BIOLOGY
PROJECT
NAME: MUHAMMED RAYAN
CLASS: XII-C
ROLL NO:10
SCHOOL:SREE NARAYANA
CENTRAL SCHOOL
Certificate
This is to certify that, the project entitled ‘POLLUTION’ is a
bonafide work done by Muhammed Rayan of class XII-C submitted
to the Department of Biology, Sree Narayana Central School
Kayamkulam in the academic year 2023-24 under the supervision
and guidance of the entire faculty and staff of the Biology
Department.
Principal Teacher in-charge
Registration No. External Examiner
POLLUTION
&
ITS
CONTROL
Introduction
Pollution is any undesirable change in physical, chemical, or
biological characteristics of air, land, water or soil. Agents that bring
about such an undesirable change are called Pollutants. In order to
control environmental pollution, the Govt. of India has passed the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to protect and improve the
quality of our environment.
Air Pollution
Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical or biological change in
the air. It is the contamination of air by harmful gases, dust and
smoke which affects plants, animals and humans drastically.
There is a certain percentage of gases present in the atmosphere. An
increase or decrease in the composition of these gases is harmful to
survival. This imbalance in the gaseous composition has resulted in
an increase in earth’s temperature, which is known as global
warming.
Some causes of Air pollution are,
Burning of Fossil fuels, Agricultural Activities, Factories and Industries
Mining Activities, Domestic Sources.
Effects of Air Pollution are Diseases, Global Warming, Acid Rain,
Ozone layer depletion, Effect on animals.
Water Pollution
Water is one of the most vital natural resources on
earth and has been around for a long time. In fact, the same water
which we drink has been around in one form or the other since the
time of the dinosaurs
Water pollution is caused when water bodies such as
rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater and aquifers get contaminated
with industrial and agriculture effluents. When water gets polluted, it
adversely affects all lifeforms that directly or indirectly depend on
this source.
Realising the importance of maintaining the cleanliness of
water bodies, the Govt. of India has passed the Water(Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 to safeguard our water
resources.
Soil Pollution
Soil pollution refers to the contamination of soil with
anomalous concentrations of toxic substances.
It is a serious environmental concern since it harbours many
health hazards. Eg; exposure to soil containing high concentrations of
benzene increases the risk of contracting leukaemia. However, the
conc. of such substances in unpolluted soil is low that they do not
pose any threat to the surrounding ecosystem. When the
concentration of one or more such toxic substances is high enough to
cause damage to living organisms, the soil is said to be contaminated.
The root cause of soil pollution is often one of the following:
•Agriculture (excessive/improper use of pesticides)
•Excessive industrial activity
•Poor management or inefficient disposal of waste
The challenges in soil remediation are related to the extend of soil
pollution. The greater the contamination, greater the requirement
for resources for remediation.
Noise Pollution
Noise is the unpleasant and undesirable sound which leads
to discomfort in human beings. The intensity of sound is measured in
decibels (dB). The faintest sound that the human ear can hear is 1
Db. Due to increasing noise around the civilizations, noise pollution
has become a matter of concern. Some of its major causes are
vehicles, aircraft, industrial machines, loudspeakers, etc. Following
are the three types of pollution:
•Transport Noise
•Neighbourhood Noise
•Industrial Noise
Noise pollution preventive measures-
•Honking in public places like teaching institutes, hospitals, etc.
Should be banned.
•In commercial, hospital, and industrial buildings, adequate
soundproof systems should be installed.
•Musical instruments’ sound should be controlled to desirable limits.
•Dense tree cover is useful in noise pollution prevention.
•Explosives should not be used in forest, mountainous and mining
areas.
Bibliography:-
NCERT Biology Textbook Class XII.
https://byjus.com/
