges) !òˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï ~•z ˆÜ˛!lˆÏÎ˚° ˆÙ!llˆÏç§ !ehflÏÓ˚#Î˚ •Î˚ñ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰ
í%˛Ó˚y Ùƒyê˛yÓ˚ (dura mater)ñ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# á%Ó•z ˛õyï˛°y hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰ xƒyÓ˚ܲlˆÏÎ˚í˛ (arachnoid) ~ÓÇ
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ åÎyÓ˚y Ù!hflÏ‹Ò Ü˛°yÓ˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ÌyˆÏܲä !˛õÎ˚y Ùƒyê˛yÓ˚ (Pia mater) ӈϰ– Ù!hflÏ‹ÒˆÏܲ
!ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl xLjϢ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ (i) x@˝ÃÙ!hflÏ‹Ò (Fore brain) (ii) ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò (Mid brain)
(iii) ˛õŸã˛yò Ù!hfl‹Ï Ò (hind brain) (!ã˛e 21.4 ˆòˆÏáyä–
ˆ§!Ó˚Óy° ˆ•!Ù!fl≥˛Î˚yÓ˚

ܲÓ˚˛õy§ ܲƒyˆÏ°y§yÙ
à%ÓÙ%̊ !hfl‹Ï Ò
Forebrain
x@˝ÃÙ!hflÏ‹Ò

̃y°yÙy§ ˆ§!Ó˚Óy° xƒyÜ%˛Î˚yí˛yQ

•y•zˆ˛Ï õỹy°yÙy§
Ù!hfl‹Ï Òܲy[˛

ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò
˛õl§‰
˛õŸã˛yòÙ!hfl‹Ï Ò ˆ§!Ó˚ˆÏÓ°yÙ
ˆÙí˛y°y
§%£¡%Ï øyܲy[˛

!ã˛e 21.4 / Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ °¡∫ˆÏFSȈÏòÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ

 fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl 321

21.4.1. x@˝ÃÙ!hflÏ‹Ò (Fore brain) ı

x@˝ÃÙ!hflÏ‹Ò à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏ‹Òñ ̃y°yÙy§ G •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ å!ã˛e 21.4 ˆòˆÏáyä– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà xÇ¢ à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ à˲#Ó˚ áÑyç à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏ‹ÒˆÏܲ °¡∫y°!¡∫˲yˆÏÓ ò%!ê˛ ˆày°yˆÏô≈
!Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyÙ ˆ§!Ó˚Óy° ˆ•!Ù!fl≥˛Î˚yÓ˚ G í˛yl ˆ§!Ó˚Óy° ˆ•!Ù!fl≥˛Î˚yÓ˚ ӈϰ– ˆày°yô≈ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚˛õy§
ܲƒyˆÏ°y§yÙ lyÙܲ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏÎyçܲ myÓ˚y §ÇÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§!Ó˚Óy° ˆ•!Ù!fl≥˛Î˚yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚ xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yˆÏá ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§!Ó˚Óy° ܲˆÏê≈˛: ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ Ó•% §%flõT˛ ËÑ˛yç àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óy!•ƒÜ˛
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ô)§Ó˚ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ à%Ó˚%Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ܲˆÏê≈˛: xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ ô)§Ó˚ Ó› ӈϰ– ~•z xM˛ˆÏ° !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò•à%ˆÏ°y âl#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ô)§Ó˚ Óî≈ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò!ê˛ ˆã˛T˛#Î˚ xM˛°ñ §ÇK˛yÓ• xM˛° ~ÓÇ
ˆã˛T˛#Î˚ G §ÇK˛yÓ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ê˛•z lÎ˚ ~Ùl!ܲS%È Ó,•Í xM˛° §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z xM˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚
§•ˆÏÎyà# xM˛° åassociation areaä Îy ò%!ê˛ xyhs˝/§ÇK˛yÓ• §ÇˆÏÎyàñ flø,!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Ùï˛
ç!ê˛° ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– fl¨yÎ˚%˛õÌ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ï˛v§Ù)• ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!°l !§ò‰ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
~ÓÇ ~•z ï˛v ˆ§!Ó˚Óy° ˆ•!Ù!fl≥˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z xÇ¢ Óy!•ƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
xfl∫FSÈ §yòy ˆòáyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ ˆŸªï˛Ó› ӈϰ– à%Ó%̊Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ˆÎ àë˛lˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ ̃y°yÙy§ ӈϰ
Îy xyK˛yÓ• G §ÇK˛yÓ• §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ù%რ§Ùß∫Î˚§yôl ˆÜ˛w !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢ Îy ̃y°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù)°ˆÏòˆÏ¢ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ
áyòƒ@˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ï,˛£÷yÏ !lÓyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ flõ,•y !lÎ˚sîf ܲyÓ˚# ˆÜ˛wà%ˆ° Ï y xÓ!fiÌï˛– •y•zˆ˛Ï õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§ !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ !§ˆÏܲê˛y!Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È à%FSÈG Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ÎyÓ˚y •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z •Ó˚ˆÙÏ ylà%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ •y•zˆ˛Ï õỹy°y!Ùܲ˛ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl
ӈϰ– ˆ§!Ó˚Óy° ˆ•!Ù!fl≥˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢ ~ÓÇ xƒy!Ùàí˛y°yñ !•ˆÏØyܲƒy¡õy§ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y à˲#ˆÏÓ˚
xÓ!fiÌï˛ §•ˆÏÎyà# àë˛là%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ !°!¡∫ܲï˛sf ӈϰ– •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§
§• ~•z ï˛sf!ê˛ ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚îñ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ Ó!•/≤Ãܲy¢ åí˛zˆÏ_çlyñ xyl®ñ ˆÜ˛yô G ˲Î˚ä ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ãÏîy !lÎ˚sfî
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
21.4.2. ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò (Mid Brain) ı
x@˝ÃÙ!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ̃y°yÙy§ xÌÓy •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õŸã˛yò Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˛õl§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl
ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò xÓ!fiÌï˛– ÙôƒÙ!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãîy°# x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆ§!Ó˚Óy° xƒyÜ%˛Î˚yí˛yQ
(Cerebral aqueduct) ӈϰ– ÙôƒÙ!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˛õ,Ȥ˛#Î˚ xÇ¢ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ fl≥˛#ï˛ á[˛Ü˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚ñ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yÎ˚y!í»˛ˆÏç!Ùly åcorpora quadrigeminaä ӈϰ– ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò G ˛õŸã˛yòÙ!hflÏ‹Ò
Ù!hflÏ‹Òܲy[˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
21.4.3. ˛õŸã˛yò Ù!hflÏ‹Ò (Hind Brain) ı
˛õl§‰ñ °â%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ ˆÙí˛y°y åˆÙí˛y°y xÓ°Çàyê˛yä !وϰ ˛õŸã˛yòÙ!hflÏ‹Ò àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õl§ ˆ§•z§Ó
fl¨yÎ˚%˛õÌ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Ó˚yˆÏá– Ó•%
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ fiÌyl ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ !l!Ù_ ˆ§!Ó˚ˆÏÓ°yˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛° xï˛ƒhs˝ Ü%˛[˛°#ï˛ •Î˚– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
ˆÙí˛y°y xÇ¢ §%£Ï%¡¨yܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÙí˛y°yÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ fl¨yÎ%̊ˆÏܲwà%ˆÏ°y Ÿª§lñ ܲy!í≈˛G˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚
!Ó˚ˆÏÊœ˛: G àƒy§!ê˛∆ܲ Ó˚§ «˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
322 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

21.5 ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !ܲÎ˚y G ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ ã˛y˛õ (Reflex action and Reflex Arc) ı
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÇ¢ xyܲ!fløܲ˲yˆÏÓ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ àÓ˚Ùñ ë˛yu˛yñ §)ã˛yˆÏ°y Ó› Óy ˲#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ xÌÓy !Ó£Ïy=˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ° ï˛Í«˛îyÍ ˆ§•z xÇ¢ˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚•z xyˆÏSÈ–
≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ í˛zj#˛õlyÎ˚ §yí˛¸y òyˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z §Ù@˝Ã ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ˆÎ!ê˛ x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ˲yˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y Óy
!ã˛hs˝y SÈyí˛¸y•z ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ myÓ˚y §¡õߨ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !ܲÎ˚y ӈϰ– ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛
!ܲÎ˚y˛õˆÏÌ Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xhs˝Óy≈ •# !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ l å@˝Ãy•Ü˛ä G ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó!•Ó≈y•# !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ l åܲyÓ˚ܲ xÌÓy í˛zˆ_Ï çܲä
ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÙ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 21.5 ˆòˆÏáyä– xhsÓ≈y•# !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl §ÇK˛yÓ• xAà ˆÌˆÏܲ
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf å§%£Ï%¡¨yܲyˆÏ[˛ä ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó!•Ó≈y•# !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ï˛ál ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ xˆÏAà ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zj#˛õly G ï˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ ˛õÌ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy l#ˆÏã˛ •Ñyê%˛ VÑ˛y!ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
•Ñyê%˛ VÑ˛y!ܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îb §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 21.5ä xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

xhs˝Óy≈ •# fl¨yÎ%̊˛õÌ ˛õ,¤˛ Ù)°#Î˚ ˆŸªï˛

àƒyÇ!°Î˚l Ó›
ˆ˛õ!¢ !˛flõu˛°
å@˝Ãy•Ü˛ä
ô)§Ó˚˛
Ó›

í˛zj#˛õܲ •zrê˛yÓ˚!lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ l
ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ ~u˛ ˆ≤’ê˛ Ó!•Ó≈y•# fl¨yÎ%̊˛õÌ
åܲyÓ˚Ü˛ä ˆã˛T˛#Î˚ !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ l
§yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚y

!ã˛e 21.5 / ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ å•Ñyê%˛ VÑ˛y!ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚y •°ä

21.6 §ÇK˛yÓ• í˛zj#˛õly @˝Ã•î G ï˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî

(Sensory Reception and Processing) :
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ܲálG ˆË˛ˆÏÓSñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ç°ÓyÎ˚% ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ç!l§ G ï˛yÓ˚ Óî≈ Óy Ó˚Ç ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyG⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyG⁄ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y ¢ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf §!ë˛Ü˛ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˛õyë˛yÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ü˛°
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ à,•#ï˛ §ÇÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚î G !ӈϟ’£Ïî âˆÏê˛– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~•z §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ Óy
ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~˲yˆÏÓ•zñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ åò¢≈ˆÏl!wÎ˚ä ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ å◊ÓˆÏî!wÎ˚ä àë˛l G ܲyç §¡∫ˆÏrô ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
 fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl 323

