Intro to Iqbal

Allama Mohammad Iqbal was born on 9th November 1877 in Sialkot. After seeking early education, he was admitted to Government College Lahore, where he obtained M.A. degree in Philosophy. He left for England for higher studies in 1905. In 1907, he obtained the Degree of Doctorate (Ph.D.) from Munich University.

Iqbals Idea about nationhood

Allama Iqbal was the greatest philospher and poet of the present era. Alongwith this, he possessed a view about political affairs. He awakened the feeling of Muslim Nationhood among the Muslims of India through his poetry and told them about the propaganda of West about Muslims. When the Hindu philosphers presented this philosphy that a nation is born throughout the country and when Maulana Hussain Ahmed Madni seconded it, then Iqbal reacted strongly towards it. His thinking and poetry reflect the Two Nation Theory and his poetry awakened the feeling of Islamic nationality among the Muslims of India. This sense of a single unity was a major factor in the creation of Pakistan.

Iqbal and Two Nation Theory

Allama Iqbal firmly believed that the Muslims of India have a separate identity and to protect this identity, the establishment of a separate homeland for the Muslims of India was necessary. On 28th March 1909, he rejected the invitation from the secular party Minswa Lodge highligting the fact that: I have been a keen supporter of this theory that religious differences in this country should end and even now I practise this principle. But, now I have started to believe that separate national identity for the Muslim s and the Hindus is necessary for their survival.

In 1930, in the Annual Session of Muslim League at Allahbad, Iqbal said: India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races, speaking different languages and professing different religions. Their behaviour is not at all determined by a common race conciousness. I therefore, demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best intrest of India and Islam.

Pakistans Sketch
Allama Iqbals Presidential Adress at Allahbad in 1930 determined the political path of the Muslims of sub-continent. In his adress, he in clear words said: I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Balochistan been combined into a single state. He further stated that: The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of the north west India. Thus, Iqbal demanded a sovereign independent Muslim state even before the Muslim League demanded it in Pakistans Resolution.

Ideology of Pakistan and Iqbal

Iqbal was strictly against nationalism. He considered all the Muslims to be a part of One Ummah. For him, a Muslim in any part of the world was part of a brotherly relation. He considered nationalism to be a coffin for the Muslim Umma. Thus, highlighting the limitations and disadvantages of nationalism, Iqbal gave the philosphy of a Millat-e-Islamia and this philosphy became the basis of Pakistans ideology.

Pakistan Movement
The Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan (Urdu: ) refers to the historical movement to have a sovereign and independent Muslim state named Pakistan created from the separation of the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent, partitioned within or outside the British Indian Empire. It had its origins in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (present day Uttar Pradesh). Muslims there were a minority, yet their elite had a disproportionate amount of representation in the civil service and a strong degree of overall influence of culture and literature. The idea of Pakistan spread from Northern India through the Muslim diaspora of this region, and spread outwards to the Muslim communities of the rest of India.[1] The movement was led by lawyer Muhammad Ali Jinnah, along with other prominent political figures such as Allama Iqbal, Liaqat Ali Khan, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, Fatima Jinnah, Bahadur Yar Jung, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman, A.K. Fazlul Huq, Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar and Dr. Sir Ziauddin Ahmed. The movement ultimately achieved success in 1947, when part of northwest India was partitioned, granted independence and renamed Pakistan

IQBAL AND PAKISTAN MOVEMENT

Although his main interests were scholarly, Iqbal was not unconcerned with the political situation of the, country and the political fortunes of the Muslim community of India. Already in 1908, while in England, he had been chosen as a member of the executive council of the newly-established British branch of the Indian Muslim League. In 1931 and 1932 he represented the Muslims of India in the Round Table Conferences held in England to discuss the issue of the political future of India. And in a 1930 lecture Iqbal suggested the creation of a separate homeland for the Muslims of India. Iqbal died (1938) before the creation of Pakistan (1947), but it was his teaching that "spiritually ... has been the chief force behind the creation of Pakistan."

