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INDIAN POLITY
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Introduction
• Father of Indian constitution – BR Ambedkar
• Articles – 395
• Parts -- 22
• Schedules -- 12
• Fundamental rights – 6
• Fundamental Duties -- 11
BACKGROUND
• Cripps Mission – 1942
• Cabinet mission plan – 1946
• Interim Government – 1946
Constituent Assembly
• Total members - 389
• First meeting – 9 December 1946
• Temporary Chairman – Sachidananda Sinha
• President – Rajendra Prasad
• Completed on 26 November 1949
• Took 2 years 11 months 18 days
• Came into force from 26 January 1950.
• Chairman of Drafting Committee – BR Ambedkar
India Facts
• Independent Day – 15 August 1947
• Republic Day – 26 January 1950
• National Emblem – Lion Capital of Ashoka
• National Anthem – Jana Gana Mana (Ravindranath Tagore)
• National Song – Vande Mataram ( Bankim Chandra Chatterjee)
• National Animal – Royal Bengal Tiger
• National Motto – Satyamev Jayate ( Mundakopnishad)
• National Flower - Lotus
• National Tree - Banyan
Salient Features of Indian Constitution
• Largest written Constitution
• Parliamentary Government
• Independent Judiciary
• Federal System
• Secular State
• Universal Adult Franchise
Sources of the Constitution of India
• Britain (UK) – Parliamentary Form
• USA – Fundamental Rights, Vice – President
• Canada – Federal State
• Russia ( USSR) – Fundamental Duties
• South Africa – Amendment Procedures
PREAMBLE - Introduction of the Constitution
Part -1 Union and its Territory
• Article (1-4)
• 28 states and 8 Union Territories
Part – 2 CITIZENSHIP
Articles (5-11)
There are 5 ways to get Indian citizenship.
There are 3 modes to lose the Citizenship.
Fundamental Rights
1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Freedom
3. Right against Exploitation
4. Right to freedom of Religion
5. Cultural and educational rights
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies
Note – Right to Property was the 7th right.
1. Right to Equality
• Article – (14) – Equal before law.
• Article – (15) – No Discrimination over religion, caste, sex, place of birth.
• Article -- (16) – Equality in employment.
• Article –(17) -- Abolition of untouchability.
• Article – (18) – Abolition of Titles .
Right to Freedom
• Article – (19) – Right to Freedom.
• Article – (20) – Protection in conviction for offence.
• Article -- (21) – Protection of Life.
• Article –(21 A) -- Right to Education .
• Article – (22) -- Protection against arrest and detention .
Right against Exploitation
• Article – (23) -- Against human trafficking, Forced Labour.
• Article – (24) – Prohibition of child labour.
Right to Freedom of religion
• Article – (25 -28)
• Right to practice any religion.
• Freedom to manage religious affairs without any tax.
• No religious instruction in state fund institutes.
Cultural and educational rights
• Articles – (29 and 30)
• Protection of Minorities interests .
Right to constitutional remedies
• Articles – 32
• Called Heart and the soul of the constitution by BR Ambedkar .
Part – 4 Directive principles of state policy.
• Articles – (36-51)
• They promote economic , social democracy.
• Embody the concept of welfare state.
• Non- justiciable.
Part – 5 Fundamental duties.
• Articles – (51A)
• There are 11 Fundamental duties.
• They were added by 42nd amendment 1976.
President
• Article -52
• Head of Indian state.
• First Person of India.
• Age – 35 years
• Tenure – 5 Years
• Shouldn’t hold any office of profit.
• Elected by MPs and MLAs of states.
Oath by Chief justice of India , resignation to Vice- President.
• Commander in chief of Armed Forces.
Vice – President
• Article -63
• Ex- officio chairman of Rajya Sabha.
• Age – 35
• Tenure – 5 years
• Elected by the MPs.
• First Vice – President – S. Radhakrishnan
Prime Minister
• Head of the Government
• Age – 25
• Should be a Member of Parliament.
• Appointed by the President.
• Head of the Council of Ministers.
The parliament
• The Indian Parliament is bicameral.
• Rajya sabha
• Lok sabha
Rajya Sabha
• Upper house of the parliament.
• Permanent , no dissolution.
• Maximum strength – 250 members
• Present Members - 245
• Elected – 238
• Nominated by the president – 12
• Age – 30 years
• Tenure – 6 years.
Lok Sabha
• Lower house.
• Members elected in General election.
• Maximum strength – 552 members .
• Elected Members - 543
• Age – 25 years
• Tenure – 5 years
• Most Lok Sabha MPs – Uttar Pradesh (80).
Speaker of Lok Sabha
• Head of Lok Sabha.
• First Speaker of Lok Sabha – GV Mavlankar
• Present Speaker – Om Birla
• Presides over the joint sitting of Lok sabha and Rajya Sabha.
• First Lok Sabha election – 1951-52
Supreme Court – 124
• Highest Court , situated in Delhi since 28/01/1950.
• Total strength of judges – 34 (33+1)
• First Chief Justice of India – Hira Lal J. Kania.
• CJI and other judges appointed by the President.
• First women judge of SC – Fatima Beevi.
• Present CJI - NV Ramana
• Retirement age – 65 years.
High court
• Judges are appointed by the President.
• High courts in India – 25
• First High Court – Calcutta
• 25th High Court – Andhra Pradesh
• Retirement age – 62 years
Governor
• Appointed by the President.
• Head of the state
• Age – 35
• Tenure -- 5 years
State Legislature
• Vidhan Sabha – MLA
• Largest Legislature – Uttar Pradesh (403)
• Smallest – Pudducherry (30)
Attorney General of India
• First Law officer of India.
• Consults the Government.
• Present AGI – KK Venugopal
• Article – 76
Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
• Accountant of the Government.
• Present CAG of India – Girish Chandra Murmu
• Article – 148
UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
(UPSC)
Article -315
• Conducts national level exams.
• Members are elected by the President.
Election Commission of India
• Established on 25 January 1950.
• Total Strength – 2+1
• First Election Commissioner of India – Sukumar Sen
• Present – Sushil Chandra
Official Language
• Article -343
• There are 22 languages in 8th schedule.
• Hindi is the Official language of India.
PANCHAYATI RAJ
Article -243
• Panchayati Raj introduced in 1959 in Nagaur ( Rajasthan)
• Three tier system – 1993 ( 73rd Amendment Act)
1. Zila Parishad
2. Block Panchayat
3. Gram Panchayat
Emergency Powers
• Article – 352 – National Emergency
• Article – 356 – State Emergency
• Article – 360 – Financial Emergency
NITI Ayog
• National Institution for Transforming India
• Called ‘Think tank of the Government.
• Previously – Planning Commission.
• Chairman - Prime Minister
Some Parliamentary Terms
• Quorum – Minimum members to be presented.
• Question Hour – First Hour of every sitting.
• Zero Hour -- Time after the Question hour
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