K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚§Ù)• (Sense Organs)ı

xyÙÓ˚y lyܲ myÓ˚y Ó›Ó˚ àrô ¢%Ñ!ܲñ !ç•¥y myÓ˚y fl∫yò @˝Ã•î ܲ!Ó˚ñ ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ¢%!l ~ÓÇ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
!Ó!˲ߨ Ó› ˆò!á– àrô ˆ¢ÑyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ lyˆÏܲ !Ùí˛zܲy§ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
x°ˆÏÊ˛Q!Ó˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ åâyî@˝Ãy•Ü˛ä ӈϰ– ~à%ˆÏ°y x°ˆÏÊ˛Q!Ó˚ ~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚yÙ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•
!lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– x°ˆÏÊ˛Q!Ó˚ ~!˛õˆÏÌ!°Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ îà%ˆ°
Ï y Ó!•≈˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓhflïÏ, ˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y
Óí˛Ó#l xyܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xˆÏAà !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚– ~•z xAàà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ x°ˆÏÊ˛Q!Ó˚ ÓyÕ∫ ӈϰ ÎyÓ˚y Ù!hflˆÏ ‹Ï ÒÓ˚ !°!¡∫Ü˛ï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚
≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ xÇ¢–
lyܲ ~ÓÇ !ç•¥y í˛z˲Î˚•z oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈àˆ% °Ï yˆÏܲ ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ fl∫yò G âyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
@˝Ãy•Ü˛à%ˆ°Ï y ܲyÎ≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– !ç•¥y fl∫yò@˝Ãy•Ü˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ fl∫yò ˆÜ˛yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yò ¢ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– áyÓyÓ˚ ˆáˆÏ° Óy ˛õyl#Î˚ˆÏï˛ ã%˛Ù%ܲ !òˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù!hflÏ‹Ò fl∫yò
ˆÜ˛yÓ˚ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ Óyï≈˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° fl∫yò
xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚–
21.6.1 ˆã˛yá (Eye)ı
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛«%˛mÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÎ Ü%˛ë%˛!Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!«˛ˆÏܲyê˛Ó˚ ӈϰ– !lˆÏ¡¨ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ àë˛l G ܲyç §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°–
21.6.1.1 ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ (Parts of an eye) ı
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ x!«˛ˆÏày°Ü˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ •Î˚– ~•z ã˛«%˛ˆÏày°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !ehflÏÓ˚# •Î˚ å!ã˛e 21.6
ˆòˆÏáyä– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ âl ˆÎyçܲܲ°y myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆflœÒÓ˚y (Sclera)– ~•z hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡ø%á
xÇ¢ˆÏܲ ӈϰ ܲ!î≈Î˚y (Cornea)– ÙôƒhflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ (Choroid) Ó•% Ó˚=˛Óy• §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ
l#°y˲ ˆòáyÎ˚– x!«˛ˆÏày°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õŸã˛yò!òˆÏܲÓ˚ ò%•zÈüÈï,˛ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ ˆÜ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y •Î˚– !ܲv ~!ê˛ §¡ø%á
xLjϢ ˆÙyê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ !§!°Î˚y!Ó˚ Ó!í˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !§!°Î˚y!Ó˚ Ó!í˛ §¡ø%á !òˆÏܲ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚OܲÎ%=˛
~ÓÇ xfl∫FSÈ àë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ xy•z!Ó˚§
ӈϰ– xy•z!Ó˚§ •° ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ò,¢ƒÙyl Óî≈ÙÎ˚
xÇ¢– x!«˛ˆÏày°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫FSÈ fl≥˛!ê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
!˲!Ïê˛∆Îy˚ §
ˆ°™ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ !§!°Î˚y!Ó˚ Ó!í˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ xƒyÜ%˛Î˚y§ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛
≤ÈÏܲy¤˛
!°àyˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyˆÏl xÓfiÌyl ˆÊ˛y!˲Î˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ §¡ø%á ˲yˆÏà xy•z!Ó˚§ myÓ˚y
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ !T˛ï˛ xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚rô (Pupil) ӈϰ– ˆ°™
xrô!Ó®%
xy•z!Ó˚§ ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛v myÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ Óƒy§ xy•z!Ó˚§ x˛õ!ê˛Ü˛
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– ܲ!î≈
Î ˚
y
fl¨yÎ˚%
x!«˛ˆÏày°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly
•° ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛
ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xÓfiÌylÓ˚ï˛ !§!°Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆflœÒÓy˚
Ó!í˛
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y •° û àƒyÇ!°Î˚l ˆÜ˛y¢ñ Óy•zˆ˛Ï õy°yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°yܲ@˝Ãy•# ˆÜ˛y¢ (Photorecep- !ã˛e 21.6 / !ã˛ˆÏe ã˛«%˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
tor cells)–
324 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyˆÏï˛ ò%•z Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ@˝Ãy•# ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ û Ó˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ G ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
Óï≈˛Ùyl xyˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏÓò# ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛là%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ Ê˛ˆÏê˛y!˛õàˆÏÙrê˛ (Photopigment) ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢ !òÓyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
(Photopic) ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ Óî≈ Óy Ó˚Ç (Scotopic) ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Ù,ò% xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚í˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ Ó˚ˆÏí˛y˛õ!§l Óy
!˲§%ˆÏÎ˚° ˛õy˛õ≈y° lyÙܲ ˆÓà%!lüÈ°y° ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !˲ê˛y!Ùl A ~Ó˚ °kô ˛õòyÌ≈G ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÎ%=˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏÓò#
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~Ó˚y °y°ñ §Ó%ç G l#° xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §yí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚– ~•z !ï˛l ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢ G
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚OˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ùß∫Î˚ myÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Îál §Ù˲yˆÏÓ
í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ~ܲ!ê˛ §yòy xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
x!«˛ˆÏày°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õŸã˛yòˆÏÙÓ˚%Ó˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ Ó˚=˛Óy• ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
x˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ%̊ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– ~•z xM˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyˆÏ°yܲ @˝Ãy•# ˆÜ˛y¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ xrô!Ó®% ӈϰ–
ã˛«%˛Ó˚ ˛õŸã˛yòˆÏÙÓ%̊ˆÏï˛ xrô!Ó®%Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆÎ •°%òy˲ Ó˚Oܲ !Ó®% ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ ÙƒyÜ%˛°y °%!ê˛Î˚y ӈϰñ ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
Ü)˛˛õ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚y ӈϰ– ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y í˛zò‰àï˛ xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
âl§!ߨ!ÓT˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ ~•z xLjϢ•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ flõT˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆ°™ G ܲ!î≈Î˚yÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ xƒyÜ%˛Î˚y§ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y ç°#Î˚
ï˛Ó˚° ˛õ)î≈ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~•z ï˛Ó˚°!ê˛ˆÏܲ xƒyÜ%˛Î˚y§ !•í˛zÙÓ˚ ӈϰ– ˆ°™ G ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ !˲!ê˛∆Î˚y§
≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ ӈϰ– ~•z ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛!ê˛ fl∫FSÈ ˆç!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˛õ)î≈ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ˆç!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ï˛Ó˚°ˆÏܲ !˲!ê˛∆Î˚y§
!•í˛zÙÓ˚ ӈϰ–
21.6.1.2 ò¢≈l ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Mechanism of Vision) :
ò,¢ƒÙyl ï˛Ó˚Aà ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬à%ˆÏ°y ܲ!î≈Î˚y G ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ xy˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚í˛ G
ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏà•z Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yá xyˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏÓò# ˆÎÔà §Ù!ß∫ï˛
•Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° x˛õ!§l å~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lä ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly° å!˲ê˛y!Ùl A ~Ó˚ xƒy°!í˛•y•zí˛ä– xyˆÏ°yܲ
x˛õ!§l ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÓÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° x˛õ!§l ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛–
~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ ˆË˛òƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ xyˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏÓò# ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚
§,!T˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy Óy•zˆÏ˛õy°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ àƒyÇ!°Î˚l ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !ܲÎ˚y!Ó˲Ó
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !ܲÎ˚y!Ó˲Óà%ˆÏ°y åflõ®l§Ù)•ä x˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ò¢≈lˆÏܲˆÏw (Visual
Cortex) ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z fiÌyˆÏl fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïl âˆÏê˛ G ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!ӈϡ∫Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚
flø,!ï˛ G x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î •Î˚–
21.6.2. ܲî≈ / (The ear)
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛î≈ ◊Óî ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy ~•z ò%!ê˛ §ÇK˛yÓ• ܲyç §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚
fiÌy!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛î≈ˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl xLjϢ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ û ~à%ˆÏ°y •° Ó!•/ܲî≈ñ ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ G xhs˝/
ܲî≈ å!ã˛e 21.7 ˆòˆÏáyä–
 fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl 325

ˆê˛ˆÏ¡õyÓ˚y° x!fiÌ
ܲî≈SÈe ˆÙ!°Î˚y§
•zlܲy§
!í˛¡∫yܲyÓ˚
çyly°y!fiÌï˛ ˆfiê˛!˛õ§

ܲܲ!°Î˚yÓ˚
fl¨yÎ˚%
ܲܲ!°Î˚y
!ê˛¡õƒy!lܲ ˛õò≈y
ܲî≈Ü%˛•Ó˚
•zí˛zˆfiÏ ê˛!ã˛Î˚yl
ly!°
!ã˛e 21.7 / ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ

Ó!•/ܲî≈ ܲî≈SÈe (Pinna) ~ÓÇ Ü˛î≈Ü%˛•Ó˚ (External auditory Canal) !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ܲî≈SÈe Óy
!˛õlyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Çà,•#ï˛ ÓyÎ%̊Óy!•ï˛ ¢∑ ܲ¡õl•z ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲî≈Ü%˛•Ó˚!ê˛ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚
G ܲî≈˛õê˛• å!ê˛¡õƒy!lܲ ˛õò≈yä ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ܲî≈FSÈe G ܲî≈Ü%˛•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ cˆÏܲ !ܲS%È xï˛ƒhs˝ §)- ˆÓ˚yÙ G
ˆÙyÙ «˛Ó˚îܲyÓ˚# @˝Ã!rÌ ÌyˆÏܲ– ܲî≈˛õê˛ˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ cˆÏܲ xyÓ,ï˛ ˆÎyçܲ ܲ°y ~ÓÇ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !Ùí˛zܲy§
!V˛!Õ‘ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ÙôƒÜ˛ˆÏî≈ !ï˛l!ê˛ x!fiÌ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~à%ˆÏ°y •° û ˆÙ!°Î˚y§ñ •zlܲy§ G ˆfiê˛!˛õ§– ~•z
x!fiÌeÎ˚ !¢Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚– ˆÙ!°Î˚y§ x!fiÌ!ê˛ Ü˛î≈˛õê˛ˆÏ•Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ ˆfiê˛!˛õ§
x!fiÌ!ê˛ Ü˛Ü˛!°Î˚yÓ˚ G˲y° í˛z•zˆÏu˛yÓ˚ Óy !í˛¡∫yܲyÓ˚ çyly°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z x!fiÌà%ˆÏ°y xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈
¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ •zí˛zˆÏfiê˛!ã˛Î˚yl ly!° ÙôƒÜ˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ à°!Ó°ˆÏܲ
Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ly!° ܲî≈˛õê˛ˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ÓyÎ˚% ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §Ùï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛Ó˚° ˛õ)î≈ xhs˝/ܲî≈ˆÏܲ °ƒyÓy•z!Ó˚rÌ ÓˆÏ°– ~!ê˛ x!fiÌÙÎ˚ G ˛õò≈yÙÎ˚ °ƒyÓ˚y•z!Ó˚rÌ ~•z ò%!ê˛ xLjϢÓ˚
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ ܲ!Ùܲ §IyÜ˛Ù x!fiÌÙÎ˚ °ƒyÓy•z!Ó˚rÌ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ≤Ãîy°#à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õò≈yÙÎ˚ °ƒyÓy•z!Ó˚rÌ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛Îy ˆ˛õ!Ó˚!°¡≥˛ lyÙܲ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚° myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!T˛ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õò≈yÙÎ˚ °ƒyÓy•z!Ó˚rÌ ~ˆÏu˛y!°¡≥˛ lyÙܲ ï˛Ó˚° myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ ÌyˆÏܲ– °ƒyÓy•z!Ó˚ˆÏrÌÓ˚ Ü%˛[˛°#Ü,˛ï˛ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ
ܲܲ!°Î˚y ӈϰ– ܲܲ!°Î˚y àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ˛õò≈y ò%!ê˛ •° û !Ó˚§lyÓ˚ G Óƒy!§°yÓ˚ ˛õò≈y– ~•z ò%•z ˛õò≈y ˆ˛õ!Ó˚!°¡≥˛
ï˛Ó˚°˛õ)î≈ x!fiÌÙÎ˚ °ƒyÓy•z!Ó˚r̈Ïܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ flÒƒy°y ˆË˛!fiê˛!Óí˛z!° G l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ flÒƒy°y !ê˛¡õƒy!lˆÏï˛
!Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 21.8 ˆòˆÏáyä– Ü˛Ü˛!°Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ fiÌyl!ê˛ˆÏܲ flÒƒy°y!Ù!í˛Î˚y ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ~ˆÏu˛y!°¡≥˛
˛õ)î≈ ÌyˆÏܲ– ܲܲ!°Î˚yÓ˚ Ù)°ˆÏòˆÏ¢ flÒƒy°y ˆË˛!fiê˛!Óí˛z!°!ê˛ñ G˲y° í˛z•zˆÏu˛y x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ flÒƒy°y !ê˛¡õƒ!l Ó˚yí˛zu˛
í˛z•zˆÏu˛yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚– Ó˚yí˛zu˛ í˛z•zˆÏu˛y!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ÙôƒÜ˛ˆÏî≈ í˛zß√%=˛ •Î˚–
326 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

!Ó˚§lyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õò≈y

flÒƒy°y!Ù!í˛Î˚y flÒƒy°y ˆË˛!fiê˛!Óí˛z!°

xà≈yl xÓ Ü˛!ê≈˛

ˆê˛ˆÏQy!Ó˚Îy˚ ° ˛õò≈y

Óƒy!§°yÓ˚ ˛õò≈y
flÒƒy°y !ê˛Ù¡õƒy!l
!ã˛e 21.8 / ܲܲ!°Î˚yÓ˚ ˆSÈò ò,¢ƒ–

Óƒy!§°yÓ˚ ˛õò≈y!fiÌï˛ ˆÓ˚yÙ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ àë˛lˆÏܲ xà≈yl xÓ Ü˛!ê≈˛ (Organ of Corti) ӈϰ– xà≈yl
xÓ Ü˛!ê≈˛ ◊Óî @˝Ãy•Ü˛ Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ˆÓ˚yÙ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ°
Ï y xà≈yl xÓ Ü˛!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òˆÏܲ §y!Ó˚ÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ
xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ˚yÙ¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !˲!_≤Ãyhs˝ xhs˝Ó≈y•# fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛vÓ˚ !l!Óí˛¸ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÓ˚yÙ¢
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yà ˆÌˆÏܲ x§Çრ§)eyܲyÓ˚ àë˛l í˛zò‰àï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !fiê˛!Ó˚G !§!°Î˚y ӈϰ– ˆÓ˚yÙ¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
§y!Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y !fiÌ!ï˛fiÌy˛õܲ ˛õò≈y ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏQy!Ó˚Î˚y° ˛õò≈y (Tectorial mem-
brane) ӈϰ–

xhs˝/ܲî≈G ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° ï˛sf §Ù!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆË˛!fiê˛!Óí˛z°yÓ˚ Îsf (Vestibular apparatus)
ӈϰ– ˆË˛!fiê˛!Óí˛z°yÓ˚ Îsf!ê˛ Ü˛Ü˛!°Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fiÌyˆÏl xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆË˛!fiê˛!Óí˛z°yÓ˚ Îsf !ï˛l!ê˛ xô≈Ó_, yܲyÓ˚
ly!° ~ÓÇ §ƒyÜ%˛!° ~ÓÇ •zí˛z!ê˛∆ܲ° §Ù!ß∫ï˛ xˆÏê˛y!°Ì Îsf !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xô≈Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ly!° !Ó!˲ߨ
ï˛ˆÏ° ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÙˆÏܲyˆÏî xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˛õò≈yÙÎ˚ ly!°à%ˆ° Ï y x!fiÌÙÎ˚ ly!°Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚!°ˆÏ¡≥˛ !lÙ!Iï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ly!°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù)°ˆÏò¢ fl≥˛#ï˛ •Î˚ ~•z fl≥˛#ï˛ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ xƒy¡õ%°y ӈϰ– xƒy¡õ%°yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚yÙ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢
§Ù!ß∫ï˛ í˛zò‰àï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zÑã%˛ xÇ¢ Óï˛≈Ùylñ ~ˆÏܲ !ܲfiê˛y xƒy¡õ%°y!Ó˚§ (Crista ampullaris) ӈϰ– §ƒyÜ%˛!°
G •zí˛z!ê˛∆ܲˆÏ° í˛zò‰àï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zÑã%˛ xÇ¢ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏܲ ÙƒyÜ%˛°y ӈϰ– !ܲfiê˛y G ÙƒyÜ%˛°y •° ˆË˛!fiê˛!Óí˛z°yÓ˚
ΈÏsfÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ñ ÎyÓ˚y ˆò•Ë˛!Aà G ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
 fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl 327

20.6.2.1 ◊Óî ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Mechanism of hearing) :

ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛î≈ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ flõ®ˆÏl Ó˚˛) õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ˆÎ flõ®l Ù!hfl‹Ï Ò myÓ˚y xl%˲) ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ӈϟ’!£Ïï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ˆÏܲ ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ Ó!•/ܲî≈ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ܲî≈˛õê˛ˆÏ• (Eardrum) ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢∑ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛î≈˛õê˛• ܲ!¡õï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
ܲ¡õl§Ù)• ܲî≈y!fiÌÓ˚ åˆÙ!°Î˚y§ñ •zlܲy§ ~ÓÇ ˆfiê˛!˛õ§ä ÙyôƒˆÏÙ G˲y° í˛z•zˆÏu˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z
ܲ¡õl§Ù)• ܲܲ!°Î˚y!fiÌï˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~Ó˚y !°ˆÏ¡≥˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛Ó˚Aà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !°ˆÏ¡≥˛ §,T˛ ~•z
ï˛Ó˚Aà§Ù)• Óƒy!§°yÓ˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ Ù,ò% xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Óƒy!§°yÓ˚ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ~•z xyˆÏ®y°l ˆÓ˚yÙ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ
!ܲS%Èê˛y xÓl!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏQy!Ó˚Î˚y° ˛õò≈yÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ §Ç°@¿ xhs˝Ó≈y•#
fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ flõ®l §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z flõ®l§Ù)• x!í˛ê˛!Ó˚ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xhs˝Ó≈y•# ï˛v myÓ˚y Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
x!í˛ê˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏê≈˛: Óy ◊Óî xM˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ~•z xM˛ˆÏ°•z fl¨yÎ˚% flõ®là%ˆÏ°y !ӈϟ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ G
xyÙÓ˚y ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z–

§yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ

fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xˆÏAàÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl G §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛Í§ˆÏAà xAà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó˛õyܲ
!ܲÎ˚y !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ §yÙƒyÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈àï˛ ~ܲܲ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl •° í˛zˆÏ_çܲ ˆÜ˛y¢– ܲyÓ˚î
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ í˛z˲Î˚!òˆÏܲ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àyì˛¸ˆÏcÓ˚ l!ï˛Ùyey ÌyˆÏܲ– !Ó◊yÙÓ˚ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ï˛!í˛¸Í !Ó˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ !fiÌ!ï˛!ÓË˛Ó ÓˆÏ°– ~ܲ!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛vÓ˚ xƒy:l ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%≤ÃÓy•
!Ó§ÏÙÓï≈˛l G ˛õ%l/§ÙyÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà Ó˚ˆ) Ï˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ fl¨yÎ%̊§!ߨ!ô ≤Ãy܉˛§!ߨ!ô !V˛!Õ‘ G ˛õŸã˛yò§!ߨ!ô !V˛!Õ‘ !lˆÏÎ˚
à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌyl §!ߨ!ô ≤Ãîy°# myÓ˚y ˛õ,Ìܲ ÌyܲˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ lyG ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ôˆÏï˛ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ fl¨yÎ˚% flõ®l ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ӈϰ–
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ò%!ê˛ xÇ¢ !Ó˲=˛ ÎÌy û ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (CNS) G ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (PNS)– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
Ù!hflÏ‹Ò G §%£Ï%¡¨yܲy[˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ 3!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl xÇ¢ •° û (i) x@˝ÃÙ!hflÏ‹Òñ (ii) ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Òñ (iii) ˛õŸã˛yò
Ù!hflÏ‹Ò– x@˝ÃÙ!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !ï˛l!ê˛ xÇ¢ •° û à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏ‹Òñ ̃y°yÙy§ G •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§– à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò xl%˜Ïòâ≈ƒË˛yˆÏÓ ò%!ê˛
xô≈yLjϢ !Ó˲=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z ò%!ê˛ xô≈yÇ¢ ܲÓ˚˛õy§ ܲƒyˆÏ°y§yÙ myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– x@˝ÃÙ!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢ •°
•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ Îy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ áyòƒ@˝Ã•îñ ç°˛õyl •zï˛ƒy!ò !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– à%Ó˚%Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ §•ˆÏÎyà# xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛sf à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ !°!¡∫ܲï˛sf ӈϰ– ~•z ï˛sf âyîyl%Ë)˛!ï˛ñ fl∫Î˚Ç!ܲÎ˚
ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfîñ ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚îñ xyˆÏÓà G xyˆÏÓà ç!lï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îñ xl%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îy •zï˛ƒy!ò !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Òñ
ò¢≈lñ flõ¢≈yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ñ ◊Óî •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õl§‰ñ °â% Ù!hflÏ‹Ò G
ˆÙí˛y°y !وϢ ˛õŸã˛yò Ù!hflÏ‹Ò à!ë˛ï˛– °â% Ù!hflÏ‹Òñ ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ xô≈ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ly!°Ü˛y ~ÓÇ ◊Óî ï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyï≈˛y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ G
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÙí˛y°yÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆÜ˛wà%ˆ° Ï y Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲy!í≈˛G˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÊÏ ˛œ : Óy àƒy!fiê˛∆ܲ «˛Ó˚î •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ
!lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õl§‰ ~Ùl ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y fl¨yÎ˚%˛õÌ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ÎyÓ˚y Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õlyÎ˚ x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !ܲÎ˚y ӈϰ–
328 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §Çܲyhs˝ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!° §ÇˆÏÓò# xˆÏAàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ •Î˚ G ˆ§áyˆÏl à,•#ï˛
ï˛ÌƒyÓ!°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚î G !ӈϟ’£Ïî •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ál•z §yÙO§ƒ !ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ x!«˛ˆÏày°Ü˛ !ehflÏÓ˚#Î˚– Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ Ü˛!î≈Î˚y G ˆflœÒÓ˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆflœÒÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ÙôƒhflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ÓˆÏ°– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏÓò# ˆÜ˛y¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚í˛ G ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢
ӈϰ– !òˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ åˆÊ˛yˆÏê˛y!˛õܲä ò¢≈l G Óî≈ Óy Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲyçñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ {£ÏÍ Óy ܲÙ
xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ åˆflÒyˆÏê˛y!˛õܲä ò¢≈l Ó˚í˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲyç– Ü˛!î≈Î˚yñ ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ÓT˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó›Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ xÇ¢ û Ó!•/ܲî≈ñ ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ G xhs˝/ܲî≈– ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ !ï˛l!ê˛ x!fiÌ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~Ó˚y •° û ˆÙ!°Î˚y§ñ
•zlܲy§ G ˆfiê˛!˛õ§– ï˛Ó˚°˛õ)î≈ xhs˝/ܲî≈ˆÏܲ °ƒyÓy•z!Ó˚rÌ ÓˆÏ° ~ÓÇ °ƒyÓy•z!Ó˚ˆÏrÌÓ˚ Ü%˛[˛°#ï˛ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ ܲܲ!°Î˚y ӈϰ–
Óƒy!§°yÓ˚ ˛õò≈y!fiÌï˛ ˆÓ˚yÙ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ àë˛lˆÏܲ xà≈yl xÓ Ü˛!ê≈˛ ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ◊Óî @˝Ãy•Ü˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲî≈˛õê˛ˆÏ• §,T˛ ܲ¡õl ܲî≈y!fiÌ ~ÓÇ G˲y° í˛z•zˆÏu˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚°˛õ)î≈ xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈
fl¨yÎ%̊flõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z fl¨yÎ%̊flõ®l xhs˝Óy≈ •# fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛vÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ù!hflˆÏ ‹Ï ÒÓ˚ x!í˛ê˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏê˛≈ ˆÏ: ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚–
xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈ ܲܲ!°Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛°ï˛sfG ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ ˆË˛!fiê˛!Óí˛z°yÓ˚ Îsf ӈϰ– x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ ~ÓÇ ã˛°l myÓ˚y
~!ê˛ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•Ë˛!Aà G ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