Iqbal joined the London branch of the All India Muslim League while he was studying Law and Philosophy in England. It was in London when he had a mystical experience. The ghazal containing those divinations is the only one whose year and month of composition is expressly mentioned. It is March 1907. No other ghazal, before or after it has been given such importance. Some verses of that ghazal are: Your civilization will commit suicide with its own daggers. A nest built on a frail bough cannot be durable. The caravan of feeble ants will take the rose petal for a boat And inspite of all blasts of waves, it shall cross the river. I will take out may worn-out caravan in the pitch darkness of night. My sighs will emit sparks and my breath will produce flames. For Iqbal it was a divinely inspired insight. He disclosed this to his listeners in December 1931, when he was invited to Cambridge to address the students. Iqbal was in London, participating in the Second Round Table Conference in 1931. At Cambridge, he referred to what he had proclaimed in 1906: I would like to offer a few pieces of advice to the youngmen who are at present studying at Cambridge ...... I advise you to guard against atheism and materialism. The biggest blunder made by Europe was the separation of Church and State. This deprived their culture of moral soul and diverted it to the atheistic materialism. I had twenty-five years ago seen through the drawbacks of this civilization and therefore had made some prophecies. They had been delivered by my tongue although I did not quite understand them. This happened in 1907..... After six or seven years, my prophecies came true, word by word. The European war of 1914 was an outcome of the aforesaid mistakes made by the European nations in the separation of the Church and the State.

Building upon Sir Sayyid Ahmed's two-nation theory, absorbing the teaching of Shibli, Ameer Ali, Hasrat Mohani and other great Indian Muslim thinkers and politicians, listening to Hindu and British voices, and watching the fermenting Indian scene closely for approximately 60 years, he knew and ultimately convinced his people and their leaders, particularly Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah that: "We both are exiles in this land. Both longing for our dear home's sight!"
"That dear home is Pakistan, on which he harpened like a flute-player, but

whose

appearance he could not see

PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND Dr. ALLAMA IQBAL

Allama Iqbal was a great philosopher poet. He had acquired country- wide fame and recognition as a thinker. He received his education from the Government College. Lahore and later on went to England to pursue studies in Law. He got his Ph.Dr in Philosophy from a German University. Allama Iqbal taught for few years at the Government College, Lahore. He had studied Islam deeply and had a profound likine for the Islamic principles and its tenets. He compared the Western culture with Islam and reached at the conclusion that mankinds emancipation and welfare lay in the adoption of Islam as a way of life. Basically A llama Iqbal was a poet, teacher and thinker. However, he had to come in the political field in order to safeguard the interests of the Muslims of subcontinent. His entry into politics was greatly welcomed by Muslims where a trustworthy companion of the Quaid-e-Azam was badly needed. Allama Iqbal proved as a great political leader and reliable companion of the Quaid-e-Azam. He awakened Muslims of sub-continent with his stirring verses to demand a separate homeland. He led the Muslims at every step and rendered great services in the accomplishment of Pakistan. Allama Iqbal considered Islam as a complete code of life. He said that I am fu^ly convinced that Muslims of India will ultimately have to establish a separate

homeland as they cannot live with Hindus in the United India. He advised Muslims to understand their real position and shed away their mental confusion and narrow approach to life. He clarified the glorious image of the Muslim Ummah. Allama Iqbal openly negated the concept of One-Nation of India and emphasised on the separate and distinct national image of Muslims. He considered the establishment of Pakistan very essential and vital for the restoration of national and religious identity of Muslims. His poetry reflects his love for the nation and country. He produced a large number of poems which indicate his immense love for his homeland. He said that Islam guides the mankind in every aspect of wordly life and. therefore, must be enforced in an Islamic State as a code of life. He based the foundation of homeland on the religion which later on became the ideology and basis of Pakistan. He said that Islam strengthens the life by infusing spiritual unity. He said that in Islam the Almighty God and Universe the soul and matter* are the different parts of One Whole. He did not believe in any system separated from religion and declared that religion and politics are not separated from each other in Islam. Allama Iqbal firmly believed in the separate identity of Muslims as a Nation. .He said that I am fully convinced that the Muslims of India will ultimately have to establish a separate homeland as they cannot live with Hindus in the United India. He said that there would be no possibility of peace in the country unless and until Muslims are recognized as a separate nation, as they had their own cultural values which they must preserve and maintain. He declared India is a continent ol Human beings belonging to different languages and professing different religions. To base a constitution on the conception of homogeneous India is to prepare her for civil war. I, therefore, demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim State in the hest interest of Muslims of India and Islam. The formation of a consolidated Muslim North-West Indian State appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India. Allama Iqbal believed in the federal system and thought it as an ideal system for India in the prevailing conditions. He emphasised on introduction of the I system to bring unity and solidarity to the country. He also believed that the I system would promote unity amongst various factions of the society which would help in defence of the country.