xl%¢#°l#
1. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ àë˛l §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ı
åܲä Ù!hflÏ‹Ò åáä ã˛«%˛ åàä ܲî≈
2. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
åÜ˛ä ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
åáä !fiÌ!ï˛!ÓË˛Ó ~ÓÇ !ܲÎ˚y!Ó˲Ó
åàä ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÎ˚í˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly
3. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
åܲä ~ܲ!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛vÓ˚ !V˛!Õ‘Ó˚ §ÙÓï≈˛l–
åáä fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛vÓ˚ !V˛!Õ‘Ó˚ !Ó§ÏÙÓï≈˛l–
åàä fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛vÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊flõ®l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î–
åâä Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ôÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î–
4. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ àë˛là%!°Ó˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ !ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y
åܲä !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl åáä Ù!hflÏ‹Ò åàä ã˛«%˛ åâä ܲî≈
 fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl 329

5. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ !ê˛Ü˛y ˆ°ˆÏáy ı

åܲä fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl åáä x@˝ÃÙ!hflÏ‹Ò åàä ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò åâä ˛õŸã˛yò˛Ù!hflÏ‹Ò å.ä ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly åã˛ä ܲî≈y!fiÌ åSÈä
ܲܲ!°Î˚y åçä xà≈yl xÓ Ü˛!ê≈˛ åV˛ä fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ô–
6. §Ç!«˛Æ Óî≈ly òyG /
åܲä fl¨yÎ˚%§!ߨ!ôÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ flõ®l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÂô!ï˛
åáä ò¢≈l ˛õÂô!ï˛
åàä ◊Óî ˛õÂô!ï˛
7. §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG ı
åܲä ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ Óî≈ˆÏܲ ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄
åáä xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xÇ¢ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
åàä ã˛«%˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ xy˛õ!ï˛ï˛ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
8. Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
åܲä !ܲÎ˚y!ÓË˛Ó §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ Na+ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy–
åáä ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ flõ®l §,!T˛Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛–
åàä xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ fl¨yÎ˚% flõ®l §,!T˛Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛–
9. ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy ı
åܲä ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!°l Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!°l !Ó•#l xƒy:l–
åáä ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛ ~ÓÇ xƒy:l–
åàä Ó˚í˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢–
åâä ̃y°yÙy§ ~ÓÇ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§–
å.ä à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ °â%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò–
10. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG ı
åܲä ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xÇ¢ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ï˛#«¯˛ï˛y !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
åáä Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xÇ¢ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ í˛zߨï˛⁄
åàä xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xÇ¢!ê˛ Ùyfiê˛yÓ˚ Üœ˛Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
11. ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ã˛«%˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ ˆÎ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚% !là≈ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ û
åÜ˛ä ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚y
åáä xy•z!Ó˚§
åàä xrô!Ó®%
åâä x˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ˚yçÙy–
12. ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
åܲä xhs˝Ó≈y•# G Ó!•Ó≈y•#ÈüÈ!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl–
åáä ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!°l Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!°l !Ó•#l fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛vÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ flõ®l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î–
åàä xƒyÜ%˛Î˚y§ !•í˛zÙÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !˲!ê˛∆Î˚y§ !•í˛zÙÓ˚–
åâä xrô!Ó®% ~ÓÇ ˛õ#ï˛!Ó®%–
å.ä Ù!hflÏ‹Ò fl¨yÎ˚% ~ÓÇ §%£Ï%¡¨y fl¨yÎ˚%–
 330 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

xôƒyÎ˚ û 22
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ~ÓÇ ~ܲe#ܲÓî˚
(Chemical Coordination and Integration)

22.1. xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆçˆÏlˆÏSyÈ ˆÎñ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xAàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ o%ï˛ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl§Ù)• fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl o%ï˛ !ܲv fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛và%ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ ly xÌã˛
22.2. Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° x!ÓÓ˚yÙ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •GÎ˚yG ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çlñ ï˛y•z ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl G ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚
ï˛sf ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆòˆÏ• Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyç!ê˛ §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y
ï˛sf ~ܲˆÏe ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl G !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
22.3. •Í!˛õ[˛˛ñ Ó,E˛ ~ÓÇ
˛õyã˛lly!° ˆÌˆÏܲ 22.1. xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ ~ÓÇ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl§Ù)• (Endocrine glands and Hormones) ı
«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl§Ù)•
xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°y ly!°!Ó•#l •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xly° @˝Ã!rÌ ÓˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ~•z @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ «˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
22.4. •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ӈϰ– ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ §ÇK˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Ó› Îy xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛
ܲyÎ≈˛õÂô!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zͲõ!_fiÌ° ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xˆÏAà ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl !ܲÎ˚y¢#° •Î˚–
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ §ÇK˛y •° •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï x˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ oÓƒ /
Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ x!ï˛ x“ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî í˛zͲõߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyhs˝/ˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ Óyï≈˛yÓ•Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°y
ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ lï%˛l ˜çÓ xî% ~•z lï%˛l §ÇK˛yÓ˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏÙÓ%̊ò!u˛
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs/«˛Ó˚yï˛sf á%Ó•z §Ó˚° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇáƒyG x“–
x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ˆÙÓ˚ò% !u˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x§ÇრÓ˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ• Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
§Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚yï˛sf Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
 Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ~ÓÇ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î 331
331

22.2 ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚yï˛sfı (Human

Endoerine System) ı
•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§
Hypothalamus !˛õ!lÎ˚y°
Pineal
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚
Pituitary
xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ ~ÓÇ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !SÈ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ xÓfiÌylÓ˚ï˛
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# ܲ°y ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ~ÓÇ
Thyroid and
˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛
Parathyroid
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y ï˛sf àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚ñ
!˛õ!lÎ˚y°ñ Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ñ xƒy!í»˛ly°ñ x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ñ
Ìy•zÙy§
Thymus
˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓˆ˚ ÎÏ í˚ ˛ñ Ìy•zÙy§ G ˆàylyí˛ å˛õ%Óˆ%˚ £Ï ÓÏ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
¢%ܲy¢Î˚ ~ÓÇ flf#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ä •° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ å!ã˛e å22.1 Pancreas
x@¿ƒy¢Î˚
ˆòˆÏáyä– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°y SÈyí˛¸yG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Adrenal
xƒy!í»˛ly°
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xAà ˆÎÙl ÎÜ,˛Íñ Ó,E˛ñ •,Í!˛õ[˛˛ ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚˛õyܲ ï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲG •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl «˛!Ó˚ï˛
•Î˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ñ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xl%ˆÏFSÈòà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ó ≤Ãôyl xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ ~ÓÇ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚
Ovary
(in# ˆòˆÏ
female) ¢%ܲy¢Î˚
Testis
•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ àë˛l G ܲyç §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ åflf •ä (in
å˛õ%Ómale)
˚%£Ï ˆòˆÏ•ä
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

22.2.1 •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ (The hypothala-

mus) !ã˛e 22.1 ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ• xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl–

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏlSÈ ˆÎñ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ •° x@˝ÃÙ!hflψϋÒÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ í˛yÎ˚ylˆÏ§Ê˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î xÇ¢ Îy

ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyÎ≈ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!§ˆÏܲê˛!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y à%FSÈ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚
•Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ~ÓÇ «˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§ í˛zͲõߨ •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
•Î˚ û !Ó˚!°!çÇ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl åÎy !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ä ~ÓÇ •zl!•!Ó!ê˛Ç •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl åÎy
!˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ä– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ ˆàylyˆÏí˛yê˛∆!˛õl
!Ó˚!°!çÇ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl åGnRHä !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ «˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆàylyˆÏí˛yê˛∆!˛õl
lyÙܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ ˆ§yÙyˆÏê˛yˆÏfiê˛!ê˛l !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô í˛zj#˛õܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl «˛Ó˚ˆÏî Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°y!Ùܲ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏl í˛zͲõߨ
•ˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ%̊≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ%̊≤Ãyhs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y ˆ˛õyê≈˛y° §ÇÓ•lï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §ÇÓy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!r̈Ïï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ x@˝Ã
!˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õŸã˛yÍ !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ xyÓyÓ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ
!lÎ˚sfîyô#l å!ã˛e 22.2 ˆòˆÏáyä–
 332 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

22.2.2. !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ Pituitary Gland : •y•z ˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§

Hypothalamus
~•z @˝Ã!rÌ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ù)°ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˆ§°y ê˛yÓ˚!§Ü˛y lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!fiÌ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚
Hypothalamic
!l!Ù≈ï˛ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛– ~!ê˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl §Ù)•
neurons

~ܲ!ê˛ Ó, ˆ Ï h s˝ Ó ˚ §y•yˆÏ Î ƒ Î% = ˛ ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛– å!ã˛e 22.2 ˆòˆÏ á yä

¢yÓ˚ # Ó˚ fi Ìy!lܲ˲yˆÏ Ó ~!ê˛ xƒy!í˛ˆÏ l y•y•z ˆ Ï ˛ õyÊ˛y•z ! §§ ~ÓÇ
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚y•y•zˆÏ˛õyÊ˛y•z!§ˆÏ§ !Ó˲=˛– xƒy!í˛ˆÏly•y•zˆÏ˛õyÊ˛y•z!§§ ˛õy§≈
!í˛§ˆÏê˛!°§ ~ÓÇ ˛õy§≈ •zrê˛yÓ˚!Ù!í˛Î˚y lyÙܲ ò%!ê˛ xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
!˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ˛õy§≈ !í˛§ˆÏê˛y!°§ xM˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ x@˝Ã !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚
ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ@˝ÃyÌ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl (GH), ˆ≤Ãy°ƒyܲ!ê˛l (PRL)ñ
Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ !fiê˛Ù%ˆÏ°!ê˛Ç •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (TSH)ñ xƒy!í»˛ˆÏlyܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲyê˛∆!˛õܲ
•Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl (ACTH)ñ !°í˛z!ê˛ly•z!çÇ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl (LH) ~ÓÇ Ê˛!°Ü˛° ˆ˛õyê≈˛y° circulation
Portal §ÇÓ•l
!fiê˛Ù% ˆ Ï ° !ê˛Ç •Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ù yl (FSH) «˛!Ó˚ ï ˛ •Î˚ – xlƒ!òˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õy§≈
•zrê˛yÓ˚!Ù!í˛Î˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲÙye ˆÙ°yˆÏly§y•zê˛ !fiê˛Ù%ˆÏ°!ê˛Ç •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl!ê˛ ˛õŸã˛yÍ
Posterior
(MSH) «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õy§≈ •zrê˛yÓ˚!Ù!í˛Î˚yñ ˛õy§≈ pituitary
!˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚
!í˛§ê˛y!°ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ≤ÃyÎ˚ !وϢ ÌyˆÏܲ– !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚y•y•zˆÏ˛õyÊ˛y•z!§§ˆÏܲ
å˛õy§≈ lyÓ˚ˆÏ˲y§yä ˛õŸã˛yÍ !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚G ӈϰ– ~•z xLjϢ ˆÎ ò%!ê˛ Anterior
x@˝Ã
•Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl §!M˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ •Î˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ x!:ˆÏê˛y!§l ~ÓÇ pituitary
!˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚
ˆË˛ˆÏ§yˆÏ≤Ã!§l ӈϰ– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÙÏ ylà%ˆ° Ï y ≤Ãܲ, ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ •y•zˆ˛Ï õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§ !ã˛e 22.2 !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~•z
§ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚y•y•zˆÏ˛õy˛õy•z!§ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ãò¢≈l–
ˆ@˝ÃyÌ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ x!ï˛«˛Ó˚î âê˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ó,!Âô •Î˚–
~ˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü˛yÎ˚c (Gigantism) ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~•z •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫“ «˛Ó˚ˆîÏ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ Ó,!Âô Óƒy•ï˛
•Î˚– ~•z xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ç!lï˛ ÓyÙlc (Pituitary dwarfism) ӈϰ– ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛
ÙyV˛ÓÎ˚§# Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ@˝ÃyÌ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yˆÏlÓ˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ «˛Ó˚î ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˲#£Ïî Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ å!ӈϢ£Ïï˛
Ù%áÙ[˛˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ä !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛ âê˛yÎ˚– ~ˆÏܲ xƒyˆÏܲˆÏÙày!° ӈϰ– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ x!ï˛«˛Ó˚î Î!ò !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ly
xyly ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ à%Óï%˚ ˛Ó˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛y ˆòáy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xܲy° Ù,ï˛% ƒ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚yà!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z ܲ!ë˛lñ ~Ùl!ܲ ˆÓ˚yà# Ó•% ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚
Ë%˛àˆÏ°G ~!ê˛ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly xÌ≈yÍ Îï˛«˛î ly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y
˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ ly •Î˚ñ ï˛ï˛«˛l ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÓ˚yà!ê˛ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly– ˆ≤Ãy°ƒyܲ!ê˛l •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl hflÏl@˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G
~ˆÏï˛ ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòl !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– TSH Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï î G
«˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ACTH xƒy!í»˛ly° ܲˆÏê≈˛: ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ @’%ˆÏܲyܲ!ê˛Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ lyÙܲ ˆfiê˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ~ÓÇ «˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– LH ~ÓÇ FSH ˆàylyˆÏí˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yˆÏܲ
í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆàylyˆÏí˛yê˛∆!Ê˛l (Gonadotraphins) ӈϰ– ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe LH
¢%ܲy¢ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏu»˛yˆÏçl •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ «˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢%ܲyî%
í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ (Spermatogenesis) FSH ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏu»˛yˆÏçl !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
LH §¡õ)îÓ≈ ˆ)˚ ˛Ï õ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ê˛!°Ü˛° å@˝Ãy!Ê˛Î˚yl Ê˛!°Ü˛°ä ˆÌˆÏܲ !í˛¡∫yî% !l/§Ó˚ˆîÏ (Ovulation) §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óò#î≈ @˝Ãy!Ê˛Î˚yl Ê˛!°Ü˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ §,T˛ ܲÓ˚˛õy§ °%!ê˛Î˚yÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ fiÌy!Î˚c ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– FSH flf#
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !í˛¡∫Ì!° (Ovarian follicle)~Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚ MSH ˆÙ°yˆÏly§y•zˆêÏ ˛Ó˚
åˆÙ°y!llÎ%=˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ä í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~!ê˛ cˆÏܲÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Óî≈ !lÎ˚sîf ܲˆÏÓ–˚ x!:ˆÏê˛y!§l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ • Ó˚ Ù§, î ˆ˛õ!¢§Ù) ˆ Ï • Ó˚ í˛z ˛ õÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏ ò Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ Ü ˛yã˛lˆÏ Ü ˛ í˛z j #!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ –
 Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ~ÓÇ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î 333
333

Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢¢%Ó˚ çˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl!ê˛ çÓ˚yÎ˚%Ó˚ å•zí˛zˆÏê˛Ó˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ä

ï˛#Ó §ÇˆÏܲyã˛lˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ hflÏl@˝Ã!rÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%?ô !l/§Ó˚î âê˛yÎ˚–
ˆË˛ˆÏ§y≤Ã!§l Ù)°ï˛ Ó,ˆEÏ ˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ò)Ó˚ §ÇÓï≈˛ ly!°Ü˛y myÓ˚y ç°
G ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’£Ïƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ%l/ˆÏ¢y£ÏîˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ Ù)ˆÏeÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˛õã˛Î˚ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ï˛y•z ~•z •Ó˚ˆÙÏ ylˆÏܲ xƒy!rê˛ í˛y•z •zí˛zˆÓÏ !˚ ê˛Ü˛
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ADH ӈϰ–
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜ÓܲˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ADH ~Ó˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ïî G «˛Ó˚î ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
•ˆÏ° Ó,ˆEÏ ˛Ó˚ ç° §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ ç°
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ• ç° ¢)lƒï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ!ê˛§
fl∫Ó˚Îsf •zl!§!˛õí˛y§ ӈϰ–
22.2.3 !˛õ!lÎ˚y° @˝Ã!rÌ (Pineal gland) :
!˛õ!lÎ˚y° @˝Ã!rÌ x@˝ÃÙ!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏòˆÏ¢ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÙ°yˆÏê˛y!ll •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl!ê˛ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÙ°yˆÏê˛y!ll xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ 24 ârê˛yÓ˚
SÈy!®Ü˛ xyÓï≈˛l !lÎ˚sˆf îÏ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ
Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛
~!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !loy çyàÓ˚î ã˛Ü˛ (Sleep-wake cycle)
Ÿªy§ly°# ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ï˛y˛õÙyey ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~SÈyí˛¸y !Ó˛õyܲñ
cˆÏܲÓ˚ Óî≈ !lÎ˚sfîñ Ó˚ç/ã˛Ü˛ G ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
åܲä 22.2.4. Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌ (Thyroid Glands) :
Ìy•zÓˆ˚ ÎÏ í˚ ˛ @˝Ã!rÌ!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ á[˛ˆÏÜÏ ˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÎÏ ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ å!ã˛e 22.3 ˆòáä– ~•z á[˛Ü˛
ò%!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y ˆÎyàܲ°y !l!Ù≈ï˛ ˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
~•z ˛õyï˛°y ˛õyï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ •zfiÌÙy§ ӈϰ– Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌ Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ Ê˛!°Ü˛°
~ÓÇ ôye àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ܲ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ Ê˛!°Ü˛° ~ܲ!ê˛
à•¥Ó˚ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ê˛!°!ܲí˛z°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z
Ê˛!°!ܲí˛z°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y ò%!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï âê˛yÎ˚– ~à%ˆ°
Ï y •° û ˆê˛ê˛∆y
xyˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏí˛yÌy•zˆÓÏ y˚ !ll åT4ä Óy Ìy•zÓ!˚ :l G ê˛∆y•z xyˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏí˛yÌy•zˆÓÏ y˚ !ll åT3ä–
Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!r̈Ïï˛ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ •yˆÏÓ˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ xyˆÏÎ˚y!í˛ˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y çl •Î˚ – xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ áyˆÏ ò ƒ xyˆÏ Î ˚ y !í˛ˆÏ l Ó˚ x˲yÓç!lï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆ Ï î
•y•zˆÏ˛õyÌy•zÓ˚Î˚!í˛çÙ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ fl≥˛#!ï˛ âˆÏê˛– ~ˆÏܲ
˛õƒyÓ˚y Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛
@˝Ã!ŗÙ)• §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ àÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ӈϰ– àË≈˛yÓfiÌyÎ˚ •y•zˆÏ˛õyÌy•zÓ˚Î˚!í˛çˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Óô≈l¢#°
!¢¢%Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ G ˛õ!Ó˚îÙl Óƒy•ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%!ê˛Ó˚ Ó,!Âô Óyôy≤ÃyÆ
•Î˚ åˆÜ˛!ê˛!lçÙäñ !¢¢%Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ•#l •Î˚ñ Ü˛Ù Ó%ÂôyAܲ !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ñ
åá˛ä cܲ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ •Î˚ñ Ù%ܲÓ!ôÓ˚ •Î˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
!ã˛e 22.3 Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ G ˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ •y•zˆÏ˛õyÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚!í˛çÙ x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ó˚ç/ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛
xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ– åܲä xAܲ#Î˚ ˆò¢ @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ܲƒy™yÓ˚ xÌÓy Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!r̈Ïï˛ §,T˛ à%!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛
åáä ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ˆò¢ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£îÏ ~ÓÇ «˛Ó˚î xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ
•y•z˛õyÓ˚Ìy•zÓ˚Î˚!í˛ç٠ӈϰ Îy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_ˆÏܲ ÙyÓ˚ydܲ˲yˆÏÓ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
334 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