A unitary form of Government is inconceivable for India. The residuary powers must he left to the self-governing units. I would never like the Muslims of India to agree on a system which negates the principles of a true Federation or fails to distinguish them as a separate political unit. In this way only the Muslims of India will have maximum opportunities of development and in return would he ahle to render best services for the defence of the country against foreign invasion, he that invasion one of ideas or of Guns and bayonets. The Allahabad address of Allama Iqhal carries great importance and significance in the freedom struggle of the Muslims of India. The Presidential Address at Allahabad in fact, moulded the destinies of Muslims of sub-continent and put their endeavours in right direction. Allama Iqbals presidential address further clarified the Two-Nation Theory and demanded a separate homeland for Muslims. He said I have been a staunch advocate of putting an end to religions prejudices and distinctions from the country. But now I believe that the protection of separate national identity is in the best interests of both Hindus and Muslims. He further said that It was the prime duty of all civilized nations to show utmost regard and reverence for the religions principles, cultural and social values of other nations. Since the Muslims are a separate nation with their distinct cultural values and religious trends, and they want to have a system of their own liking, they should be allowed to live under such system considering their separate religions and cultural identity. Allama Iqbal expressed Muslims sentiments and ideas in true spirit by defining them as a separate nation with their distinct national image. His presidential address washed away all the contusions from the Muslim minds and showed them new dimensions in their struggle for freedom. It later on enabled Muslim masses to determine their line of action and work out a clear cut and definite programme in order to accomplish their goal of a separate homeland. The spirit which Allama Iqbal infused in Muslims by his presidential address developed into an ideological basis tor the Pakistan movement. The famous Pakistan Resolution, passed on 23rd March, 1940 at Lahore was in fact based on Allama Iqbals presidential address of Allahabad. Allama Iqbal joined Muslim League and rendered services lor the safeguard of Muslims interests. He was on the delegation which represented the Muslims in the Second and Third Round Table Conferences in 1931 and 1932. In these Conferences he very ably advocated the Muslim cause and vehemently opposed all such schemes which in any way jeopardized the Muslim interests.

Allama Iqbal infused a spirit of nationalism amongst Muslims with his stirring and thought-provoking poetry. He preached an idea of nationalism based on Islamic unity and brotherhood. He was of the opinion that the individual is not linked with the geographical boundaries but with a spiritual relationship. He negated the concept of territorial nationalism and brought to light its adverse affects and influence on Muslims. Allama Iqbals writings, poetry and sayings kindled a new light, aroused a sense of respect, self-realization and determination in the Muslim masses. The new Muslim generation particularly responded vigorously to Allama Iqbals call and took active part in the freedom struggle for the creation of Pakistan.

Creation of Pakistan
In 1940 the Muslim League formally endorsed the partitioning of British India and the creation of Pakistan as a separate Muslim state. During pre-independence talks in 1946, therefore, the British government found that the stand of the Muslim League on separation and that of the Congress on the territorial unity of India were irreconcilable. The British then decided on partition and on August 15, 1947, transferred power dividedly to India and Pakistan. The latter, however, came into existence in two parts: West Pakistan, as Pakistan stands today, and East Pakistan, now known as Bangladesh. The two were separated by 1,600 km (1,000 mi) of Indian territory. Problems of Partition

The division of the subcontinent caused tremendous dislocations of populations. Some 6 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from Pakistan into India, and about 8 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan. The demographic shift was accompanied by considerable inter-ethnic violence, including massacres, that reinforced bitterness between the two countries. This bitterness was further intensified by disputes over the accession of the former native states of India to either country. Nearly all of these 562 widely scattered polities had joined either India or Pakistan; the princes of Hyderabad, Junagadh, and Kashmir, however, had chosen to join neither country. On August 15, 1947, these three states became technically independent, but when the Muslim ruler of Junagadh, with its predominantly Hindu population, joined Pakistan a month later, India annexed his territory.

Hyderabad's Muslim prince, ruling over a mostly Hindu population, tried to postpone any decision indefinitely, but in September 1948 India also settled that issue by pre-emptive annexation. The Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, whose subjects were 85 per cent Muslim, decided to join India. Pakistan, however, questioned his right to do so, and a war broke out between India and Pakistan. Although the UN subsequently resolved that a plebiscite be held under UN auspices to determine the future of Kashmir, India continued to occupy about two thirds of the state and refused to hold a plebiscite. This deadlock, which still persists, has intensified suspicion and antagonism between the two countries.

ROLE OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

The role played by All India Muslim League in the creation of Pakistan is summarized under: 1.Minto-Morley Reform Act -1909 The Muslims under the able leadership of the Muslim league now began to press for the separate electorate for the Muslims.The authorities accepted their demand in Act,called "The Minto-Morley Reform Act",in 1909. 2.Lucknow Pack-1916 In November 1916,two committees of League and Congress met at Calcutta and drew an agreement draft of political reform for India called "Lucknow Pact".Through this pact the Congress recognized the separate status of Muslims. 3.Simon Commission In 1927,Simon Commission was sent to India under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon to settle Muslim Hindu differences.It was rejected because there was no indian member on the commission. 4.Jinnah's Fourteen Points-1929 The Quaid-e-Azam refused to accept the Nehru-report.In order to protect the Muslim's point of view on the political issues of South Asia,he prepared a draft of guiding principles consisting of 14 points,popularly known as "Jinnah's Fourteen Points."

5.Allama Iqbal's Allahabad Address-1930 In 1930,in his presidential address at annual session of League at Allahabad,Iqbal proposed the formation of a separate Muslim State by combining Northern and South

Western Muslim majority region in Sub Continent. 6.Day of Deliverance On 22nd December ,Muslim League observed "Deliverance Day" to thank God for resignation of Congress Ministers. 7.Pakistan Resolution -1940 The attitude of the Hindus made it clear that the Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations.On March 23rd,at the Annual session of Muslim League at Lahore,the famous resolution ,commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution was passed.It presented by Maulvi Fazlul Haq.Quiad-e-Azam said in his address: "By all means Muslims are one nation and they need a separate homeland where they could live their spiritual ,cultural ,economical,social and political lives independently." 8.Cripps Mission-1942 Sir Stafford Cripps was sent by the British Government to India,to discuss with Indian leaders,the future Indian Constitution.His proposal was rejected by both the Congress and the League.The Congress characterized them as "a post-dated cheque on a failing bank" Jinnah said that: "If these were accepted "Muslims would become a minority in their majority provinces as well." 9.Gandhi Jinnah Talks-1944 Gandhi held talks with Jinnah to discuss about the future of India,but no fruitful results came out of it because Gandhi did not accept Muslims as a separate nation." Louis Feisher wrote: "The wall between Jinnah and Gandhi was the Two Nation Theory ." 10.Simla Conference -1945 Lord Wavell called a conference at Simla.The conference failed to achieve any purpose due to one sided attitude of Lord Wavell.In this conference ,Quaid-e-Azam made it crystal clear that the Muslim League can represent Muslims of India. 11.General Elections-1945-1946 Elections for the central and provincial assemblies were held in 1945-1946 in which Muslim League won 30 seats of central legislative meant for Muslims and 430 seats out of 495 in the provincial legislative.Quiad-e-Azam said on this occassion: "I have no doubt now in the acheivement of Pakistan.The Muslims of India told the world

what they want.No power of world can topple the opinion of 10 crore Muslims of India." 12.Cabinet Mission-1946 Cabinet Mission a visited India in 1946 and submitted its recommendations to the Britishers.As a result Interium Government was formed but Congress and League couldn't co-operate amongst themselves. 13.Delhi Convention-1946 Quaid-e-Azam called a convention of all the Muslim League members at Delhi.At the convention every member took the pledge to under go any danger for the attainment of national goal of Pakistan. 14.3rd June Plan -1947 Lord Mount Batten prepared the plan for tranference of power according to the wish of people.He emphasized on the partition of the country and told that it was the only solution of the Indian political deadlock.Both League and Congress accepted the plan.

Two nation theory

Allama Iqbal's statement explaining the attitude of Muslim delegates to the RoundTable Conference issued in December, 1933 was a rejoinder to Jawahar Lal Nehru's statement. Nehru had said that the attitude of the Muslim delegation was based on reactionarism. Iqbal concluded his rejoinder with:

In conclusion I must put a straight question to pundit Jawahar Lal, how is India's problem to be solved if the majority community will neither concede the minimum safeguards necessary for the protection of a minority of 80 million people, nor accept the award of a third party; but continue to talk of a kind of nationalism which works out only to its own benefit? This position can admit of only two alternatives. Either the Indian majority community will have to accept for itself the permanent position of an agent of British imperialism in the East, or the country will have to be redistributed on a basis of religious, historical and cultural affinities so as to do away with the question of electorates and the communal problem in its present form.