•y•zˆÏ˛õyÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚!í˛çˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚l •° ~:y˛õ̃y°!Ùܲ àÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ °«˛îç!lï˛

˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y •° û Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚yñ x!«˛ˆÏày°Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y !ë˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§yñ ˆÙÔ°
!Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ Gçl ܲˆÏÙ ÎyGÎ˚y– ~•z ˆÓ˚yà!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ@˝Ã˲§ ˆÓ˚yàG ӈϰ–

Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÙÔ°!Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ •yÓ˚ (BMR) !lÎ˚sfˆÏî à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy í˛zͲõyòˆÏlG §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏ• ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l G ˆfl¨•
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó˛õyܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ˆòˆÏ• ç° G ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’£Ïƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲG ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ìy•zˆÏÓ˚yܲƒy°!§ˆÏê˛y!ll (TCT) lyÙܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ܲƒy°!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùyey !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–

22.2.5. ˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌ (Parathyroid gland):

ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ• Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ˛õŸã˛yò˲yˆÏà ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ò%•z
áu˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓˆ˚ ÎÏ í˚ ˛ @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆ°
Ï y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È å!ã˛e 22.3 ˆòˆÏáyä– ˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓˆ˚ ÎÏ í˚ ˛
@˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (PTH) ӈϰ– Ó˚ˆÏ=˛
§ÇÓy!•ï˛ Ca++ ~Ó˚ Ùyey myÓ˚y PTH ~Ó˚ «˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚–

˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (PTH) Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ (Ca2+) Ùyey Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– PTH x!fiÌÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x!fiÌ Ü˛Aܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ x!fiÌܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§yÓ˚ åx!fiÌÓ˚ ˲y.l‡ x!fiÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ
á!lˆÏçÓ˚ x˛õ§Ó˚îä ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛yÎ˚ Ca2+ ~Ó˚
˛õ%lıˆÏ¢y£ÏîˆÏܲ G í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ã˛ï˛ áyòƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ca2+ ~Ó˚ ˛õ%lıˆÏ¢y£Ïî Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ê˛y
flõT˛ ˆÎñ PTH ~ܲ!ê˛ •y•z˛õyÓ˚ܲƒy°!§!Ùܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl xÌ≈yÍ ~!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ Ca2+ ~Ó˚ Ùyey Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– TCT
§• ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (PTH) ˆòˆÏ• ܲƒy°!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–

22.2.6 Ìy•zÙy§ (Thymus) ı

Ìy•zÙy§ ~ܲ!ê˛ á[˛Ü˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ @˝Ã!rÌñ Îy ò%!ê˛ Ê%˛§Ê˛%ˆ§Ï Ó˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ |Ó˚/Ê˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚ (Steanum) ˆ˛õSȈlÏ Ù•yôÙ!lÓ˚
xAܲˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛– Ìy•zÙy§ @˝Ã!rÌ xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛sf !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãôyl Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
@˝Ã!rÌ ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl Ìy•zˆÏÙy!§l «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛y¢!˲!_ܲ xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛y ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# T !°ˆÏ¡≥˛y§y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚
˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî Ìy•zˆÏÙy!§l Ù%რË)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ìy•zˆÏÙy!§l xƒy!rê˛Ó!í˛G ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y
Ó˚§!˲!_ܲ xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓÎ˚flÒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ìy•zÙy§ @˝Ã!rÌ!ê˛ «˛Î˚≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ìy•zˆÏÙy!§l
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó,ÂôˆÏòÓ˚ xlyÜ˛Ùƒ §yí˛¸y ò%Ó≈° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–

22.2.7. xƒy!í»˛ly° @˝Ã!rÌ (Adrenal gland) ı

xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á˲yˆÏà ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y xƒy!í»˛ly° @˝Ã!rÌ Óï≈˛Ùyl
å!ã˛e 22.4 ܲ ˆòˆÏáyä– ~•z @˝Ã!rÌ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ°yÓ˚ÈüȧÙß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xLjϢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ܲ°yˆÏܲ xƒy!í»˛ly° ˆÙí˛y°y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚!ôÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛°yˆÏܲ xƒy!í»˛ly° ܲˆÏê≈˛: ӈϰ– å!ã˛e 22.4 á
ˆòˆÏáyä–
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ~ÓÇ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î 335
335

xƒy!í»˛ly° @˝Ã!rÌ xƒy!í»˛ly° ܲˆÏê˛≈ :

xƒy!í»˛ly° ˆÙí%˛°y
Ó,E˛

åܲä åáä
!ã˛e 22.4 !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ãò¢≈l ı åܲä Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ xƒy!í»˛ly° @˝Ã!rÌ åáä ˆSȈÏòÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xƒy!í»˛ly°
@˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ xÇ¢ ˆòáyˆÏly •°–

xƒy!í»˛ly° ܲˆÏê≈˛: ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ fl∫“«˛Ó˚î ܲyˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛í˛ !Ó˛õyˆÏܲ !Ó⯠âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ˆò• xï˛ƒhs˝ ò%Ó°≈ G xÓ§yò@˝ÃfiÌ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~Ó˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ˆÓ˚yà ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ xƒy!í §lÓ!î≈ï˛
ˆÓ˚yà ӈϰ– xƒy!í»˛ly° ˆÙí˛y°y ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl ÎÌy û xƒy!í»˛ly!°l Óy ~!˛õˆÏl!Ê˛l ~ÓÇ lÓ˚ xƒy!í»˛ly!°l
Óy lÓ˚ ~!˛õˆÏl!Ê˛l «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ܲƒyˆÏê˛ˆÏܲy°yÙy•zl lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– xy˛õÍܲy°#l xÓfiÌyÎ˚
~ÓÇ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°yÎ˚ xƒy!í»˛ly!°l ~ÓÇ lÓ˚ xƒy!í»˛ly!°ˆÏlÓ˚ o%ï˛ «˛Ó˚î âˆÏê˛– ï˛y•z
~ˆÏòÓ˚ xy˛õÍܲy°#l •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (Fight or Flight hormone) ӈϰ– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y §ï˛Ü˛≈ï˛y Ó,!Âôñ
ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚îñ cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yÙ áyí˛¸y •GÎ˚yñ ~ÓÇ âÙ≈ !lı§Ó˚î •zï˛ƒy!ò ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!˛õˆÏl!Ê˛l ~ÓÇ
lÓ˚~!˛õˆÏl!Ê˛l ~•z ò%!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl•z •,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ñ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ Ÿª§l •yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲƒyˆÏê˛ˆÏܲy°yÙy•zl @’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ˲y.lˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ àyì˛¸c Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG
~Ó˚y ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l G ˆfl¨• ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲG ˲y.ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xƒy!í»˛ly° ܲˆÏê˛≈ :ˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ı ˆçyly ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°y!Ó˚§ åx˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î hflÓÏ ä˚ ñ ˆçyly ˆÊ˛!§!Ü˛í˛ˆz °
Ï ê˛y
åÙôƒÓï≈˛# hflÏÓ˚ä ˆçyly ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ%̊%ˆÏ°y§y åÓ!•ıhflÏÓ˚äñ xƒy!í»˛ly° ܲˆÏê≈˛: xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ü˛!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ü˛!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛à%ˆÏ°y ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y !Ó˛õyܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
@’%ˆÏܲyܲ!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ÓˆÏ°– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl @’%ˆÏܲyܲ!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛!ê˛ •° ܲ!ê≈˛ˆÏ§y°– ˆÎ ܲ!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏ•
ç° G ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’£Ïƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÙlyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏ°yܲ!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ÓˆÏ°– xƒy°ˆÏí˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l
•° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl !ÙlyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏ°yܲ!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛–
@’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yܲ!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎí˚ ˛à%ˆ°
Ï y @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛y!lGˆÏçˆÏl!§§ñ °y•zˆ˛Ï õy°y•z!§§ñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛G°y•z!§§ˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢
xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ G ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ Óyôyòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲ!ê≈˛ˆÏ§y° ܲy!í≈˛G˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ !§ˆÏfiê˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ã˛y°% Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– @’%ˆÏܲyܲ!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛à%ˆÏ°y !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Ü˛!ê≈˛ˆÏ§y°
≤Ãòy• !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlyÜ˛Ùƒ §yí˛¸y ≤ÃòylˆÏܲ xÓò!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
 336 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

ܲ!ê≈˛ˆÏ§y° ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy í˛zͲõyòlˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚ xƒy°ˆÏí˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l ≤Ãôylï˛ Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛yÎ˚ !ܲÎ˚y¢#°
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl ~!ê˛ Na+ G çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%l/ˆ¢y£Ïî ~ÓÇ K+ G Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ã˛lˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛y•z xƒy°ˆÏí˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’£Ïƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ñ ˆò•ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîñ x!˲flÀÓî ã˛y˛õ ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ ÓçyÎ˚
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xƒy!í»˛ly° ܲˆÏê≈˛: ˆÌˆÏܲ x“ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ˆÏu»˛yˆÏç!lܲ ˆfiê˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ÓÎ˚/
§!rôܲyˆÏ° ÓàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ°yÙñ ˆÎÔlyˆÏAàÓ˚ ˆ°yÙñ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ ˆàÑyˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

22.2.8 x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ (Pancrcas)

x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ù◊@˝Ã!rÌ å!ã˛e 22.1 ˆòˆÏáyä– ~!ê˛ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y G Ó!•/«˛Ó˚y í˛z˲Î˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ @˝Ã!rÌ !•§yˆÏÓ
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ x@¿ƒy¢ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y xÇ¢!ê˛ °ƒyAàyÓ˚•ƒyˆÏ™Ó˚ m#˛õ˛õ%O !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ x@¿ƒy¢ˆÏÎ˚
≤ÃyÎ˚ 1 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2 !Ù!°Î˚l °ƒyAàyÓ˚•ƒyˆÏ™Ó˚ m#˛õ˛õ%O Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ܲ°yÓ˚ Ùye 1 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
xÇ¢– °ƒyAàyÓ˚•ƒyˆÏ™Ó˚ m#˛õ˛õ%ˆÏO í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ •° α G β ˆÜ˛y¢– α ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ @’%ˆÏܲyàl
~ÓÇ β ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ •zl§%!°l «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–

@’%ˆÏܲyàl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl– ~!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ùyey ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– @’%ܲyàl ≤Ãôylï˛ ÎÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ 刕˛õyˆÏê˛y§y•zê˛ä í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
@’y•zˆÜÏ ˛yˆÏçˆÏl°y•z!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ Ó˚ˆ=Ï ˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ùyey Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ å•y•z˛õyÓ˚@’y•z!§!ÙÎ˚yä–
~SÈyí˛¸yG ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl!ê˛ @’%ˆÏܲy!lGˆÏçˆÏl!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°G •y•z˛õyÓ˚@’y•z!§!ÙÎ˚y
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– @’%ܲyàl ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ G ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z @’%ܲyàl ~ܲ!ê˛
•y•z˛õyÓ˚ @’y•zˆÏ§!Ùܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl–

•zl§%!°l ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl Îy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §yÙƒyÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ≤Ãôyl
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ •zl§%!°l §yôyÓÈ̊îï˛ ˆ•˛õyˆÏê˛y§y•zê˛ ~ÓÇ ~!í˛ˆÏ˛õy§y•zˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ åxƒy!í˛ˆÏ˛Ï õy§ ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•ä
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ @’%ˆÏܲyç @˝Ã•î «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ°
Ó˚=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ•˛õyˆÏê˛y§y•zê˛ ~ÓÇ xƒy!í»˛ˆÏ˛õy§y•zˆÏê˛ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ o%ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚
Ùyey •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ å•y•zˆ˛Ï õy@’y•z!§!ÙÎ˚yä– •zl§%!°l !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yç ~Ó˚˛ @’y•zˆÜÏ ˛yˆÏçˆÏl Ó˚˛) õyhs˝ÓÜ˚ ˛Ó˚îˆÏܲG
å@’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏçˆÏl!§§ä í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– •zl§%!°l ~ÓÇ @’%ܲyàl •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ò%!ê˛ ˆÎÔÌ˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚
§yÙƒyÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# •y•z˛õyÓ˚@’y•z!§!ÙÎ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ!ê˛§
ˆÙ!°ê˛y§ ӈϰ– ~•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ °«˛î !•§yˆÏÓ Ù)%ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆòˆÏ• !ܲˆÏê˛ylÓ!í˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ˆÎÔà §,!T˛ •Î˚– •zl§%!°l ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ!ê˛§ ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏܲ
§Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛!ܲͧy ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó–

22.2.9. ¢%ܲy¢Î˚ (Testis)

˛õ%Óˆ%̊ £Ï ÓÏ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ¢%ܲy¢Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ì!°ˆÏï˛ åï˛°ˆÏ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ ä˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 22.1 ˆòˆÏáyä–
~ˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆfl;yê˛yÙ– ¢%ܲy¢Î˚ ˜mï˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ~ÓÇ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î 337
337

~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ~!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÎÔlyAà !•§yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ !•§yˆÏÓG ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ܲy¢Î˚
ˆ§!Ù!lˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y§ !ê˛í˛z!Óí˛z°§ ~ÓÇ ˆfiê˛∆yÙy°‡ •zrê˛yÓ˚!fiê˛!§Î˚y° ܲ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆ°!í˛ˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• Óy
•zrê˛yÓ˚!fiê˛!§Î˚y° ˆÜ˛y¢ ¢%ܲy¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyhs˝/ly!°Ü˛y fiÌyˆÏl xÓ!fiÌï˛– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ˆÏu»˛yˆÏçl •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ӈϰ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆê˛ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l xlƒï˛Ù–

xƒyˆÏu»˛yˆÏçl •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!˛õ!í˛í˛y•z!Ù§ñ ˲y§!í˛Ê˛yˆÏÓ˚™ñ ˆ§!Ùly° ˆË˛!§ˆÏܲ°§ñ

ˆ≤ÃyˆÏfiê˛ê˛ @˝Ã!rÌñ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚Ìy •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ùï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆÎÔlyAàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ñ ˛õ!Ó˚îÙl G ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !lÎ˚sfî
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ Ó,!Âôñ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏàyÊ˛ ~ÓÇ ÓàˆÏ°Ó˚ ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó,!Âôñ í˛z@˝Ãï˛yñ Ù,ò%fl∫Ó˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò !lÎ˚sfî
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xƒyˆÏu»˛yˆÏçl flõyÙ≈yˆÏê˛yˆÏçˆÏl!§§ å¢%ܲyî% ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •GÎ˚yä ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xƒyˆÏu»˛yˆÏçl ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔl
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y G ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ å§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï#ä !Ó˛õyܲˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚–

22.2.10 !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ (Ovary)

flf#ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛zòÓ˚à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ å!ã˛e 22.1 ˆòˆÏáyä !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ flf# ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ˆÎÔlyAà
Îy ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ }ï%˛ã˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !í˛¡∫yî% í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ ò%!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆfiê˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y •° û •zˆÏfiê˛∆yˆÏçl G ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l– !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ !í˛¡∫Ì!° G ˆfiê˛∆yÙy° ܲ°y !lˆÏÎ˚
à!ë˛ï˛– •zˆÏfiê˛∆yˆÏçl ≤Ãôylï˛ Óô≈l¢#° !í˛¡∫Ì!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– !í˛¡∫yl% !l/§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ !Óò#î≈ Ê˛!°Ü˛°ñ ܲÓ˚˛õy§ !°í˛z!ê˛Î˚yÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ àë˛ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–~ÓÇ ~•z ܲÓ˚˛õy§ !°í˛z!ê˛Î˚yÙ
≤Ãôylï˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆàÔî ˆÎÔlyˆÏAàÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ !ܲÎ˚y¢#°ï˛yñ Óô≈l¢#° !í˛¡∫Ì!°Ó˚
!Óܲy¢ñ flf#ˆÏòˆÏ• ˆàÔî ˆÎÔl ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ åí˛zòy•Ó˚î ï˛#«¯˛ ܲZ˛fl∫Ó˚ •zï˛ƒy!òäñ hflÏl@˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~•zÓ˚ܲÙ
ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z •zˆÏfiê˛∆yˆÏçl •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° •Î˚– •zˆÏfiê˛∆yˆÏçl Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚îG !lÎ˚sfî
ܲˆÏÓ˚–

ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l à˲≈yÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l hflÏl@˝Ã!r̈Ïï˛G !ܲÎ˚y¢#° •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
xƒy°!˲í˛z°y•z åò%?ô §M˛Î˚ܲyÓ˚# Ì!°Ó˚ Ùï˛ àë˛lä àë˛lG ò%?ô «˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–

22.3 •,Í!˛õ[˛˛ñ Ó,E˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õyã˛lly!°Ó˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl§Ù)• (Hormones of heart, kidney and
Gastrointestinal Tract) :

~ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆ°Ï y ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ ylà%ˆ° Ï y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˆçˆÏlSÈ– ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ í˛z!ÕÏ !‘ áï˛
Ó=˛Óƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ lÎ˚ ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲG •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚
x!°ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ á%Ó à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ xƒy!ê˛∆ˆÎÏ °
˚ ˆl!ê˛∆•íz ˛zˆÓÏ !˚ ê˛Ü˛
Ê˛ƒyQÓ˚ (ANF) ӈϰñ Îyñ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛ Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ ܲÙyÎ˚– Îál Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ANF «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ Îy Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚
≤çyÓ˚î âê˛yÎ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ ܲˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚–
 338 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ çy:ê˛∆yˆÏ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ ~!Ó˚ˆÏÌyˆÏ˛õyˆÏÎ˚!ê˛l
ӈϰ– Îy ~!Ó˚ˆÏÌyˆÏ˛õyˆÏÎ˚!§§ åRBC ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yä ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyã˛l ly!°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ xhs/«˛Ó˚y ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~à%ˆ°
Ï y •° àƒy!fiê˛∆lñ !§ˆÏܲ!ê˛lñ
ˆÜ˛!°!§§ˆÏê˛yܲy•zll (CCK) ~ÓÇ àƒy§!ê˛∆ܲ •zl!•!Óê˛yÓ˚# ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ (GIP)– àƒy§!ê˛∆l ˛õyã˛Ü˛ @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛
!ܲÎ˚y¢#° ~ÓÇ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏÜœ˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ G ˆ˛õ˛õ!§ˆÏlyˆÏçl «˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !§ˆÏܲ!ê˛l x@¿ƒy¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
Ó!•/«˛Ó˚y xLjϢ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ç° G Óy•zܲyˆÏÓ≈yˆÏlê˛ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !l/§Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
CCK x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ~ÓÇ !˛õ_Ì!° í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ í˛zÍˆÏ§ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !l/§Ó˚î ~ÓÇ
!˛õ_Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– GIP àƒy§!ê˛∆ܲ Ó˚§ !l/§Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ ã˛°ˆÏl Óyôy≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y lÎ˚ ~Ùl ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ ܲ°y ˆÜ˛y¢G •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ@˝ÃyÌ Ê˛ƒyQÓ˚
ӈϰ– ~•z ˆ@˝ÃyÌ Ê˛ƒyQÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ܲ°yÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Î˚˛õ)Ó˚î Óy ˛õ%lÓ˚%ͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ çÓ˚%!Ó˚–
22.4. •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈˛õÂô!ï˛ (Mechanism of Hormone Action) :
•Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye í˛zj#T˛ ܲ°yÎ˚ åTarget Tissueä xÓ!fiÌï˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l§Ù)• xÌ≈yÍ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
@˝Ãy•Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛í˛zj#T˛ ܲ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zj#T˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢
˛õò≈yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ @˝Ãy•Ü˛à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ӈϰ– ˆÎ @˝Ãy•Ü˛à%ˆ°
Ï y í˛zj#T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ӈϰ– ~Ó˚y Ù)°ï˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ÙôƒfiÌ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ å≤Ãôylï˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§ Óï≈˛Ùylä
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆçyê˛ (Hormone receptor Com-
plex) à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– å!ã˛e 21.1.5 ܲñ á ˆòˆÏáyä •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆçyê˛ à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏ° í˛zj#T˛ ܲ°yÎ˚ !ܲS%È ˜çÓ
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ~•z˲yˆÏÓ í˛zj#T˛ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó˛õyܲ ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y !lÎ˚sfî
ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙylˆÏܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ û
(i) ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ñ ˛õ!°ˆÏ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl §Ù)• åí˛zòy•Ó˚î •zl§%!°lñ @’Ü% ˛yàlñ !˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚
•Ó˚ˆÏÙylñ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°y!Ùܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙylä
(ii) ˆfiê˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl åí˛zòy•Ó˚î ܲ!ê≈˛§°ñ ˆê˛ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚lñ ~§ê˛∆y!í˛Î˚° ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçˆÏfiê˛Ó˚lä
(iii) xyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏí˛y Ìy•zˆÏÓ˚y!ll§ åÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙylä
(iv) xƒyÙy•zˆÏly xƒy!§í˛ °kô •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl åí˛zòy/ ~!˛õˆÏl!Ê˛lä
ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyhs˝/!ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ í˛zj#T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly
!ܲv !mï˛#Î˚ Óyï≈˛yÓ•§Ù)• åí˛zòy•Ó˚î ã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ AMP, IP3, Ca++ •zï˛ƒy!òä §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚
!Ó˛õyܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 22.5 ܲ ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆÎ §Ó •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl xhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyhs˝/!ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚
åí˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆfiê˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙylñ xyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏí˛yÌy•zˆÏÓ˚y!ll •zï˛ƒy!òä– ~Ó˚y ≤Ãôylï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
!çˆÏlyˆÏÙÓ˚ xyhs˝/!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !çˆÏlÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲÙÓ!ô≈ï˛
˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Óܲy¢ç!lï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §y!ôï˛ •Î˚– å!ã˛e 22.5 á
ˆòˆÏáyä–
 Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ~ÓÇ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î 339
339

•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl åí˛zòy•Ó˚î F.S.H)

@˝Ãy•Ü˛ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y

§yí˛¸y ÈüÈ I

å!mï˛#Î˚ Óyï≈˛yÓ• §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ä

åã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ AMP Óy Ca++

˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yí˛¸y §Ù)•

¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ §yí˛¸y §Ù)•

åí˛zòy•Ó˚î ı !í˛¡∫y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó,!Âô
åܲä

çÓ˚yÎ˚% ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y

•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
åí˛zòy•Ó˚îı •zˆÏfiê˛∆yˆÏçl

!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§

!çˆÏlyÙ

•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
@˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆçyê˛

ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l§Ù)•

¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ §yí˛¸y §Ù)• åܲ°yÓ˚

Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚îä

åáä
!ã˛e 22.5 •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)˛õ åÜ˛ä ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl åáä ˆfiê˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
340 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ

!ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ oÓƒ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôlñ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•ñ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ xAà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
!Ó˛õyܲ !ܲÎ˚yñ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– xhs˝/«˛Ó˚yï˛sf •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ñ !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !˛õ!lÎ˚y°ñ Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ñ
xƒy!í»˛ly° ˛õƒyl!ܲÎ˚y§ñ ˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ñ Ìy•zÙy§ ~ÓÇ ˆàylyˆÏí˛Ó˚ å¢%ܲy¢Î˚ ~ÓÇ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ä §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y
SÈyí˛¸yG ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°ñ Ó,E˛ñ •,Í!˛õ[˛˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò !ܲS%È xAà§Ù)ˆÏ•G •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl í˛zͲõyòl •Î˚– !˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl
xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ÎÌy ˛õy§≈ !í˛fiê˛y!°§ñ ˛õy§≈ •zrê˛yÓ˚!Ù!í˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õy§≈ lyˆÏ˲y≈§y– ˛õy§ ≈!í˛fiê˛y!°§ xLjϢ SÈÎ˚!ê˛ ê˛∆!˛õܲ
•Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ˛õy§≈ •zrê˛yÓ˚!Ù!í˛Î˚y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õy§≈ lyˆÏ˲≈ ˛y§y å!lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ •y•zˆ˛Ï õyÊ˛y•z!§§ä
ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– !˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl§Ù)• xAàç ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– !˛õ!lÎ˚y° @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÙ°yˆÏê˛y!ll lyÙܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ 24 ârê˛yÓ˚
å!òÓy Ó˚y!eä SÈy!®Ü˛ xyÓï˛≈l !lÎ˚sfˆÏî xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚î â%!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ~ÓÇ ˆçˆÏà ÌyܲyÓ˚
SÈy!®Ü˛ xyÓï≈˛lñ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyey !lÎ˚sfî •zï˛ƒy!òä– Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌ !l/§,ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl§Ù)• ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÙÔ° !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ •yÓ˚ñ
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ G ˛õ!Ó˚lÙlñ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲy í˛zͲõyòlñ ܲyˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l G ˆfl¨•˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó˛õyˆÏܲ
~ÓÇ Ó˚ç/ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl xÌ≈yÍ Ìy•zˆÏÓ˚yܲƒy°!§ˆÏê˛y!ll
ܲƒy°!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî •…y§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ܲƒy°!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùyey !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌ
!l/§,Èï˛ ˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (PTH) Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ Ca2+ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyey Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ• ܲƒy°!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ §yÙƒyÓfiÌy
!lÎ˚sfˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%რË)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ìy•zÙy§ @˝Ã!rÌ !l/§,ï˛ Ìy•zˆÏÙy!§l •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛y
≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# T !°ˆÏ¡≥˛y§y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏ˲!òܲÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%რË)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y Ìy•zˆÏÙy!§l Ó˚§ÙyôƒÙ xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛y
≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xƒy!rê˛Ó!í˛Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòlG Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xƒy!í»˛ly° @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xƒy!í»˛ly° ˆÙí%˛°y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚!ôfiÌ xƒy!í»˛ly°
ܲˆÏê˛≈ : !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– xƒy!í»˛ly° ˆÙí%˛°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~!˛õˆÏl!Ê˛l ~ÓÇ lÓ˚~!˛õˆÏl!Ê˛l lyÙܲ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÙÏ ylà%ˆ° Ï y
§ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛yñ ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚îñ cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ°yÙ áyí˛¸y •GÎ˚yñ âÙ≈ !l/§Ó˚îñ •,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ñ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l «˛Ùï˛yñ
Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ñ @’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏçˆÏly°y•z!§§ñ °y•zˆÏ˛õy°y•z!§§ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛G°y•z!§§ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– xƒy!í»˛ly° ܲˆÏê≈˛: ˆÌˆÏܲ
@’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yܲ!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎí˚ ˛ ~ÓÇ !ÙlyˆÏÓy˚ °yܲ!ê≈˛ˆÏÎí˚ ˛ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛yܲ!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎí˚ ˛à%ˆ°
Ï y @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛y!lGˆÏçˆÏl!§§ñ °y•zˆ˛Ï õy°y•z!§§ñ
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛G°y•z!§§ñ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy í˛zͲõyòlñ §ÇÓ•lï˛sfñ Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ ~ÓÇ ˆ@’yˆÏÙÓ˚%°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ˆÏï˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlyÜ˛Ùƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y xÓòÙˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãòy• ˆÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !ÙlyˆÏÓˆ˚ ° Ï yܲ!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎí˚ ˛à%ˆ°
Ï y
ˆòˆÏ• ç° ~ÓÇ ï˛!í˛¸Í !ӈϟ’£ÏƒÓ›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õƒyl!ܲÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ •zl§%!°l G @’%ܲyàl
«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– @’Ü% ˛yàl @’y•zˆÜÏ ˛yˆÏçˆÏly°y•z!§§ ~ÓÇ @’ˆ% ÜÏ ˛y!lGˆÏçˆÏl!§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° •y•z˛õyÓ˚ @’y•zˆ§Ï !ÙÎ˚y
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– •zl§%!°l ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ @’%ˆÏܲyç @˝Ã•î «˛Ùï˛y G ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ @’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏçˆÏl!§§ˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
•y•zˆÏ˛õy@’y•z!§!ÙÎ˚y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ˆòˆÏ• •zl§%!°ˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ Óy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y •zl§%!°lˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° (Insulin Resistance) í˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ!ê˛§ ˆÙ!°ê˛y§ lyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà •Î˚–
¢%ܲy¢Î˚ xƒyˆÏu»˛yˆÏçl «˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆÎÔlyˆÏAàÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ñ ˛õ!Ó˚îÙl G ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yñ ˆàÔî ˆÎÔl
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó!•/≤Ãܲy¢ñ ¢%ܲyî%Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòlñ ˛õ%Ó%̊ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔlyã˛Ó˚îñ í˛z˛õ!ã˛!ï˛ !Ó˛õyܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy í˛zͲõyòl˛
~ÓÇ ˆàÔî ˆÎÔl °«˛îà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãܲy¢ˆÏܲG í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
 Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ~ÓÇ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î 341
341

ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l àË≈˛yÓfiÌyÓ˚ fiÌy!Î˚c ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ hflÏl@˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ G ò%?ô«˛Ó˚ˆÏî Ù%რË)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ x!°ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ xƒy!ê˛∆ˆÜÏ ˛° ˆl!ê˛∆•íz ˛zˆÓÏ !˚ ê˛Ü˛ Ê˛ƒyQÓ˚ í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ó,ˆEÏ ˛ ~!Ó˚ˆÌÏ y˛õˆÏÎ!˚ ê˛l
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ Îy ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyã˛lly°# ˆÌˆÏܲ àƒy!fiê˛∆lñ !§ˆÏܲ!ê˛lñ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°!§ˆÏfiê˛yܲy•z!ll ~ÓÇ àƒy!fiê˛∆ܲ •zl!•!Óê˛y!Ó˚ ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°y ˛õyã˛Ü˛ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ «˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚sfî
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–

xl%¢#°l#

1. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇK˛y òyG ı

åܲä Ó!•/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ
åáä xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ
åàä •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl–
2. !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
3. !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˛≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ı
åÜ˛ä •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ åáä !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ åàä Ìy•zÓˆ˚ ÎÏ í˚ ˛ åâä ˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓˆ˚ ÎÏ í˚ ˛
å.ä xƒy!í»˛ly° åã˛ä ˛õƒyl!ܲÎ˚y§ åSÈä ¢%ܲy¢Î˚ åçä !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚
åV˛ä Ìy•zÙy§ å~èä x!°® åê˛ä Ó,E˛ åë˛ä ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly!°
4. ¢)lƒfiÌyl ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y
•Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl ˆÎ xˆÏAàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚
åÜ˛ä •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°y!Ùܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ûûûûûûûûûû
åáä Ìy•zˆÓÏ y˚ ê˛∆!Ê˛l (TSH) ûûûûûûûûûû
åàä ܲ!ê≈˛ˆÏܲyê˛∆!Ê˛l (ACTH) ûûûûûûûûûû
åâä ˆàylyˆÏí˛yê˛∆!Ê˛l (LH, FSH) ûûûûûûûûûû
å.ä ˆÙ°yˆÏlyê˛∆!Ê˛l ûûûûûûûûûû
5. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ !ê˛Ü˛y !°ˆÏáy û
åÜ˛ä ˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (PTH) åáä Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl §Ù)•
åàä Ìy•zˆÏÙy!§l åâä xƒyˆÏu»˛yˆÏçl §Ù)•
å.ä •zˆfiÏ ê˛∆yˆÏçl åã˛ä •zl§%!°l ~ÓÇ @’%ܲyàl
6. í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG ı
åÜ˛ä •y•z˛õyÓ˚ @’y•zˆÏ§!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ •y•zˆÏ˛õy@’y•zˆÏ§!Ùܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
åáä •y•z˛õyÓ˚ ܲƒy°!§!Ùܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
åàä ˆàylyˆÏí˛yê˛∆!Ê˛Ü˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
åâä ˆ≤ÃyˆÏçˆÏfiê˛§ly° •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
å.ä Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ ˛•…y§Ü˛yÓ˚# •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
åã˛ä xƒyˆÏu»˛yˆÏçl §Ù)• ~ÓÇ •zˆÏfiê˛∆yˆÏçl§Ù)•
342 ç#Ó!Óòƒy

7. ˆÜ˛yl‰ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫“«˛Ó˚î !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#

åܲä í˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ!ê˛§ Ùƒy!°ê˛y§ åáä àÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ åàä ˆÜ˛!ê˛!lçÙ
8. §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ FSH •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈˛õÂô!ï˛ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. ˆçyí˛¸ ˆÙ°yG
hflÏΩ˛ -I hflÏΩ˛ -II
åܲä T4 (i) •y•zˆ˛Ï õỹy°yÙy§
åáä PTH (ii) Ìy•zÓˆ˚ ÎÏ í˚ ˛
åàä GnRH (iii) !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚
åâä LH (iv) ˛õƒyÓ˚yÌy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛–