PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 127:2002

Agricultural Machinery – Drilling Rig – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation
of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards” which was funded by the
Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

AMTEC Test Reports on Drilling Rigs

Agricultural Mechanization Development Program (AMDP), University of the Philippines

Los Baños (UPLB) Model II Drilling Rig – Operator’s Manual

Republic Act No. 7394 otherwise known as “The Consumer Act of the Philippines” enacted
on July 22, 1991.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 127: 2002

Agricultural Machinery – Drilling Rig – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for drilling rig used for agricultural purposes. This
standard is applicable only to water-well drilling rigs.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 128:2002, Agricultural Machinery – Drilling Rig – Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
drilling rig
structural assembly which is used to drill holes for the purpose of water-well construction
(see Figure 1)

3.2
drilling pipe
serves as an adaptor of the drill bit and conduit of water jet channel (see Figure 1)

3.3
drill bit
bit attached to the end of the drilling pipe which is directly in contact with the soil formation
and serves as cutting device during drilling operation (see Figure 1)

3.4
main rig assembly
structure which supports the entire drilling system (see Figure 1)

3.4
surging stem
jetting stem
light weight pipes used during high velocity flow (jetting) operation
 PAES 127: 2002

Main Rig Assembly

Engine

Gearbox

Drilling Pipe

Base Frame Assembly

Pump Drill Bit

a)

Engine

Gearbox

Main Rig Assembly

Drilling Pipe
Engine-Pump Set

Drill Bit

b)
Figure 1 – Typical Drilling Rig Designs and its Main Components

3
PAES 127: 2002

4 Classification

The classification of drilling rig according to the boring action shall be as follows:

4.1 Rotary

A type of drilling rig in which the mode of drilling is done by using a rotating drill bit that cut
and loosen the soil thus producing a hole of required diameter.

4.2 Percussion

A type of drilling rig in which the mode of drilling is done by alternately raising and
dropping either an external weight (solid steel or wood) or the drilling stem itself, causing the
impact of the drill bit to the soil, thus producing a hole of required diameter.

4.3 Combination

A type of drilling rig in which the mode of drilling is done by rotary action and percussion.

NOTE For all types of drilling rig, water jet is applied to facilitate boring.

5 Materials of Construction

5.1 The drilling rig shall be generally made of steel materials.

5.2 Black Iron (BI) pipe with “square” thread of at least Schedule 40 shall be used in the
manufacture of drill pipe and main rig assembly; and at least Schedule 20 shall be used in the
manufacture of surging stem.

5.3 Carbon steel with at least 80% carbon content (AISI 1080) or high speed steel with
molybdenum shall be used in the manufacture of drill bit.

6 Performance Requirements

The drilling rig when tested in accordance with PAES 128 shall conform to the following
requirements:

6.1 The drilling rig shall be easy to set-up and operate.

6.2 In case of combination type of drilling rig, drilling shall be readily switched from
rotary to percussion mode to suit different soil conditions or geologic formation.

6.3 Water jetting shall facilitate the removal of soil aggregates in the borehole.

6.4 The drilling rig shall be capable of drilling at least 30-meter depth and a minimum
borehole diameter of 100 mm.

4
 PAES 127: 2002

6.5 The noise emitted by the machine measured 50 mm away from the operator’s ear
level shall not be more than 92 db (A). *

7 Other Requirements

7.1 The drilling rig shall be portable, or self-transportable, and can be easily dismantled
into sub-assemblies. It can be set-up, operated and dismantled by at most three persons.

7.2 The drilling rig shall be stable such that it can be set-up even in sloping ground and
can be operated even under hard geologic formation.

7.3 The drilling rig shall be provided with safety features such that its moving parts are
adequately guarded to protect the operator.

7.4 A by-pass mechanism for the drilling fluid shall be provided so as to eliminate turning
the pump on and off during drilling and surging.

7.5 The drilling rig shall be of simple design in which small workshops can fabricate and
repair it using locally available materials.

7.6 The drilling rig shall be provided with different types of drill bits to suit different
geologic formation.

7.7 The drilling rig shall be provided with adjustable dish plate assembly or similar
device attached to the main base frame for stability.

7.8 The drilling rig shall be provided with quick release couplings in connecting one part
to another (i.e. suction hose to pump, pump to discharge hose, etc).

8 Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The drilling rig shall be free from manufacturing defects that may be detrimental to its
operation.

8.2 Any uncoated metallic surface shall be free from rust and shall be appropriately
painted if necessary.

8.3 The drilling rig shall be free from sharp edges and surfaces that may injure the
operator.

_________________________
*
Allowable noise level for six (6) hours of continuous exposure based on Occupational Safety and Health Standards,
Ministry of Labor. Philippines.1983.
5
PAES 127: 2002

9 Warranty for Construction and Durability

9.1 Warranty against defective materials and workmanship shall be provided for parts and
services except for consumable maintenance parts (i.e. belts, drill bits, etc) within six (6)
months from the purchase of the drilling rig.

9.2 The construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of its major
components within six (6) months from purchase by the first buyer.

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 Each drilling rig shall be provided with appropriate tools for assembly, operation and
dismantling.

10.2 An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.

11 Sampling

The drilling rig shall be sampled for testing in accordance with PAES 103.

12 Testing

Sampled drilling rig shall be tested in accordance with PAES 128.

13 Marking and Labeling

Each drilling rig shall be marked in English language with the following information using a
plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

13.1 Registered Trademark of the Manufacturer

13.2 Brand

13.3 Model

13.4 Serial number

13.5 Name and address of the manufacturer

13.6 Name and address of the importer, if imported (optional)

13.7 Country of manufacture (if imported) / “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured in
the Philippines)

13.8 Safety/precautionary markings

6
 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 128: 2002
Agricultural Machinery – Drilling Rig – Methods of Test

Foreword

The pursuance of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation
of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which was funded by the
Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

AMTEC Test Reports on Drilling Rigs

Agricultural Mechanization Development Program (AMDP), University of the Philippines

Los Baños (UPLB) Model II Drilling Rig – Operator’s Manual

A-35
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 128: 2002

Agricultural Machinery – Drilling Rig – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for drilling rig. Specifically, it shall
be used to:

1.1 verify the main dimensions, weight, and other technical data of the drilling rig
submitted by the manufacturer/dealer

1.2 evaluate the operator’s manual as to clarity, usefulness and adaptability

1.3 determine the performance of the drilling rig during the operation

1.4 prepare a report on the results of the tests

2 Reference

The following normative document contains provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 127:2002, Agricultural Machinery – Drilling Rig – Specifications

3 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

3.1 Drilling Rig on Test

The drilling rig submitted for test shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103. The
manufacturer/dealer shall submit the technical data and information of the drilling rig.

3.2 Role of the Manufacturer/Dealer

The manufacturer/dealer shall submit to the official testing agency the specifications and
other relevant information on the drilling rig. An official representative shall be appointed to
conduct minor repair, handle, adjust and witness the test. It shall be the duty of the
representative to make all decisions on matters of adjustment and preparation of the machine
for testing. The manufacturer/dealer shall abide with the terms and conditions set forth by the
official testing agency.

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 PAES 128: 2002

3.3 Preparation of Drilling Rig for Testing

The drilling rig shall be installed complete with accessories necessary for its operation.

3.4 Pre-test Operation of the Drilling Rig

The pre-test operation of the drilling rig shall be done by the manufacturer’s representative(s)
prior to testing.

3.5 Operation of the Drilling Rig

During test, the drilling rig shall be operated by the manufacturer’s official representative(s)
in accordance with the published operator’s manual.

3.6 Suspension of Test

If during test run, the drilling rig malfunctions so as to affect the machine's performance, the
test may be suspended with the concurrence of both the official testing agency and the
manufacturer’s representatives.

4 Tests and Inspection

4.1 Verification of Manufacturer’s Technical Data and Information

4.1.1 This inspection is carried out to verify that the main dimensions, weight of the drilling
rig and other pertinent data conform to the list of technical data and information submitted by
the manufacturer.

4.1.2 A plain and level surface shall be used for this investigation.

4.1.3 Observations of the following data shall be made:

4.1.3.1 Portability of equipment (including weight and space requirement);

4.1.3.2 Adequacy of arrangements for lubrication of moving parts;

4.1.3.3 Presence of safety features; and

4.1.3.4 Whether operator’s manual and spare parts catalogue, accessories, and special tools
required for adjustments and repair are available and are supplied to buyers.

4.1.4 The items to be inspected, verified and observed are given in Annex A.

4.2 Performance Tests

4.2.1 At least two separate test trials shall be carried out with the same setting at different
locations. The test is finished if the recommended depth of drilling at the desired diameter is
attained.

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PAES 128: 2002

4.2.2 The drilling rig shall be operated for at least 100 mm diameter of bore hole and
minimum depth of 30 m.

4.2.3 The time of operation shall be recorded starting from the time the drilling bit touches
the soil surface and ended as soon as the recommended depth and diameter of bore hole has
been attained. The time in adding drilling stems shall be included.

4.2.4 During operation, the operating speeds of the engine and gearbox shall be recorded.

4.2.5 The fuel consumption of the engine(s) shall be taken.

4.2.6 During operation, soil samples shall be obtained at different depths to establish the
soil profile description of the test area.

4.2.7 Items to be measured and recorded are given in Annex B.

4.3 Laboratory Analysis

4.3.1 This test is carried out to analyze the soil samples taken during the performance test to
determine the soil profile description of the test area.

4.3.2 Each soil sample taken at different depths is initially weighed and then passed through
series of sieves.

4.3.3 The type of soil (i.e. gravel, sand, silt and clay) that is retained in a particular sieve
corresponding to its grain size is then weighed. (see Table 1)

Table 1 – Soil Type based on its Grain Size

Grain Size
Soil Type Remarks
mm
Gravel > 2.0 Retained by the 2 mm sieve
Passed through the 2 mm sieve but retained by the
Sand 2.0 – 0.05
0.05 mm sieve
Passed through the 2 mm sieve but retained by the
Coarse 2.0 – 0.5
0.5 mm sieve
Passed through the 0.5 mm sieve but retained by
Medium 0.5 – 0.25
the 0.25 mm sieve
Passed through the 0.25 mm sieve but retained by
Fine 0.25 – 0.05
the 0.05 mm sieve
Passed through the 0.05 mm sieve but retained by
Silt 0.05 – 0.002
the 0.002 mm sieve
Clay < 0.002 Passed through the 0.002 mm sieve

4.3.4 The total weight, individual weights of soil based on grain size, and percent by weight
are measured, computed and recorded in Annex C – Table C1.

4.3.5 Each sample taken shall be classified based on the relative amounts of gravel, sand,
silt and clay (i.e. gravel with coarse sand; coarse sand with silt and clay; fine sand, etc).

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 PAES 128: 2002

4.3.6 Soil profile of the test site shall be recorded in Annex C – Table C2.

5 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

5.1 Name of Testing Agency

5.2 Test Report Number
5.3 Title
5.4 Summary
5.5 Purpose and Scope of Test
5.6 Methods of Test
5.7 Description of the Drilling Rig
5.8 Table1 – Drilling Rig Specifications
5.9 Table 2 – Results of Performance Test
5.10 Observations
5.11 Name and Signature of Test Engineers

A-39
PAES 128: 2002

ANNEX A

Inspection Sheet for Drilling Rig

Name of Applicant : __________________________________________________________

Address : _____________________________________________________________
Telephone No. : _______________________________________________________
Name of Distributor : _________________________________________________________
Address : _____________________________________________________________
Name of Manufacturer : _______________________________________________________
Factory Address : ______________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION

Brand :_____________________________ Model :_________________________________

Serial No. : _________________________Type : __________________________________
Production date of drilling rig to be tested : ________________________________________

Items to be inspected

ITEMS Manufacturer’s Verification by the

Specifications Testing Agency
A1 Type
A2 Overall dimensions in transport
A2.1 Length, mm
A2.2 Width, mm
A2.3 Height, mm
A3 Base frame assembly
A3.1 Length, mm
A3.2 Width, mm
A3.3 Material
A3.4 Feature
A4 Main rig assembly
A4.1 Type
A4.2 Height, m
A4.3 Material
A5 Rotary water inlet assembly
A5.1 Type
A5.2 Feature

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 PAES 128: 2002

ITEMS Manufacturer’s Verification by the

Specifications Testing Agency
A6 Drilling stem
A6.1 Diameter, mm
A6.2 Length, mm
A6.3 Material
A7 Drill bits
A7.1 Type
A7.2 Brand
A7.3 Name of manufacturer
A7.4 Country of manufacture
A7.5 Diameter, mm
A7.6 Configuration/shape
A7.7 Material
A7.7.1 Construction material
A7.7.2 Hardness
A8 Primemover
A8.1 Brand
A8.2 Model
A8.3 Serial number
A8.4 Type
A8.5 Manufacturer’s continuous rated
power, kW
A8.6 Rated speed, rpm
A9 Accessory pump
A9.1 Brand
A9.2 Model
A9.3 Size
A9.4 Type
A9.5 Manufacturer’s continuous rated
power, kW
A9.6 Rated speed, rpm
A10 Power transmission system
A10.1 Engine to power tiller
Transmission (if applicable)
A10.1.1 Engine pulley
A10.1.1.1 Diameter, mm
A10.1.1.2 Type, cross-section
A10.1.2 Transmission pulley
A10.1.2.1 Diameter, mm
A10.1.2.2 Type, cross-section
A10.1.3 Belt
A10.1.3.1 Type, cross-section
A10.1.3.2 Size

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PAES 128: 2002

ITEMS Manufacturer’s Verification by the

Specifications Testing Agency
A10.2 Engine to centrifugal pump
A10.2.1 Engine pulley
A10.2.1.1 Diameter, mm
A10.2.1.2 Type, cross-section
A10.2.2 Pump pulley
A10.2.2.1 Diameter, mm
A10.2.2.2 Type, cross-section
A10.2.3 Belt
A10.2.3.1 Type, cross-section
A10.2.3.2 Size
A10.3 Engine to gearbox
A10.3.1 Engine pulley
A10.3.1.1 Diameter, mm
A10.3.1.2 Type, cross-section
A10.3.2 Gearbox pulley
A10.3.2.1 Diameter, mm
A10.3.2.2 Type, cross-section
A10.3.3 Belt
A10.3.3.1 Type, cross-section
A10.3.3.2 Size
A11 Other features (dish plate and other
accessories)

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 PAES 128: 2002

Annex B

Performance Test Data Sheet

Test Conditions:
Ambient Temperature
Dry bulb, ºC : ___________________________
Wet bulb, ºC : ___________________________
Relative Humidity, %: ___________________________
Atmospheric Pressure, mb: _______________________

Items to be Measured and Inspected

Trials
ITEMS Average
1 2
B1 Drill bit diameter, mm
B2 Drilling depth, m
B3 Time of installation, min
B4 Drilling time, min
B5 Surging time, min
B6 Total time of operation, inclusive of
time for attaching drilling stems, h
B7 Rate of drilling, m/min
B8 Operating speed of components (with
load), rpm
B8.1 Primemover shaft
B8.2 Pump shaft
B8.3 Input shaft of transmission
B8.4 Gearbox
B8.5 Drill bit
B9 Noise level, db (A)
B10 Engine fuel consumption, L/h
B10.1 Pump
B10.2 Primemover

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PAES 128: 2002

Annex C

Laboratory Analysis Data Sheet

Table C1 – Analysis of Soil Sample

Depth Total Gravel Coarse Sand Medium Sand Fine Sand Silt Clay
Weight
m g g % g % g % g % g % g %
0 –3
3–6
6–9
9 – 12
12 – 15
15 – 18
18 –21
21 – 24
24 – 27
27 – 30

Table C2 – Soil Profile of the Test Area

Test Site/Location: ___________________________

Depth
Soil Classification
m
0 –3
3–6
6–9
9 – 12
12 – 15
15 – 18
18 – 21
21 – 24
24 – 27
27 – 30

A-44
 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 129: 2002
Agricultural Machinery – Electric Motor – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation
of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which was funded by the
Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards. In
compliance with metrication law “Batas Pambansa Bilang 8” enacted on January 1, 1983,
some data are converted to International System of Units (SI).

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Fink, D.G. and H.W. Beaty. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers. 13th ed. McGraw-
Hill International Editions. Electrical Engineering Series. 1993.

Fajardo, M.B. and L.R. Fajardo. Electrical Layout and Estimate. 1987

Brown, R.H. Farm Electrification. McGraw-hill Book Company.1956.

McPartland J. F. and B.J. McPartland. National Electrical Code Handbook. 23rd ed.
Conforms to the 1999 NEC. McGraw-Hill International Editions.

A web document on Application Note: Efficiency Improvements for AC Electric Motors.

Pacific Gas and Electric Company. 1997

A web document on Electric Motors. East Carolina University. January 31, 2001.

A web document on Electric Motor Terminology. Dreisilker Electric Motors, Inc. 1999-2002.

A web document on Glossary of Electric Motor Terms. Winans Electric Motor Repair, Inc.
Last updated May 5, 2002.

Republic Act No. 7394 otherwise known as “The Consumer Act of the Philippines” enacted
on July 22, 1991.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 129: 2002

Agricultural Machinery – Electric Motor – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard establishes specifications and provides sufficient technical information for the
appropriate application of electric motor as a source of shaft power for agricultural
machinery.

2 References

The following normative document contains provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

PAES 130: 2002, Agricultural Machinery – Electric Motor– Methods of Test

Philippine Electrical Code 2000 Part 1, Vol. 1

National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) MG 1:1993 – Motors and Generators

Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers. 13th Edition. 1993

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
ampacity
current, in amperes, that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use
without exceeding its temperature rating

3.2
disconnecting means
switch
device, or group of devices, or other means by which the electric motor can be disconnected
from the power supply
 PAES 129: 2002

3.3
duty rating
time rating
refers to how frequently the motor is started and how long it will run each time it is started

3.4
electric motor
machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy

3.5
enclosure
case or housing which prevents the operator from accidental contact with energized parts and
protect the motor from physical damage

3.6
frame designation
standardized motor mounting and shaft dimensions as established by National Electric
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) or International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

3.7
locked-rotor current
maximum current required to start the motor

3.8
phase
number of individual voltages applied to the motor

3.8.1
three-phase
has three individual voltages applied to the motor

NOTE The three-phase are at 120 degrees with respect to each other so that peaks of voltage
occur at even time intervals to balance the power received and delivered by the motor
throughout its 360 degrees of rotation.

3.8.2
single-phase
has one voltage applied to the motor in the shape of a sine wave

3.9
rotor
armature winding
rotating part of electric motor which is typically constructed of a laminated steel core
containing current-carrying copper wires

3
PAES 129: 2002

3.10
service factor
indicates the maximum load that can be successfully carried by the motor if it is to operate
continuously and remain within a safe temperature range

3.11
stator
field poles
stationary part of electric motor consisting of copper windings which is placed in a laminated
iron core

3.12
temperature rise
temperature of a motor operating under rated conditions, which is above ambient temperature

3.13
thermal protector
device which protects the motor against overheating due to overload or failure to start

3.14
torque
twisting or turning force produced by the motor

3.14.1
breakdown torque
pull out torque
maximum torque a motor can develop during overload without stalling

3.14.2
starting torque
locked rotor torque
motor torque at zero speed or the maximum torque required to start the load

4
 PAES 129: 2002

4 Classification

The classification of electric motors as shown in Figure 1, shall be based on the following:

Electric Motors

AC DC Universal

3-Phase 1-Phase
Series-Wound
Shunt-wound
Squirrel-cage
Wound-rotor Compound wound

Squirrel-cage Synchronous Wound-rotor

Split-phase Repulsion
Capacitor-start Repulsion-start
Induction-run Induction-run
Permanent-split Repulsion
capacitor Induction
Two-value capacitor
Shaded pole

Figure 1 – Classification of Electric Motors

5
PAES 129: 2002

4.1 Current source

4.1.1 Alternating Current (AC) motor

In AC motor, current is sent into the stator winding which is placed in a stationary laminated
iron core; the rotating element may or may not be a set of magnet poles.

4.1.1.1 single-phase

Single-phase motor types and their characteristic are shown in Table 1 while full-load current
for single-phase AC motors running at usual speed and with normal torque characteristics is
shown in Table 2.

Table 1 – Types, Characteristics, and Applications of Single-Phase Motors

Power Ranges Load-starting Starting

Type Characteristics Typical Uses
kW hp Ability Current
Squirrel Cage:
Split-phase 0.04 to 1/20 to 1/2 Easy starting High; five to Nearly constant Fans,
0.37 loads. seven times speed with centrifugal
Develops full-load varying load. pumps, loads
150% of full- current Electrically that increase
load torque reversible. as speed
increases
Capacitor start 0.09 to 1/8 to 10 Hard starting Medium; three Nearly constant Compressors,
7.46 loads. to six times speed with grain augers,
Develops 350 full-load varying load. conveyors,
to 400 % of current Electrically pumps, silo
full-load reversible. unloaders and
torque. barn cleaners

Two-value 1.49 to 2 to 20 Hard starting Medium; three Nearly constant Conveyors,

capacitor 14.92 loads. to five times speed with barn cleaners,
Develops 350 full-load varying load. elevators, silo
to 400 % of current Electrically unloaders
full-load reversible.
torque.

Permanent- 0.04 to 1/20 to 1 Easy starting Low; two to Electrically Fans and
split capacitor 0.75 loads. four times full- reversible. blowers
Develops load current
150% of full-
load torque

Shaded pole 0.003 to 1/250 to Easy starting Medium Not electrically Small
0.37 1/2 loads. reversible. blowers, fans
and small
appliances
Wound-rotor 0.12 to 1/6 to 10 Very hard Low; two to Not electrically Conveyors,
(repulsion) 7.46 starting loads. four times full- reversible. drag burr
Develops 350 load current Reversed by mills, deep-
to 400 % of brush ring well pumps,
full-load readjustment. hoists, silo
torque. unloaders,
bucket
elevators
Adapted from Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 13th Ed. 1993
NOTE Some power companies may limit size of motor to be connected to single-phase
lines.

6
 PAES 129: 2002

Table 2 – Full-Load Current for Single-Phase and Three-Phase

Alternating Current Motors

Power Full-load current at 230 Volts

Amperes
kW hp Single-phase Three-phase
0.12 1/6 2.2 -
0.19 1/4 2.9 -
0.25 1/3 3.6 -
0.37 1/2 4.9 2.2
0.56 3/4 6.9 3.2
0.75 1 8.0 4.2
1.12 1 1/2 10.0 6.0
1.49 2 12 6.8
2.24 3 17 9.6
3.73 5 28 15.2
5.60 7 1/2 40 22
7.46 10 50 28
11.19 15 - 42
14.92 20 - 54
18.65 25 - 68
22.38 30 - 80
29.84 40 - 104
Adapted from Philippine Electrical Code 2000 Part 1, Vol.1

7
PAES 129: 2002

4.1.1.2 three-phase

Three-phase motor types and their characteristic are shown in Table 3 while full-load current
for three-phase AC motors running at usual speed and with normal torque characteristics is
shown in Table 2.

Table 3 – Types, Characteristics, and Applications of Three-Phase Motors

Maximum
Starting
Type Description Running Characteristics Typical Uses
Torque
Torque
NEMA Design B: 100 – 150 % of 200 – 250 % of Continuous Pumps;
Energy efficient; Normal full-load torque full-load torque operation, compressors,
starting current; can be used constant speed, conveyors,
with variable frequency or high speed (over process
variable-voltage inverters; 720 rpm), easy machinery
higher efficiency than standard- starting; subject
design B motors to short time
overloads; good
speed regulation
NEMA Design B: 100 – 150 % of 200 – 250 % of Variable load Centrifugal
Normal torques; Normal starting full-load torque full-load torque conditions, pumps, blowers,
current; can be used with constant speed; fans, drilling
variable-frequency or variable- subject to short machines,
voltage inverters; time overloads; grinders, lathes,
good speed compressors,
regulation conveyors
Squirrel NEMA Design C: 200 – 300 % of Not more than High starting Reciprocating
Cage High torque; Normal starting full-load torque full-load torque torque; not fans, stokers,
current; not recommended for subject to severe compressors,
use with variable-frequency overloads; good crushers, ball
inverters speed regulation and rod mills
NEMA Design D: Up to 300 % of 200 – 300 % of Intermittent Punch presses,
High torque; High slip; standard full-load torque full-load loads; poor cranes, hoists,
types have slip characteristics of torque; loss of speed regulation press brakes,
5 - 8% or 8 - 13% slip speed during to smooth power shears,
peak loads peaks centrifugals
required
Multispeed:Normal torque on Some require 200 % of full- Low starting Blowers, fans,
dominant winding or speed; low torque; load torque at torque and machine tools,
consequent pole windings or others require each speed variable torque mixing
separate windings for each several times on blowers. machines,
speed; based on load full-load torque High starting conveyors,
requirement, can be constant toque and pumps
horsepower, constant torque, constant torque
variable torque on conveyors
Requires rotor control system to Can provide 200 – 300 % of Very high Crushers,
provide desired characteristic; torque up to full-load torque starting torque conveyors,
control may be resistors or maximum with low starting bending rolls,
reactors or fixed-frequency torque at current; limited ball and rod
Wound-
inverters in the secondary (rotor) standstill range of speed mills, pumps,
rotor
circuit; actual load speed adjustments; centrifugal
depends on the setting of rotor controlled blowers, cranes
control acceleration and hoists,
centrifugals
Adapted from Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 13th Ed. 1993

8
 PAES 129: 2002

4.1.2 Direct current (DC) motor

In the DC motor, current is sent into the armature winding, which is placed in-between a set
of radially supported magnet poles.

4.1.3 Universal motor

Universal motors are small series motors up to 3.73 kW rating which are commonly designed
to operate on either direct current or alternating current.

4.2 Construction

4.2.1 Shunt-wound motor

A type of DC motor, in which the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature.

NOTE: The shunt motor is used in constant speed application.

4.2.2 Series-wound motor

A type of DC motor, in which the field winding is connected in series with the armature.

NOTE The series motor is used in applications where a high starting torque is required.

4.2.3 Compound-wound motor

A type of DC motor, which has a series-field and shunt-field winding.

NOTE In compound motor, the drop of the speed-torque characteristics may be adjusted to
suit the load.

4.2.4 Synchronous

A type of AC motor capable of raising the power factor of systems having large induction-
motor loads.

4.2.5 Wound-rotor

A type of AC motor, wherein secondary windings are wound with discrete conductors with
the same number of poles as the primary winding on the stator.

4.2.6 Squirrel-cage

A type of AC motor wherein the rotor or secondary winding consists merely of 28 identical
copper or cast-aluminum bars solidly connected to conducting end wings on each end, thus
forming a “squirrel-cage” structure.

The starting kVA of a squirrel-cage motor is indicated by a code letter stamped on the
nameplate. Table 4 shows the corresponding kVA for each code letter.

9
PAES 129: 2002

Table 4 – Motor Code Letters

Letter Designation kVA per Letter Designation kVA per

Horsepower Horsepower
A below 3.15 L 9.0 – 9.99
B 3.15 – 3.54 M 10.0 – 11.19
C 3.55 – 3.99 N 11.2 – 12.49
D 4.00 – 4.49 P 12.5 – 13.99
E 4.50 – 4.99 R 14.0 – 15.99
F 5.00 – 5.59 S 16.0 – 17.99
G 5.60 – 6.29 T 18.0 – 19.99
H 6.30 – 7.09 U 20.0 – 22.39
J 7.10 – 7.99 V 22.4 and up
K 8.00 – 8.99
Source: Philippine Electrical Code 2000 Part 1, Vol.1

4.3 Starting

4.3.1 Split-phase

In split-phase motor, torque can be obtained by providing a separate winding, or auxiliary

phase 90º displaced in space from the main winding. The typical schematic diagram of a
split-phase motor is shown in Figure 2.

Main Centrifugal
Windings Rotor Switch

Auxiliary
Windings
Figure 2 – Split-phase Motor Diagram

4.3.2 Capacitor-start induction-run

In capacitor-start, induction-run motor, torque can be obtained by inserting an external series

capacitor in the auxiliary winding circuit, which is opened by a centrifugal switch or relay as
the motor approaches full speed. The typical schematic diagram of a capacitor-start
induction-run motor is shown in Figure 3. Capacitor

Main Centrifugal
Windings Rotor Switch

Auxiliary
Windings

Figure 3 – Capacitor-start Induction-run Motor Diagram

10
 PAES 129: 2002

4.3.3 Permanent split-capacitor

In permanent split-capacitor motor, torque can be obtained by inserting an external series

capacitor permanently in the circuit. The typical schematic diagram of a permanent split-
capacitor motor is shown in Figure 4.
Capacitor

Main
Rotor
Windings

Auxiliary
Windings

Figure 4 – Permanent Split-Capacitor Motor Diagram

4.3.4 Two-value capacitor

In two-value capacitor motor, torque can be obtained by retaining the auxiliary winding in
circuits with a reduced capacitor size in parallel with a small oil capacitor at starting and
cutting the former out of circuits with a centrifugal switch or relay when the motor
approaches full speed. The typical schematic diagram of a two-value capacitor motor is
shown in Figure 5.
C-1

C-2

Main
Windings Rotor

Auxiliary
Windings
Figure 5 – Two-value Capacitor Motor Diagram

4.3.5 Shaded pole

In shaded pole motor, the current is induced in an auxiliary winding called shading coil.
Shaded-pole motors are used only in very small sizes normally below 50 W output. The
typical schematic diagram of a shaded pole motor is shown in Figure 6.

Copper
Loop

Figure 6 – Shaded Pole Motor Diagram

11
PAES 129: 2002

4.3.6 Repulsion

In repulsion, torque can be obtained by providing a winding and commutator on the rotor,
with a single pair of short-circuited brushes for starting and a centrifugal mechanism which
short-circuits the entire commutator as the motor approaches full speed. The typical
schematic diagram of a wound-motor (repulsion) is shown in Figure 7.
Brush

Main Wound
Windings Rotor

Commutator
Segment

Figure 7 – Wound-motor (Repulsion) Motor Diagram

4.4 Other classification

4.4.1 Size

4.4.1.1 Fractional-horsepower

A type of motor built in smaller frames having a continuous rating of less than 1 hp, open
type, at 1700 rpm to 1800 rpm.

4.4.1.2 Integral-horsepower

A type of motor built in larger frames having a continuous rating equal to and greater than
1 hp, open type, at 1700 rpm to 1800 rpm.

Integral-horsepower motors are classified according to locked-rotor and breakdown torque

which are developed and locked rotor currents drawn, and are identified by NEMA design
letters A, B, C, D and F as shown in Table 5.

Table 5 –Design Letters for Integral-horsepower motors

Design Starting Breakdown Starting Slip at

Typical Application
Letter Torque Torque Current Rated Load
Machine tools,
A Normal High Normal Low
centrifugal pumps, fans
B Normal High Low Low Same as design A
C High Normal Low Low Loaded compressor
D Very High N/A Low High Punch presses
Very Above
F Low Very Low Large fans
Low Normal
Source: National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) MG 1-1.16

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 PAES 129: 2002

4.4.2 Duty rating

4.4.2.1 Intermittent

In intermittent rating, the motor is to be used for less than one hour each time and followed
by a period of rest. The ratings used are 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes.

4.4.2.2 Continuous rating

In continuous rating, the motor is to be used for more than one hour.

4.4.3 Temperature rating

The temperature rise shall not exceed the limit for the insulation class when the motor is
loaded to its rating or its service factor load. Table 6 shows the maximum temperature for
each insulation class.

Table 6 – Insulation Class of Motors

Maximum Hot Spot
Insulation Class Continuous Temperature
°C °F
A 105 221
B 130 266
F 155 311
H 180 356
Source: Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 13th Ed. 1993

4.4.4 Service factor

The standard service factors are shown in Table 7.

Table 7 – Service Factor of Motors

Power rating
Service Factor
kW hp
1.40 0.04 to 0.09 1/20 to 1/8
1.35 0.12 to 0.25 1/6 to 1/3
1.25 0.37 to 0.75 1/2 to 1
1.15 >0.75 to 149.20 >1 to 200
1.00 >149.20 to 373 >200 to 500
Source: Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 13th Ed. 1993

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PAES 129: 2002

4.4.5 Enclosure

The type of enclosure, which has been standardized by the NEMA, is shown in Table 8.

Table 8 – Standard Enclosure Types and their Characteristics

Types Characteristics
Open:
Drip-proof Operate with dripping liquids up to 15° from vertical
Splash-proof Operate with splashing liquids up to 100° from vertical
Guarded Guarded by limited size openings (less than 19 mm.)
Semiguarded Only top half of motor is guarded.
Drip-proof, fully guarded Drip-proof motor with limited size openings
Externally ventilated Ventilated with separate motor-driven blower; can have
other types of protection
Pipe ventilated Openings accept inlet ducts or pipe for air cooling
Weather protected, Type 1 Ventilating passages minimize entrance of rain, snow,
and airborne particles. Passages are less that 19 mm. in
diameter.
Weather protected, Type 2 Motors have, in addition to type 1, passages to
discharge high-velocity particles blown into the motor

Totally Enclosed:
Nonventilated (TENV) Not equipped for external cooling
Fan-cooled (TEFC) Cooled by external integral fan
Explosion-proof Withstands internal gas explosion; prevents ignition of
external gas
Dust-ignition -proof Excludes ignitable amounts of dust and amounts of dust
that would degrade performance
Water-proof Excludes leakage except around shaft
Pipe ventilated Openings accept inlet ducts or pipe for air cooling
Water-cooled Cooled by circulating water
Water-and-air-cooled Cooled by water-cooled air
Air-to-air-cooled Cooled by air-cooled air
Guarded TEFC Fan cooled and guarded by limited-size openings
Encapsulated Has resin-filled windings for severe operating
conditions
Source: Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 13th Ed. 1993

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 PAES 129: 2002

5 Performance Requirements

5.1 Motor efficiencies

Motor efficiencies and power factors shall meet or exceed the following values to conform with
Philippine Electrical System at +10% 230 volts and 60 Hz frequency.

Table 9 – Motor Efficiency at Different Power Ratings

Power Efficiency Power Factor

kW hp %
0.75 1 84.0 0.74
1.12 1.5 84.0 0.74
1.49 2 84.0 0.74
2.24 3 87.5 0.75
3.73 5 87.5 0.75
5.60 7.5 89.5 0.78
7.46 10 90.2 0.80
11.19 15 91.1 0.82
14.92 20 92.0 0.82
18.65 25 92.4 0.82
22.38 30 92.5 0.83
29.84 40 93.1 0.84
37.30 50 93.1 0.84
44.76 60 93.7 0.84
55.95 75 94.2 0.85
74.60 100 94.6 0.85
93.25 125 94.6 0.85
111.90 150 95.1 0.86
149.20 200 95.1 0.86
over over
95.4 0.86
149.20 200
Source: NEMA Standard MG1

15
PAES 129: 2002

6 Other Requirements

6.1 Wires and overcurrent devices

Wire sizes and overcurrent devices (fuse and circuit breaker) shall be selected according to
the load to be carried and shall conform to Philippine Electrical Code 2000 Article 3.10 –
Conductors for General Wiring.

NOTE: For details on the selection of wires and overcurrent devices, refer to Annex A.

6.2 Disconnecting means

Switches capable of disconnecting motors from the circuit shall conform to the Philippine
Electrical Code 2000 Article 4.30 Section 10 – Disconnecting Means.

6.3 Grounding

The grounding of exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of electric motor shall conform to
Philippine Electrical Code 2000 Article 4.30 Section 13 – Grounding – All Voltages.

6.4 Power delay device (optional)

A power delay device, which protects the electric motor from surges of electricity, as well as
low and high voltages, shall be provided.

7 Mounting

The mounting specifications of an electric motor is defined by its Frame Number as shown in
Table 10 and illustrated in Figure 8.

N-W
V

H
F F BA
E E
B
A

Figure 8 – Mounting Dimensions

16
 PAES 129: 2002

Table 10 – Dimensions for Foot-Mounted Electric Motor

Dimension, mm
Frame A B D E F BA H N-W† U† V† Key
Number max max Width† Thickness† Length†
42 - - 67 44 21 52 7 29 10 1
48 - - 76 54 35 64 9 38 13 1
48H - - 76 54 60 64 9 38 13 1

56 - - 89 62 38 70 9 48 16 5 5 35 §
56H - - 89 62 64 70 9 48 16 5 5 35 §
66 - - 105 75 64 79 10 57 19 5 5 48 §

143, T 178 152 89 70 51 57 9 51, 57 19, 22 44, 51 5, 5 5, 5 35, 35

145, T 178 152 89 70 64 57 9 51, 57 19, 22 44, 51 5, 5 5, 5 35, 35
182, T 229 165 114 95 57 70 10 57, 70 22, 29 51, 64 5, 6 5, 6 35, 44
184, T 229 191 114 95 70 70 10 57, 70 22, 29 51, 64 5, 6 5, 6 35, 44

213, T 267 191 133 108 70 89 10 76, 86 29, 35 70, 79 6, 8 6, 8 51, 60

215, T 267 229 133 108 89 89 10 76, 86 29, 35 70, 79 6, 8 6, 8 51, 60
254U, T 318 273 159 127 105 108 13 95, 102 35, 41 89, 95 8, 10 8, 10 70, 73
256U, T 318 318 159 127 127 108 13 95, 102 35, 41 89, 95 8, 10 8, 10 70, 73

284U, T 356 318 178 140 121 121 13 124, 117 41, 48 117, 111 10, 13 10, 13 95, 95
284TS 356 318 178 140 121 121 13 83 41 76 10 10 48
286U, T 356 356 178 140 140 121 13 124, 117 41, 48 117, 111 10, 13 10, 13 95, 95
286TS 356 356 178 140 140 121 13 83 41 76 10 10 48

324U, T 406 356 203 159 133 133 17 143, 133 48, 54 137, 127 13, 13 13, 13 108, 98
324S, TS 406 356 203 159 133 133 17 83, 95 41, 48 76, 89 10, 13 10, 13 48, 51
326U, T 406 394 203 159 152 133 17 143, 133 48, 54 137, 127 13, 13 13, 13 108, 98
326S, TS 406 394 203 159 152 133 17 83, 95 41, 48 76, 89 10, 13 10, 13 48, 51

364U, T 457 387 229 178 143 149 17 162, 149 54, 60 156, 143 13, 16 13, 16 127, 108
364US, TS 457 387 229 178 143 149 17 95, 95 48, 48 89, 89 13, 13 13, 13 51, 51
365U, T 457 413 229 178 156 149 17 162, 149 54, 60 156, 143 13, 16 13, 16 127, 108
365US, TS 457 413 229 178 156 149 17 95, 95 48, 48 89, 89 13, 13 13, 13 51, 51

404U, T 508 413 254 203 156 168 21 181, 184 60, 73 175, 178 16, 19 16, 19 140, 143
404 US, TS 508 413 254 203 156 168 21 108, 108 54, 54 102, 102 13, 13 13, 13 70, 70
405U, T 508 451 254 203 175 168 21 181, 184 60, 73 175, 178 16, 19 16, 19 140, 143
405US, TS 508 451 254 203 175 168 21 108, 108 54, 54 102, 102 13, 13 13, 13 70, 70

444U, T 559 470 279 229 184 191 21 219, 216 73, 86 213, 210 19, 22 19, 22 178, 175
444US, TS 559 470 279 229 184 191 21 108, 121 54, 60 102, 114 13, 16 13, 16 70, 76
445U, T 559 521 279 229 210 191 21 219, 216 73, 86 213, 210 19, 22 19, 22 178, 175
445US, TS 559 521 279 229 210 191 21 108, 121 54, 60 102, 114 13, 16 13, 16 70, 76

504U 635 533 318 254 203 216 24 219 73 213 19 19 184
504S 635 533 318 254 203 216 24 108 54 102 13 13 70
505 635 584 318 254 229 216 24 219 73 213 19 19 184
505S 635 584 318 254 229 216 24 108 54 102 13 13 70
Adapted from NEMA Standard MG1.
† Second value, where present, is for rerated T frames. Values for frames 143T through 326TS are final; values for 364T through 445TS are
tentative.
§ Effective length of keyway.

17
PAES 129: 2002

8 Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The electric motor shall be free from manufacturing defects that may be detrimental
to its operation.

8.2 The electric motor shall be free from sharp edges and surfaces that may injure the
operator.

9 Warranty for Construction and Durability

9.1 Warranty against defective materials and workmanship shall be provided for parts and
services within six (6) months from the purchase of the electric motor.

9.2 The construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of its major
components within six (6) months from purchase by the first buyer.

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 An operator’s manual, which conforms to PAES 102, shall be provided.

11 Sampling

Electric motor shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103.

12 Test Method

Sampled electric motor shall be tested for performance in accordance with PAES 130.

18
 PAES 129: 2002

13 Marking and Labeling

Each AC single-phase or three-phase electric motors shall be marked in English language

with the following information using a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most
conspicuous place:

13.1 Registered trademark of the manufacturer

13.2 Brand

13.3 Model

13.4 Motor serial number

13.5 Name and address of the manufacturer

13.6 Country of manufacture (if imported) / “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured in
the Philippines)

13.7 Rated output power

13.8 Rated voltage and full-load amperes

13.9 Rated frequency and number of phases

13.10 Rated full-load speed

13.11 Rated temperature rise

13.12 Duty/time rating

13.13 Motor code letter (See Table 4)

13.14 Design letters for integral-horsepower motors (See Table 5)

13.15 Insulation (See Table 6)

13.16 Service factor (See Table 7)

13.17 Frame designation (See Table 10)

13.18 Bearings

13.19 Thermal or overload protection

13.20 Direction for changing voltage or for reversing direction of rotation

19
PAES 129: 2002

Annex A
(informative)

Wiring Design Example

Given a 25 hp, three-phase, 230-volt, squirrel cage induction motor. The ambient temperature
of the place of installation is 40°C. Use TW wires.

Required: Determine the full-load current, size conductor (wire), and overcurrent devices
rating.

Solution:

1. From Table 2, a 25-hp squirrel-cage three-phase AC motor has a full-load current of

68 Amperes at 230 volts.

2. From Philippine Electrical Code 2000, Article 4.30 Section 2.2 (a), “Branch-circuit
conductors that supply a single motor used in a continuous duty application shall have an
ampacity of not less than 125 percent of the motor’s full-load current rating.”

Ampacity = Full load current x 125% = 68 x 1.25 = 85 Amperes (min imum )

Using Table A1, under TW wire type, find the ampacity of the conductor, which when
multiplied to correction factor for ambient temperature will equal or exceed the computed
value of 85 Amperes. The ampacity of 50 mm2 TW copper wire at 40°C ambient is
120 Amperes x 0.82 = 98.4 Amperes. Note that 0.82 is equal to the correction factor at 40°C
ambient temperature. Therefore, use three 50 mm2 TW copper wires.

3. Using the ampacity of the conductor computed in 2, find the nearest standard fuse/breaker
rating from Table A2. Therefore, use 200-Ampere Fuse or Circuit Breaker.

20
 PAES 129: 2002

Table A1 – Allowable Ampacities of Insulated Conductors Rated 0 through 2,000 Volts,

60°C Through 90°C not more than Three Current-Carrying Conductors in Raceways,
Cable, Based on Ambient Temperature of 30°C
Temperature Rating of Conductor
60°C 75°C 90°C 60°C 75°C 90°C
Types
Types Types Types
FEPW,
TBS, SA, SIS, FEP, RH, RHW, TBS, SA, SIS,
RH, RHW,
Conductor FEPB, MI, RHH, THHW, THHN, THHW,
THHW,
Size ZW-2, RHW-2, THW, THW_2, THWN-
THW,
[mm2] THHN, THHW, THWN, 2, USE-2, XHH,
Types THWN, Types
THW-2, THWN-2, XHHW, XHHW, ZW-2,
TW, XHHW, TW,
XHHW, XHHW-2 USE XHHW-2
UF USE, ZW UF
ALUMINUM or COPPER-
COPPER
CLAD ALUMINUM
2.0 20 20 25 -- -- --
3.5 25 25 30 20 20 25
5.5 30 35 40 25 30 35
8.0 40 50 55 30 40 45
14 55 65 70 40 50 65
22 70 85 90 55 65 80
30 90 110 115 65 80 90
38 100 125 130 75 90 105
50 120 145 150 95 110 125
60 135 160 170 100 120 135
80 160 195 205 120 145 165
100 185 220 225 140 170 190
125 210 255 265 165 200 225
150 240 280 295 185 225 250
200 280 330 355 220 265 300
250 315 375 400 255 305 345
325 370 435 470 305 365 410
400 405 485 515 335 405 460
500 445 540 580 370 440 495
CORRECTION FACTOR
Ambient For ambient temperatures other than 30°C, multiply the allowable
Temp. (°C) ampacities shown above by the appropriate factor shown below
21 – 25 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.08 1.05 1.04
26 – 30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
31 – 35 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.91 0.94 0.96
36 – 40 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.82 0.88 0.91
41 – 45 0.71 0.82 0.87 0.71 0.82 0.87
46 – 50 0.58 0.75 0.82 0.58 0.75 0.82
51 – 55 0.41 0.67 0.76 0.41 0.67 0.76
56 – 60 -- 0.58 0.71 -- 0.58 0.71
61 – 70 -- 0.33 0.58 -- 0.33 0.58
71 – 80 -- -- 0.41 -- -- 0.41
Source: Philippine Electrical Code 2000 Part 1, Vol. 1

21
PAES 129: 2002

Table A2 – Standard Ampere Rating for Fuses and Circuit Breaker

Fuse and Circuit Breaker Rating Maximum Load

Ampere Ampere
15 8
30 12
50 20
60 24
70 28
80 32
90 36
100 40
110 44
125 50
150 60
175 70
200 80
225 90
250 100
300 120
350 140
400 160
450 180
500 200
600 240
700 280
800 320
1000 400
2000 800
3000 1200

22
 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 130: 2002
Agricultural Machinery – Electric Motor – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation
of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which was funded by the
Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

AMTEC Test Reports on Electric Motors

PAES 117:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Small Engine – Methods of Test

Smith, D.W., Sims B.G, and D.H. O’Neill. Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Machinery
and Equipment – Principles and practices. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 110. 1994.

Fink, D.G. and H.W. Beaty. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers. 13th ed. McGraw-
Hill International Editions. Electrical Engineering Series. 1993.

McPartland J. F. and B.J. McPartland. National Electrical Code Handbook. 23rd ed.
Conforms to the 1999 NEC. McGraw-Hill International Editions.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 130: 2002

Agricultural Machinery – Electric Motor – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for electric motor. Specifically, it
shall be used to:

1.1 verify the main dimensions, weight, and other technical data of the electric motor
submitted by the applicant/dealer

1.2 evaluate the operator’s manual as to clarity, usefulness and adaptability

1.3 determine the laboratory performance of electric motor

1.4 prepare a report on the results of the tests

2 Reference

The following normative document contains provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 129:2002, Agricultural Machinery – Electric Motor – Specifications and Applications

3 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

3.1 Electric Motor on Test

The electric motor to be tested shall have been sampled in accordance with PAES 103. The
applicant/manufacturer shall submit the technical data and information of the electric motor.

3.2 Role of the Manufacturer/Dealer

The manufacturer/dealer shall submit to the official testing agency the specifications and
other relevant information on the electric motor. An official representative shall be appointed
to conduct minor repair, handle, adjust and witness the test. It shall be the duty of the
representative to make all decisions on matters of adjustment and preparation of the machine
for testing. The manufacturer/dealer shall abide with the terms and conditions set forth by the
official testing agency.
 PAES 130:2002

3.3 Running-in

The electric motor to be tested shall have been run-in by the testing agency as recommended
by the manufacturer.

3.4 Suspension of Test

If during test run, the electric motor malfunctions so as to affect its performance, the test may
be suspended with the concurrence of both the official testing agency and the
manufacturer’s/dealer’s representative.

4 Tests and Inspection

4.1 Verification of Manufacturer’s Technical Data and Information

4.1.1 This inspection is carried out to verify that the main dimensions, weight of the electric
motors and other pertinent data conform to the list of technical data and information
submitted by the manufacturer.

4.1.2 A plain and level surface shall be used for this investigation.

4.1.3 The items to be inspected and verified are given in Annex A.

4.2 Performance Tests

4.2.1 Test conditions

4.2.1.1 Performance data shall be obtained under stabilized normal operating conditions.

4.2.1.2 No data shall be taken until torque, speed and temperature have been maintained for
at least 1 minute.

4.2.1.3 Torque, output shaft speed, temperature, vibration and sound emitted by the electric
motor shall be measured and recorded. The average of three stabilized values shall be taken.

4.2.2 Varying load test

4.2.2.1 This is carried out to establish the performance characteristic of an electric motor.

4.2.2.2 Performance data shall be obtained under normal operating conditions.

4.2.2.3 During testing, the speed of the electric motor shall not fluctuate by more than 1% or
+ 10 rpm whichever is greater from the set/selected speed.

4.2.2.4 Performance data shall be recorded and shall be the average of three stabilized
readings.

4.2.2.5 Ambient conditions such as temperature and relative humidity shall be recorded.

3
PAES 130:2002

4.2.2.6 The electric motor shall be mounted on a dynamometer. Power measuring instruments
shall be connected to the input line of the motor. The instruments shall be connected as close
as possible to the motor terminals to minimize voltage drop.

4.2.2.7 During the test, data shall be obtained for at least ten settings starting from no load to
a maximum 110% of the rated full load. Line voltage shall be constant throughout the
duration of the test. Input power, line voltage, load current, shaft torque, shaft speed and
casing temperature shall be recorded for every increment of the load.

4.2.2.8 Results shall be presented in tabular and graphical forms. The following curves shall
be presented:

4.2.2.8.1 Load current vs. Output power

4.2.2.8.2 Load current vs. Input power

4.2.2.8.3 Load current vs. Shaft torque

4.2.2.8.4 Load current vs. Motor efficiency

4.2.2.8.5 Input power vs. Output power

4.2.2.8.6 Shaft torque vs. Shaft speed

4.2.2.8.7 Output power vs. Shaft torque

4.2.2.8.8 Output power vs. Shaft speed

4.2.2.8.9 Output power vs. Motor efficiency

4.2.2.8.10 Items to be measured and recorded are given in Annex B.

5 Formulas

The formulas to be used during calculations and testing are given in Annex C.

4
 PAES 130:2002

6 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

6.1 Name of Testing Agency

6.2 Test Report Number
6.3 Title
6.4 Summary
6.5 Purpose and Scope of Test
6.6 Methods of Test
6.7 Description of the Electric Motor
6.8 Table1 – Electric Motor Specifications
6.9 Table 2 – Results of Varying Load Performance Test
6.10 Observations
6.11 Name(s) and Signature(s) of Test Engineer(s)

5
PAES 130:2002

ANNEX A

Inspection Sheet for Electric Motor

Name of Applicant : __________________________________________________________

Address : _____________________________________________________________
Telephone No. : _______________________________________________________
Name of Distributor : _________________________________________________________
Address : _____________________________________________________________
Name of Manufacturer : _______________________________________________________
Factory Address : ______________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION

Brand :_____________________________ Model :_________________________________

Serial No. : _________________________
Production date of electric motor to be tested : _____________________________________

Items to be inspected

ITEMS Manufacturer’s Verification by the

Specifications Testing Agency
A1 Dimensions and weight of electric
motors
A1.1 Overall length, mm
A1.2 Overall width, mm
A1.3 Overall height, mm
A1.4 Output shaft diameter, mm
A1.5 Weight, kg
A2 Electric motor specification
A2.1 Type
A2.1.1 Based on current source
A2.1.1.1 Alternating current (AC) motor
A2.1.1.1.1 Single-phase
A2.1.1.1.2 Three-phase
A2.1.1.2 Direct current (DC) motor
A2.1.1.3 Universal motor
A2.1.2 Based on construction
A2.1.2.1 Shunt-wound motor
A2.1.2.2 Series-wound motor
A2.1.2.3 Compound-wound motor
A2.1.2.4 Synchronous motor
A2.1.2.5 Wound motor
A2.1.2.6 Squirrel-cage motor

6
 PAES 130:2002

ITEMS Manufacturer’s Verification by the

Specifications Testing Agency
A2.1.3 Based on starting
A2.1.3.1 Split-phase
A2.1.3.2 Capacitor-start induction-run
A2.1.3.3 Permanent split-capacitor
A2.1.3.4 Two-value capacitor
A2.1.3.5 Shaded pole
A2.1.3.6 Repulsion-start induction-run
A2.1.3.7 Repulsion
A2.1.3.8 Repulsion induction
A2.1.4 Based on size
A2.1.4.1 Fractional horsepower
A2.1.4.2 Integral horsepower
A2.1.5 Based on duty rating
A2.1.5.1 Intermittent
A2.1.5.2 Continuous
A2.1.6 Based on temperature rating
A2.1.7 Based on service factor
A2.1.8 Based on enclosure
A2.1.8.1 Totally enclosed
A2.1.8.1.1 Nonventilated (TENV)
A2.1.8.1.2 Fan-cooled (TEFC)
A2.1.8.1.3 Explosion-proof
A2.1.8.1.4 Dust-ignition-proof
A2.1.8.1.5 Water-proof
A2.1.8.1.6 Pipe ventilated
A2.1.8.1.7 Water-cooled
A2.1.8.1.8 Water-and-air-cooled
A2.1.8.1.9 Air-to-air-cooled
A2.1.8.1.10 Guarded TEFC
A2.1.8.1.11 Encapsulated
A2.2 Rated power, kW
A2.3 Power factor
A2.4 Rated voltage, V
A2.5 Rated current, A
A2.6 Rated shaft speed, rpm
A2.7 Frequency, Hz
A2.8 Motor efficiency, %
A2.9 Temperature rating, °C

7
PAES 130:2002

Annex B
Varying Load Performance Test Data Sheet

Electric motor on test Test Conditions:

Brand : ____________________ Ambient Temperature
Model : ____________________ Dry bulb, ºC : ____________________________
Serial No. : ____________________ Wet bulb, ºC : _____________________________
Relative Humidity, %: __________________________
Atmospheric Pressure, mb: ______________________
Date of test: ______________________________

Input of the Motor Output of the Motor Motor Temperature of the

Line Voltage Load Current Power Torque Shaft Speed Power Efficiency Casing
V A kW kg-m rpm kW % °C

Observations:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8
 PAES 130:2002

Annex C

Formulas Used For Calculations

C Varying Load Test

C.1 Shaft Output Power, Po , (kW)

T x N
Po =
974

where: T is the shaft torque, kg-m

N is the shaft speed, rpm

C.2 Motor Efficiency, εm, (%)

Po
εm = x 100
Pi

where: Po is the shaft output power, kW

Pi is the input power, kW

9
 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 131: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Moldboard Plow – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) with support from the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3:2003 –
Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) S276.3:1984 – Slow-Moving Vehicle

Identification Emblem.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 8910:1993 - Machinery and equipment

for working the soil – Mouldboard plough working elements – Vocabulary.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM) Test Codes and Procedures for Farm
Machinery. Technical Series No. 12:1983.

Republic Act No. 7394 otherwise known as “The Consumer Act of the Philippines” enacted
on July 22, 1991.

Smith, H. P. and L. H. Wilkes. Farm Machinery and Equipment. 6th Edition. Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi. 1977.

Textbook of Agricultural Machinery. Japan International Cooperation Agency. 1976.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 131: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Moldboard Plow – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for animal-drawn and tractor-drawn moldboard
plows.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling
PAES 107:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Hitch for Walking-type Agricultural Tractor
– Specifications
PAES 118:2001, Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications
PAES 132:2004, Agricultural Machinery – Disc/Moldboard Plow – Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
colter
flat knife or revolving disc, mounted in front of the plow bottom, which cuts the soil
vertically

3.2
frame
structure to which the standards are fitted

3.3
frog
central part of the plow to which the share, moldboard and landside are attached

3.4
hitch
part of an implement designed to connect it to a power source

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 PAES 131: 2004

3.5
landside
part of the plow that presses and slides against the furrow wall, providing lateral stability
during operation

3.6
landside heel
part, attached to the rear of a landside, which applies the vertical load of the plow bottom to
the furrow bottom

3.7
moldboard
part of the plow which lifts, inverts and throws the furrow slice to one side

3.7.1
general-purpose moldboard
plow bottom that has less curvature than the stubble and can be used easily for stubble,
ordinary trash and stalk cover land (see Figure 1a)

3.7.2
slatted moldboard
plow bottom which is used in sticky soils and soils that does not scour on solid moldboard
(see Figure 1b)

3.7.3
sod moldboard
plow bottom that has long, narrow and less sloping moldboard with a gradual twist that
allows complete inversion of the furrow slice with minimum breakage (see Figure 1c)

3.7.4
stubble moldboard
plow bottom that has short, broader and curved more abruptly along the top edge and is
suited to work in soil which has been cultivated from year to year (see Figure 1d)

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PAES 131: 2004

a. GENERAL PURPOSE b. SLATTED

c. SOD d. STUBBLE

Figure 1 – Types of Moldboard

3.8
moldboard plow
sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow slice)
to bury surface materials (see Figure 2)

NOTE: Main component consists of share, moldboard and landside.

STANDARD

FROG

BRACE
MOLDBOARD

SHARE LANDSIDE HEEL

WING OF SHARE

LANDSIDE

CUTTING EDGE SHIN

OF SHARE
GUNNEL OF SHARE

POINT OF SHARE

Figure 2 – Moldboard Plow

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 PAES 131: 2004

3.8.1
left-hand plow
throws the furrow slice to the left of the plow’s direction

3.8.2
right-hand plow
throws the furrow slice to the right of the plow’s direction

3.8.3
two-way plow
reversible plow
throws the furrow slice either to the left or right of the plow’s direction

NOTE: It consists of both the right-hand and left-hand plow with one type being used at a
time. (see Figures 3 and 4)
STANDARD

PLOW REVERSING
LEVER

SHARE

MOLDBOARD

Figure 3 – Reversible Plow for Two-Wheel Tractor

SHARE HYDRAULIC CYLINDER

TAILPIECE HYDRAULIC HOSE

STANDARD

STAND

MOLDBOARD
FRAME

Figure 4 – Reversible Plow for Four-Wheel Tractor

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PAES 131: 2004

3.9
plow bottom
plow body
working part of the plow which includes the share, moldboard, and landside, all attached to
the frog

3.10
share
part of the plow that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally

NOTE: It may be single integral piece or may consist of replaceable components as

illustrated in Figure 5.

RAZOR (TRAPEZOIDAL) SHARE

GENERAL SHARE

SHARE WITH A CHANGEABLE POINT

Figure 5 – Types of Share

3.11
shin
leading edge of the moldboard located above the landside

3.12
standard
beam
leg
upright support which connects the plow bottom to tillage implement frame (see Figure 2)

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 PAES 131: 2004

3.13
suction, horizontal
horizontal clearance
distance by which the point of the share is bent out of line with the landside to cut the proper
furrow width (see Figure 6a for tractor-drawn moldboard plow)

3.14
suction, vertical
vertical clearance
distance by which the point of the share is bent downward for the plow to penetrate the soil to
the proper depth (see Figure 6b for tractor-drawn moldboard plow)

WING OF SHARE

SHARE MOLDBOARD

SIZE OF THE PLOW LANDSIDE

HORIZONTAL
SUCTION

a. Top View

MOLDBOARD

LANDSIDE

SHARE

VERTICAL
SUCTION

b. Side View

Figure 6 – Horizontal and Vertical Suction

3.15
tailpiece
optional accessory, attached to the wing of the moldboard to improve inversion of the furrow
slice

3.16
trash board
optional accessory, mounted above the shin, which deposits the upper edge of the furrow in
the furrow bottom

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PAES 131: 2004

4 Classification

4.1 Animal-drawn Moldboard Plow (see Figure 7)

DRAWROPE

YOKE
STANDARD

FRAME
HANDLE

CLEVIS

SHARE
LANDSIDE MOLDBOARD
SINGLE TREE

Figure 7 – Animal-drawn Moldboard Plow

4.2 Tractor-drawn Moldboard Plow

4.2.1 Two-wheel Tractor (see Figure 8)

DEPTH ADJUSTING
SCREW

HITCH

STANDARD

TRASH BOARD
(OPTIONAL)

MOLDBOARD

LANDSIDE

SHARE

Figure 8 – Moldboard Plow for Two-wheel Tractor

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 PAES 131: 2004

4.2.2 Four-wheel Tractor

4.2.2.1 Tractor-mounted Moldboard Plow

Type of plow mounted on the tractor’s three-point linkage and depends upon the tractor for
its general operation (see Figure 9)

THREE-POINT
FRAME
LINKAGE

STANDARD

PLOW BOTTOM

Figure 9 – Tractor-Mounted Moldboard Plow

4.2.2.2 Semi-mounted Moldboard Plow

Type of plow that has the front end directly connected to the tractor’s three-point linkage and
its rear end is supported by furrow and land wheels. The plow is also equipped with hydraulic
lines and cylinders for its lifting and/or depth control. (see Figure 10)

STEERING ROD
SPRING RESET
STANDARD (OPTIONAL)

FRAME
REAR FURROW
WHEEL

TRASH BOARD

PLOW BOTTOM

COLTER
HYDRAULIC
HOSE

Figure 10 – Semi-Mounted Moldboard Plow

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PAES 131: 2004

4.2.2.3 Trailing Moldboard Plow

Type of plow hitched to the drawbar or lower links of the tractor, supported by two or three
wheels and equipped with hydraulic lines and cylinders for lifting and/or depth control (see
Figure 11)

SPRING RESET
STANDARD (OPTIONAL)

STANDARD

LAND WHEEL

FRAME

PLOW BOTTOM HITCH

HYDRAULIC HOSE

Figure 11 – Trailing Moldboard Plow

5 Size

The size of the plow shall be determined by measuring the distance from the wing to the
landside. The measuring device shall be held perpendicular to the landside during
measurement (see Figure 6a).

6 Materials of Construction

6.1 Animal-drawn plows

6.1.1 Hard wood and/or mild steel should be used in the manufacture of standard, frame
and landside.

6.1.2 Cast iron, mild steel, stainless steel and/or hard plastic should be used in the
manufacture of the moldboard.

6.1.3 Carbon steel with at least 80% carbon content (e.g. AISI 1080) shall be used in the
manufacture of the share.

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 PAES 131: 2004

6.2 Tractor-drawn plows

6.2.1 Two-wheel tractor-drawn plows

6.2.1.1 Cast iron and/or mild steel should be used in the manufacture of the standard, frame,
landside and frog.

6.2.1.2 Cast iron, mild steel, stainless steel and/or hard plastic should be used in the
manufacture of the moldboard.

6.2.1.3 Carbon steel with at least 80% carbon content (e.g. AISI 1080) shall be used in the
manufacture of the share.

6.2.2 Four-wheel tractor-drawn plows

6.2.2.1 Cast iron and/or mild steel should be used in the manufacture of the moldboard,
standard, frame, landside and frog.

6.2.2.2 Carbon steel with at least 80% carbon content (e.g. AISI 1080) or alloy steel with at
least 0.0005% boron content shall be used in the manufacture of the share.

6.2.2.3 The moldboard may be coated with plastic or ceramics when used in sticky soils.

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 The maximum depth of cut of the plow at the recommended power range specified by
the manufacturer shall be attained.

7.2 Approximate four-wheel tractor engine power for specific moldboard plow sizes
under average operating conditions is given in Table 1.

Table 1 – Approximate Four-Wheel Tractor Engine Power

for Specific Moldboard Plow Sizes
Tractor Engine Power Moldboard Plow Sizes
No. of Plow Bottoms
kW (hp) cm (inches)
6 to 9 (8 to 12) 1 30 (12)
1 41 (16)
11 to 15 (15 to 20)
2 25 (10)
19 to 22 (25 to 30) 2 36 (14)
3 36 (14)
26 to 34 (35 to 45)
3 41 (16)
37 to 45 (50 to 60) 4 36 (14)
48 to 56 (65 to 75) 5 41 (16)
60 to 97 (80 to 130) 6 41 (16)

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PAES 131: 2004

8 Other Requirements

8.1 Hitch of the Moldboard Plow

8.1.1 The hitch of the moldboard plow shall be compatible with the hitch of the two-wheel
tractor as specified in PAES 107.

8.1.2 The hitch of the moldboard plow shall be compatible with the drawbar or three-point
linkage of the four-wheel tractor as specified in PAES 118.

8.2 The plow shall be easy to operate such as:

a. hitching to and unhitching from draft animal/tractor;
b. adjusting the depth of cut;
c. changing the position of the plow with respect to the line of pull of the draft
animal/tractor;
d. maneuverability during turning;
e. clearing blockages such as trashes, weeds, etc; and
f. changing from transport mode to work position and vice versa.

8.3 The plow shall be fitted with slow-moving vehicle (SMV) emblem. The emblem shall
be located at the rear of the plow with dimensional requirement as shown in Figure 12.

RED RETRO
REFLECTIVE BORDER
45 mm

FLUORESCENT
305 YELLOW-ORANGE
350 EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE

60°

Figure 12 – Slow-Moving Vehicle (SMV) Emblem

9 Workmanship and Finish

9.1 The moldboard plow shall be free from manufacturing defects (i.e. sharp edges and
surfaces, casting and/or welding defects) that may be detrimental to its operator.

9.2 Except for plow bottom, other uncoated metallic surfaces shall be free from rust and
shall be painted properly.

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 PAES 131: 2004

10 Warranty for Construction and Durability

10.1 Warranty against defective materials and workmanship shall be provided for parts and
services except for normal wear and tear of consumable maintenance parts within six months
from the purchase of the moldboard plow.

10.2 The construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of its major
components within six months from purchase by the first buyer.

11 Maintenance and Operation

11.1 A set of manufacturer’s standard tools required for maintenance shall be provided.

11.2 An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.

11.3 The required power to pull the plow shall be included in the operator’s manual or
brochure.

12 Sampling

The plow shall be sampled for testing in accordance with PAES 103.

13 Testing

The sampled plow shall be tested in accordance with PAES 132.

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PAES 131: 2004

14 Marking and Labeling

14.1 Each plow shall be marked in English with the following information using a plate,
stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

14.1.1 Registered trademark of the manufacturer

14.1.2 Brand

14.1.3 Model

14.1.4 Type and size

14.1.5 Serial number

14.1.6 Production date (optional)

14.1.7 Name and address of manufacturer

14.1.8 Name and address of the importer, if imported

14.1.9 Country of manufacture (if imported) / “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured in
the Philippines)

14.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided when appropriate. Markings shall be

stated in English and Filipino and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

14.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material.

14.4 The markings shall be weather resistant and under normal cleaning procedures, it
shall not fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

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 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 132: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Disc/Moldboard Plow – Methods of Test

Foreword

The pursuance of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) with support from the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3: 2003
– Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Indian Standard (IS) 2226:1962 – Specification for Mouldboard Plough, Fixed Type

Indian Standard (IS) 2192:1962 – Specification for Mouldboard Plough, Turnwrest Type

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Standard Code for the
Official Testing of Agricultural and Forestry Tractor Performance: Code 1. March 2000.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM) Test Codes and Procedures for Farm
Machinery. Technical Series No. 12 :1983.

Richey, C.B., Jacobson P. and C.W. Hall. Soil Classification Scheme Adopted by USDA.
Agricultural Engineers’ Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1961. pp. 792.

Smith, D.W., Sims B.G, and D.H. O’Neill. Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Machinery
and Equipment – Principles and practices. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 110. 1994.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 132: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Disc/Moldboard Plow – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for animal-drawn moldboard plow
and tractor-drawn disc/moldboard plow. Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the requirements specified in PAES 121, PAES 131 and other specifications
submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the field performance of the plow;

1.3 evaluate the ease of handling; and

1.4 prepare a report on the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 121:2001, Agricultural Machinery – Disc Plow – Specifications
PAES 131:2004, Agricultural Machinery – Moldboard Plow – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
disc plow
rolling implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow slice)
to bury surface materials

3.2
four-wheel tractor
self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed to carry, pull or propel agricultural
implements and machines

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 PAES 132: 2004

3.3
headland
unplowed portion of the field at both ends of the furrow strip initially used for turning the
draft animal/tractor and implement

3.4
moldboard plow
sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow slice)
to bury surface materials

3.5
side angle
disc angle
horizontal angle made by the disc with the direction of travel (see Figure 1a)

3.6
tilt angle
angle made by the disc with the vertical line (see Figure 1b)

SIDE/DISC ANGLE

DIRECTION
OF TRAVEL

a. Top View

TILT
ANGLE

VERTICAL

GROUND LINE

b. Side View

Figure 1 –Side and Tilt Angle

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PAES 132: 2004

3.7
walking-type agricultural tractor
two-wheel tractor
hand tractor
pedestrian tractor
self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or
mounted agricultural implements and machinery

3.8
width of cut – disc plow
transverse distance between the cutting edges of the end discs at their depth of cut

NOTE For measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to 25°. For non-
adjustable plow disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at 18 to 20°.

3.9
width of cut – moldboard plow
distance measured from the wing of share to the point of share

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Plow on Test

The plow submitted for test shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103.

4.2 Role of the Manufacturer/Dealer

The manufacturer/dealer shall submit to the official testing agency the specifications and
other relevant information on the plow. An official representative of the manufacturer/dealer
shall be appointed to conduct minor repairs and adjustments and witness the test. It shall be
the duty of the representative to make all decisions on matters of adjustment and preparation
of the implement for testing. The manufacturer/dealer shall abide by the terms and conditions
set forth by the official testing agency.

4.3 Termination of Test

If the plow fails to penetrate the soil or becomes non-functional during test, the test shall be
terminated by the test engineers.

4.4 Tractor and Draft Animals to be Used

4.4.1 The tractor to be used shall be compatible with the plow in accordance with the
manufacturer’s specification of required power.

4.4.2 Draft animals shall be in good physical condition during the test. The implement’s
draft shall be approximately 15% of the animal’s body weight.

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 PAES 132: 2004

5 Tests and Inspection

5.1 Verification of Manufacturer’s Technical Data and Information

5.1.1 This investigation is carried out to verify that the mechanism and specifications
conform to the list of technical data and information submitted by the manufacturer.

5.1.2 The suggested minimum list of field and laboratory test equipments and materials are
given in Annex A and the items to be inspected and verified are given in Annex B.

5.2 Field Performance Test

5.2.1 This is carried out to test the field performance of the plow.

5.2.2 The test shall be carried out on a dry or wet field as specified by the manufacturer
where the conditions of the field are to be recorded.

5.2.3 Test Conditions

5.2.3.1 Size of the Area per Trial

Plowing operation shall be done in fields of not less than 250 m2 for animal-drawn, 500 m2
for two-wheel tractor-drawn and 1,000 m2 for four-wheel tractor-drawn plows. The plot shall
be rectangular in shape with sides in the ratio of 2:1 as much as possible.

5.2.3.2 Operational Pattern

Field capacity and field efficiency are influenced by field operational pattern which is closely
related to the size and shape of the field and the kind and size of implement. The non-
working time should be minimized as much as possible using the recommended field
operational patterns as shown in Figure 2.
HEADLAND HEADLAND

HEADLAND HEADLAND

a) For Right-hand Plow b) For Left-hand Moldboard Plow

Figure 2 – Recommended Field Operational Pattern

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PAES 132: 2004

5.2.3.3 Traveling Speed

5.2.3.3.1 For four-wheel tractor-drawn plows, a traveling speed of 5 kph to 6 kph shall be
maintained during the operation.

5.2.3.3.2 For two-wheel tractor-drawn plows, a traveling speed of 3 kph to 4 kph shall be
maintained during the operation.

5.2.3.3.3 For animal-drawn plows, a traveling speed of 2 kph to 4 kph shall be maintained
during the operation.

5.2.3.4 Depth of Cut

5.2.3.4.1 The depth of cut shall be set at 1/3 of the disc diameter for disc plow.

5.2.3.4.2 The depth of cut for moldboard plow shall be set at the vertical height from the
point of share to the uppermost part of the shin as shown in Figure 3.

SHIN

GROUND LINE
DEPTH OF CUT

SHARE
Figure 3 – Depth of Cut for Moldboard Plow

5.2.3.5 Test Trials

The test shall be conducted with at least three test trials.

5.2.3.6 Headland

Depending on the tractor size, headland shall be at least 3 m in length.

5.2.4 Measurement of Performance Parameters

5.2.4.1 Field Capacity Determination

5.2.4.1.1 Working Width and Depth

A depth and width meter as shown in Figure 4 shall be used in measuring the working width
and depth simultaneously for animal-drawn and tractor-drawn plows. The working depth and
width are measured by placing the tip of graduated depth scale to the plowed surface (B) and
putting a pin at point A of width scale. This procedure will be repeated for the succeeding
passes and the distance between two pins adjacent to each other is the working width and the
distance between point B and baseline for reading depth is the working depth. However,

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 PAES 132: 2004

plowed surface is not always level depending on the feature of the implement. Therefore, the
tip of the depth scale shall be placed at relatively same point in each pass.

BASELINE FOR
READING DEPTH GRADUATED
DEPTH SCALE

GRADUATED
WIDTH SCALE

A
DEPTH

PINS FOR
MEASURING WIDTH
B
WIDTH
WIDTH
SIDE VIEW

Figure 4 – Depth and Width Measurement

5.2.4.1.2 Verification of Operating Speed

Outside the long boundary of the test plot, two poles 20 m apart (A, B) are placed
approximately in the middle of the test plot. On the opposite side also two poles are placed in
similar position, 20 m apart (C, D) so that all four poles form corners of a rectangle, parallel
to at least one long side of the test plot. (see Figure 5) The speed will be calculated from the
time required for the tractor to travel the distance (20 m) between the assumed line
connecting two poles on opposite sides AC and BD. The easily visible point of the tractor
should be selected for measuring the time. The starting position shall be at least 2 m to 5 m
from poles A and C to stabilize speed before measuring and recording data. Tractor shall be
operated at rated engine speed (rpm). The same procedure shall be used in determining the
actual operating speed for two-wheel tractor-drawn and animal-drawn plows.

2-5 m 20 m

Pole A Pole B

STARTING
POSITION

Pole C Pole D

Figure 5 – Measurement of Operating Speed

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PAES 132: 2004

5.2.4.3 Soil Hardness

The soil hardness shall be measured using cone penetrometer.

5.2.4.4 Wheel Slip or Travel Reduction

The tractor drive wheel is marked with colored tape. For a given distance, the number of
revolutions of the driving wheels with load (N1) and without load (N0) shall be recorded. The
formula used in calculating wheel slip is shown in Annex E.

5.2.4.5 Fuel Consumption (Optional)

The tank is filled to full capacity before and after each test trial. The volume of fuel refilled
after the test is the fuel consumption during the test. When filling up the tank, careful
attention should be taken to keep the tank horizontal and not to leave empty space in the tank.

5.3 Power Requirement Determination

5.3.1 Draft Measurement for Animal-drawn Plow

5.3.1.1 The plow shall be operated with the spring or strain-gauge type dynamometer inserted
between the implement yoke and the hitch of the plow as shown in Figure 6. There shall be a
minimum of three passes wherein data shall be gathered. For every 20-meter distance
traveled by the plow, five dynamometer readings shall be obtained.

IMPLEMENT YOKE

SPRING OR YOKE

STRAIN GAUGE TYPE

DYNAMOMETER

HITCH DRAW ROPE

100 0 5
95
90 10
85 15

80 20
75 25

70 30
65 35
60 40
55 50 45

Figure 6 – Draft Measurement for Animal-drawn Plow

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 PAES 132: 2004

5.3.1.2 The angle the line of pull makes with the horizontal shall be measured using
following methods:

a. Trigonometric Method

The angle of pull with a draft animal shall be calculated based on the measurements
as shown in Figure 7.

LL
PU H
Ø = PULL ANGLE

DRAFT
C D
GROUND LEVEL

Figure 7 – Angle of Pull Measurement for Animal-drawn Plow

The pull angle shall be calculated as follows:

H -C
θ = arctan
D
where: H is the distance from the top of the yoke to the ground, mm
C is the clearance between the hitch point and the ground, mm
D is the distance between two vertical lines, one passing through the
hitch point and one through the top of the yoke, mm

b. Pendulum Method

This is a method which uses the principle of the pendulum to obtain the horizontal
reference. A protractor for measuring the angle shall be placed on the hitch of the
plow. It shall be placed so that it can circularly move freely; a weight shall be
suspended from the protractor to maintain the zero of the protractor in the horizontal
position. The angle shall be determined by taking the angle that the rope makes with
the horizontal.

5.3.1.3 Calculate the draft requirement of the animal-drawn plow using the following
formula:

D = P cos θ

where: D is the draft, kg

P is the pull, kg
θ is the angle between the line of pull and the horizontal

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PAES 132: 2004

5.3.2 Draft Measurement for Tractor-drawn Plow

A strain-gauge type dynamometer is attached to the front of the tractor on which the
implement is mounted. Another auxiliary tractor shall pull the implement-mounted tractor
through the dynamometer in neutral gear but with the implement in the operating position as
shown in Figure 8. The draft in the measured distance of 20 m as well as the time it takes to
traverse it shall be read and recorded. On the same field, the draft in the same distance shall
be read and recorded while the implement is lifted above the ground. The difference gives the
draft of the implement.

DYNAMOMETER

IMPLEMENT

Figure 8 – Draft Measurement for Tractor-drawn plow

5.3.3 Calculate the power requirement for animal-drawn and tractor-drawn plows using the
following formula:

Dv
P=
100.5

where: P is the power requirement of the implement, kW

D is the draft of the implement, kg
v is the speed of the tractor or draft animal, m/s

5.4 The items to be observed, measured and recorded during the field tests are given in
Annex C.

5.5 Soil Analysis (Laboratory Method)

The soil texture and moisture content of the test area shall be determined by the
recommended methods given in Annex D and shall be recorded in Annex C.

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 PAES 132: 2004

6 Data Analysis

The formulas to be used during calculations and testing are given in Annex E.

7 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

7.1 Name of testing agency

7.2 Test report number
7.3 Title
7.4 Summary
7.5 Purpose and scope of test
7.6 Methods of test
7.7 Description and Specifications of the Plow
7.8 Results of Field Test
7.9 Name and Signature of Test Engineers

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PAES 132: 2004

Annex A
Suggested Minimum List of Field and Laboratory
Test Equipment and Materials

Items Quantity
A1 Equipment
A1.1 Field equipment
A1.1.1 Timers
2
Range: 0 to 60 minutes Accuracy: 1/10
A1.1.2 Cone penetrometer 1
A1.1.3 Steel tape, 50 m 1
A1.1.4 Graduated cylinder, capacity: 1,000 mL 1
A1.1.5 Width and depth gauge 1
A1.1.6 Digital video camera 1
A1.1.7 Four-wheel tractor, minimum: 65 kW 1
A1.2 Laboratory equipment (soil analysis and verification of specifications)
A1.2.1 Convection oven or soil moisture meter 1
A1.2.2 Electronic balance, capacity: 1 kg 1
A1.2.3 Sieve
3
Sizes: 2 mm, 0.05 mm, and 0.002 mm
A1.2.4 Vernier caliper 1
A2 Materials for field test
A2.1 Marking pegs 10

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 PAES 132: 2004

Annex B
Inspection Sheet for Plow
Name of Applicant : __________________________________________________________
Address : _____________________________________________________________
Telephone No. : _______________________________________________________
Name of Distributor : _________________________________________________________
Address : _____________________________________________________________
Name of Manufacturer : _______________________________________________________
Factory Address : ______________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION

Brand :_____________________________ Model :_________________________________

Serial No. : _________________________Type : _________________________________
Production date of plow to be tested : ________________________________________

Items to be inspected

ITEMS Manufacturer's Verification by

Specification Testing Agency

B1 Dimensions and weight

B1.1 Overall length, mm
B1.2 Overall width, mm
B1.3 Overall height, mm
B1.4 Weight, kg
B1.5 Weight per disc, kg
B2 Disc plow
B2.1 Number of discs
B2.2 Disc
B2.3 Brand
B2.4 Make
B2.5 Type (plain or notched)
B2.6 Diameter, mm
B2.7 Thickness, mm
B2.8 Concavity, mm
B2.9 Disc spacing, mm
B2.10 Side angle, ˚
B2.11 Tilt angle, ˚

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PAES 132: 2004

ITEMS Manufacturer's Verification by

Specification Testing Agency

B2.12 Scraper
B2.12.1 Length, mm
B2.12.2 Width, mm
B2.12.2 Thickness, mm
B2.13 Main frame
B2.13.1 Dimension, mm
B2.13.2 Material
B2.14 Rear furrow wheel
B2.14.1 Diameter, mm
B2.14.2 Thickness, mm
B3 Moldboard plow
B3.1 Source of power
B3.1.1 Animal-drawn
B3.1.2 Hand tractor-drawn
B3.1.3 Four-wheel tractor-drawn
B3.2 Number of plow bottom
B3.3 Share
B3.3.1 Type
B3.3.2 Material
B3.4 Moldboard
B3.4.1 Type
B3.4.2 Material
B3.5 Standard
B3.5.1 Type
B3.5.2 Location
B3.5.3 Material
B3.6 Handle (for animal-drawn)
B3.6.1 Material

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 PAES 132: 2004

Annex C
Field Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be Measured and Inspected

ITEMS Trials Average

1 2 3
C1 Test Conditions
C1.1 Condition of field
C1.1.1 Location
C1.1.2 Dimensions of field (L x W), m
C1.1.3 Area, m2
C1.1.4 Soil type (clay, clay loam, sandy, etc)
C1.1.5 Moisture content, %
C1.1.6 Weed density (low, medium, or high)
C1.1.7 Soil hardness, kg/cm2
C1.1.8 Last crop planted
C2 Draft measurement
C2.1 Draft without load, kN
C2.2 Draft with load, kN
C2.3 Difference, kN
C3 Field performance
C3.1 Date of test
C3.2 Type of field operation
C3.3 Tractor’s gearshift setting
C3.4 Traveling or operating speed, kph
C3.5 Depth of tillage, mm
C3.6 Width of tillage, mm
C3.7 Time lost, min
C3.7.1 Turning, min
C3.7.2 Others (specify), min
C3.8 Duration of test, min
C3.9 Actual field capacity, ha/h
C3.10 Theoretical field capacity, ha/h
C3.11 Field efficiency, %
C3.12 Fuel consumption rate, L/h (optional)
C3.13 Effective fuel consumption rate, L/ha
(optional)
C3.14 Method of operation
C3.15 Percent unplowed/overlap

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PAES 132: 2004

C4 Observations

A minimum of three persons (test engineer, manufacturer’s representative and the operator)
shall rate the following observations.

Rating*
ITEMS
1 2 3 4 5
C.4.1 Ease of handling and stability when machine is working

C.4.2 Ease of handling and stability when machine is turning

C.4.3 Straightness of furrow

C.4.4 Quality of soil inversion

C.4.5 Uniformity of depth

C.4.6 Non-adhesion of soil to disc/moldboard

C.4.7 Ease of making adjustments

C.4.8 Durability of parts (based on wear of soil-working parts,

visible deformation, etc)

C.4.9 Other observations____________________________

__________________________________________
__________________________________________

* 1 – Very Good
2 – Good
3 – Satisfactory
4 – Poor
5 – Very Poor

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 PAES 132: 2004

Annex D
Soil Analysis (Laboratory Method)

D1.1 Soil Texture Determination

D1.1.1 This test is carried out to analyze the soil samples taken during the performance test
to determine the soil texture of the test area.

D1.1.2 Three soil samples shall be taken from the test area. Each soil sample shall be
weighed and recorded.

D1.1.3 Each soil sample shall then be passed through series of sieves.

D1.1.4 The type of soil (i.e. sand, silt and clay) that is retained in a particular sieve shall be
weighed. (see Table D1)

Table D1 – Grain Size for Different Soil Types

Soil Type Grain Size

Mm Remarks

Passed through the 2 mm sieve but retained by the

Sand 2.0 – 0.05
0.05 mm sieve
Passed through the 0.05 mm sieve but retained by
Silt 0.05 – 0.002
the 0.002 mm sieve
Clay < 0.002 Passed through the 0.002 mm sieve

D1.1.5 The relative composition of each soil type expressed in percent shall be computed as
follows:
Weight of sand
% Sand = x 100
Total weight of soil
Weight of silt
% Silt = x 100
Total Weight of soil

Weight of clay
% Clay = x 100
Total Weight of soil

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PAES 132: 2004

D1.1.6 The relative composition of the sand, silt and clay shall be used to determine the soil
type using the soil texture triangle as shown in Figure D1.

EXAMPLE: If you have a soil with 20% clay, 60% silt and 20% sand, it will fall in the
“silt loam” texture class.

100

90 10

80 20

70 30
CLAY
Y

PE
LA

60 40

RC
TC

EN
EN

TS
RC

50 50

ILT
PE

SILTY
CLAY
40 60

SILTY CLAY
30 CLAY LOAM 70
LOAM
SANDY CLAY
LOAM
20 80
SAND
SILT LOAM
10 LOAMY 90
SAND
LOAMY SILT
SAND SAND 100
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

PERCENT SAND

Source: Soil classification scheme adopted by USDA, Agricultural Engineering Handbook, 1961.

Figure D1 – Soil Texture Triangle showing Relative Composition of texture class.

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 PAES 132: 2004

D1.2 Soil Moisture Content Determination

D1.2.1 Oven Method

D1.2.1.1 This test is carried out to analyze the soil samples taken during the performance test
to determine the soil moisture of the test area.

D1.2.1.2 Three core soil samples in at least three different locations of test plots shall be
taken randomly from the test area. Each soil sample shall be weighed and recorded as initial
weight.

D1.2.1.3 The samples shall be dried using a convection oven maintained at 105ºC for at least
eight hours.

D1.2.1.4 The oven dried sample shall then be placed in a desiccator. Each soil sample shall
be weighed and recorded as oven-dried weight.

D1.2.1.5 The soil moisture (% dry weight basis) shall be computed as follows:

Wi − W f
Soil Moisture (% dry weight basis ) = x 100
Wf

where: Wi is the initial weight of the soil, kg

Wf is the oven-dried (final) weight of the soil, kg

D1.2.2 The soil moisture content can also be measured using a soil moisture meter.

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PAES 132: 2004

Annex E
Formulas Used During Calculations and Testing

E1.1 Estimation of Effective Field Capacity

E1.1.1 Width of cut

W
S=
2n
where: S is the width of cut, m
W is the width of plot, m
n is the number of rounds
2 is the number of trips per round

E1.1.2 Total distance traveled

A
D= = 2 nL
S
where: D is the total distance traveled, m
A is the area of the plot, m2
L is the length of the plot, m

E1.1.3 Effective area accomplished

Ae = wD = 2nLw

where: Ae is the effective area accomplished, m2

w is the width of plow, m

E1.1.3.1 If width of cut is less than the plow’s width, the operator has
passed over part of the area twice to secure better coverage, therefore:

Ao = │Ae - A│

where: Ao is the overlap (area which is plowed

twice), m2

E1.1.3.2 If the width of cut is greater that the plow’s width, the
operator has left part of the area unplowed, therefore:

Au = A - Ae

where: Au is the unplowed area (area missed), m2

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 PAES 132: 2004

E1.1.4 Actual field capacity

0.006 Ae
afc =
t
where: afc is the actual field capacity, ha/h
t is the time used during the operation, min

E1.2 Theoretical Field Capacity

we v
tfc =
10,000

where: tfc is the theoretical field capacity, ha/h

we is the effective/theoretical width of tillage, m
v is the speed of operation, m/h

E1.3 Field Efficiency

afc
εf = x 100
tfc

where: εf is the field efficiency, %

E1.4 Wheel slip

N1 − N 0
Wheel slip, % = x 100
N1
where: N1 is the number of revolutions of the driving wheels for a
given distance with slip, rpm
N0 is the number of revolutions of the driving wheels for
the same distance without slip, rpm

E1.5 Fuel Consumption Rate

V
Ft =
t
where: Ft is the fuel consumption rate, L/h
V is the volume of fuel consumed, L
t is the total operating time, h

E1.6 Effective Fuel Consumption Rate

10,000 V
Fe =
Ae
where: Fe is the effective fuel consumption rate, L/ha
V is the volume of fuel consumed, L
Ae is the effective area covered, m2

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 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 133: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Disc Harrow – Methods of Test

Foreword

The pursuance of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) with support from the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3:2003 –
Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM) Test Codes and Procedures for Farm
Machinery. Technical Series No. 12:1983.

Richey, C.B., Jacobson P. and C.W. Hall. Soil Classification Scheme Adopted by USDA.
Agricultural Engineers’ Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1961. pp. 792.

Smith, D.W., Sims B.G, and D.H. O’Neill. Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Machinery
and Equipment – Principles and practices. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 110. 1994.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 133: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Disc Harrow – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for disc harrows used with four-
wheel tractors. Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the requirements specified in PAES 120 and the specifications submitted by the
manufacturer;

1.2 determine the field performance of the harrow;

1.3 evaluate the ease of handling; and

1.4 prepare a report on the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 120:2001, Agricultural Machinery – Disc Harrow – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 120 and the following
definitions shall apply:

3.1
disc harrow
implement consisting of two or four gangs of concave steel discs used for additional
pulverization, mixing of pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, leveling and firming the soil,
closing of air pockets and eradication of weeds

3.2
gang
set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and separated by a spool

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PAES 133: 2004

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Disc Harrow on Test

The disc harrow submitted for test shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103.

4.2 Role of the manufacturer/dealer

The manufacturer/dealer shall submit to the official testing agency the specifications and
other relevant information of the harrow. An official representative of the
manufacturer/dealer shall be appointed to conduct minor repair, adjust and witness the test. It
shall be the duty of the representative to make all decisions on matters of adjustment and
preparation of the implement for testing. The manufacturer/dealer shall abide by the terms
and conditions set forth by the official testing agency.

4.3 Termination of Test

If the harrow becomes non-functional during the test, the test shall be terminated by the test
engineer.

4.4 Tractor to be Used

The tractor to be used shall be compatible with the harrow in accordance with the
manufacturer’s specification of required power.

5 Tests and Inspection

5.1 Verification of Manufacturer’s Technical Data and Information

5.1.1 This investigation is carried out to verify that the mechanism and specifications
conform to the list of technical data and information submitted by the manufacturer.

5.1.2 The suggested minimum list of field and laboratory test equipments and materials are
given in Annex A and the items to be inspected and verified are given in Annex B.

5.2 Field Performance Test

5.2.1 This is carried out to test the field performance of the harrow.

5.2.2 The test shall be carried out on a dry field as specified by the manufacturer where the
conditions of the field are to be recorded.

5.2.3 Test Conditions

5.2.3.1 Size of the Area per Trial
Harrowing operation shall be done in fields of not less than 1, 000 m2 and shall be
rectangular in shape with sides in the ratio of 2:1 as much as possible.

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 PAES 133: 2004

5.2.3.2 Operational Pattern

Field capacity and field efficiency are influenced by field operational pattern which is closely
related to the size and shape of the field and the kind and size of implement. The non-
working time should be minimized as much as possible using the recommended field
operational pattern as shown in Figure 1.
HEADLAND

HEADLAND

Figure 1 – Recommended Field Operational Pattern

5.2.3.3 Traveling Speed

A traveling speed of 7 kph to 8 kph shall be maintained during the operation.

5.2.3.4 Test Trials

The test shall be conducted with at least three test trials. For each test trial, two passes
perpendicular to each other shall be done. Test data shall be measured for each pass.

5.2.3.5 Headland
Depending on the tractor size, headland shall be at least 3 m in length.

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PAES 133: 2004

5.2.4 Measurement of Performance Parameters

5.2.4.1 Field Capacity Determination

5.2.4.1.1 Effective Working Width

Effective working width is determined by dividing the total width of the field by the number
of passes.

5.2.4.1.2Verification of Operating Speed

Outside the long boundary of the test plot, two poles 20 m apart (A, B) are placed
approximately in the middle of the test plot. On the opposite side also two poles are placed in
similar position, 20 m apart (C, D) so that all four poles form corners of a rectangle, parallel
to at least one long side of the test plot. (see Figure 2) The speed will be calculated from the
time required for the harrow to travel the distance (20 m) between the assumed line
connecting two poles on opposite sides AC and BD. The easily visible point of the machine
should be selected for measuring the time. The starting position shall be at least 2 m to 5 m
from poles A and C to stabilize speed before measuring and recording data. Tractor shall be
operated at rated engine speed (rpm).

2-5 m 20 m

Pole A Pole B

STARTING
POSITION

Pole C Pole D

Figure 2 – Measurement of Operating Speed

5.2.4.2 Soil Hardness (Optional)

The soil hardness shall be measured using cone penetrometer.

5.2.4.3 Wheel Slip or Travel Reduction

The tractor drive wheel is marked with colored tape. For a given distance, the number of
revolutions of the driving wheels with load (N1) and without load (N0) shall be recorded
(refer to Annex E for the formula used in calculating wheel slip).

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 PAES 133: 2004

5.2.4.4 Fuel Consumption (Optional)

The tank is filled to full capacity before and after each test trial. The volume of fuel refilled
after the test is the fuel consumption during the test. When filling up the tank, careful
attention should be taken to keep the tank horizontal and not to leave empty space in the tank.

5.3 Power Requirement Determination

5.3.1 Draft Measurement

A strain-gauge type dynamometer is attached to the front of the tractor on which the
implement is mounted. Another auxiliary tractor shall pull the implement-mounted tractor
through the dynamometer in neutral gear but with the implement in the operating position as
shown in Figure 3. The draft in the measured distance of 20 m as well as the time it takes to
traverse it shall be read and recorded. On the same field, the draft in the same distance shall
be read and recorded while the implement is lifted above the ground. The difference gives the
draft of the implement.

DYNAMOMETER

IMPLEMENT

Figure 3 – Draft Measurement

5.3.2 Calculate the power using the following formula:

Dv
P=
100.5

where: P is the power requirement of the implement, kW

D is the draft of the implement, kg
v is the speed of the tractor or draft animal, m/s

5.4 The items to be observed, measured and recorded during the field tests are given in
Annex C.

5.5 Soil Analysis (Laboratory Method)

The soil texture and moisture content of the test area shall be determined by the
recommended methods given in Annex D and shall be recorded in Annex C.

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PAES 133: 2004

6 Data Analysis
The formulas to be used during calculations and testing are given in Annex E.

7 Test Report
The test report shall include the following information in the order given:
7.1 Name of testing agency
7.2 Test report number
7.3 Title
7.4 Summary
7.5 Purpose and scope of test
7.6 Methods of test
7.7 Description and Specifications of the Harrow
7.8 Results of Field Test
7.9 Name and Signature of Test Engineers

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 PAES 133: 2004

Annex A
Suggested Minimum List of Field and Laboratory
Test Equipment and Materials

Items Quantity
A1 Equipment
A1.1 Field equipment
A1.1.1 Timers
2
Range: 0 to 60 minutes Accuracy: 1/10
A1.1.2 Cone penetrometer 1
A1.1.3 Steel tape, 50 m 1
A1.1.4 Graduated cylinder, capacity: 1,000 mL 1
A1.1.5 Width and depth gauge 1
A1.1.6 Digital video camera 1
A1.1.7 Four-wheel tractor, minimum: 65 kW 1
A1.2 Laboratory equipment (soil analysis and verification of specifications)
A1.2.1 Convection oven or soil moisture meter 1
A1.2.2 Electronic balance, capacity: 1 kg 1
A1.2.3 Sieve
3
Sizes: 2 mm, 0.05 mm, and 0.002 mm
A1.2.4 Vernier caliper 1
A2 Materials for field test
A2.1 Marking pegs 10

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PAES 133: 2004

Annex B
Inspection Sheet for Disc Harrow
Name of Applicant : __________________________________________________________
Address : _____________________________________________________________
Telephone No. : _______________________________________________________
Name of Distributor : _________________________________________________________
Address : _____________________________________________________________
Name of Manufacturer : _______________________________________________________
Factory Address : ______________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION

Brand :_____________________________ Model :_________________________________

Serial No. : _________________________Type : _________________________________
Production date of harrow to be tested : __________________________________________

Items to be inspected

ITEMS Manufacturer's Verification by

Specification Testing Agency

B1 Dimensions and weight

B1.1 Overall length, mm
B1.2 Overall width, mm
B1.3 Overall height, mm
B1.4 Weight, kg
B1.5 Weight per disc, kg
B2 Gang
B2.1 Quantity
B2.2 No. of discs/gang
B2.3 Disc spacing, mm
B2.4 Angle, º
B2.5 Size and shape of gang shaft
B3 Disc
B3.1 Brand
B3.2 Make
B3.3 Diameter, mm
B3.4 Thickness, mm
B3.5 Concavity, mm

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 PAES 133: 2004

ITEMS Manufacturer's Verification by

Specification Testing Agency

B4 Scraper (if applicable)

B4.1 Length, mm
B4.2 Width, mm
B4.3 Thickness, mm
B5 Spool
B5.1 Length, mm
B5.2 Shape and size of hole, mm
B5.3 Material
B6 Main frame
B6.1 Dimension, mm
B6.2 Material
B7 Transport wheels
B7.1 Quantity
B7.2 Size
B8 Bearings
B8.1 Type
B8.2 Brand
B8.3 Quantity
B9 Additional weight, kg (if applicable)

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 PAES 133: 2004

Annex C
Field Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be Measured and Inspected

Trials
1 2 3
ITEMS Passes Passes Passes Average
1st 2n 1st 2n 1st 2n
d d d

C1 Test conditions
C1.1 Type of field operation
C1.2 Condition of field
C1.2.1 Location
C1.2.2 Dimensions of field (L x W), m
C1.2.3 Area, m2
C1.2.4 Soil type (clay, clay loam, sandy, etc)
C1.2.5 Moisture content, %
C1.2.6 Weed density (low, medium, or high)
C1.2.7 Soil hardness, kg/cm2 (optional)
C1.2.8 Last crop planted (optional)
C2 Draft measurement
C2.1 Draft without load, kN
C2.2 Draft with load, kN
C2.3 Difference, kN
C3 Field performance
C3.1 Date of test
C3.2 Brand/model of tractor used
C3.3 Tractor’s gearshift setting
C3.4 Traveling or operating speed, kph
C3.5 Width of tillage, mm
C3.6 Depth of tillage, mm
C3.7 Time lost, min
C3.7.1 Turning, min
C3.7.2 Others (specify), min
C3.8 Duration of test, min
C3.9 Actual field capacity, ha/h
C3.10 Theoretical field capacity, ha/h
C3.11 Field efficiency, %
C3.12 Fuel consumption rate, L/h (optional)
C3.13 Effective fuel consumption rate, L/h
(optional)
C3.14 Pattern of operation
C3.15 Percent overlap or skip

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 PAES 133: 2004

C4 Observations

A minimum of three persons (test engineer, manufacturer’s representative and the operator)
shall rate the following observations.

Rating*

Items
1 2 3 4 5

C.3.1 Ease of handling and stability when machine is working

C.3.2 Ease of handling and stability when machine is turning

C.3.3 Quality of finished field:

C3.3.1 Tilth
C3.3.2 Level

C.3.4 Non-adhesion of soil to disc

C.3.5 Ease of making adjustments

C.3.6 Durability of parts (based on wear of soil-working parts,

visible deformation, etc)

C.3.7 Other observations ___________________________

__________________________________________
__________________________________________

* 1 – Very Good
2 – Good
3 – Satisfactory
4 – Poor
5 – Very Poor

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PAES 133: 2004

Annex D
Soil Analysis (Laboratory Method)

D1.1 Soil Texture Determination

D1.1.1 This test is carried out to analyze the soil samples taken during the performance test
to determine the soil texture of the test area.

D1.1.2 Three soil samples shall be taken from the test area. Each soil sample shall be
weighed and recorded.

D1.1.3 Each soil sample shall then be passed through series of sieves.

D1.1.4 The type of soil (i.e. sand, silt and clay) that is retained in a particular sieve shall be
weighed. (see Table D1)

Table D1 – Grain Size for Different Soil Types

Soil Type Grain Size

Mm Remarks

Passed through the 2 mm sieve but retained by the

Sand 2.0 – 0.05
0.05 mm sieve
Passed through the 0.05 mm sieve but retained by
Silt 0.05 – 0.002
the 0.002 mm sieve
Clay < 0.002 Passed through the 0.002 mm sieve

D1.1.5 The relative composition of each soil type expressed in percent shall be computed as
follows:
Weight of sand
% Sand = x 100
Total weight of soil
Weight of silt
% Silt = x 100
Total Weight of soil

Weight of clay
% Clay = x 100
Total Weight of soil

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 PAES 133: 2004

D1.1.6 The relative composition of the sand, silt and clay shall be used to determine the soil
type using the soil texture triangle as shown in Figure D1.

EXAMPLE: If you have a soil with 20% clay, 60% silt and 20% sand, it will fall in the
“silt loam” texture class.

100

90 10

80 20

70 30
CLAY
Y

PE
LA

60 40

RC
TC

EN
EN

TS
RC

50 50

ILT
PE

SILTY
CLAY
40 60

SILTY CLAY
30 CLAY LOAM 70
LOAM
SANDY CLAY
LOAM
20 80
SAND
SILT LOAM
10 LOAMY 90
SAND
LOAMY SILT
SAND SAND 100
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

PERCENT SAND

Source: Soil classification scheme adopted by USDA, Agricultural Engineering Handbook, 1961.

Figure D1 – Soil Texture Triangle showing Relative Composition of texture class.

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PAES 133: 2004

D1.2 Soil Moisture Content Determination

D1.2.1 Oven Method

D1.2.1.1 This test is carried out to analyze the soil samples taken during the performance test
to determine the soil moisture of the test area.

D1.2.1.2 Three core soil samples in at least three different locations of test plots shall be
taken randomly from the test area. Each soil sample shall be weighed and recorded as initial
weight.

D1.2.1.3 The samples shall be dried using a convection oven maintained at 105ºC for at least
eight hours.

D1.2.1.4 The oven dried sample shall then be placed in a desiccator. Each soil sample shall
be weighed and recorded as oven-dried weight.

D1.2.1.5 The soil moisture (% dry weight basis) shall be computed as follows:

Wi − W f
Soil Moisture (% dry weight basis ) = x 100
Wf

where: Wi is the initial weight of the soil, kg

Wf is the oven-dried (final) weight of the soil, kg

D1.2.2 The soil moisture content can also be measured using a soil moisture meter.

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 PAES 133: 2004

Annex E
Formulas Used During Calculations and Testing

E1.1 Estimation of Effective Field Capacity

E1.1.1 Width of cut

W
S=
2n
where: S is the width of cut, m
W is the width of plot, m
n is the number of rounds
2 is the number of trips per round

E1.1.2 Total distance traveled

A
D= = 2 nL
S
where: D is the total distance traveled, m
A is the area of the plot, m2
L is the length of the plot, m

E1.1.3 Effective area accomplished

Ae = wD = 2nLw

where: Ae is the effective area accomplished, m2

w is the width of harrow, m

E1.1.3.1 If width of cut is less than the harrow’s width, the operator
has passed over part of the area twice to secure better coverage,
therefore:

Ao = │Ae - A│

where: Ao is the overlap (area which is harrowed

twice), m2

E1.1.3.2 If the width of cut is greater that the harrow’s width, the
operator has left part of the area unplowed, therefore:

Au = A - Ae

where: Au is the unharrowed area (area missed), m2

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PAES 133: 2004

E1.1.4 Actual field capacity

0.006 Ae
afc =
t
where: afc is the actual field capacity, ha/h
t is the time used during the operation, min

E1.2 Theoretical Field Capacity

we v
tfc =
10,000

where: tfc is the theoretical field capacity, ha/h

we is the effective/theoretical width of tillage, m
v is the speed of operation, m/h

E1.3 Field Efficiency

afc
εf = x 100
tfc

where: εf is the field efficiency, %

E1.4 Wheel slip

N1 − N 0
Wheel slip, % = x 100
N1
where: N1 is the number of revolutions of all driving wheels for a
given distance with slip, rpm
N0 is the number of revolutions of the driving wheels for
the same distance without slip, rpm

E1.5 Fuel Consumption Rate

V
Ft =
t
where: Ft is the fuel consumption rate, L/h
V is the volume of fuel consumed, L
t is the total operating time, h

E1.6 Effective Fuel Consumption Rate

10,000 V
Fe =
Ae

where: Fe is the effective fuel consumption rate, L/ha

V is the volume of fuel consumed, L
Ae is the effective area covered, m2

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 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 134: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Furrower – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) with support from the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3:2003 –
Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following document/publication was considered:

AMTEC Test Reports on Furrowers. 2003-2004.

F. Buckingham. Fundamentals of Machine Operation – Tillage. Deere and Company,

Moline, Illinois.1976.

Republic Act No. 7394 otherwise known as “The Consumer Act of the Philippines” enacted
on July 22, 1991.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 134: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Furrower – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for furrowers used with four-wheel tractors.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling
PAES 118:2001, Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications
PAES 135:2004, Agricultural Machinery – Furrower – Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
furrower
lister
ridger
bedder
tillage implement resembling a double moldboard, one left wing and one right wing (see
Figure 1), used to make ridges and beds for planting and trenches for irrigation and drainage
purposes THREE-POINT HITCH

TOOLBAR

STANDARD

SHARE

MOLDBOARD

Figure 1 – Tractor-Mounted Furrower

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 PAES 134: 2004

3.2
furrower bottom
lister bottom
working part of the furrower which includes the share and moldboard

3.2.1
blackland bottom
bottom that has smaller moldboards and are designed for better scouring in sticky soils
(see Figure 2a)

3.2.2
general-purpose bottom
bottom that has wider moldboards that works well at fairly high speeds in most soil
conditions (see Figure 2b)

3.2.3
hard-ground bottom
bottom that has very small share and moldboard designed for use in combination with disc
openers to open hard-baked soils (see Figure 2c)

a) Blackland b) General-purpose c) Hard-ground

Figure 2 – Types of Furrower Bottoms

3.3
hitch
part of an implement designed to connect to the tractor

3.4
moldboard
part of the furrower which lifts, inverts and throws laterally the layer of soil (furrow slice) in
opposite directions

3.5
row marker
toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in setting the furrower for the next pass to
ensure uniform furrow spacing

3.6
share
part of the furrower that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally

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PAES 134: 2004

3.7
standard
beam
leg
upright support which connects the furrower bottom to a toolbar

3.8
toolbar
structure to which the standards are mounted

4 Size

4.1 The size of the furrower bottom shall be determined by measuring the horizontal
distance from the left to the right wings of share. (see Figure 2)

LEFT RIGHT
WING OF WING OF
SHARE SHARE

SIZE OF THE FURROWER

Figure 2 – Size of the Furrower Bottom

4.1.1 The number of furrower bottoms shall depend on crop’s row spacing and the tractor’s
wheel tread adjustment.

4.2 Standard

The height of the standards shall vary according to the crop requirement but shall not
exceed 500 mm.

4.3 Toolbar

4.3.1 The length of toolbar shall vary according to crop’s row spacing and the tractor’s
wheel tread adjustment.

4.3.2 The number of toolbars may be one or two depending on the manufacturer’s design.

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 PAES 134: 2004

5 Materials of Construction

5.1.1 Cast iron and/or mild steel shall be used in the manufacture of the moldboard, standard
and toolbar.

5.1.2 Carbon steel with at least 80% carbon content (e.g. AISI 1080) or alloy steel with at
least 0.0005% boron content shall be used in the manufacture of the share.

6 Performance Requirements

6.1 The maximum width and depth of cuts of the furrower shall be attained at the
recommended power range specified by the manufacturer.

7 Other Requirements

7.1 The hitch of the furrower shall be compatible with the three-point linkage of the four-
wheel tractor as specified in PAES 118.

7.2 The furrower shall be easy to hitch to and unhitch from the tractor as well as adjust
the spacing between rows.

8 Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The furrower shall be free from manufacturing defects such as sharp edges and
surfaces that may be detrimental to the operator.

8.2 Except for furrower bottoms, other uncoated metallic surfaces shall be free from rust
and shall be painted properly.

9 Warranty for Construction and Durability

9.1 Warranty against defective materials and workmanship shall be provided for parts and
services except for normal wear and tear of consumable maintenance parts within six months
from the purchase of the furrower.

9.2 The construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of its major
components within six months from purchase by the first buyer.

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 A set of manufacturer’s standard tools required for maintenance shall be provided.

10.2 An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.

10.3 The required power to pull the furrower shall be included in the operator’s manual or
brochure.

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PAES 134: 2004

11 Sampling

The furrower shall be sampled for testing in accordance with PAES 103.

12 Testing

The sampled furrower shall be tested in accordance with PAES 135.

13 Marking and Labeling

13.1 Each furrower shall be marked in English with the following information using a
plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

13.1.1 Registered trademark of the manufacturer

13.1.2 Brand
13.1.3 Model
13.1.4 Size
13.1.5 Serial number
13.1.6 Production date (optional)
13.1.7 Name and address of manufacturer
13.1.8 Name and address of the importer, if imported
13.1.9 Country of manufacture (if imported) / “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured in
the Philippines)

13.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided when appropriate. Markings shall be

stated in English and Filipino and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

13.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material.

13.4 The markings shall be weather resistant and under normal cleaning procedures, it
shall not fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

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 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 135: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Furrower – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) with support from the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3:2003 –
Rules for the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM) Test Codes and Procedures for Farm
Machinery. Technical Series No. 12:1983.

Richey, C.B., Jacobson P. and C.W. Hall. Soil Classification Scheme Adopted by USDA.
Agricultural Engineers’ Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1961. pp. 792.

Smith, D.W., Sims B.G, and D.H. O’Neill. Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Machinery
and Equipment – Principles and practices. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 110. 1994.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 135: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Furrower – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for furrowers used with four-wheel
tractors. Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the specifications submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the field performance of the furrower;

1.3 evaluate the ease of handling; and

1.4 prepare a report on the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 106:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment – Terminology

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
furrower
lister
ridger
bedder
tillage implement resembling a double moldboard, one left wing and one right wing used to
make ridges and beds for planting and trenches for irrigation and drainage purposes

3.2
furrowing
listing
ridging
bedding
tillage and land-forming operations using the furrower which lifts, inverts and throws
laterally the layer of soil (furrow slice) in opposite directions

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 PAES 135: 2004

3.3
furrow
trench formed after the furrower bottom cuts and turns the furrow slices

3.4
row marker
toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in setting the furrower for the next pass to
ensure uniform furrow spacing

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Furrower on Test

The furrower submitted for test shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103.

4.2 Role of the Manufacturer/Dealer

The manufacturer/dealer shall submit to the official testing agency the specifications and
other relevant information on the furrower. An official representative of the
manufacturer/dealer shall be appointed to conduct minor repairs and adjustments and witness
the test. It shall be the duty of the representative to make all decisions on matters of
adjustment and preparation of the implement for testing. The manufacturer/dealer shall abide
by the terms and conditions set forth by the official testing agency.

4.3 Termination of Test

If the furrower becomes non-functional during the test, the test shall be terminated by the test
engineer.

4.4 Tractor to be Used

The tractor to be used shall be compatible with the furrower in accordance with the
manufacturer’s specification of required power.

5 Tests and Inspection

5.1 Verification of Manufacturer’s Technical Data and Information

5.1.1 This investigation is carried out to verify that the mechanism, main dimensions and
weight conform to the list of technical data and information submitted by the manufacturer.

5.1.2 The suggested minimum list of field and laboratory test equipment and materials are
given in Annex A.

5.1.3 The items to be inspected and verified are given in Annex B.

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PAES 135: 2004

5.2 Field Performance Test

5.2.1 This is carried out to test the field performance of the furrower.

5.2.2 The test shall be carried out on a dry field which has been previously plowed once
and harrowed at least twice. The conditions of the field shall be recorded.

5.2.3 Test Conditions

5.2.3.1 Size of the Area per Trial

Furrowing operation shall be done in fields of not less than 1, 000 m2 and shall be rectangular
in shape with sides in the ratio of 2:1 as much as possible

5.2.3.2 Operational Pattern

Field capacity and field efficiency are influenced by field operational pattern which is closely
related to the size and shape of the field, and the kind and size of implement. The non-
working time should be minimized as much as possible using the recommended field
operational pattern as shown in Figure 1. A marked row (illustrated in Figure 1) shall be
located at a point equidistant to furrow units spacing. This will guide the operator during
turning for the subsequent passes.
HEADLAND

MARKED ROW

HEADLAND

Figure 1 – Recommended Field Operational Pattern

5.2.3.3 Traveling Speed

A traveling speed of 7 kph to 8 kph shall be maintained during the operation.

5.2.3.4 Test Trials

The test shall be conducted with at least three test trials.

5.2.3.5 Headland
Depending on the tractor size, headland shall be at least 3 m in length.

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 PAES 135: 2004

5.2.4 Measurement of Performance Parameters

5.2.4.1 Field Capacity Determination

5.2.4.1.1 Effective Working Width

Effective working width is determined by dividing the total width of the field by the number
of passes.

5.2.4.1.2 Depth of Furrow

It is determined by measuring the depth of the furrow using depth gauge. (see Figure 2)

Depth of Furrow

Figure 2 – Measurement of Depth of Furrow

5.2.4.1.3 Verification of Operating Speed

Outside the long boundary of the test plot, two poles 20 m apart (A, B) are placed
approximately in the middle of the test run. On the opposite side also two poles are placed in
similar position, 20 m apart (C, D) so that all four poles form corners of a rectangle, parallel
to at least one long side of the test plot (see Figure 3). The speed will be calculated from the
time required for the furrower to travel the distance (20 m) between the assumed line
connecting two poles on opposite sides AC and BD. The easily visible point of the machine
should be selected for measuring the time. The starting position shall be at least 2 m to 5 m
from poles A and C to stabilize speed before measuring and recording data.
2-5 m 20 m

Pole A Pole B

STARTING
POSITION

Pole C Pole D
Figure 3 – Measurement of Operating Speed

5.2.4.2 Wheel Slip or Travel Reduction

The tractor drive wheel is marked with colored tape. For a given distance, the number of
revolutions of the driving wheels with load (N1) and without load (N0) shall be recorded.
(refer to Annex E for the formula used in calculating wheel slip).

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PAES 135: 2004

5.2.4.3 Fuel Consumption (Optional)

The tank is filled to full capacity before and after each test trial. The volume of fuel refilled
after the test is the fuel consumption during the test. When filling up the tank, careful
attention should be taken to keep the tank horizontal and not to leave empty space in the tank.

5.3 Power Requirement Determination (Optional)

5.3.1 Draft Measurement

A strain-gauge type dynamometer is attached to the front of the tractor on which the
implement is mounted. Another auxiliary tractor will pull the implement-mounted tractor
through the dynamometer in neutral gear but with the implement in the operating position as
shown in Figure 4. The draft in the measured distance of 20 m as well as the time it takes to
traverse it shall be read and recorded. On the same field, the draft in the same distance shall
be read and recorded while the implement is lifted above the ground. The difference gives the
draft of the implement.
DYNAMOMETER

FURROWER

Figure 4 – Draft Measurement

5.3.2 Calculate the power using the following formula:

Dv
P=
100.5

where: P is the power requirement of the implement, kW

D is the draft of the implement, kg
v is the speed of the tractor, m/s

5.4 The items to be measured, investigated and recorded during the field tests are given in
Annex C.

5.5 Soil Analysis (Laboratory Method)

The soil texture and moisture content of the test area shall be determined by the
recommended methods given in Annex D and shall be recorded in Annex C.

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 PAES 135: 2004

6 Data Analysis
The formulas to be used during calculations and testing are given in Annex E.

7 Test Report
The test report shall include the following information in the order given:
7.1 Name of Testing Agency
7.2 Test Report Number
7.3 Title
7.4 Summary
7.5 Purpose and Scope of Test
7.6 Methods of Test
7.7 Description and Specifications of the Furrower
7.8 Results of Field Test
7.9 Name and Signature of Test Engineers

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PAES 135: 2004

Annex A
Suggested Minimum List of Field and Laboratory
Test Equipment and Materials

Items Quantity
A1 Equipment
A1.1 Field equipment
A1.1.1 Timers
2
Range: 0 to 60 minutes Accuracy: 1/10
A1.1.2 Steel tape, 50 m 1
A1.1.3 Graduated cylinder, capacity: 1,000 mL 1
A1.1.4 Width and depth gauge 1
A1.1.5 Digital video camera 1
A1.1.6 Four-wheel tractor, minimum: 65 kW 1
A1.2 Laboratory equipment (soil analysis and verification of specifications)
A1.2.1 Convection oven or soil moisture meter 1
A1.2.2 Electronic balance, capacity: 1 kg 1
A1.2.3 Sieve
3
Sizes: 2 mm, 0.05 mm, and 0.002 mm
A1.2.4 Vernier caliper 1
A2 Materials for field test
A2.1 Marking pegs 10

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 PAES 135: 2004

Annex B
Inspection Sheet for Furrower

Name of Applicant: __________________________________________________________

Address: _____________________________________________________________
Telephone No. : _______________________________________________________
Name of Distributor: _________________________________________________________
Address: _____________________________________________________________
Name of Manufacturer: _______________________________________________________
Factory Address: ______________________________________________________
GENERAL INFORMATION

Brand: _____________________________ Model: _________________________________

Serial No. : _________________________Type: _________________________________
Production date of furrower to be tested: __________________________________________
Items to be inspected

ITEMS Manufacturer's Verification by

Specification Testing Agency

B1 Dimensions and weight

B1.1 Overall length, mm
B1.2 Overall width, mm
B1.3 Overall height, mm
B1.4 Weight, kg
B2 Furrower bottom
B2.1 Quantity
B2.2 Size, mm
B2.3 Material
B3 Standard
B3.1 Dimension, mm
B3.2 Material
B4 Toolbar
B4.1 Dimension, mm
B4.2 Material
B5 Features
B5.1 Recommended furrow spacing, mm
B5.2 Type of crops

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PAES 135: 2004

Annex C
Field Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be Measured and Inspected

ITEMS Trials Average

1 2 3
C1 Test conditions
C1.1 Condition of the field
C1.1.1 Location
C1.1.2 Dimensions of field (L x W), m
C1.1.3 Area, m2
C1.1.4 Soil type (clay, clay loam, sandy, etc)
C1.1.5 Soil moisture content, %
C1.1.6 Last crop planted
C2 Draft measurement (optional)
C2.1 Draft without load, kN
C2.2 Draft with load, kN
C2.3 Difference, kN
C3 Field Performance
C3.1 Date of test
C3.2 Brand/model of tractor used
C3.3 Tractor’s gear shift lever setting
C3.4 Traveling speed, kph
C3.5 Depth of furrow, mm
C3.6 Furrow spacing, mm
C3.7 Time lost, min
C3.7.1 Turning, min
C3.7.2 Others (specify), min
C3.8 Duration of test, min
C3.9 Actual field capacity, ha/h
C3.10 Theoretical field capacity, ha/h
C3.11 Field efficiency, %
C3.12 Wheel slip, %
C3.13 Fuel consumption rate, L/h (optional)
C3.14 Effective fuel consumption rate, L/ha (optional)

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 PAES 135: 2004

C4 Observations

A minimum of three persons (test engineer, manufacturer’s representative and the operator)
shall rate the following observations.

Rating*

Items
1 2 3 4 5

C.4.1 Ease of handling and stability when machine is

working

C.4.2 Ease of making adjustments

C.4.3 Straightness of furrows

C.4.4 Evenness of spacing between furrows

C.4.5 Uniformity of depth and width

C.4.6 Non-adhesion of soil to furrower bottoms

C.4.7 Durability of parts (based on wear of soil-working parts,

visible deformation, etc)

C.4.8 Other observations___________________________

__________________________________________
__________________________________________

* 1 – Very Good
2 – Good
3 – Satisfactory
4 – Poor
5 – Very Poor

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PAES 135: 2004

Annex D
Soil Analysis (Laboratory Method)

D1.1 Soil Texture Determination

D1.1.1 This test is carried out to analyze the soil samples taken during the performance test
to determine the soil texture of the test area.

D1.1.2 Three soil samples shall be taken from the test area. Each soil sample shall be
weighed and recorded.

D1.1.3 Each soil sample shall then be passed through series of sieves.

D1.1.4 The type of soil (i.e. sand, silt and clay) that is retained in a particular sieve shall be
weighed. (see Table D1)

Table D1 – Grain Size for Different Soil Types

Soil Type Grain Size

Mm Remarks

Passed through the 2 mm sieve but retained by the

Sand 2.0 – 0.05
0.05 mm sieve
Passed through the 0.05 mm sieve but retained by
Silt 0.05 – 0.002
the 0.002 mm sieve
Clay < 0.002 Passed through the 0.002 mm sieve

D1.1.5 The relative composition of each soil type expressed in percent shall be computed as
follows:
Weight of sand
% Sand = x 100
Total weight of soil
Weight of silt
% Silt = x 100
Total Weight of soil

Weight of clay
% Clay = x 100
Total Weight of soil

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 PAES 135: 2004

D1.1.6 The relative composition of the sand, silt and clay shall be used to determine the soil
type using the soil texture triangle as shown in Figure D1.

EXAMPLE: If you have a soil with 20% clay, 60% silt and 20% sand, it will fall in the
“silt loam” texture class.

100

90 10

80 20

70 30
CLAY
Y

PE
LA

60 40

RC
TC

EN
EN

TS
RC

50 50

ILT
PE

SILTY
CLAY
40 60

SILTY CLAY
30 CLAY LOAM 70
LOAM
SANDY CLAY
LOAM
20 80
SAND
SILT LOAM
10 LOAMY 90
SAND
LOAMY SILT
SAND SAND 100
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

PERCENT SAND

Source: Soil classification scheme adopted by USDA, Agricultural Engineering Handbook, 1961.

Figure D1 – Soil Texture Triangle Showing Relative Composition of Texture Class

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PAES 135: 2004

D1.2 Soil Moisture Content Determination

D1.2.1 Oven Method

D1.2.1.1 This test is carried out to analyze the soil samples taken during the performance test
to determine the soil moisture of the test area.

D1.2.1.2 Three core soil samples in at least three different locations of test plots shall be
taken randomly from the test area. Each soil sample shall be weighed and recorded as initial
weight.

D1.2.1.3 The samples shall be dried using a convection oven maintained at 150ºC for at least
eight hours.

D1.2.1.4 The oven dried sample shall then be placed in a desiccator. Each soil sample shall
be weighed and recorded as oven-dried weight.

D1.2.1.5 The soil moisture (% dry weight basis) shall be computed as follows:

Wi − W f
Soil Moisture (% dry weight basis ) = x 100
Wf

where: Wi is the initial weight of the soil, kg

Wf is the oven-dried (final) weight of the soil, kg

D1.2.2 The soil moisture content can also be measured using a soil moisture meter.

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 PAES 135: 2004

Annex E
Formulas Used During Calculations and Testing

E1.1 Estimation of Effective Field Capacity

E1.1.1 Width of cut

W
S=
2n
where: S is the width of cut, m
W is the width of plot, m
n is the number of rounds
2 is the number of trips per round

E1.1.2 Total distance traveled

A
D= = 2 nL
S
where: D is the total distance traveled, m
A is the area of the plot, m2
L is the length of the plot, m

E1.1.3 Effective area accomplished

Ae = wD = 2nLw

where: Ae is the effective area accomplished, m2

w is the width of furrower, m

E1.1.4 Actual field capacity

0.006 Ae
afc =
t
where: afc is the actual field capacity, ha/h
t is the time used during the operation, min

E1.2 Theoretical Field Capacity

we v
tfc =
10,000

where: tfc is the theoretical field capacity, ha/h

we is the effective or theoretical width of furrow, m
v is the speed of operation, m/h

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PAES 135: 2004

E1.3 Field Efficiency

afc
εf = x 100
tfc

where: εf is the field efficiency, %

E1.4 Wheel slip

N1 − N 0
Wheel slip, % = x 100
N1

where: N1 is the number of revolutions of all driving wheels for a

given distance with slip, rpm
N0 is the number of revolutions of the driving wheels for
the same distance without slip, rpm

E1.5 Fuel Consumption Rate

V
Ft =
t
where: Ft is the fuel consumption rate, L/h
V is the volume of fuel consumed, L
t is the total operating time, h

E1.6 Effective Fuel Consumption Rate

10,000 V
Fe =
Ae
where: Fe is the effective fuel consumption rate, L/ha
V is the volume of fuel consumed, L
Ae is the effective area covered, m2

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 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 136:2004
Agricultural Machinery – Agricultural Trailer – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) with support from the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3: 2003
– Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering. Plant Production Engineering. Volume III.

Published by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE). USA. 1999. pp 463-
465.

Indian Standard (IS) 8213:1976 – Specification for Agricultural Trailer

International Organization for Standardization (ISO/FDIS 17900:2001) Agricultural Trailer –

Balanced and semi-mounted trailers – Determination of payload, vertical static load and axle
load.

Korean Standard (KS) B 7123:1977 – Trailers for Power Tiller

Republic Act No. 7394 otherwise known as “The Consumer Act of the Philippines” enacted
on July 22, 1991.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 136:2004

Agricultural Machinery – Agricultural Trailer – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the construction and other requirements for agricultural trailer fitted
with pneumatic tires and towed by an agricultural tractor at the traveling speed not exceeding
30 kph.

This standard is applicable to trailers with up to 10 metric tons capacity.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:
ISO 4251-1:1994, Tyres (ply rating marked series) and rims for agricultural tractors and
machines – Part 1: Tyre designation and dimensions
ISO 4251-2:1994, Tyres (ply rating marked series) and rims for agricultural tractors and
machines – Part 2: Tyre loading ratings
ISO 4251-3:1994, Tyres (ply rating marked series) and rims for agricultural tractors and
machines – Part 3: Rims
PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation
PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling
PAES 107:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Hitch for Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor
– Specifications
PAES 118:2001, Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications
PAES 311:2001, Engineering Materials – Bolts and Nuts for Agricultural Machines
– Specifications and Applications
PAES 312:2001, Engineering Materials – Rivets for Agricultural Machines
– Specifications and Applications
PAES 313:2001, Engineering Materials – Screws for Agricultural Machines
– Specifications and Applications
PAES 314:2001, Engineering Materials – Washers for Agricultural Machines
– Specifications and Applications
PAES 315:2001, Engineering Materials – Pins for Agricultural Machines
– Specifications and Applications

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 PAES 136: 2004

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
agricultural trailer
trailer designed to carry load for agricultural purposes without power of its own

3.1.1
balanced trailer
agricultural trailer whose total load is supported by at least two axles with four or more
wheels when detached from the towing tractor (see Figure 1)

3.1.2
semi-trailer
agricultural trailer with one axle and two wheels which, while in use, part of its load is
transferred to the towing tractor and the rest of the load is carried on its axle (see Figure 2)

3.2
axle load
total static load supported by the wheels on the respective axle

3.3
gross load
gross weight
sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed in metric tons

3.4
ground clearance
vertical distance between the ground and the lowest point of the trailer

NOTE In measuring ground clearance, the trailer shall be loaded to its payload and the tires
shall be inflated at the recommended pressure.

3.5
over-run brake
brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch between a trailer and the towing tractor
used to decelerate a moving trailer

3.6
parking brake
brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in stationary or parked position

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PAES 136: 2004

3.7
payload
net weight
uniformly distributed maximum safe load which can be transported by the trailer expressed in
tons

3.8
service brake
brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and stop a moving trailer

3.9
tow eye
hitch point of the trailer’s pullbar to be attached to the towing tractor

3.10
unladen mass
tare weight
mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but without any load

3.11
wheel base
horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles or wheels measured at the center of
the ground contact

3.12
wheel tread
wheel track
distance between the outermost wheels at the same axle measured at the center of ground
contact

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 PAES 136: 2004

4 Classification

4.1 Balanced Trailer

B D

WHEEL BASE

A WHEEL TREAD

a. TOP VIEW

SIDE BOARD

PLATFORM

G H

b. SIDE VIEW

Figure 1 – Balanced Trailer for Four-Wheel Tractor

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PAES 136: 2004

4.2 Semi-Trailer

B D

A WHEEL TREAD

a. TOP VIEW

SIDE BOARD

PLATFORM

E
F

b. SIDE VIEW

Figure 2 – Semi -Trailer for Four-Wheel Tractor

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 PAES 136: 2004

A WHEEL TREAD C

a. TOP VIEW

SIDE BOARD

PLATFORM
SEAT/TOOL BOX

G
I

b. SIDE VIEW

Figure 3 – Semi -Trailer for Two-Wheel Tractor

5 Dimensions

5.1 Trailer Attached to a Four-Wheel Tractor

5.1.1 The overall width of the trailer (see A in Figures 1 and 2) measured between the
extreme points shall not exceed 2.5 m. For this type of trailer, the overall width of the trailer
is equal to the overall width of the platform.

5.1.2 The overall length of the platform (see B in Figures 1 and 2) shall not exceed 6.0 m.

5.1.3 The distance from the foremost end of the platform to the center of the hitch point of
the pullbar (see D in Figures 1 and 2) shall range from 0.9 m to 1.4 m.

5.1.4 The total height of the trailer, with tires inflated at the recommended pressure, shall
not exceed 2.2 m when measured from the ground to the top of the sideboard without any
extension (see E in Figures 1 and 2).

5.1.5 The height of the platform, with tires inflated at the recommended pressure, shall not
exceed 1.2 m when measured from the ground to the top of the flooring (see F in Figures 1
and 2).

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PAES 136: 2004

5.1.6 For the balanced trailer, the distance from the rearmost end of the platform to the
center of rear wheel (see G in Figure 1) and from the foremost end of the platform to
the center of front wheel (see H in Figure 1) shall be ½ of the wheel base but not to
exceed 0.8 m.

5.1.7 For the semi-trailer, the distance from the rearmost end of the platform to the center
of the wheel (see G in Figure 2) shall be ⅓ of the platform’s length but not to exceed 1.2 m.

5.1.8 The wheel tread, wheel base and ground clearance shall be declared by the
manufacturer.

5.2 Semi-Trailer Attached to a Two-Wheel Tractor

5.2.1 The overall width of the trailer (see A in Figure 3) measured between the extreme
points shall not exceed 1.7 m.

5.2.2 The overall length of the platform (see B in Figure 3) shall not exceed 2 m.

5.2.3 The overall width of the platform (see C in Figure 3) measured between the extreme
points shall not exceed 1 m.

5.2.4 The total height of the trailer, with tires inflated at the recommended pressure, shall
not exceed 2 m when measured from the ground to the top of the sideboard or its extension
(see E in Figure 3).

5.2.5 The distance from the rearmost end of the platform to the center of the wheel shall be
½ to ⅓ of the platform’s length (see G in Figure 3).

5.2.6 The overall length of the trailer (see I in Figure 3) shall not exceed 3.5 m.

5.2.7 The overall length of the semi-trailer and the two-wheel tractor shall not exceed 5 m.

5.2.8 The wheel tread, wheel base and ground clearance shall be declared by the
manufacturer.

6 Capacity

The capacity of the trailer shall be its payload. The gross load and the payload shall be
declared by the manufacturer.

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 PAES 136: 2004

7 Construction Requirements

7.1 The loading platform may be bare or provided with hinged or fixed sideboards.

7.2 The trailer shall be provided with lashing hooks for tying down the load.

7.3 The trailer shall be provided with safety chain to match the trailer’s gross load.

7.4 When the trailer is fully loaded and hitched to the tractor, the platform shall be
parallel to the ground.

7.5 The hitch point of the trailer shall be designed in accordance with the tractor drawbar
requirements of four-wheel tractor given in PAES 118 for and with the hitch of two-wheel
tractor given in PAES 107.

7.6 The trailer shall be fitted with suitable pneumatic wheels of adequate load carrying
capacity.

7.7 The trailer should be provided with spring loaded axles, if desired by the purchaser.

7.8 The trailer may be provided with oscillating pullbar.

7.9 Trailer attached to a four-wheel tractor designed for more than 6 metric tons gross
load shall be fitted with over-run brake. The over-run brake along with the tractor service
brake shall be able to decelerate and stop the fully loaded tractor-trailer combination within a
distance of 12 m when traveling at a maximum speed of 20 kph.

7.10 Trailer attached to a two-wheel tractor designed for more than 0.5 metric tons gross
load shall be fitted with a service brake. The trailer service brake along with the tractor
service brake, if fitted, shall be able to decelerate and stop the fully loaded tractor-trailer
combination within a distance of 5 m when traveling at a maximum speed of 10 kph.

7.11 A parking brake shall be provided for all types of trailers. The parking brake shall
hold a fully laden trailer on a 15° slope uphill or downhill. The maximum force to operate a
hand brake lever shall not exceed 400 N. The parking brake should operate on the same drum
and shoe or disc and pad as the service brake.

8 Other Requirements

8.1 The trailer shall be fitted with six amber (yellow) reflectors of not less than 75 mm
diameter placed at a distance of not more than 150 mm inwards from extreme ends of rear
and sides.

8.2 The trailer shall be fitted with tail lights and, when possible, with stop and turn signal
lights.

8.3 The semi-trailer for four-wheel tractors shall be provided with a park stand to keep it
level when detached from the towing tractor.

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PAES 136: 2004

8.4 A suitable unobstructed location shall be made available on the trailer chassis for
fixing a lift jack when carrying out necessary repairs.

8.5 Agricultural trailer tires shall conform to ISO 4251 Parts 1 to 3.

8.6 All fasteners used in the trailer shall conform to PAES 311, PAES 312, PAES 313,
PAES 314 and PAES 315.

8.7 All parts requiring lubrication shall be provided with suitable fittings.

8.8 The trailer shall be fitted with slow-moving vehicle (SMV) emblem. The emblem
shall be located at the rear of the trailer with dimensional requirement as shown in Figure 4.

RED RETRO
REFLECTIVE BORDER
45 mm

FLUORESCENT
305 YELLOW-ORANGE
350 EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE

60°

Figure 4 – Slow-Moving Vehicle (SMV) Emblem

9 Workmanship and Finish

9.1 The trailer shall be free from manufacturing defects that may be detrimental to its
operation.

9.2 The trailer shall be free from sharp edges and surfaces that may injure the operator.

9.3 All wood or metal surfaces shall be covered with a coat of suitable preservative and
an appropriate primer before painting.

10 Warranty for Construction and Durability

10.1 Warranty against defective materials and workmanship shall be provided for parts and
services within six months from the purchase of the trailer.

10.2 The trailer shall not show any sign of breakage or deformation in any part when
loaded with 125% of its payload and operated for a minimum of three hours at a maximum
speed of 30 kph. The construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of its major
components within six months from purchase by the first buyer.

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 PAES 136: 2004

11 Maintenance and Operation

11.1 A set of manufacturer’s standard tools required for maintenance shall be provided.

11.2 The trailer shall not be loaded beyond the height of 3.8 m when measured from the
ground.

12 Marking and Labeling

12.1 Each trailer shall be marked in English with the following information using a plate,
stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

12.1.1 Registered trademark of the manufacturer

12.1.2 Brand

12.1.3 Model

12.1.4 Type

12.1.5 Gross load, metric tons

12.1.6 Payload, metric tons

12.1.7 Maximum tire pressure, kPa

12.1.8 Production date (optional)

12.1.9 Serial number

12.1.10Name and address of manufacturer

12.1.11Name and address of the importer, if imported

12.1.12 Country of manufacture (if imported) / “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured in
the Philippines)

12.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided when appropriate. Markings shall be

stated in English and Filipino and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

12.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material.

12.4 The markings shall be weather resistant and under normal cleaning procedures, it
shall not fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

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 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 137:2004
Agricultural Machinery – Agricultural Trailer – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) with support from the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3: 2003
– Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) S360:1984. Test Procedure for

Determining the Load Carrying Ability of Farm Wagon Running Gear.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO/FDIS 17900:2001) Agricultural Trailer –

Balanced and semi-mounted trailers – Determination of payload, vertical static load and axle
load.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 137:2004

Agricultural Machinery – Agricultural Trailer – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for agricultural trailers with up to
10 metric tons capacity. Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the requirements specified in PAES 136 and the specifications submitted by the
manufacturer;

1.2 determine the performance of the trailer;

1.3 evaluate the ease of handling and safety features; and

1.4 prepare a report on the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:
PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling
PAES 136:2004, Agricultural Machinery – Agricultural Trailer – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
agricultural trailer
trailer designed to carry load for agricultural purposes without power of its own

3.2
gross load
sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed in tons

3.3
ground clearance
vertical distance between the ground and the lowest point of the trailer

NOTE In measuring ground clearance, the trailer shall be loaded to its payload and the tires
shall be inflated at the recommended pressure.

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3.4
over-run brake
brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch between a trailer and the towing tractor
used to decelerate a moving trailer

3.5
parking brake
brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in stationary or parked position

3.6
payload
net weight
uniformly distributed maximum safe load which can be transported by the trailer expressed in
tons

3.7
service brake
brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and stop a moving trailer

3.8
unladen mass
tare weight
mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but without any load

3.9
wheel base
horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles or wheels measured at the center of
the ground contact

3.10
wheel tread
wheel track
distance between the outermost wheels at the same axle measured at the center of ground
contact

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Trailer on Test

The trailer submitted for test shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103.

4.2 Role of the Manufacturer/Dealer

The manufacturer/dealer shall submit to the official testing agency the specifications and
other relevant information on the trailer. An official representative of the manufacturer/dealer
shall be appointed to conduct minor repairs and adjustments and witness the test. It shall be
the duty of the representative to make all decisions on matters of adjustment and preparation
of the trailer for testing. The manufacturer/dealer shall abide by the terms and conditions set
forth by the official testing agency.

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 PAES 137: 2004

4.3 Termination of Test

If the trailer malfunctions during the test, the test shall be terminated by the test engineer.

4.4 Tractor to be Used

The tractor to be used shall be compatible with the trailer in accordance with the
manufacturer’s specification of required power.

5 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of Manufacturer’s Technical Data and Information

5.1.1 This investigation is carried out to verify that the mechanism and specifications
conform to the list of technical data and information submitted by the manufacturer and to the
specifications given in PAES 136.

5.1.2 The suggested minimum list of field test equipment and materials are given in Annex
A and the items to be inspected and verified are given in Annex B.

5.2 Performance Test

5.2.1 This is carried out to test the performance of the trailer.

5.2.2 The tests shall be carried out on both paved and bare dirt roads where the test
conditions are to be recorded.

5.2.3 The tests shall be conducted with at least three test trials.

5.2.4 Payload Test

5.2.4.1 This test is carried out to verify the payload of the trailer specified by the
manufacturer.

5.2.4.2 The load to be applied (e.g. sand or stone), which is equal to 125% of the trailer’s
payload, shall be uniformly distributed on the loading platform.

5.2.4.3 The trailer with the applied load shall be operated for three hours at a speed range
given in Table 1 for different ground surface.

Table 1 – Speed Limit of Tractor on Different Ground Surface

Speed Limit on Speed Limit on
Tractor Type Paved Road Bare Dirt Road
kph kph
Two-wheel tractor 8 to10 4 to 6
Four-wheel tractor 15 to 20 8 to 10

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PAES 137: 2004

5.2.4.4 All parts of the trailer shall be inspected for any sign of breakage or deformation.

5.2.5 Braking Test on Paved Road

5.2.5.1 Over-run or Service Brake Test

5.2.5.1.1 The load to be applied on the trailer shall be equal to its payload.

5.2.5.1.2 The trailer shall be operated at a maximum speed of 20 kph for four-wheel tractor
and 10 kph for two-wheel tractor.

5.2.5.1.3 The operating speed shall be verified based on the following procedure:

Two poles 20 m apart (A, B) are placed approximately in the middle of the test plot. On the
opposite side also two poles are placed in similar position, 20 m apart (C, D) so that all four
poles form corners of a rectangle, parallel to at least one long side of the test plot.
(see Figure 1) The speed will be calculated from the time required for the tractor to travel the
distance (20 m) between the assumed line connecting two poles on opposite sides AC and
BD. The easily visible point of the tractor should be selected for measuring the time. The
starting position shall be at a distance sufficient to attain and stabilize the desired speed from
line AC to line BD. Tractor shall be operated at rated engine speed (rpm) and at gear shift
setting determined during pre-trial.

5.2.5.1.4 The braking test on over-run or service brake shall be conducted. When the
foremost end of the tractor is at line BD, lever/pedal pressure shall be applied on the trailer
service or over-run brake along with the tractor service brake. The point at which the tractor-
trailer combination fully stopped shall be marked and extended sideways resulting to the line
EF. The distance from line BD to the line EF shall be measured and recorded as braking
distance. (see Figure 1)
20 m. Braking Distance

Pole A Pole B Pole E

STARTING
POSITION

Pole C Pole D Pole F

Figure 1 – Verification of Operating Speed and Over-run/Service Brake Test

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 PAES 137: 2004

5.2.5.2 Parking Brake Test

5.2.5.2.1 This test shall be carried out on test area or test ramp with 15˚ slope.

5.2.5.2.2 Upon applying pressure on the parking brake, it shall hold the fully laden trailer
uphill and downhill.

5.2.6 The items to be observed, measured and recorded during the performance tests are
given in Annex C.

6 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

6.1 Name of testing agency

6.2 Test report number

6.3 Title

6.4 Summary

6.5 Purpose and scope of test

6.6 Methods of test

6.7 Description and Specifications of the Trailer

6.8 Results of Performance Test

6.9 Name and Signature of Test Engineers

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Annex A
Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment and Materials

Items Quantity

A1 Equipment
A1.1 Truck scale
1
Capacity: 25 tons
A1.2 Timers
2
Range: 0 to 60 minutes Accuracy: 1/10
A1.3 Steel tape, 50 m 1

A1.4 Metric tape, 7.5 m 1

A1.5 Vernier caliper 1

A1.6 Digital video camera 1

A1.7 Tractor:
Four-wheel tractor, minimum: 65 kW 1
Two-wheel tractor 1
Diesel, minimum: 5 kW
Gasoline, minimum: 7 kW
A1.8 Parking brake test rig 1

A1.9 15° Test ramp 1

A2 Materials

A2.1 Marking pegs/poles 6

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 PAES 137: 2004

Annex B
Inspection Sheet for Trailer
Name of Applicant : __________________________________________________________
Address : _____________________________________________________________
Telephone No. : _______________________________________________________
Name of Distributor : _________________________________________________________
Address : _____________________________________________________________
Name of Manufacturer : _______________________________________________________
Factory Address : ______________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION

Brand :_____________________________ Model :_________________________________

Serial No. : _________________________Type : _________________________________
Production date of trailer to be tested : ___________________________________________

Items to be inspected
Manufacturer's Verification by
ITEMS
Specification Testing Agency
B1 Dimensions and weight
B1.1 Trailer
B1.1.1 Overall length, mm
B1.1.2 Overall width, mm
B1.1.3 Overall height, mm
B1.1.4 Unladen mass, ton
B1.1.5 Payload, ton
B1.1.6 Gross load, ton
B1.2 Platform
B1.2.1 Material
B1.2.2 Dimension (L x W x H), mm
B1.2.3 Ground clearance, mm
B1.2.4 Overhang (front), mm
B1.2.5 Overhang (rear), mm
B1.3 Pullbar
B1.3.1 Material
B1.3.2 Length, mm
B1.3.3 Thickness, mm
B1.4 Tires
B1.4.1 Tire specification
B1.4.1.1 Size, mm
B1.4.1.2 Ply rating
B1.4.1.3 Inflation pressure, kg/m2
B1.4.2 Wheel base, mm
B1.4.3 Wheel tread, mm
B1.5 Tractor-trailer combination
B1.5.1 Overall length, mm
B1.6 Safety/precautionary markings

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PAES 137: 2004

Annex C
Field Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be Measured and Inspected

Trials Average
ITEMS
1 2 3
C1 Test conditions
C1.1 Condition of field
C1.1.1 Location
C1.1.2 Types of ground surface (e.g. paved or
bare dirt road)
C2 Measurements
C2.1 Paved Road
C2.1.1 Traveling speed, kph
C2.1.2 Braking distance, m
C2.2 Bare dirt road
C2.2.1 Traveling speed, kph

C3 Observations

A minimum of three persons (test engineer, manufacturer’s representative and the operator)
shall rate the following observations.

Rating*
ITEMS
1 2 3 4 5
C.3.1 Ease of handling and stability when turning
C.3.2 Ability of the parking brake to hold the fully-laden trailer
on 15˚ slope uphill or downhill.
C.3.3 Ease in applying force to hand brake lever.

C.3.4 Visible deformation during loading capacity test (i.e.

cracks/breaks, etc)
C.3.5 Other observations____________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________

* 1 – Very Good
2 – Good
3 – Satisfactory
4 – Poor
5 – Very Poor

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 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 138: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Guidelines on After-Sales Service

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) with support from the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3: 2003 –
Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Agricultural Machinery Distributors/Manufacturers Accreditation Committee. Minimum

After-Sales Service Requirement of Accredited Dealers by Dealer Classification. 1985.

Directory of Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Dealers. AMTEC, UPLB and

NAFC, DA. 2001.

Republic Act No. 7394 otherwise known as “The Consumer Act of the Philippines” enacted
on July 22, 1991.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 138: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Guidelines on After-Sales Service

1 Scope

This standard specifies guidelines on after-sales service for agricultural machinery.

2 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

2.1
after-sales services
consists of parts and services provided by the manufacturers/distributors/dealers to the end-
user to ensure continuous serviceability of agricultural machinery

2.2
agricultural machinery
consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-operated machines,
implements, and other equipment primarily used for agricultural operations

2.3
dealer
authorized representative of distributors and/or manufacturers to supply, trade, sell and
service agricultural machinery to end-users

2.4
distributor
trading entity authorized by foreign and local suppliers and/or manufacturers to distribute
agricultural machinery to dealers

2.5
manufacturer
Philippine-based, foreign or Filipino-owned, manufacturing entity involved in the production
and distribution of agricultural machinery

2.6
warranty
guarantee
expressed assurance of the quality of the materials and workmanship of the products offered
for sale or length of satisfactory use to be expected from a product under normal use

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 PAES 138: 2004

3 Classification of Manufacturers/Distributors/Dealers

The manufacturers/distributors/dealers shall be classified according to size as small-,

medium-, or large-scale and rated based on Annex A.

4 General Requirements

4.1 Warranty for Construction and Durability

4.1.1 The manufacturer/distributor/dealer shall issue a warranty certificate to the buyer.

Warranty against defective materials and workmanship shall be provided for parts and
services except for normal wear and tear of expendable/consumable maintenance parts (e.g.
belts, tires, hoses, filters, electric parts, etc.) within six months from the purchase of the
machinery for brand new products.

4.1.2 Warranty shall cover only failure or damages from normal use and maintenance
conditions. It shall not cover any damage due to the following conditions:

a) accident or natural disaster;

b) improper operation and maintenance of the machine; and

c) unauthorized repair and/or use of non-genuine parts.

4.2 Services and Parts Availability

The manufacturer/distributor/dealer shall be capable of:

4.2.1 supplying the services of mechanic free of charge for replacing parts under warranty
to put the unit in running condition during the warranty period which includes the
transportation cost within 50-km radius;

4.2.2 providing services on repairs after warranty period at reasonable cost;

4.2.3 maintaining spare parts of at least 10% of their average past three-year sales per
product to ensure adequate inventory of spare parts; and

4.2.4 providing the other minimum after-sales service requirement given in Table 1.

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PAES 138: 2004

Table 1 – Minimum After-Sales Services Requirement for Agricultural Machines

Minimum After-Sales Manufacturer/Distributor/Dealer Size Classification

Service Requirements Small Scale Medium Scale Large Scale
Service mechanics 1 2 3
Repair service area, m2 20 40 60
Service vehicle 1 2 3
within six months from the purchase of agricultural machinery
Warranty
or 600 hours, whichever comes first
Repair and maintenance a. 1 set of basic a. 2 sets of basic a. 3 sets of basic
tools and equipments tools/equipment tools/equipment tools/equipment

(see Table 2 for the list) b. set of special b. 1 set of special b. 2 sets of special
tools/equipment tools/equipment tools/equipment
(optional)
Parts catalogue
Manual and catalogue
Repair or workshop manual
10 % of their average past three-year sales per product shall be
Parts inventory
allotted to inventory of spare parts

Table 2 – List of Repair and Maintenance Tools and Equipments

Classification of
Repair and Maintenance Tools and Equipments
Tools/Equipment
1. set of wrenches (e.g. box, open and socket)
2. set of hand tools (e.g. hammer, pliers, screw driver, etc)
3. welding machine
4. drilling machine
5. chain block or floor lift
Basic
6. overhauling set of tools (e.g. rings, compressor, valve
(Dealer/Manufacturer)
lifter, nozzle tester, etc.)
7. threading cutting tools
8. tachometer
9. riveter
10. set of pullers
1. torque wrench
2. set of gauges (e.g. feeler gauge, sheet and wire gauge,
drill gauge, screw pitch gauge, micrometer, etc)
Special
3. turning machines
(Manufacturer)
4. bending machine
5. shearing machine
6. painting/finishing equipments

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 PAES 138: 2004

Annex A

Rating Scheme for Size Classification of

Manufacturers, Distributors and Dealers

Parameter Level Equivalent Points

< P 5 Million 3

1. Current value P 5 to P 20 Million 6

>P 20 Million 10

Single proprietorship 3

2. Ownership Partnership/Cooperative 6

Corporation 10

3. Production mode By piece work 3

(for manufacturers
only) Batch Production 6

Within town and neighboring areas 3

4. Area of operation Several provinces/regions 6

Nationwide 10

Store/Shop only; No dealers 3

5. Marketing and
With dealers within the area of operation 6
distribution
Nationwide distribution 10

Parts and Service only; no warranty 3

6. After-sales service Parts and Service with limited warranty 6

Parts, Service and full warranty 10

7. Equipment and Cut and weld operation 3

manufacturing
Batch production; use of jigs and fixtures
capability 6
and use of power equipment
(for manufacturers
only) Mass production possible 10

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PAES 138: 2004

Parameter Level Equivalent Points

Class 1: Laborer, welder, tinsmith painter
3
and other skilled labor
Class 2: Accountant, bookkeeper, cashier,
6
supervisor and administrative staff
Class 3: Engineers, managers, executive
8. Type and number 10
officers and managerial staff
of personnel Computation:
% of Class 1 personnel x equivalent point = partial point
% of Class 2 personnel x equivalent point = partial point
% of Class 3 personnel x equivalent point = partial point
total points
Class 1: Hand tools and implements, hand
tractor, harvester, sheller, thresher, pump,
3
pumpset and other products costing less
than or equal to P 50,000
Class 2: Dryers (< 2 tons), rice mill,
drilling rig and other products costing 6
from P 50,000 to P 250,000
9. Type and number Class 3: Dryers (>2 tons), silos,
of products 4W tractors and other products costing 10
>P 250,000
Computation:
% of Class 1 products x equivalent point = partial point
% of Class 2 products x equivalent point = partial point
% of Class 3 products x equivalent point = partial point
total points
Size Classification Rating:
1. Add up all equivalent points for all the parameters and divide by the number of
parameters to come up with the total points score.
2. Classify the manufacturers according to size using the following rating scale:
< 4 points = Small scale; 4 to 7 points = Medium scale; > 7 points = Large scale
Source: Directory of Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Dealers. AMTEC. 2001.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 139:2004
Agricultural Machinery – Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) with support from the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3:2003 –
Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) S383.1:1983 – Roll-over Protective

Structures (ROPS) for Wheeled Agricultural Tractors.

Guidelines for the Design, Construction, and Installation of Rollover Protective Structures
(ROPS) for all Terrain Vehicles. 1998. Occupational Health Safety and Health Service,
Department of Labour, Wellington, New Zealand.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 3463:1989 Wheeled Tractors for

Agriculture – Protective Structures – Dynamic Test Method and Acceptance Conditions.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 5700:1989 Wheeled Tractors for

Agriculture – Protective Structures – Static Test Method and Acceptance Conditions.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Standard Code for the
Official Testing of Protective Structures on Agricultural and Forestry Tractors (Dynamic
Test): Code 3. March 2000.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Standard Code for the
Official Testing of Protective Structures on Agricultural and Forestry Tractors (Static Test):
Code 4. March 2000.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 139:2004

Agricultural Machinery – Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for roll-over protective structure (ROPS) attached to
a four-wheel tractor with a minimum of 15 kW engine power.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

ISO 3776: 1989, Tractors for Agriculture – Seat Belt Anchorages

ISO 5353:1995, Earth-moving Machinery, and Tractors and Machinery for Agriculture and
Forestry – Seat Index Point

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 118:2001, Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

PAES 311:2001, Engineering Materials – Bolts and Nuts for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications

PAES 140:2004, Agricultural Machinery – Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) –

Methods of Test

3 Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
roll-over protective structure (ROPS)
cab or frame installed on agricultural tractors to protect or minimize injury of the operator
from accidental overturning during operation (see Figures 1 and 2)

3.2
seat index point (SIP)
point on the central vertical plane of the seat (see Figure 3 and 4a)

NOTE For more detailed specification of the SIP refer to ISO 5353.

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 PAES 139: 2004

4 Classification

4.1 Two-post ROPS

Figure 1 – Tractor with Two-post ROPS and Optional Canopy

4.2 Four-post ROPS

a. Frame with Optional Canopy

b. Cab

Figure 2 – Tractor with Four-post ROPS

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PAES 139: 2004

5 Construction Requirements

5.1 Steel with an as-rolled thickness of not less than 2.5 mm and with a carbon content
of not less than 0.2 % shall be used in the manufacture of ROPS.

5.2 Bolts and nuts used to attach the protective structure to the machine frame and to
connect structural parts of the protective structure shall exhibit suitable toughness
properties. For more detailed specifications of bolts and nuts, refer to PAES 311.

5.3 All welding electrodes used in the fabrication of structural members and mounts
shall be compatible with the protective structure materials.

5.4 In case of a cab ROPS, safety glass shall be used.

5.5 The construction shall be rigid and durable.

5.6 ROPS equipped tractors shall be fitted with seat belt assemblies conforming to
ISO 3776 and PAES 118.

6 Clearance Zone

6.1.1.1 The clearance zone is illustrated in Figures 3, 4a and 4b and dimensions are shown
in Table 2. Referring to the figures, the zone is defined in relation to the vertical reference
plane. This reference plane shall be assumed to move horizontally with the seat and
steering-wheel during impact/loading tests but to remain perpendicular to the tractor or the
protective structure floor.

6.1.1.2 The clearance zone assumes a seat adjustment of +75 mm horizontally and +30 mm
vertically from the seat mid-position. Where the seat adjustment exceeds these values, the
clearance zones shall be modified in accordance with the following:

6.1.1.2.1 If the horizontal seat adjustment provided exceeds +75 mm from the mid-
position, then any dimensions forward from the SIP shall be reduced, and dimensions to the
rear from the SIP increased, on the basis:

[Total adjustment to the rear of the seat mid-position minus 75 mm]

6.1.1.2.2 If the vertical seat adjustment provided exceeds +30 mm, then any dimensions
above the SIP shall be increased and dimensions below the SIP reduced on the basis :

[Total adjustment above the seat mid-position minus 30 mm]

6.1.1.3 The clearance zone is defined as in a) to j) when the tractor is standing on its wheels
on a horizontal surface, with, where applicable, the steering-wheel adjusted to the mid-
position for seated driving.

a) a horizontal plane – A1B1B2A2 – 840 mm above the SIP with line B1B2 located 65
mm behind SIP;

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 PAES 139: 2004

b) an inclined plane – G1G2I2I1 – perpendicular to the vertical reference plane and

including the rearmost point of the seat backrest extended rearwards by 75 mm and
upwards by 30 mm, the extension of which passes through a point 840 mm above the
SIP, 215 mm behind the SIP;
c) a cylindrical surface – A1A2I2I1 – perpendicular to the vertical reference plane, with
a radius of 120 mm tangential to the planes defined in a) and b);
d) a cylindrical surface – BlClC2B2 – perpendicular to the vertical reference plane,
having a radius of 900 mm and center 65 mm behind and 60 mm below the SIP, with
the line C1C2 located 400 mm forward of B1B2;
e) an inclined plane – ClDlD2C2 – perpendicular to the vertical reference plane, joining
the surface defined in d) at its forward edge and passing 40 mm from the steering-
wheel rim;
f) a vertical plane – D1E1E2D2 – perpendicular to the vertical reference plane 40 mm
forward of the steering-wheel forward edge;
g) a horizontal plane – E1F1F2E2 – 60 mm below the SIP;
h) a surface, curved if necessary – G1F1F2G2 – from the bottom limit of the plane
defined in b) to the horizontal plane defined in g), following the general direction of
and parallel to a surface in contact with the seat backrest rear surface, extended
rearwards 75 mm and upwards 30 mm;
i) vertical planes – J1E1F1G1H1 and J2E2F2G2H2 – at not less than 250 mm on either
side of the vertical reference plane where the distance E1E2 shall be equal to the
steering- wheel diameter plus 40 mm on each side of the steering-wheel rim or 500
mm, whichever is greater;
j) parallel planes – A1B1C1D1H1I1 and A2B2C2D2H2I2 – inclined so that the plane upper
edge on the side to which the side blow is struck is at least 100 mm from the
reference plane.
B1 A1
I1
C1 A0
B0 I0
C0
B2 A2
I2
C2
D1

J1 H1
D0
G1 H0
D2
J0
G0 H2
K1 J2
F1
E1 G2
K0

E0 F0
K2
E2 F2
Seat index point

Figure 3 – Clearance Zone

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PAES 139: 2004

Table 2 – Clearance Zone Dimensions

Dimension Remarks
mm
A1 A0
100 Minimum
B1 B 0
A1 A2
B1 B 2 500
C1 C2
D1 D 2 Minimum or equal to the
500 steering-wheel diameter plus 80
E1 E2 mm, whichever is greater.
F1 F 2
G1 G2
500
H1 H 2
I1 I 2
E1 E0 Minimum or equal to the
250 steering-wheel diameter plus 40
E2 E0 mm, whichever is greater.
J0 E0 300
F0 G0 -
I0 G0 - Depending on the tractor
C0 D0 -
E0 F0 -
Note For other dimensions, see Figures 4a and 4b.

400 mm
40 mm

B A
20

C I
R1

40 mm
40
mm
840 mm

150 mm
R= 90

D
75 mm
mm0

40 mm
H
J
G
300 mm
60 mm

30 mm

K L

F
E

Seat index point

65 mm 75 mm
215 mm

Figure 4a – Clearance Zone from Side

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 PAES 139: 2004

500 mm
100 mm minimum

Load

Vertical reference
900 mm

plane

250 mm 250 mm
300 mm

Figure 4b – Clearance Zone from Front or Rear, 65 mm behind the Seat Index Point

7 Acceptance Conditions

For the protective structure to be accepted, it shall conform to the following conditions
during and after the test specified in PAES 140.

7.1.1 No part shall enter the clearance zone. No part shall strike the seat during the tests.
Furthermore, the clearance zone shall not be outside protective structure protection. For this
purpose, it shall be considered to be outside protective structure protection if any part of it
would have come in to contact with flat ground had the tractor overturned towards the
direction from which the blow/load was struck/applied. To estimate this, the tires and track
width setting shall be the smallest standard fitting specified by the manufacturer.

7.1.2 There shall be no protruding member or component which would be likely to cause
serious injury during an over-turning accident or which, through the deformation occurring,
might trap the operator, for example by a leg or foot.

7.1.3 There shall be no other components presenting a serious hazard to the operator.

8 Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The ROPS shall be free from manufacturing defects such as sharp edges and
surfaces that may be detrimental to the tractor operator.

8.2 The ROPS shall be free from rust and shall be painted properly.

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PAES 139: 2004

9 Sampling

The ROPS shall be sampled for testing in accordance with PAES 103.

10 Testing

The sampled ROPS shall be tested in accordance with PAES 140.

11 Labeling

11.1 Each protective structure shall be marked in English with the following information
using a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

11.1.1 Registered trademark of the manufacturer

11.1.2 Type

11.1.3 Identification number

11.1.4 Production date (optional)

11.1.5 Name and address of manufacturer

11.1.6 Name and address of the importer, if imported

11.1.7 Country of manufacture (if imported) / “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured
in the Philippines)

11.1.8 Make, model, serial number of the tractor the structure is designed to fit.

11.1.9 Maximum mass (M) for which the ROPS structure complies with all of the
performance requirements of this standard.

11.1.10 The relevant standards and other performance requirements, e.g. ISO standards
with which the structure complies (optional).

11.1.11 Any other information as deemed appropriate by the manufacturer, e.g.

installation, repair or replacement information.

11.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided when appropriate. Markings shall

be stated in English and Filipino and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

11.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material.

11.4 The markings shall be weather resistant and under normal cleaning procedures, it
shall not fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 140:2004
Agricultural Machinery – Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) with support from the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3:2003 –
Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) S383.1:1983 – Roll-over Protective

Structures (ROPS) for Wheeled Agricultural Tractors.

Guidelines for the Design, Construction, and Installation of Rollover Protective Structures
(ROPS) for all Terrain Vehicles. 1998. Occupational Health Safety and Health Service,
Department of Labour, Wellington, New Zealand.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 3463:1989 Wheeled Tractors for

Agriculture – Protective Structures – Dynamic Test Method and Acceptance Conditions.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 5700:1989 Wheeled Tractors for

Agriculture – Protective Structures – Static Test Method and Acceptance Conditions.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Standard Code for the
Official Testing of Protective Structures on Agricultural and Forestry Tractors (Dynamic
Test): Code 3. March 2000.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Standard Code for the
Official Testing of Protective Structures on Agricultural and Forestry Tractors (Static Test):
Code 4. March 2000.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 140:2004

Agricultural Machinery – Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the test procedures for roll-over protective structure (ROPS) attached
to a four-wheel tractor with a minimum of 15 kW engine power.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

ISO 2408:1985, Steel Wire Ropes for General Purposes – Characteristics

ISO 3776: 1989, Tractors for Agriculture – Seat Belt Anchorages

ISO 4253:1993, Agricultural Tractors – Operators Seating Accommodation – Dimensions

ISO 5353:1995, Earth-moving Machinery, and Tractors and Machinery for Agriculture and
Forestry – Seat Index Point

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 118:2001, Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

PAES 311:2001, Engineering Materials – Bolts and Nuts for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications

PAES 139:2004, Agricultural Machinery – Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) –

Specifications

3 Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
crushing test
application of a vertical load through a beam placed laterally across the uppermost members
of the protective structure

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 PAES 140: 2004

3.2
horizontal loading test
application of a horizontal load to the rear, front and side of the protective structure

NOTE As loading continues, the cab/frame deformation may cause the direction of
loading to change. This is permissible.

3.3
impact test
application of a dynamic load produced by a block acting as a pendulum

3.4
roll-over protective structure (ROPS)
cab or frame installed on agricultural tractors to protect or minimize injury of the operator
from accidental overturning during operation

3.5
seat index point (SIP)
point on the central vertical plane of the seat

NOTE For more detailed specification of the SIP refer to PAES 139.

3.6
tractor mass
mass of the unladen tractor in working order with tanks and radiator full, protective
structure with cladding, and any track equipment or additional front-wheel drive
components required for normal use

NOTE The operator, optional ballast weights, additional wheel equipment, special
equipment and loads are not included.

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 ROPS on Test

The ROPS submitted for test shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103.

4.2 Role of the Manufacturer/Dealer

The manufacturer/dealer shall submit to the official testing agency the specifications and
other relevant information on the ROPS. An official representative shall be appointed to
make all decisions on matters of preparation of the ROPS for testing and to witness the tests.
The manufacturer/dealer shall abide by the terms and conditions set forth by the official
testing agency.

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PAES 140: 2004

5 Preparation of Tractor and Protective Structure

5.1 General

5.1.1 The protective structure shall conform to manufacturer’s specifications and

installation procedure in accordance with the tractor model chassis.

5.1.2 All detachable windows, panels and removable non-structural fittings that do not
contribute to the strength of the protective structure shall be removed.

5.1.3 The list of apparatus and equipment to be used in testing is given in Annex A.

5.2 Seat Index Point

The seat index point (SIP) shall be determined, in accordance with ISO 5353. For a
suspended seat, the seat shall be set to the suspension travel mid-point, unless this is
contradictory to clearly stated instructions by the seat manufacturer. Where special
instructions for the seat setting exist, these shall be observed.

5.3 Test

5.3.1 The bedplate shall be adjusted such that the wheel tread and wheelbase are equal to
that of the reference tractor.

5.3.2 General

The position of the block and its supporting chains shall be selected so that the impact point
will be at the upper edge of the protective structure and in line with the travel arc of the
block center of gravity.

The lashing attachment points shall be approximately 2 m behind the rear axle and 1.5 m in
front of the front axle.

5.3.3 Front and Rear Impact Tests

The lashings shall be on each side of both axles giving a resultant force in the plane in
which the block center of gravity will swing.

5.3.4 Side Impact Test

A wooden beam shall be placed as a prop against the axle and secured to the floor so that it
is held tight against the axle during the impact. The beam length shall be chosen so that
when in position against the axle it is at an angle of 30 + 3˚ to the horizontal.

5.3.5 Crushing Test

When in position for the crushing test, the bedplate shall be supported under the axles.

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 PAES 140: 2004

6 Test Procedure

6.1 Sequence of Tests

6.1.1 For two-post ROPS, the following sequence shall be used:

a. Impact from the rear

b. Impact from either side
c. Crushing at the top

6.1.2 For four-post ROPS, the following sequence shall be used:

a. Impact from the rear

b. Impact from the front
c. Impact from either side
d. Crushing at the front
e. Crushing at the rear

6.1.3 No repairs or straightening of any member shall be carried out between tests.

6.1.4 The energy input to be absorbed by the protective structure during the test shall be
reported; it is calculated, in joules, by the formula :

E = 19.6 H

where:
E is the energy input to be absorbed during test, J
H is the lift height of the pendulum block center of gravity, mm

6.2 Impact from Rear and Front

6.2.1 Positioning of Test Rig Bedplate

For the impact tests to the rear and front, the bedplate shall be positioned so that the
supporting chains and the pendulum block face are at an angle of 20° to the vertical when
striking the protective structure. If the angle of the protective structure member at the
contact point at maximum deflection during impact is greater than 20° to the vertical, the
block angle shall be further adjusted by any convenient means so that the striking face and
the protective structure member are parallel at the impact point and maximum deflection,
the supporting chains being at 20° to the vertical when the block strikes the protective
structure.

Where the angle is greater than 20°, the adjustment of the pendulum block striking face
shall be based on estimated maximum deformation.

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PAES 140: 2004

6.2.2 Impact from Rear (see Figure 1)

The rear blow shall be struck in a vertical plane parallel to the longitudinal median plane on
the corner opposite to that on which the side impact is made and at two-thirds of the
distance from the bedplate median plane to the vertical plane touching the outside extremity
of the protective structure top. However, if a curve in the back of the protective structure
starts at less than two-thirds of the distance from the center, the impact shall be at the
beginning of that curve, i.e. at the point where this curve is tangential to a line at right
angles to the bedplate median plane.

The height of the pendulum block lift shall be calculated based on the following formula.

H = 2.165 x 10-8 mt L2

where:
H is the lift height of the pendulum block center of gravity, mm
mt is the tractor mass, kg
L is the reference wheelbase, which shall not be less than the maximum
wheelbase, mm

Travel arc of pendulum

block centre of gravity
passing through contact point

20°
H

2000 mm

1500 mm

Positioning tie

Figure 1 – Impact from Rear

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 PAES 140: 2004

6.2.3 Impact from Front (see Figure 2)

The general requirements for this test are similar to those for the impact from the rear. The
blow shall be struck as close to the protective structure top corner as is practicable on the
same side as that on which the side impact is made (i.e. 80 mm maximum from a vertical
plane parallel to the bedplate longitudinal median plane touching the outside extremity of
the protective structure top). However, if a curve in the front of the protective structure
starts at a distance further than 80 mm inside this vertical plane, the impact shall be struck at
the beginning of the curve, i.e. at the point where this curve is tangential to a line at right
angles to the median plane of the bedplate.
The pendulum block lift shall be calculated from the following formula:
ƒ H = 25 + 0.07 mt, where mt = 800 kg to 2 000 kg
ƒ H = 125 + 0.02 mt, where mt = 2 000 kg to 6 000 kg

where:
H is the lift height of the pendulum block center of gravity, mm
mt is the tractor mass, kg

Travel arc of pendulum

block centre of gravity
passing through contact point
20°
H

2000 mm

1500 mm

Positioning tie

Figure 2 – Impact from Front

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PAES 140: 2004

6.3 Impact from either Side

6.3.1 Positioning of Test Rig Bedplate

For the side impact test the impact direction shall be horizontal. The bedplate shall be
positioned so that the supporting chains and the pendulum block striking face are vertical
when striking the protective structure. If the protective structure member angle at the
contact Point is not vertical, the pendulum block striking face and the protective structure
members shall be set parallel at the impact point at maximum deflection by one additional
support. The supporting chains shall remain vertical at the impact point. In the case of non-
vertical structure members, the adjustment of the pendulum block striking face shall be
based on estimated maximum deformation.

6.3.2 Impact from Side (see Figure 3)

The impact shall be struck against the highest side member and in the vertical plane
perpendicular to the longitudinal median plane and 60 mm forward of the seat index point.
The lift height of the pendulum block shall be calculated from the following formula:

ƒ H = 25 + 0.2 mt, where mt = 800 kg to 2,000 kg

ƒ H = 125 + 0.15 mt, where mt = 2,000 kg to 6,000 kg

where:
H is the lift height of the pendulum block center of gravity, mm
mt is the tractor mass, kg

Travel arc of pendulum

block centre of gravity
passing through contact point

60 mm
H

Seat index point

Prop

Figure 3 – Impact from Side

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 PAES 140: 2004

6.4 Crushing Test at Rear/Front

The beam shall be positioned across the rear/front uppermost structural members and the
resultant crushing forces shall be located in the vertical reference plane. The static load
force F shall be applied, equal to F = 20 mt, in Newtons. This force shall be maintained for
at least five seconds after the cessation of any visually detectable movement of the
protective structure.

Where the rear/front part of the protective structure roof will not sustain the full crushing
force, the force shall be applied until the roof is deflected to coincide with the plane joining
the protective structure upper part with that part of the bedplate rear/front capable of
supporting the vehicle mass when overturned. The force shall then be removed and the
bedplate or loading force repositioned so that the beam is over that part of the protective
structure which would then support the tractor front/rear when completely overturned and
the full force applied. (see Figures 4 and 5)

Universal pin joints

Force Force

Double-acting
hydraulic cylinder

Universal pin joints

Supports under front

and rear axles

Figure 4 – Example of Arrangement for Crushing Test

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PAES 140: 2004

Beam position for Beam position for

rear crushing test front crushing test

Figure 5 – Beam Position Crushing Test

7 Tolerances

Measurements during the tests shall be made to the following tolerances:

a) dimensions of the protective structure and clearance zone : + 3 mm;

b) deflection : + 3 mm;

c) lift height of pendulum block set for impact tests: + 6 mm;

d) measured tractor mass : + 20 kg;

e) force applied in horizontal and crushing tests: + 2%;

f) pendulum block mass (chain mass excluded) : + 20 kg;

g) angle of pendulum block supporting chains at impact point : + 2˚;

h) deviation from the direction of the applied force:

ƒ at start of test (under zero load) : + 2˚;

ƒ during test (under load) : + 10˚ above and – 20˚ below the horizontal;

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8 Extension to other Tractor Models

In the case of a protective structure which has fulfilled the conditions required for
acceptance and which is designed to be used on other tractor models, the tests need not be
carried out on each tractor model, provided that the protective structure and tractor comply
with the conditions as specified in 8.1 to 8.4. In such cases, the test report shall contain a
reference to the previous test report.

8.1 The mass of the other tractor models shall not exceed by more than 5 % that of the
reference tractor.

8.2 The attachment method and the tractor component to which the attachment is made shall
be identical or of equivalent strength.

8.3 Any component such as fender and hood, which may provide support for the protective
structure, shall be identical or judged to give at least the same support.

8.4 The position and critical dimensions of the seat in the protective structure and the
relative position of the tractor protective structure shall be such that the clearance zone
would have remained within the protection of the deflected structure throughout all the tests.

9 Test Report

The test report shall be in accordance with Annexes B and C.

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PAES 140: 2004

Annex A

Apparatus and Equipment for Testing

A1 General

A1.1 Material, equipment and attachment shall be used to ensure that the bedplate is
firmly fixed to the ground.

A1.2 A measuring rig shall be used to prove that the clearance zone has not been entered
during the test.

A2 Impact Test

A2.1 A square pendulum block (i.e. concrete with steel casing) with a mass of 2,000 kg
shall be used to strike a blow against the protective structure. The pendulum block does not
include the mass of the chains. The maximum chain mass shall be 100 kg. The dimensions
of the block, which shall be suspended from two chains from pivot points 6 m or more
above ground level, shall be as shown in Figure A1.

Pendulum chains
Attachment for release
mechanism

Safety hooks to
hold spare chain

Impact face
680±
20

Height adjustment

Figure A1 – Pendulum Block

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 PAES 140: 2004

A2.2 The bedplate shall be lashed, by means of steel wire ropes incorporating tensioning
devices, to ground rails preferably spaced approximately 600 mm apart throughout the area
immediately below the pivot points and extending for approximately 9 m along the
pendulum block axis and approximately 1.8 m to either side. The wire rope shall be round,
stranded with fiber core, construction 6 x 19 according to ISO 2408, and using wire of
tensile strength 1,770 N/mm2. The nominal diameter shall be specified in Table A1.

Table A1 – Nominal Diameter of Lashing Ropes

Tractor Mass, mt Rope Diameter

ton mm
<5 13
>5 16

A2.3 A wooden prop shall be used to restrain the opposite axle when striking from the
side. Its length shall be 20 to 25 times its thickness and its width 2 to 3 times its thickness.

A2.4 Device to measure elastic deflection shall be used in a horizontal plane that
coincides with the upper limiting surface of the clearance zone as shown in Figure A2.

3)

1) 2)

2)

Horizontal rod

Vertical bar attached

to tractor chassis
Friction collar

1) Permanent deflection
2) Elastic deflection
3) Total ( permanent plus elastic ) deflection

Figure A2 – Example of Device to Measure Elastic Deflection

A3 Crushing Test

A3.1 Means to apply downward force on the protective structure including a stiff beam
with a width of 250 mm shall be used.

A3.2 An equipment to measure the total vertical force applied shall be used.

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PAES 140: 2004

Annex B

Data Sheet for Protective Structure

ITEMS VALUES

B1 Height of the roof members above the tractor seat

index point, mm
B2 Height of the roof members above the tractor footplate,
mm
B3 Interior width of the protective structure at a point
840 mm above and 215 mm behind the seat index point,
mm
B4 Interior width of the protective structure at the level
of the steering-wheel center at a point 215 mm behind the
seat index point, mm
B5 Distance from the steering-wheel center to the right
side of the protective structure, mm
B6 Distance from the steering-wheel center to the left
side of the protective structure, mm
B7 Minimum distance from the steering wheel rim to the
protective structure, mm
B8 Width of the doorways, mm
B8.1 at the top
B8.2 at the middle
B8.3 at the bottom
B9 Height of the doorways, mm
B9.1 above the foot platform
B9.2 above highest mounting step
B9.3 above lowest mounting step
B10 Overall height of the tractor with the protective
structure fitted, mm
B11 Overall width of the protective structure, mm
B12 Horizontal distance from the seat index point to the
rear of the protective structure at a height of 840 mm above
the seat index point, less 215 mm
B13 Number of doorways
B14 Dimension of emergency exit
B15 Types of glass
B16 Make and model of seat

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Annex C

Test Report for Protective Structure

Name of Applicant : _________________________________________________________

Address : ____________________________________________________________
Telephone No. : ______________________________________________________
Name of Distributor : ________________________________________________________
Address : ____________________________________________________________
Name of Manufacturer : ______________________________________________________
Factory Address : _____________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Protective Structure

Name: _____________________________ Type :________________________________

2. Tractor on which test was based:

Make: ______________________________Model : _______________________________

3. Date of Test: ________________________________________________________

Items to be measured and inspected

ITEMS VALUES

C1 Impact test
Impact tests were made to the rear and to the front and to the side. The reference wheelbase
about the rear axle used for calculating impact energies were:
C1.1 Impact energies, kJ
Rear
Front
Side
C2 Crushing test
C2.1 Crushing force, kN
The acceptance conditions for these tests concerning freedom from fractures or cracks,
maximum elastic deflection and protection of the clearance zone were satisfactorily
fulfilled.
C3 Deflections of protective structure extremities, measured after the series of tests
(stating the height on the protective structure at which these measurements were made, for
example above the SIP)

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PAES 140: 2004

ITEMS VALUES

C3.1 Rear, mm
Permanent deflection
Elastic deflection
Total deflection
C3.2 Front, mm (for four-post ROPS)
Permanent deflection
Elastic deflection
Total deflection
C3.3 Side, mm
Permanent deflection
Elastic deflection
Total deflection
C3.4 Top, mm
Rear:
Permanent deflection
Elastic deflection
Total deflection
Front:
Permanent deflection
Elastic deflection
Total deflection
C4 Specification of reference tractor
C4.1 Tractor mass, kg
C4.2 Wheelbase, mm
C4.3 Tire sizes (front and rear), mm
C5 Protective structure specification
C5.1 Photographs, overall view and close-ups
showing mounting details
C5.2 General arrangement drawing
C6 Details of materials used in the construction of the
protective structure
C6.1 Main frame and cladding
C6.1.1 Material
C6.1.2 Dimensions, mm
C6.2 Mountings
C6.2.1 Material
C6.2.2 Dimensions, mm
C6.3 Assembly and mounting bolts
C6.3.1 Grade
C6.3.2 Dimensions, mm
C6.4 Other items
C6.4.1 Material
C6.4.2 Dimensions, mm

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 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 141: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) with support from the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3:2003 –
Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM). Testing, Evaluation and

Modification of Weeders. Technical Series No. 11:1982.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM) Test Codes and Procedures for Farm
Machinery. Technical Series No. 12:1983.

Smith, D.W., B.G. Sims, and D.H. O’Neill. 1994. Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural
Machinery and Equipment – Principles and practices. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin
110.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 141: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for manual, animal-drawn, and tractor-drawn
weeders for dry and wet fields.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling
PAES 107:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Hitch for Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor
– Specifications
PAES 118:2001, Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications
PAES 142:2004, Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
weeding efficiency
weeding index
percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit area

3.2
weeder
implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land

3.3
weeds
unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients, moisture and
sunlight

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 PAES 141: 2004

4 Classification

The classification of weeders shall be as follows:

4.1 By design of soil working part

4.1.1 Blade type

Type of weeder with rectangular, triangular or crescent shapes with cutting edges sharpened
and hardened (Figure 1)

a. Rectangular Shape

b. Triangular Shape

c. Crescent Shape

Figure 1 – Shapes of Blade

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PAES 141: 2004

4.1.2 Tine type

Type of weeder with a straight, curved, round or square cross-section steel rods with sharply
pointed and hardened soil engaging ends (Figure 2)

a. Straight, Square Tine b. Curved, Square Tine

Figure 2 – Shapes of Tine

4.1.3 Rotary type

Type of weeder with curved or straight spikes or puddles radially attached to a common axle,
which rotate to uproot and bury weeds (Figure 3)

a. Curved Spikes b. Straight Puddles

Figure 3 – Different Shapes of Rotary-type Weeder

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 PAES 141: 2004

4.2 By power source

4.2.1 Manually-operated weeders

4.2.1.1 Hand-held weeder (Figure 4)

Type of weeder which utilize either blade or tine type of soil working parts with short (0.15 m
to 0.5 m), medium (>0.5 m to 1 m) and long (>1 m) handles

Handle

Blade

a. Hand-held Weeder with Short Handle

Handle

Blade

b. Hand-held Weeder with Long Handle

Figure 4 – Hand-Held Weeder

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PAES 141: 2004

4.2.1.2 Push-type weeder

Type of weeder which utilizes either blade, tine or rotary soil working parts for dry and wet
field weeding (Figure 5)

Handle

Spikes

Puddler

Float

a. For Wet Field Weeding

Handle

Wheel

Tine Assembly

b. For Dry Field Weeding

Figure 5 – Push-Type Weeder

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 PAES 141: 2004

4.2.2 Animal- drawn weeder

Type of weeder in which soil working parts are mounted on a frame or tool bar and pulled by
an animal for dry field weeding (Figure 6)

Handle

Frame / Toolbar

Hitch
Tine Assembly

Figure 6 – Animal-Drawn Weeder

4.2.3 Power-weeder

Type of rotary weeder driven by its own engine for wet field weeding (Figure 7)
Handle

Engine

Spikes

Figure 7 – Power-Weeder

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PAES 141: 2004

4.2.4 Tractor-mounted weeder

Type of weeder in which soil working parts are mounted on a frame or tool bar and pulled by
either two- or four-wheel tractor for dry field weeding (Figure 8)

Toolbar

Three-point
Hitch

Tine Assembly

Figure 8 – Four-Wheel Tractor- Mounted Weeder

5 Materials of Construction

5.1.1 Manually-operated Weeders

5.1.1.1 Hand-held

5.1.1.1.1 Carbon steel with at least 50% carbon content and 0.05% sulphur and phosphorus
content (e.g. AISI 1055) shall be used in the manufacture of soil-working part. All soil-
working parts shall be hardened between 350 and 450 HB (Brinell Hardness), or 37.7 to 47.8
HRC (Rockwell Hardness), or 370 to 483 HV (Vickers Hardness).

5.1.1.1.2 Hard wood, hard plastic and/or steel tube shall be used in the manufacture of handle.

5.1.1.2 Push-type and power weeder

5.1.1.2.1 Carbon steel with at least 50% carbon content and 0.05% sulphur and phosphorus
content (e.g. AISI 1055) shall be used in the manufacture of soil-working part. All soil-
working parts shall be hardened between 350 and 450 HB (Brinell Hardness), or 37.7 to 47.8
HRC (Rockwell Hardness), or 370 to 483 HV (Vickers Hardness).

5.1.1.2.2 Cast iron shall be used for wheel hub and bushing.

5.1.1.2.3 Mild steel shall be used in the manufacture of frame, axle, floats and handle.

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 PAES 141: 2004

5.1.2 Animal-drawn Weeders

5.1.2.1 Carbon steel with at least 50% carbon content and 0.05% sulphur and phosphorus
content (e.g. AISI 1055) shall be used in the manufacture of soil-working part. All soil-
working parts shall be hardened between 350 and 450 HB (Brinell Hardness), or 37.7 to 47.8
HRC (Rockwell Hardness), or 370 to 483 HV (Vickers Hardness).

5.1.2.2 Mild steel or hard wood shall be used in the manufacture of frame.

5.1.3 Tractor-drawn Weeders

5.1.3.1 Two-wheel tractor-drawn

5.1.3.1.1 Carbon steel with at least 80% carbon content (e.g. AISI 1080) shall be used in the
manufacture of the soil-working parts.

5.1.3.1.2 Mild steel shall be used in the manufacture of the toolbar.

5.1.3.1.3 Steel spring shall be used for spring loaded tines.

5.1.3.2 Four-wheel tractor-drawn

5.1.3.2.1 Carbon steel with at least 80% carbon content (e.g. AISI 1080) or alloy steel with at
least 0.0005% boron content shall be used in the manufacture of the soil-working part.

5.1.3.2.2 Mild steel shall be used in the manufacture of toolbar.

5.1.3.2.3 Steel spring shall be used for spring loaded tines.

6 Performance Requirements

When tested under PAES 142, the following shall be attained:

6.1 The weeding efficiency shall be at least 80%.

6.2 The percentage of plant damage shall not exceed 6 %.

7 Other Requirements

7.1 The weeder shall be easy to hitch to and unhitch from the animal harness or tractor
linkage.

7.2 The hitch of the weeder shall be compatible with the two- and four-wheel tractor
linkages as specified in PAES 107 and PAES 118, respectively.

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PAES 141: 2004

8 Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The weeder shall be free from manufacturing defects such as sharp edges and surfaces
that may be detrimental to the operator.

8.2 The weeder shall be free from rust and shall be painted properly.

9 Warranty for Construction and Durability

9.1 Warranty against defective materials and workmanship shall be provided for parts and
services except for normal wear and tear of consumable maintenance parts within six months
from the purchase of the weeder.

9.2 The construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of its major
components within six months from purchase by the first buyer.

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 A set of manufacturer’s standard tools required for maintenance shall be provided.

10.2 An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.

11 Sampling

The weeder shall be sampled for testing in accordance with PAES 103.

12 Testing

The sampled weeder shall be tested in accordance with PAES 142.

13 Marking and Labeling

13.1 Each weeder shall be marked in English with the following information using a plate,
stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

13.1.1 Registered trademark of the manufacturer

13.1.2 Brand

13.1.3 Model

13.1.4 Serial number

13.1.5 Production date (optional)

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 PAES 141: 2004

13.1.6 Name and address of manufacturer

13.1.7 Name and address of the importer, if imported

13.1.8 Country of manufacture (if imported) / “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured in
the Philippines)

13.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided when appropriate. Markings shall be

stated in English and Filipino and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

13.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material.

13.4 The markings shall be weather resistant and under normal cleaning procedures, it shall
not fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

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 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 142: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) with support from the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3:2003 –
Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM) Test Codes and Procedures for Farm
Machinery. Technical Series No. 12:1983.

Richey, C.B., P. Jacobson and C.W. Hall. 1961. Soil Classification Scheme Adopted by
USDA. Agricultural Engineers’ Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 792.

Smith, D.W., B.G. Sims, and D.H. O’Neill. 1994. Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural
Machinery and Equipment – Principles and practices. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin
110.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 142: 2004

CONTENTS Page
1 Scope 14
2 References 14
3 Definition 14
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection 15
4.1 Weeder on Test 15
4.2 Role of Manufacturer/dealer 15
4.3 Termination of Test 15
4.4 Human, Draft Animal and Tractor to be Used 15
5 Test and Inspection 15
5.1 Verification of Manufacturer’s Technical Data and Information 15
5.2 Field Performance Test 16
5.3 Power Requirement Determination 20
6 Data Analysis 22
7 Test Report 22

FIGURES
1 Recommended Planting Pattern for the Test Area 16
2 Recommended Field Operational Pattern 17
3 Measurement of Operating Speed for Tractor-Drawn Weeder 18
4 Marked Strip for Assessment of Weeding Efficiency 19
5 Draft Measurement for Animal-Drawn Weeder 20
6 Angle of Pull Measurement for Animal-Drawn Weeder 20
7 Draft Measurement for Tractor-Drawn Weeder 21

ANNEXES
A Suggested Minimum List of Field and Laboratory Test Equipment and 23
Materials
B Inspection Sheet for Weeder 24
C Field Performance Test Data Sheet 26
D Soil Analysis 29
E Formulas 32

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 142: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for manually-operated, animal-
drawn, and tractor-drawn weeders for dry and wet fields. Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the specifications submitted by manufacturer;

1.2 determine the field performance of the weeder;
1.3 evaluate the ease of handling; and
1.4 prepare a report on the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 141:2004, Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
damaged plants
plants injured (i.e. teared leaves, broken stems, and/or uprooted plant) that may affect crop
growth

3.2
percent damaged plants
percentage of plants injured during the weeding operation

3.3
weeding efficiency
weeding index
percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit area

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 PAES 142: 2004

3.4
weeder
implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land

3.5
weeds
unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients, moisture and
sunlight

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Weeder on Test

The weeder submitted for test shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103.

4.2 Role of the manufacturer/dealer

The manufacturer/dealer shall submit to the official testing agency the specifications and
other relevant information on the weeder. An official representative of the
manufacturer/dealer shall be appointed to conduct minor repairs and adjustments and witness
the test. It shall be the duty of the representative to make all decisions on matters of
adjustment and preparation of the implement for testing. The manufacturer/dealer shall abide
by the terms and conditions set forth by the official testing agency.

4.3 Termination of Test

If the weeder becomes non-functional during the test, the test shall be terminated by the test
engineer.

4.4 Human, Draft Animal and Tractor to be Used

4.4.1 Operator shall be in good health, experienced in the use of weeder and be familiar
with the operation and requirements of the test method. Height, weight and stature of the
operator shall be recorded. Pulse rate and blood pressure before and after each test trial shall
be recorded.

4.4.2 Draft animal shall be in good physical condition during the test. The draft of the
weeder shall not be more than 15% of the animal’s body weight.

4.4.3 The tractor to be used shall be compatible with the weeder in accordance with the
manufacturer’s specification of required power.

5 Tests and Inspection

5.1 Verification of Manufacturer’s Technical Data and Information

5.1.1 This investigation is carried out to verify that the mechanism and specifications
conform to the list of technical data and information submitted by the manufacturer.

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PAES 142: 2004

5.1.2 The suggested minimum list of field and laboratory test equipment and materials are
given in Annex A and the items to be inspected and verified are given in Annex B.

5.2 Field Performance Test

5.2.1 This is carried out to test the field performance of the weeder.

5.2.2 The test shall be carried out on a dry and/or wet field where the conditions of the field
are to be recorded.

5.2.3 Test Conditions

5.2.3.1 Size of the Area per Trial

Weeding operation shall be done in fields of not less than 20 m2 for hand-held, 100 m2 for
push-type, 250 m2 for animal-drawn, 500 m2 for two-wheel tractor-drawn and 1000 m2 for
four-wheel tractor-drawn weeders. The plot shall be rectangular in shape with sides in the
ratio of 2:1 as much as possible.

5.2.3.2 Planting Pattern

The planting patterns for dry and wet fields as shown in Figure 1 shall be used. The distance
between rows (dr) for dry and wet fields shall be at least 75 cm (corn) and 20 cm (rice),
respectively.
dr
CROP

a. For dry field

dr
CROP

b. For wet field

Figure 1 – Recommended Planting Pattern for the Test Area

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 PAES 142: 2004

5.2.3.3 Operational Pattern for Tractor-drawn Weeders

Field capacity and field efficiency are influenced by field operational pattern which is closely
related to the size and shape of the field, the kind and size of implement. The non-working
time should be eliminated as much as possible using the recommended field operational
pattern as shown in Figure 2.

HEADLAND

HEADLAND

Figure 2 – Recommended Field Operational Pattern

5.2.3.4 Traveling Speed

5.2.3.4.1 For four-wheel tractor-drawn weeders, a traveling speed of 5 kph to 6 kph shall be
maintained during the operation.

5.2.3.4.2 For two-wheel tractor-drawn weeders, a traveling speed of 3 kph to 4 kph shall be
maintained during the operation.

5.2.3.4.3 For animal-drawn weeders, a traveling speed of 2 kph to 4 kph shall be maintained
during the operation.

5.2.3.5 Test Trials

The test shall be conducted with at least three test trials.

5.2.3.6 Headland
Depending on the tractor size, headland shall be at least 3 m in length.

5.2.4 Measurement of Performance Parameters

5.2.4.1 Verification of Operating Speed

Along the length of the test plot, two poles 20 m apart (A, B) are placed approximately in the
middle of the test run. On the opposite side two poles are also placed in similar position, 20 m
apart (C, D) so that all four poles form corners of a rectangle, parallel to at least one long side

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PAES 142: 2004

of the test plot. (Figure 3) The speed will be calculated from the time required for the weeder
to travel the distance (20 m) between the assumed line connecting two poles on opposite sides
AC and BD. The easily visible point of the machine should be selected for measuring the
time. The starting position shall be at least 2 to 5 m from poles A and C to stabilize speed
before measuring and recording data. Tractor shall be operated at rated rpm. The same
procedure shall be used in determining the actual operating speed for other types of weeder.
2-5 m 20 m

Pole A Pole B

STARTING
POSITION

Pole C Pole D

Figure 3 – Measurement of Operating Speed for Tractor-drawn Weeder

5.2.4.2 Total Operating Time

Total operating time shall be measured once the machine/implement started to weed up to the
time it finished weeding the test area. Time losses for adjustment, turning and machinery
breakdown shall be deducted from the total operating time.

5.2.4.3 Fuel Consumption (for power- and tractor-mounted weeders)

The tank is filled to full capacity before and after each test trial. The volume of fuel refilled
after the test is the fuel consumption during the test. When filling up the tank, careful
attention should be taken to keep the tank horizontal and not to leave empty space in the tank.

5.2.4.4 Soil Hardness

The soil hardness shall be measured using cone penetrometer.

5.2.4.5 Wheel Slip (for tractor-drawn weeder)

The weeder’s driving wheel is marked with colored tape. For a given distance, the number of
revolutions of the driving wheels with load (N1) and without load (N0) shall be recorded.
(refer to Annex E for the formula used in calculating wheel slip).

5.2.4.6 Weeding Efficiency

Prior to weeding operation, ten strips with 1-meter length shall be randomly selected and
marked on the unweeded land as shown in Figure 4. All the weeds on each strip shall be

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 PAES 142: 2004

recorded as W1. After weeding operation, the weeds on each of the ten marked strips shall be
recorded as W2. Weeding efficiency can be computed based on the following formula:

W1 − W2
εw = x 100
W1
where:
εw is the weeding efficiency, %
W1 is the number of weeds before operation per unit area
W2 is the number of weeds after operation per unit area

CROP

WEED

STRIP
1m

Figure 4 – Marked Strip for Assessment of Weeding Efficiency

5.2.4.7 Percent Damaged Plants

Ten 10-meter row length shall be marked prior to weeding operation. The number of plants
on each row shall be recorded. After weeding, the number of damaged plants on each of the
marked rows shall be recorded. Percent damaged plants can be computed based on the
following formula:
q
PDP = x 100
p
where:
PDP is the percent damaged plants, %
p is the number of plants in 10-meter row length before weeding
q is the number of damaged plants in 10-meter row length
after weeding

5.2.4.8 Effective working width

Effective working width is determined by measuring the total width per row of the weeder.

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PAES 142: 2004

5.3 Power Requirement Determination

5.3.1 Draft Measurement of Human Power

The manually-operated weeder shall be operated with a load cell attached to its handle. For
every pass, draft readings shall be taken for every 20-meter distance traveled by the weeder,
readings shall be obtained.
NOTE A mature human can continuously develop an output of 75 Watts (0.01 hp).

5.3.2 Draft Measurement for Animal-Drawn Weeder (Optional)

5.3.2.1 The weeder shall be operated with the spring or strain-gauge type dynamometer
inserted between the implement yoke and the hitch of the weeder as shown in Figure 5. There
shall be a minimum of three passes wherein data shall be gathered. For every 20 m distance
traveled by the weeder, five dynamometer readings shall be obtained.

IMPLEMENT YOKE

DYNAMOMETER OR YOKE

ANY FORCE MEASURING

INSTRUMENTS

HITCH DRAW ROPE

95
100 0 5
90 10
85 15

80 20
75 25

70 30
65 35
60 40
55 50 45

Figure 5 – Draft Measurement for Animal-Drawn Weeder

5.3.2.2 The angle in which the line of pull makes with the horizontal shall be measured using
following methods:
a. Trigonometric Method
The angle of pull with a draft animal shall be calculated based on the measurements as
shown in Figure 6.

LL
PU H
Ø = PULL ANGLE

DRAFT
C D
GROUND LEVEL

Figure 6 – Angle of Pull Measurement for Animal-drawn Weeder

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 PAES 142: 2004

The pull angle shall be calculated as follows:

H -C
θ = arctan
D
where: H is the distance from the top of the yoke to the ground, mm
C is the clearance between the hitch point and the ground, mm
D is the distance between two vertical lines, one passing through the
hitch point and one through the top of the yoke, mm

b. Pendulum Method

This is a method which uses the principle of the pendulum to obtain the horizontal
reference. A protractor for measuring the angle shall be placed on the hitch of the
weeder. It shall be placed so that it can circularly move freely; a weight shall be
suspended from the protractor to maintain the zero of the protractor in the horizontal
position. The angle shall be determined by taking the angle that the rope makes with
the horizontal.

5.3.2.3 Calculate the draft requirement of the animal-drawn weeder using the following
formula:
D = P cos θ

where: D is the draft, kg

P is the pull, kg
θ is the angle between the line of pull and the horizontal

5.3.3 Draft Measurement for Tractor-Drawn Weeder (Optional)

A strain-gauge type dynamometer is attached to the front of the tractor on which the
implement is mounted. Another auxiliary tractor will pull the implement-mounted tractor
through the dynamometer in neutral gear but with the implement in the operating position as
shown in Figure 7. The draft in the measured distance of 20 m as well as the time it takes to
traverse it shall be read and recorded. On the same field, the draft in the same distance shall
be read and recorded while the implement is lifted above the ground. The difference gives the
draft of the implement.

DYNAMOMETER

WEEDER

Figure 7 – Draft Measurement for Tractor-Drawn Weeder

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PAES 142: 2004

5.3.4 Calculate the power requirement for animal- and tractor-drawn weeders using the
following formula:

Dv
P=
100.5

where: P is the power requirement of the implement, kW

D is the draft of the implement, kg
v is the speed of the tractor or draft animal, m/s

5.4 The items to be measured, investigated and recorded during the field tests are given in
Annex C.

5.5 Soil Analysis (Laboratory Method)

The soil texture and moisture content of the test area shall be determined by the
recommended methods given in Annex D and shall be recorded in Annex C.

6 Data Analysis
The formulas to be used during calculations and testing are given in Annex E.

7 Test Report
The test report shall include the following information in the order given:
7.1 Name of testing agency
7.2 Test report number
7.3 Title
7.4 Summary
7.5 Purpose and scope of test
7.6 Methods of test
7.7 Description and Specifications of the Weeder
7.8 Results of Field Test
7.9 Name and Signature of Test Engineers

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 PAES 142: 2004

Annex A
(informative)

Suggested Minimum List of Field and Laboratory

Test Equipment and Materials

Items Quantity
A1 Equipment
A1.1 Field Equipment
A1.1.1 Timers
2
Range: 0 to 60 minutes Accuracy: 1/10
A1.1.2 Steel tape, 50 m and 5 m 2
A1.1.3 Graduated cylinder, capacity: 1,000 mL 1
A1.1.4 Noise level meter 1
A1.1.5 Digital video camera 1
A1.1.6 Tractor:
Four-wheel tractor, minimum: 65 kW 1
Two-wheel tractor 1
Diesel, minimum: 5 kW
Gasoline, minimum: 7 kW
A1.2 Laboratory Equipment (soil analysis and verification of specifications)
A1.2.1 Convection oven 1
A1.2.2 Electronic balance, capacity: 1 kg 1
A1.2.3 Sieve
3
Sizes: 2 mm, 0.05 mm, and 0.002 mm
A1.2.4 Vernier caliper 1
A2 Materials for Field Test
A2.1 Marking pegs 30

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PAES 142: 2004

Annex B
(informative)

Inspection Sheet for Weeder

Name of Applicant: __________________________________________________________

Address: _____________________________________________________________
Telephone No. : _______________________________________________________
Name of Distributor:
__________________________________________________________
Address: _____________________________________________________________
Name of Manufacturer:
________________________________________________________
Factory Address: _______________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION

Brand: ________________________________ Model: ______________________________

Serial No. : ____________________________Type: _______________________________
Production date of weeder to be tested: ___________________________________________

Items to be inspected

ITEMS Manufacturer's Verification by

Specification Testing Agency

B1 Dimensions and weight of weeder

B1.1 Overall length, mm
B1.2 Overall width, mm
B1.3 Overall height, mm
B1.4 Weight, kg
B2 Crops for which suitable
B3 Details of soil engaging component
B3.1 Type
B3.2 Dimensions
B3.2.1 Length, mm
B3.2.2 Width, mm
B3.2.3 Thickness, mm
B3.3 Number of rows
B3.4 Width per row, mm
B3.5 Total working width, mm

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 PAES 142: 2004

B3.6 Material of construction

ITEMS Manufacturer's Verification by

Specification Testing Agency

B3.6 Hardness (Rockwell/ Brinell)

B3.7 Other details
B4 Details of depth wheel (if any)
B4.1 Dimension, mm
B4.2 Material
B5 Details of frame/toolbar
B5.1 Dimension, mm
B5.2 Material
B5.3 Adjustment
B5.4 Type of hitch
B5.5 Ground clearance, mm
B6 Details of handle
B6.1 Height of handle from ground level
B6.2 Material
B6.3 Details of adjustments
B7 Details of tine
B7.1 Dimension, mm
B7.2 Material
B8 Mounting details
B9 Adjustments for row spacing (range)
B10 Details of power unit (for power-
operated weeders)
B11.1 Type of power unit
B11.2 Make
B11.3 Model
B11.4 Serial No.
B11.5 Year of manufacture
B11.6 Power, kW
B11.7 Speed, rpm
B11.8 Type of lubrication
B11.9 Recommended lubricant and
capacity
B11.10 Fuel type
B11.11 Fuel tank capacity, L
B12 Details of power transmission system
( from engine to the soil working parts- a line
diagram may be attached)

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PAES 142: 2004

Annex C
(informative)

Field Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be Measured and Inspected

ITEMS Trials Average

1 2 3
C1 Test Conditions
C1.1 Condition of field and soil
C1.1.1 Location
C1.1.2 Dimensions of field (L x W), m
C1.1.3 Area, m2
C1.1.4 Soil type (clay, clay loam, sandy, etc)
C1.1.5 Moisture content (dry basis), %
C1.1.6 Depth of standing water, cm
C1.1.7 Period after land operation
C1.2 Condition of Weed
C1.2.1 Type of weed
C1.2.2 Common name of weed
C1.2.3 Weed population, no./ m2
C1.2.4 Height of weed, cm
C1.3 Condition of crop
C1.3.1 Name of crop
C1.3.2 Variety
C1.3.3 Age in days after planting
C1.3.4 Planting method
C1.3.5 Row spacing, cm
C1.3.6 Hill distance, cm
C1.3.7 No. of plants in a hill
C1.3.8 Plant population, plant/ m2
C1.3.9 Height of plant, cm
C1.4 Weather condition
C1.4.1 Temperature
C1.4.1.1 Dry bulb, oC
C1.4.1.2 Wet bulb, oC
C1.4.2 Wind velocity, kph
C1.4.3 Weather (sunny, cloudy, rainy, hot, cold)

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 PAES 142: 2004

Trials Average
ITEMS
1 2 3
C2 Field Performance
C2.1 Date of test
C2.2 Type of field operation
C2.3 Time lost, min
C2.3.1 Turning
C2.3.2 Adjustment
C2.3.3 Others (specify)
C2.4 Area covered, m2
C2.5 Traveling speed, kph
C2.6 Effective width of cut of one row unit for
one run, cm
C2.7 No. of runs required in between rows
C2.8 Field capacity, ha/ h
C2.9 Field efficiency, % (if applicable)
C2.10 Effective width covered by the weeder in
between two rows, cm
C2.11 Percentage of width covered by the weeder
to row spacing, %
C2.12 Weeding efficiency
C2.12.1 Count of weeds in between two rows for
1m length or in m2 before weeding (W1)
C2.12.2 Count of weeds in between two rows for
1m length or in m2 after weeding (W2)
C2.12.3 Weeding efficiency, %
C2.12.4 Field condition after weeding
C2.13 Damaged plants
C2.13.1 No. of plants in 10-meter row length
before weeding
C2.13.2 No. of damaged plants in 10-meter row
length after weeding
C2.13.3 Percent plant damaged, %
C2.14 Draft of the implement, kN
C2.15 Power requirement, kW
C2.16 Labor requirement
C2.16.1 No. of laborers
C2.16.2 Total man-hour during test, man-h
C2.17 Condition of Operator
C2.17.1 Pulse rate before weeding operation
C2.17.2 Pulse rate after weeding operation
C2.17.3 Percent increase in pulse rate after
weeding operation, %

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PAES 142: 2004

C3 Observations

A minimum of three persons (test engineer, manufacturer’s representative and the operator)
shall rate the following observations.

Rating*

Items
1 2 3 4 5

C.3.1 Work quality

C.3.2 Ease of handling and stability when machine is working

and turning

C.3.3 Ease of making adjustments and repairs

C.3.4 Durability of part (based on wear of soil-working parts,

visible deformation, etc)

C.3.5 Other observations ___________________________

__________________________________________
__________________________________________

* 1 – Very Good
2 – Good
3 – Satisfactory
4 – Poor
5 – Very Poor

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 PAES 142: 2004

Annex D
(informative)

Soil Analysis (Laboratory Method)

D1.1 Soil Texture Determination

D1.1.1 This test is carried out to analyze the soil samples taken during the performance test to
determine the soil texture of the test area.

D1.1.2 Three soil samples shall be taken from the test area. Each soil sample shall be
weighed and recorded.

D1.1.3 Each soil sample shall then be passed through series of sieves.

D1.1.4 The type of soil (i.e. sand, silt and clay) that is retained in a particular sieve shall be
weighed. (see Table D1)

Table D1 – Grain Size for Different Soil Types

Soil Type Grain Size

Mm Remarks

Passed through the 2 mm sieve but retained by the

Sand 2.0 – 0.05
0.05 mm sieve
Passed through the 0.05 mm sieve but retained by
Silt 0.05 – 0.002
the 0.002 mm sieve
Clay < 0.002 Passed through the 0.002 mm sieve

D1.1.5 The relative composition of each soil type expressed in percent shall be computed as
follows:

Weight of sand
% Sand = x 100
Total weight of soil
Weight of silt
% Silt = x 100
Total Weight of soil

Weight of clay
% Clay = x 100
Total Weight of soil

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PAES 142: 2004

D1.1.6 The relative composition of the sand, silt and clay shall be used to determine the soil
type using the soil texture triangle as shown in Figure D1.

EXAMPLE: If you have a soil with 20% clay, 60% silt and 20% sand, it will fall in the
“silt loam” texture class.

100

90 10

80 20

70 30
CLAY
Y

PE
LA

60 40

RC
C
NT

EN
E

TS
RC

50 50

ILT
PE

SILTY
CLAY
40 60

SILTY CLAY
CLAY LOAM
30 LOAM 70
SANDY CLAY
LOAM
20 80
SAND
SILT LOAM
10 LOAMY 90
SAND
LOAMY SILT
SAND SAND 100
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

PERCENT SAND

Source: Soil classification scheme adopted by USDA, Agricultural Engineering Handbook, 1961.

Figure D1 – Soil Texture Triangle Showing Relative Composition of Texture Class

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 PAES 142: 2004

D1.2 Soil Moisture Content Determination

D1.2.1 Oven Method

D1.2.1.1 This test is carried out to analyze the soil samples taken during the performance test
to determine the soil moisture of the test area.

D1.2.1.2 Three core soil samples in at least three different locations of test plots shall be
taken randomly from the test area. Each soil sample shall be weighed and recorded as initial
weight.

D1.2.1.3 The samples shall be dried using a convection oven maintained at 150ºC for at least
eight hours.

D1.2.1.4 The oven dried sample shall then be placed in a desiccators. Each soil sample shall
be weighed and recorded as oven-dried weight.

D1.2.1.5 The soil moisture (% dry weight basis) shall be computed as follows:

Wi − W f
Soil Moisture (% dry weight basis ) = x 100
Wf

where: Wi is the initial weight of the soil, kg

Wf is the oven-dried (final) weight of the soil, kg

D1.2.2 The soil moisture content can also be measured using a soil moisture meter.

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PAES 142: 2004

Annex E
(informative)

Formulas Used During Calculations and Testing

E1.1 Field Efficiency

We T p
εf = x 100
Wt (T p + Tl )

where: εf is the field efficiency, %

We is the effective working width, mm
Wt is the theoretical working width, mm
Tp is the productive time, h
Tl is the non-productive time, h

E1.2 Wheel slip

N1 − N 0
Wheel slip, % = x 100
N1

where: N1 is the number of revolutions of the driving wheels for a

given distance with slip, rpm
N0 is the number of revolutions of the driving wheels for
the same distance without slip, rpm

E1.3 Fuel Consumption Rate

V
Ft =
t
where: Ft is the fuel consumption rate, L/h
V is the volume of fuel consumed, L
t is the total operating time, h

E1.4 Effective Fuel Consumption Rate

10,000 V
Fe =
Ae
where: Fe is the effective fuel consumption rate, L/ha
V is the volume of fuel consumed, L
Ae is the effective area covered, m2

B-32
 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 143: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Drum Seeder – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) with the support from Department of Agriculture.

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Bautista, E.U., A. U. Khan, A. Vasallo and A. Caballes. Operation Manual: IRRI Drum
Seeder for lowland Paddies. Agricultural Engineering Department, The International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI), P. O. Box 933, Manila.

Bautista, E.U. and E. C. Gagelonia. Technology!:Rice Drum Seeder. Philippine Council for
Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources Research and Development, Los Baños,
Laguna.

Japan International Cooperation Agency. 1976. Text Book of Agricultural Machinery.

Kepner, R.A., R. Bainer and E.L. Barger.1978. Principles of Farm Machinery. 3rd Edition.
AVI Publishing Company, Inc. Westport, Connecticut.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM). 1991. Agricultural Machinery

Design and Data Handbook (Seeders and Planters).

Resurreccion, A.N. 1979. Design of a Metering Device of Rootzone Granular Fertilizer

Applicators. Philippine Agricultural Engineering Journal. X(4).

Smith, D.W., B.G. Sims and D.H. O’Neill. 1994. Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural
Machinery and Equipment – Principles and practices. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin
110.

Stevens G.N. 1982. Equipment Testing and Evaluation. Overall Division, National Institute
of Agricultural Engineering (NIAE), Wrest Park, Silsoe Bedford England.

B-33
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 143: 2005

Agricultural Machinery – Rice Drum Seeder – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for construction and performance of a manually-
operated rice drum seeder used for wet field.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 144:2005, Agricultural Machinery – Drum Seeder- Methods of Test

3 Definition

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
adjusting ring
metal or rubber ring positioned to regulate the seeding rate

3.2
drum hopper
part of the seeder where the seeds are loaded and metered (Figure 1)

Figure 1 – Drum hopper

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 PAES 143: 2005

3.3
drum seeder
planting equipment (Figure 2) used for pre-germinated rice seeds for wet fields

Figure 2 – Drum Seeder

3.4
ground wheel
part of the seeder which provides traction and activates rotation of the hopper for seed
discharge

3.5
seeding rate
amount of seeds discharged from the seeder per unit time or area

skid
part of the seeder which serves as a float to prevent the seeder from sinking

4 Principle of Operation

The rice drum seeder uses a simple metering system in which the perforations on the
periphery at both ends of the cylinder (drum hopper) meter the seeds. As the machine is
pulled, the cylinder driven by a ground wheel rotates. As it rotates, seeds fall from the holes
to the sliding surface in rows. Seeding can be set at three different rates through adjusting the
sliding ring which is attached to the hopper. Seeds are placed on the surface or at a few
millimeters under the soil. In the absence of a row marker, skids may also serve as a row
marker.

5 Materials for Construction

The drum seeder shall be generally made of steel, plastic and rubber.

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PAES 143: 2005

6 Construction Requirement

6.1 The rice drum seeder shall be made of light materials with bare weight not exceeding
11 kg.

6.2 The rice drum seeder shall be provided with handle bar adjustment.

6.3 The drum hopper shall be replaceable.

6.4 The adjusting ring shall easily be positioned on the hopper.

6.5 The v-shaped ribbing shall be installed in the drum hopper cover.

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 The drum seeder shall be easy to set-up and operate.

7.2 The manufacturer’s specified working capacity of the drum seeder shall be attained.

7.3 The seeding rate specified by the manufacturer shall be attained.

7.4 The drum seeder shall produce good quality work such as accuracy of discharge rate,
uniformity of seed placement and ease of operation and maintenance in a well prepared and
leveled field.

7.5 Each drum hopper shall be provided with a pair of adjusting rings to regulate seeding
rate.

8 Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The seeder shall be free from manufacturing defects such as sharp edges and surfaces
that may be detrimental to the operator.

8.2 The seeder shall be free from rust and shall be painted properly.

9 Warranty for Construction and Durability

9.1 The construction shall be rigid and durable without major breakdown of its major
components within six (6) months.

9.2 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within six (6) months after the
purchase of the drum seeder.

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 Grease points for lubrication of axles shall be provided.

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 PAES 143: 2005

10.2 Adjusting rings shall be easily positioned on the hopper after painting.

10.3 An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.

11 Sampling

The drum seeder shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103.

12 Test Method

The sampled drum seeder shall be tested for performance and durability in accordance
with PAES 144.

13 Marking and Labeling

Each drum seeder shall be marked in English with the following information using a plate,
stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

13.1 Registered Trademark of the Manufacturer

13.2 Brand

13.3 Model

13.4 Serial number

13.5 Name and address of the manufacturer

13.6 Name and address of the importer, if imported (optional)

13.7 Country of manufacture (if imported) / “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured in
the Philippines)

13.8 Safety/precautionary markings

B-37
 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 144: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Drum Seeder – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and with support from Department of Agriculture.

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PAES 10 - PNS 01-4:1998
(ISO/IEC Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International
Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Bautista, E.U., A. U. Khan, A. Basallo and A. Caballes. Operation Manual: IRRI Drum
Seeder for lowland Paddies. Agricultural Engineering Department, The International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI), P. O. Box 933, Manila.

Bautista, E.U. and E. C. Gagelonia. Technology!:Rice Drum Seeder. Philippine Council for
Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources Research and Development, Los Baños,
Laguna.

Japan International Cooperation Agency. 1976. Text Book of Agricultural Machinery.

Kepner,R.A., R. Bainer and E.L. Barger.1978. Principles of Farm Machinery. 3rd Edition.
AVI Publishing Company, Inc. Westport, Connecticut.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM). 1991. Agricultural Machinery

Design and Data Handbook (Seeders and Planters).

Resurreccion, A.N. 1979. Design of a Metering Device of Rootzone Granular Fertilizer

Applicators. Philippine Agricultural Engineering Journal. X(4).

Smith, D.W., B.G. Sims and D.H. O’Neill. 1994. Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural
Machinery and Equipment – Principles and practices. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin
110.

Stevens G.N. 1982. Equipment Testing and Evaluation. Overall Division, National Institute
of Agricultural Engineering (NIAE), Wrest Park, Silsoe Bedford England.

All annexes in this standard are normative.

38
 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 144:2005

CONTENTS Page
1 Scope 49
2 References 40
3 Definition 40
4 General Condition for Test and Inspection 41
4.1 Seeder on Test 41
4.2 Role of the Manufacturer/Dealer 41
4.3 Running-in and Preliminary Adjustment 41
4.4 Test Instruments 41
4.5 Test Materials 41
4.6 Termination of Test 42
5 Test and Inspection 42
5.1 Verification of the Manufacturer’s Technical 42
5.2 Laboratory Performance Test 42
5.3 Field Performance Test 43
6 Data Analysis 45
7 Test Report 45

FIGURES
1 Drum Hopper Capacity based on its Diameter 42
2 Measurement of the Uniformity of Distribution 43
3 Recommended Field Operational Pattern 44
4 Measurement of Operating Speed 45

ANNEXES

A Suggested Minimum List of Field and Laboratory 47

Test Equipment and Materials
B Inspection Sheet for Seeder 48
C Laboratory Performance Test Data Sheet 50
D Field Performance Test Data Sheet 52
E Formula Used During Calculations and Testing 54

B-39
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 144: 2005

Agricultural Machinery – Rice Drum Seeder – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for manually-operated rice drum
seeder for wet field. Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the requirements specified in PAES 143 and the specifications submitted by the
manufacturer;

1.2 determine the laboratory performance of the seeder; and

1.3 determine the field performance of the seeder.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 143:2005, Agricultural Machinery – Drum Seeder – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
effective field capacity
actual rate of planting a given area per unit of time or area

NOTE: The time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at
headland, adjustment of machine and machine trouble.

3.2
damaged seed
seed distinctly injured during operation

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 PAES 144:2005

3.3
field efficiency
ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity

3.4
hopper capacity
maximum amount of seeds which can be loaded to the hopper

3.5
percent damaged seeds
percentage of seeds injured during operation

3.6
seeding rate
amount of seeds planted per unit time or area

3.8
theoretical field capacity
computed rate of planting a given area per unit of time or area

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Seeder on Test

The drum seeder submitted for test shall be taken from production model or series of
production and shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103.

4.2 Role of the Manufacturer/Dealer

The manufacturer/dealer shall submit to the official testing agency the specifications and
other relevant information on the seeder. An official representative shall be appointed to
conduct minor repairs and adjustment and witness the test. It shall be the duty of the
representative to make all decisions on matters of adjustment and preparation of the machine
for testing. The manufacturer/dealer shall abide with the terms and conditions set forth by the
official testing agency.

4.3 Running-in and Preliminary Adjustment

The seeder to be tested shall be run-in prior to test as recommended by the manufacturer.

4.4 Test Instruments

The instruments to be used shall have been calibrated and checked by the testing agency prior
to the measurements.

4.5 Test Materials

Any seed varieties that are locally grown shall be used for testing.

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PAES 144:2005

The suggested minimum list of field and laboratory test equipment and materials are given in
Annex A.

4.6 Termination of Test

If during the test run, the seeder stops due to breakdown or malfunction so as to affect the
seeder’s performance, the test shall be terminated by the test engineer.

5 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of the Manufacturer’s Technical Data and Information

5.1.1 This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, main dimensions, materials
and accessories of the seeder in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s technical data and
information.

5.1.2 A plain and level surface shall be used as reference plane for verification of
dimensional specifications of drum seeder.

5.1.3 The items to be inspected and verified are given in Annex B.

5.2 Laboratory Performance Test

5.2.1 Test for metering mechanism

5.2.1.1 This is carried out to examine the performance of metering mechanism, the result of
which can provide the basic data for the field performance.

5.2.1.2 This test should be conducted on the kind of seed for which the machine is suitable as
specified by the manufacturer.

5.2.1.3 The drum seeder is jacked up and the ground wheel of the metering mechanism is
rotated 10 times to collect the discharged seeds and compute for its seeding rate. The seeding
rate per area is calculated based on the weight of seeds and the corresponding area covered by
the seeder in 10 revolutions of the ground wheel.

5.2.1.4 This test shall be carried out at ¼, ½, and ¾ of the drum seeder’s hopper capacity
based on its diameter with three seeding rate settings – low, medium and high (Figure 1).

3/4

1/2

1/4

Figure 1 – Drum hopper capacity based on its diameter

B-42
 PAES 144:2005

5.2.2 Test for uniformity of distribution

5.2.2.1 This test is carried out to determine the uniformity of transverse and longitudinal seed
distribution.

5.2.2.2 The drum seeder shall be operated at the average seeding rate setting, with the hopper
half full and at the speed recommended by the manufacturer over a blanket or felt.

5.2.2.3 The seeder shall be operated for at least three passes.

5.2.2.4 Longitudinal and transverse distribution

For each pass, collect and weigh the amount of seeds distributed from each row with one-
meter length for a 5-meter distance along the direction of travel (Figure 2).

1st 2nd 3rd

Pass Pass Pass

ROWS
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1m

seed
5m
8m

Figure 2 – Measurement of uniformity of distribution

5.2.3 The result of the test shall be presented in a histogram and the standard deviation shall
be computed.

5.2.4 The items to be investigated and measured shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.3 Field Performance Test

5.3.1 This is carried out to test the field performance of the drum seeder.

5.3.2 The test shall be carried out on wet land. The conditions of the field shall be recorded.

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PAES 144:2005

5.3.3 Test Conditions

5.3.3.1 Size of the Area per Trial

Seeding operation shall be done in fields of not less than 250 m2 and shall be rectangular in
shape with sides in the ratio of 2:1 as much as possible. The depth of wet field shall not
exceed 12 cm.

5.3.3.2 Operational Pattern

Field capacity and field efficiency are influenced by field operational pattern which is closely
related to the size and shape of the field, and the kind and size of the attached implement. The
non- working time should be minimized as much as possible using the recommended field
operational pattern shown in Figure 2.

Figure 3 – Recommended field operational Pattern

5.3.3.3 Traveling Speed

A traveling speed of 1 kph to 2 kph shall be maintained during operation.

5.3.3.4 Test Trials

The test shall be conducted with at least three test trials.

5.3.4 Measurement of Performance Parameters

5.3.4.1 Pulse Rate Determination

This test shall be carried out to test the ergonomics of the design (i.e. ease of operation). The
pulse rate of the operator before and after operation shall be measured and recorded.

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 PAES 144:2005

5.3.4.2 Field Capacity Determination

5.3.4.2.1 Measurement of Operating Speed

Along the length of the test plot, two poles 15 m apart (A, B) are placed approximately in the
middle of the test run. On the opposite side, two poles are also placed in a similar position, 15
m apart (C, D) so that all four poles form corners of a rectangle, parallel to at least one long
side of the test plot (Figure 4). The speed will be calculated from the time required for the
drum seeder to travel the distance (15 m) between the assumed line connecting two poles on
opposite sides AC and BD. The easily visible point of the machine should be selected for
measuring the time. The starting position shall be at least 2 m from poles A and C to stabilize
speed before measuring and recording data.

2 m. 15 m.

Pole A Pole B

STARTING
POSITION

Pole C Pole D

Figure 4 – Measurement of Operating Speed

5.3.4.2.2 Total Operating Time, Turning time and other losses

Total operating time shall be measured once the drum seeder started to operate up to the time
it finished the test area. Time losses for adjustment, turning and machinery breakdown shall
be deducted from the total operating time.

6 Data Analysis

The formulas to be used are given in Annex E.

7 Test Report

7.1 Name of testing agency

7.2 Test report number

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PAES 144:2005

7.3 Title

7.4 Summary

7.5 Purpose and scope of test

7.6 Methods of test

7.7 Description and specifications of the seeder

7.8 Results of laboratory and field test

7.9 Name and signature of test engineers

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 PAES 144:2005

Annex A
(Informative)

Suggested Minimum List of Field and Laboratory

Test Equipment and Materials

Items Quantity
A1 Equipment
A1.1 Field Equipment
A1.1.1 Timers
Range: 0 to 60 minutes Accuracy: 1/10 2
A1.1.2 Steel tape, 50 m and 5 m 2
A1.1.3 Digital camera 1
A1.1.4 Triple beam balance 1
A1.1.5 Pulse meter 1

A2 Materials for Field Test

A2.1 Marking pegs 10

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PAES 144:2005

Annex B
(Informative)

Inspection Sheet for Seeder

Name of Applicant : __________________________________________________________

Address : _____________________________________________________________
Telephone No. : _______________________________________________________
Name of Distributor : _________________________________________________________
Address : _____________________________________________________________
Name of Manufacturer : _______________________________________________________
Factory Address : ______________________________________________________

General Information

Brand :______________________________Model :_________________________________

Serial No. : _________________________
Production date of seeder to be tested (if available) :_________________________________

ITEMS TO BE INSPECTED

Manufacturer's Verification by
ITEMS
Specification Testing Agency

B1 Dimensions and weight of the seeder

B1.1 Overall length, mm
B1.2 Overall width, mm
B1.3 Overall height, mm
B1.4 Weight (hoppers empty), kg
B2 Nominal working width, mm
B3 Number of rows and row spacing, mm
B4 Seeds for which the machine is suitable
B5 Suitable field conditions
B6 Metering Mechanism
B6.1 Adjusting ring
B6.1.1 Number
B6.1.2 Dimension, mm
B6.1.3 Material
B6.2 Source of power of metering mechanism
B6.2.1 Ground wheel
B6.2.1.1 Number
B6.2.1.2 Diameter, mm
B6.2.1.3 Material
B6.2.2 Others

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 PAES 144:2005

Manufacturer's Verification by
ITEMS
Specification Testing Agency

B7 Drum Hopper
B7.1 Number
B7.2 Diameter, mm
B7.3 Material
B7.3 Hole setting
B7.3.1 Number
B7.3.2 Diameter, mm
B7.4 Capacity, Kg
B8 Furrow opener, (if applicable)
B8.1 Type
B8.2 Material
B9 Skids (if applicable)
B9.1 Material
B9.2 Dimension, mm
B10 Handle
B10.1 Construction
B10.2 Material
B10.3 Height of handle from the ground
B10.4 Detail of Adjustment
B11 Marking device (detail of marking)
B12 Other details (special and safety features)
B12.1 Material
B12.2 Diameter, mm
B12.3 Thickness, mm
B13 Recommended traveling speed, kph

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PAES 144:2005

Annex C
(Informative)

Laboratory Performance Test Data Sheet

C1 Seed Metering

Date of test :________________________________________________________________

C1.1 Test condition

C1.1.1 Conditions of seeds

C1.1.1.1 Name of seed : ______________________________________________________
C1.1.1.2 Variety of seed : _____________________________________________________
C1.1.1.3 Shape : ____________________________________________________________
C1.1.1.4 Average size of seeds : _______________________________________________
Length, mm : _______________________________________________________
Width, mm : ________________________________________________________
Thickness, mm :_____________________________________________________
C1.1.1.5 Moisture content, % wb : ______________________________________________
C1.1.1.6 Bulk density, kg/L : __________________________________________________

C1.1.2 Condition of grain seeder

C1.1.2.1 Mechanism and speed : _______________________________________________
C1.1.2.2 Adjusting ring : _____________________________________________________

C1.2 Seeding Rate

Seeding Rate
¾ hopper ½ hopper ¼ hopper
Particulars
capacity capacity capacity
low med high low med high low med high
C1.2.1 Ground wheel-driven metering
C1.2.1.1 Effective diameter of
ground wheel, m
C1.2.1.2 No. of Revolution of
ground wheel
C1.2.1.3 Amount discharge from
C1.2.1.2, kg
C1.2.1.4 Seeding rate, kg/ha
C1.2.1.5 Weight of damaged seeds,
kg
C1.2.1.6 Row spacing, mm
C1.2.1.7 Observations

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 PAES 144:2005

C1.3 Uniformity of Distribution

1st Pass 2nd Pass 3rd Pass

R R R R R R R R R R R R
o o o o o o o o o o o o
Particulars
w w w w w w w w w w w w

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
First:
1 m length
Second:
Weight of 1 m length
seed Third:
distributed, 1 m length
kg Fourth:
1 m length
Fifth:
1 m length

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PAES 144:2005

Annex D
(Informative)
Field Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be inspected
Particulars Test Number
1 2 3 Ave.
Date of Test
D1 Test Condition
D1.1 Condition of seed
D1.1.1 Name
D1.1.2 Variety
D1.1.3 Shape
D1.1.4 Ave Size
D1.1.4.1 Length, mm
D1.1.4.2 Width, mm
D1.1.4.3 Thickness, mm
D1.2 Condition of field
D1.2.1 Location
D1.2.2 Field type and soil condition
D1.2.3 Length, m
D1.2.4 Width, m
D1.2.5 Area, m2
D1.2.6 Shape
D1.2.7 Method of land preparation
D1.3 Condition of operation
D1.3.1 Row spacing, mm
D1.3.2 Seeding rate, kg/ha
D1.4 Condition of metering mechanism
D1.4.1 Seed rate adjusting ring

D2 Field Performance
D2.1 Actual operating time, min
D2.2 Time lost owing to
D2.2.1 Turning at headland, min
D2.2.2 Adjustment, min
D2.2.3 Refilling of seed, min
D2.2.4 Repair, min
D2.3 Actual area covered, m2
D2.4 Effective working width, m
D2.5 Traveling speed, kph
D2.6 Effective width of seeding of one
row unit for one run, cm
D2.7 Labor requirement
D2.7.1 No. of laborers
D2.7.1.1 Pulse before operation
D2.7.1.2 Pulse after operation
D2.7.2 Total man-hour during test, man-h
D2.8 Effective field capacity, ha/h
D2.9 Field efficiency, %
D2.10 Travel pattern

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 PAES 144:2005

D2.11 Observations

A minimum of three persons (test engineer, manufacturer’s representative and the operator)
shall rate the following observations.

Rating*
Items
1 2 3 4 5

D2.11.1 Uniformity of distribution

D2.11.2 Ease of refilling seed

D2.11.3 Ease of handling and stability when

machine is working and turning

D2.11.4 Ease of making adjustments and repairs

D2.11.5 Safety features

D2.11.6 Durability of part (based on wear of soil-

working parts, visible deformation, etc)

D2.11.7 Other observations

_________________________________________
_________________________________________

* 1 – Very Good
2 – Good
3 – Satisfactory
4 – Poor
5 – Very Poor

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PAES 144:2005

Annex E
(Informative)

Formulas Used During Calculations and Testing

E1 Laboratory Performance Test

E1.1 Uniformity of Distribution

E1.1.1 Standard Deviation, STDV

n ∑ x 2 − (∑ x )
2

STDV =
n(n − 1)

where: STDV is the standard deviation

n is the number of samples
x is the weight of sample

E2 Field Performance Test

E2.1 Seeding Rate
E2.1.1 Nominal Working Width, W, (m)

W = n x dr

where: W is the nominal working width, m

n is the number of rows
dr is the row spacing, m

E2.1.2 Ground Wheel-Driven Machine

E2.1.2.1 Effective diameter of ground wheel under load

d
De =
π x N

where: De is the effective diameter, m

N is the number of revolutions, rpm
d is the distance for a given N, m

E2.1.2.2 Seeding Rate

L x 10,000
Q =
π De x N x W
where: Q is the seeding rate, kg/ha

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 PAES 144:2005

L is the delivery for a given N, kg

E2.2 Effective Field Capacity, efc, (m2/h)

A
efc =
t

where: A is the area covered, m2

t is the time used during the operation, hr

E2.3 Theoretical Field Capacity, tfc, (m2/h)

tfc = 0.36 (W x v)

where: W is the nominal working width, m

v is the speed of operation, m/s

E2.4 Field Efficiency, ε f, (%)

efc
εf = x 100
tfc

where: efc is the effective field capacity, m2/h

tfc is the theoretical field capacity, m2/h

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 145: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer Applicator – Specifications

Foreword

The pursuance of this standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and
Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and with support from the Department of Agriculture.

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Japan International Cooperation Agency. Text Book of Agricultural Machinery.1976.

Kepner, R.A., R. Bainer and E.L. Barger.1978. Principles of Farm Machinery. 3rd Edition.
AVI Publishing Company, Inc. Westport, Connecticut.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM) Test Codes And Procedures for Farm
Machinery. Technical Series No. 12 :1983.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM). 1991. Agricultural Machinery

Design and Data Handbook (Seeders and Planters).

Resurreccion, A.N. 1979. Design of a Metering Device of Rootzone Granular Fertilizer

Applicators. Philippine Agricultural Engineering Journal. X(4).

Stevens G.N. 1982. Equipment Testing and Evaluation. Overall Division, National Institute
of Agricultural Engineering (NIAE), Wrest Park, Silsoe Bedford England.

B-56
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 145: 2005

Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer Applicator – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for construction and performance of a granular
fertilizer (2.5 to 3.0 mm in diameter) applicator used for agricultural purposes.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery–Operator’s Manual–Content and Presentation

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Methods of Sampling

PAES 107:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Hitch for Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor –

Specifications

PAES 118:2001, Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

PAES 146:2005, Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer Applicator - Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
application rate
amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area

3.2
delivery tube
part of the applicator which directs the distribution of fertilizer in the field

3.3
furrow closer
device which covers the distributed fertilizer in the furrow

3.4
furrow opener
device which makes the trench for the placement of fertilizer

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PAES 145:2005

3.5
granular fertilizer applicator
device for applying granular fertilizer

3.6
ground wheel
part of the fertilizer applicator which drives the metering device

3.7
metering device
mechanism used to regulate the amount of fertilizer to be discharged

4 Classification

4.1 Based on fertilizer distribution

4.1.1 Row fertilizer applicator

Type of fertilizer applicator which applies fertilizer in rows (Figure 1).

Figure 1 – Row seeder-fertilizer applicator

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 PAES 145:2005

4.1.2 Broadcaster

The type of fertilizer applicator used to spread fertilizer uniformly in the field without rows
(Figure 2).

Hopper

Adjustment Lever Agitator

Dosage Mechanism

Distribution
Mechanism

Distribution Pattern Drive Shaft

Adjustment

Figure 2. Broadcaster

4.2 Based on power source

4.2.1 Animal - drawn

4.2.2 Manually-operated

4.2.3 Engine driven

4.2.4 Tractor-drawn

4.2.4.1 Two-wheel tractor-drawn

4.2.4.2 Four-wheel tractor-drawn

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PAES 145:2005

4.3 Based on metering device

4.3.1 Star-wheel

Consist of a star-shaped agitating device located at the bottom of the hopper with an
adjustable gate to regulate the discharge (Figure 3a and 3b)

Plate

Bevel Gear Delivery Tube

Pinion

Figure 3a – Star-wheel type

Agitator

Hopper Base

Discharge Chute
Stationary Plow

Rotating Pan

Figure 3b – Revolving bottom type

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 PAES 145:2005

4.3.2 Auger type

Consists of a variable speed auger at bottom of hopper and agitator to discharge fertilizer
(Figure 4)
Agitator

Discharge gate
Auger

Figure 4 – Auger type

4.3.3 Belt type

Consists of moving belt located at the bottom of the hopper with an adjustable gate to
discharge fertilizer (figure 5)

Figure 5 – Belt type

B-61
PAES 145:2005

4.3.4 Plate and flicker type

Consists of a slowly rotating plate, which carry a layer of fertilizer under an adjustable gate
from the inside to the outside of the hopper, where it is flicked from the plate by a series of
fingers (Figure 6)

Hopper

Gate Control
Valve
Plate

Feed Gate
Flicker

Figure 6 – Plate and flicker type

4.3.5 Rotor type

Consists of a ground-wheel-driven vane or fluted rotor above an adjustable discharge opening

(Figure 7)

a. Fluted roller

b. Vane-type rotor

Figure 7 – Rotor Type

5 Materials of Construction

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 PAES 145:2005

5.1 The main structure of granular fertilizer applicator shall be generally made of steel

5.2 The hopper and metering device should be made of corrosion-resistant materials (i.e.
wood, stainless steel, plastics, etc.).

6 Construction Requirements

6.1 The row fertilizer applicator shall consist of hopper, metering device, delivery tube,
furrow opener and furrow closer.

6.2 The hopper shall be designed to contain fertilizer with minimum frequency of refilling
during operation.

6.3 The hopper shall be easy to empty and to disassemble for thorough cleaning.

6.4 For manually-operated fertilizer applicator, height adjustment for handle bar shall be
provided.

6.5 The hitch of tractor-drawn fertilizer applicator shall conform to the hitch of the
tractors specified in PAES 107 for two-wheel tractor and PAES 118 for four-wheel tractor.

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 The field capacity and application rate specified by the manufacturer shall be attained.

7.2 The granular fertilizer applicator shall produce good quality work such as accuracy,
uniformity of fertilizer placement and ease of operation and maintenance.

8 Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The granular fertilizer applicator shall be free from manufacturing defects that may be
detrimental to its operation.

8.2 Any uncoated metallic surface shall be free from rust and shall be painted properly.

8.3 The granular fertilizer applicator shall be free from unnecessary sharp edges and
surfaces that may injure the operator.

9 Warranty for Construction

9.1 The construction shall be rigid and without major breakdown of its major components
within (six months) from the date of purchase.

9.2 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within six months after the purchase
of the granular applicator except for fast moving and easy to wear parts.

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PAES 145:2005

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 A set of tools required for adjustment during field operations shall be provided.

10.2 An instruction manual, which conforms to PAES 102, shall be provided.

11 Sampling

The granulated fertilizer applicator shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103.

12 Test Method

The sampled granular fertilizer applicator shall be tested for performance in accordance with
PAES 146.

13 Marking and Labeling

Each granular fertilizer applicator shall be marked in English with the following information
using a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

13.1 Registered Trademark of the Manufacturers

13.2 Brand

13.3 Model

13.4 Serial number

13.5 Name and address of the manufacturer

13.6 Name and address of the importer, it imported (optional)

13.7 Country of manufacture (if imported)/ “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured in
the Philippines)

13.8 Safety/ precautionary markings

B-64
 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 146: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer Applicator – Methods of Test

Foreword

The pursuance of this standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and
Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and with support from the Department of Agriculture.

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Japan International Cooperation Agency. Text Book of Agricultural Machinery.1976.

Kepner,R.A., R. Bainer and E.L. Barger.1978. Principles of Farm Machinery. 3rd Edition.
AVI Publishing Company, Inc. Westport, Connecticut.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM) Test Codes And Procedures for Farm
Machinery. Technical Series No. 12 :1983.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM). Agricultural Machinery Design and
Data Handbook (Seeders and Planters).1991.

Resurreccion, A.N. 1979. Design of a Metering Device of Rootzone Granular Fertilizer

Applicators. Philippine Agricultural Engineering Journal. X(4).

Stevens G.N. 1982. Equipment Testing and Evaluation. Overall Division, National Institute
of Agricultural Engineering (NIAE), Wrest Park, Silsoe Bedford England.

All annexes in this standard are normative.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 146: 2004

CONTENTS Page
1 Scope 67
2 References 67
3 Definition 67
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection 68
4.1 Fertilizer Applicator on Test 68
4.2 Role of Manufacturer/dealer 68
4.3 Running-in and Preliminary Adjustment 68
4.4 Test Instruments 68
4.5 Termination of Test 68
5 Test and Inspection 68
5.1 Verification of Manufacturer’s Technical Data and Information 68
5.2 Laboratory Performance Test 69
5.3 Field Performance Test 70
6 Data Analysis 73
7 Test Report 73

FIGURES
1 Measurement of Uniformity of Distribution 70
2 Recommended Field Operational Pattern 71
3 Measurement of Operating Speed 72

ANNEXES
A Suggested Minimum List of Field and Laboratory Test Equipment and 75
Materials
B Inspection Sheet for Fertilizer Applicator 76
C Laboratory Performance Test Data Sheet 78
D Field Performance Test Data Sheet 80
E Formulas 82

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 146: 2005

Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer Applicator – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test for granular fertilizer applicator. This standard is
not applicable to broadcaster. The verification and test of granular fertilizer applicator shall
consist of the following:

1.1 verify the requirements specified in PAES 145 and the specifications submitted by the
manufacturer;

1.2 determine the laboratory performance of the machine; and

1.3 determine the field performance of the machine.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 145:2005, Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer applicator – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
application rate
amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area

3.2
effective field capacity
actual area covered per unit time

NOTE: The time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at
headland, adjustment of machine and machine trouble.

3.3
field efficiency
ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity

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PAES 146:2005

3.4
fuel consumption
volume of fuel consumed by the engine

3.5
theoretical field capacity
computed area covered per unit of time

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Fertilizer Applicator on Test

The applicator submitted for test shall be taken from production model or series of production
and shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103.

4.2 Role of the manufacturer/dealer

The manufacturer/dealer shall submit to the official testing agency the specifications and
other relevant information on the machine. An official representative shall be appointed to
conduct minor repair, handle, adjust and witness the test. It shall be the duty of the
representative to make all decisions on matters of adjustment and preparation of the machine
for testing. The manufacturer/dealer shall abide with the terms and conditions set forth by the
official testing agency.

4.3 Running-in and preliminary adjustment

The applicator to be tested shall be run-in prior to test as recommended by the manufacturer.

4.4 Test instruments

The instruments to be used shall have been checked and calibrated by the testing agency prior
to the measurements. The suggested list of minimum field and laboratory test equipment and
materials needed to carry out the test is shown in Annex A.

4.5 Termination of Test

If during the test run, the applicator stops due to major component breakdown or
malfunctions, the test shall be terminated by the test engineer.

5 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of the Manufacturer’s Technical Data and Information

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 PAES 146:2005

5.1.1 This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, main dimensions, materials
and accessories of the machine in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s technical data
and information.

5.1.2 A plain level surface shall be used as reference plain for verification of dimensional
specifications of fertilizer applicator.

5.1.3 The items to be inspected and verified shall be recorded in Annex B.

5.2 Laboratory performance test

5.2.1 Test for metering mechanism

5.2.1.1 This is carried out to examine the performance of metering mechanism.

5.2.1.2 This test should be conducted on the kind of fertilizers for which the machine is
suitable as specified by the manufacturer.

5.2.1.3 The fertilizer used shall be readily available and comply with the machine
manufacturer’s recommendations.

5.2.1.4 If possible, this test shall be carried out at 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 of the fertilizer applicator’s
hopper capacity with at least three delivery rate settings – maximum, minimum and
intermediate (around the mean of maximum and minimum).

5.2.2 Test for uniformity of distribution

5.2.2.1 This test is carried out to determine the uniformity of transverse and longitudinal seed
distribution.

5.2.2.2 The fertilizer applicator shall be operated at the average feed rate setting, with the
hopper half full and at the speed recommended by the manufacturer over a blanket or felt.

5.2.2.3 The fertilizer applicator shall be operated for at least three passes.

5.2.2.4 Longitudinal and transverse distribution

For each pass, collect and weigh the amount of fertilizer distributed from each row with one-
meter length for a 5-meter distance along the direction of travel (Figure 1).

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PAES 146:2005

1st 2nd 3rd

Pass Pass Pass

ROWS
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1m
5m Fertilizer
seed
8m

Figure 1 – Measurement of uniformity of distribution

5.2.3 The result of the test shall be presented in a histogram and the standard deviation shall
be computed.

5.2.4 The items to be investigated and measured shall be recorded in Annex C.

5. 3 Field performance test

5.3.1 This is carried out to test the field performance of the fertilizer applicator.

5.3.2 The test shall be carried out on a dry or wet field. The conditions of the field shall be
recorded.

5.3.3 Test Condition

5.3.3.1 Fertilizer to be Used

The fertilizer to be used shall be the same as the one used in the laboratory test.

5.3.3.2 Size of the Area per Trial

Fertilizer applicator shall be done in fields not less than 100 m2 for manually-operated, 250
m2 for animal-drawn, 500 m2 for two-wheel tractor-drawn and 1000 m2 for four-wheel

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 PAES 146:2005

tractor-drawn fertilizer applicators. The plot shall be rectangle in form with sides in the ratio
of 2:1 as much as possible.

5.3.3.3 Operational Pattern

Field capacity and field efficiency are influenced by field operational pattern which is closely
related to the size and shape of the field, and the kind and size of the attached implement. The
non-working time should be minimized as much as possible using the recommended field
operational pattern as shown in Figure 2.

HEADLAND

HEADLAND

Figure 2 – Recommended field operational pattern

5.3.3.4 Traveling Speed

5.3.3.4.1 For four-wheel tractor-drawn fertilizer applicator, a traveling speed of 5 kph to

6 kph shall be maintained during the operation.

5.3.3.4.2 For two-wheel tractor-drawn and manually-operated fertilizer applicators, a

traveling speed of 3 kph to 4 kph shall be maintained during the operation.

5.3.3.4.3 For animal-drawn fertilizer applicator, a traveling speed of 2 kph to 4 kph shall be
maintained during the operation.

5.3.3.5 Test Trials

The test shall be conducted with at least three test trials.

5.3.3.6 Headland

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PAES 146:2005

Depending on the tractor/ fertilizer applicator, headland shall be at least 3 meters in length.

5.3.4 Measurement of Performance Parameters

5.3.4.1 Field Capacity Determination

5.3.4.1.1 Measurement of Operating Speed

Along the length of the test plot, two poles distance L apart (A, B) are placed approximately
in the middle of the test run. On the opposite side, two poles are also placed in similar
position, distance L apart (C, D) so that all four poles form corners of a rectangle, parallel to
at least one long side of the test plot (Figure 3). The speed will be calculated from the time
required for the fertilizer applicator to travel the distance (L) between the assumed line
connecting two poles on opposite sides AC and BD. The easily visible point of the machine
should be selected for measuring the time. The starting position shall be at least 2 m to 5 m
from poles A and C to stabilize speed before measuring and recording data. The value of L is
5 m for manually-operated, 15 m for animal-drawn, 20 m for two-wheel tractor-drawn and
30 m for four-wheel tractor-drawn fertilizer applicator.

2-5 m. L

Pole A Pole B

STARTING
POSITION

Pole C Pole D

Figure 3 – Measurement of Operating Speed

5.3.4.2 Application Rate

5.3.4.2.1 The hopper shall be filled level full (or up to a convenient mark) and the machine
run for a short time to settle the fertilizer. It shall then be re-filled and with the delivery set to
the average value, and at nominal speed the machine will be used to cover the required area.
The weight of fertilizer required to refill the hopper shall be measured and the application rate
shall be recorded.

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 PAES 146:2005

5.3.4.3 Total Operating Time, Turning Time and other Losses

The total operating time shall be measured once the applicator started to operate up to the
time it finished the test area. Turning time and other losses shall be measured. Theoretical
time is equal to total operating time minus turning time and other losses.

5.3.4.4 Theoretical Time

Turning time and other time losses shall be measured. Theoretical time is equal to the total
operating time minus the turning time and other losses.

5.3.4.5 Fuel Consumption (Optional)

The tank is filled to full capacity before and after each test trial. The volume of fuel refilled
after the test is the fuel consumption during the test. When filling up the tank, careful
attention should be taken to keep the tank horizontal and not to leave empty space in the tank.

5.3.5 The items to be measured and observed shall be recorded in Annex D.

5.3 Moisture Content Determination

5.3.1 Oven Method

5.3.1.1 Three different weight of soil taken randomly from the test area. Each sample shall be
weighed and recorded as initial weight. The same number of samples shall be taken for
fertilizer moisture content determination.

5.3.1.2 The sample shall be dried using a convection oven maintained at 150°C for at least
eight hours.

5.3.1.3 The oven dried sample shall then be placed in a desiccators. Each sample shall be
weighed and recorded as oven-dried weight.

5.3.2 The soil moisture content of the test area and moisture content of fertilizer shall be
recorded in Annex D and Annex E, respectively.

6 Data Analysis
The formulas to be used are given in Annex E.

7 Test Report

7.1 Name of testing agency

7.2 Test report number

7.3 Title

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PAES 146:2005

7.4 Summary

7.5 Purpose and scope of test

7.6 Methods of test

7.7 Description and specifications of the fertilizer applicator

7.8 Results of laboratory and field test

7.9 Name and signature of test engineers

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 PAES 146:2005

Annex A
(Informative)

Suggested Minimum List of Field and Laboratory

Test Equipment and Materials

Items Quantity
A1 Equipment
A1.1 Field equipment
A1.1.1 Timers
2
Range: 0 to 60 minutes Accuracy: 1/10
A1.1.2 Weighing scale, capacity: 100 kg 1
A1.1.3 Steel tape, 50 m 1
A1.1.4 Graduated cylinder, capacity: 1,000 mL 1
A1.1.5 Width and depth gauge 1
A1.1.6 Digital camera 1
A1.2 Laboratory equipment (soil analysis and verification of specifications)
A1.2.1 Convection oven or soil moisture meter 1
A1.2.2 Electronic balance, capacity: 1 kg 1
A2 Materials for field test
A2.1 Marking pegs 10

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PAES 146:2005

Annex B
(Informative)

Inspection Sheet for Fertilizer Applicator

Name of Applicant : __________________________________________________________

Address : _____________________________________________________________
Telephone No. : _______________________________________________________
Name of Distributor : _________________________________________________________
Address : _____________________________________________________________
Name of Manufacturer : _______________________________________________________
Factory Address : ______________________________________________________

General Information

Brand :______________________________Model :_________________________________

Serial No. : _________________________
Production date of fertilizer applicator to be tested (if available) :_______________________

ITEMS TO BE INSPECTED

Manufacturer's Verification by
ITEMS
Specification Testing Agency

B1 Dimensions and weight of the machine

B1.1 Overall length, mm
B1.2 Overall width, mm
B1.3 Overall height, mm
B1.4 Weight (hoppers empty), kg
B2 Nominal working width, mm
B3 Number of rows and row spacing, mm
B4 Hill distance, mm (if applicable)
B5 Fertilizer for which the machine is suitable
B5 Suitable field conditions
B6 Recommended traveling speed of
equipment, kph
B7 Recommended minimum drawbar output
of power tiller or tractor, kW
B8 Types
B8.1 Fertilizer distribution
B8.1.1 Row distribution
B8.1.2 Broadcaster
B8.2 Source of power
B8.2.1 Animal-drawn
B8.2.2 Manually-operated

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 PAES 146:2005

Manufacturer's Verification by
ITEMS
Specification Testing Agency

B8.2.3 Tractor-drawn (two- or four-wheel)

B8.3 Metering device
B8.3.1 Star-wheel type
B8.3.2 Revolving bottom type
B8.3.3 Auger type
B8.3.4 Belt type
B8.3.5 Plate and flicker type
B8.3.6 Granular pesticide type
B9 Hopper
B9.1 Number
B9.2 Capacity, L
B9.3 Material
B9.4 Number of fertilizer openings
B10 Metering Mechanism Agitator
B10.1 Type
B10.2 Material
B10.3 Source of power of metering mechanism
B10.3.1 Ground wheel
B10.3.2 PTO (if applicable)
B10.3.2.1 Recommended speed, rpm
B10.3.2.2 Transmission mechanism and speed
ratio of metering shaft to input shaft
B11 Clutch for metering mechanism
B11.1 Type
B11.2 Location
B12 Furrow opener
B12.1 Type
B12.2 Material
B13 Furrow closer
B13.1 Type
B13.2 Material
B14 Delivery tube
B14.1 Type
B14.2 Material
B15 Location of fertilizer outlet related to
seed outlet (if applicable)
B16 Ground wheel
B16.1 Diameter, mm
B16.2 Material
B17 Handle (if applicable)
B17.1 Material and construction
B17.2 Height of handle from ground level, mm
B17.3 Detail of adjustment
B18 Marking device (detail of marking)
B19 Hitch shape and construction (if
applicable)
Annex C

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PAES 146:2005

(Informative)

Laboratory Performance Test Data Sheet

C1 Fertilizer metering

Date of test :________________________________________________________________

C1.1 Test condition

C1.1.1 Conditions of fertilizer

C1.1.1.1 Kind : _____________________________________________________________

C1.1.1.2 Name : ____________________________________________________________

C1.1.1.3 Moisture content, % db : ______________________________________________

C1.1.1.4 Bulk density, kg/L : __________________________________________________

C1.1.2 Condition of fertilizer applicator

C1.1.2.1 Metering shaft speed adjustment (if any) :

_________________________________

C1.1.2.2 Mechanism and speed : _______________________________________________

C2 Delivery rate

Delivery rate setting

¾ Hopper ½ Hopper ¼ Hopper
Particulars Capacity Capacity Capacity
low me high low me high low me high
d d d
C2.1 Ground wheel-driven metering
C2.1.1 Effective rolling diameter
of ground wheel, m
C2.1.2 No. of revolutions of
ground wheel for
measuring delivery
C2.1.3 Delivery for C2.1.2, kg
C2.1.4 Delivery rate, kg/ha
C2.1.5 Observations
C2.2 PTO-driven metering

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 PAES 146:2005

C3 Uniformity of Distribution

1st Pass 2nd Pass 3rd Pass

R R R R R R R R R R R R
o o o o o o o o o o o o
Particulars
w w w w w w w w w w w w

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
First:
1 m length
Second:
Weight of 1 m length
fertilizer Third:
distributed, 1 m length
kg Fourth:
1 m length
Fifth:
1 m length

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PAES 146:2005

Annex D
(Informative)

Field Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be inspected

Test Number
Particulars
1 2 3 Ave.
Date of Test
D1 Test Condition
D1.1 Condition of fertilizer
D1.1.1 Name
D1.1.2 Kind
D1.1.3 Moisture content, % db
D1.1.4 Bulk density, kg/L
D1.2 Condition of field
D1.2.1 Location
D1.2.2 Field type and soil condition
D1.2.3 Length, m
D1.2.4 Width, m
D1.2.5 Area, m2
D1.2.6 Shape
D1.2.7 Method of land preparation
D1.3 Condition of operation
D1.3.1 Row spacing, mm
D1.3.2 Depth of furrow, mm
D1.3.3 Fertilizing rate, kg/ha
D1.4 Condition of metering mechanism
D1.4.1 Metering shaft speed
adjustment (if any)
D1.4.2 Delivery opening adjustment
D1.5 Condition of power source
D1.5.1 Draft animal
D1.5.1.2 Breed
D1.5.1.3 Number
D1.5.2 Power tiller or tractor
D1.5.2.1 Make and model
D1.5.2.2 Rated engine horsepower, kW
D1.5.2.3 Rated drawbar horsepower, kW
D1.5.2.4 Gear shift setting
D1.5.2.5 PTO speed, rpm (if used)

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 PAES 146:2005

Test Number
Particulars
1 2 3 Ave.
D2 Field Performance
D2.1 Actual operating time, min
D2.2 Time lost owing to
D2.2.1 Turning at headland, min
D2.2.2 Adjustment, min
D2.2.3 Refilling of fertilizer, min
D2.2.4 Repair, min
D2.3 Actual area covered, m2
D2.4 Nominal working width
(no. of rows x row spacing), m
D2.5 Traveling speed, kph
D2.6 Effective field capacity, ha/h
D2.7 Field efficiency, %
D2.8 Operational pattern
D2.9 Width of headland, m
D2.10 Fuel consumption rate, L/h and L/ha
D2.11 Comments and observations on the following:
D2.11.1 Ease of operation in traveling straight path
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

D2.11.2 Ease of turning

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

D2.11.3 Ease of refilling fertilizer

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

D2.11.4 Ease of replacing and adjusting the parts

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

D2.11.5 Safety features

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

D2.11.6 Failure or abnormalities that may be observed on the tractor or its component
parts
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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PAES 146:2005

Annex E
(Informative)

Formulas Used During Calculation and Testing

E1 Delivery Rate

E1.1 Nominal working width, W, (m)

W= n x dr

where: W is the nominal working width, m

n is the number of rows
dr is the row spacing, m

E1.2 Ground wheel-driven machine

E1.2.1 Effective diameter of ground wheel under load

d
De =
π×N

where: De is the effective diameter, m

N is the number of rotations of ground wheel
d is the distance for a given N, m

E1.2.2 Delivery Rate

L × 10,000
Q=
πDe × N × W

where: Q is the delivery rate, kg/ha

L is the delivery for a given N, kg

E1.3 PTO-driven machine

L × 10,000
Q=
v × t ×W

where: Q is the delivery rate ,kg/ha

L is the delivery for a given t, kg
v is the tractor speed, m/s
t is the time for measuring delivery, s

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 PAES 146:2005

E2 Effective Field Capacity, efc, (m2/h)

A
efc =
t
where: A is the area covered, m2
t is the time used during the operation, hr
E3 Theoretical Field Capacity, tfc, (m2/h)

As
tfc= x 3600
d
where: s traveling speed, m/s
d distance travel (length of the field multiplied by the
number of passes), m

E4 Field efficiency, ε f, (%)

efc
εf = X 100
tfc

where: efc is the effective field capacity, m2/h

tfc is the theoretical field capacity m2/h

E5 Fuel Consumption Rate, Ft, (L/h)

V
Ft =
t
where: V is the volume of fuel consumed, L
t is the total operating time, h

E6 Standard Deviation, STDV

STDV=
n (∑ x )− (∑ x )
2 2

n (n − 1)

where: STDV is the standard deviation

n is the number of samples
x is the weight of sample

E7 Coefficient of Variation, CV

STDV
CV= x 100
AVE

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PAES 146:2005

where: AVE average of the collected fertilizer

E8 The moisture content (%dry weight basis) shall be computed as follows:

Wi − Wf
Moisture content(% dry weight basis)= x 100
Wf

where: Wi is the initial weight of the soil/fertilizer, kg

Wf is the oven-dried (final) weight of the soil/fertilizer, kg

B-84
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 147:2010
(PAES published 2010)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Field cultivator –

Specifications

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 147:2010
(PAES published 2010)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 147:2010, Agricultural

machinery – Field cultivator – Specifications was approved for adoption as Philippine
National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards upon the recommendation of
the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development of the Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 147:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

ABT 49 Field Equipment Operation

American Society of Agricultural Engineers S414.1 – Terminology and Definitions

for Agricultural Tillage Implements

United States Patents 4195697

United States Patents 5161622

Grubinger, V. Cultivation equipment for weed control: pros, cons and sources.
University of Vermont Extension.

http://www.sare.org/publications/steel/glossary.htm

http://www.indiamart.com/gs-auto/agricultural-implements.html

http://www.steelforge.com/alloysteels.htm

http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/alloy_steels/show_alloy.cfm?ID=AISI_5160
&show_prop=all&Page_Title=AISI%205160

www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/eng9916/$file/746.PDF?
OpenElement – http://zj.shuidao.cn/IRRI/landPrep/Landprep_lesson04.htm
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 147:2010

Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for two-
wheel tractor driven and four-wheel tractor driven field cultivator.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through the reference
in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard:

AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code - Steel

PAES 102: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation

PAES 106:2000 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment –

Terminology

PAES 118: 2001 Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

PAES 148:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 106 and the following
definitions shall apply:

3.1
field cultivator
implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation
subsequent to some form of primary tillage, equipped with spring steel shanks
(Fig. 1)

2
 PNS/PAES 147:2010

transverse main frame

tool bar

shank
shovel

gauge wheel
Figure 1. Field cultivator

3.2
gauge wheel
auxiliary component of the field cultivator that helps maintain uniform depth of
cultivation and eliminate the need to set the tension with the three-point hitch every
time you set a cultivator down (Fig. 1)

3.3.
ground clearance
minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing
machine element

3.4
main frame
part of the field cultivator that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels together
(Fig. 1)

3.5
primary tillage
tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed
to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates

3.6
secondary tillage
any group of different tillage operation, following primary tillage, which are designed
to create refined soil conditions before the seed is planted

3.7
shank
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam (Fig. 1)

3.8
shovel
spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks,
cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers (Fig. 1)

3
PNS/PAES 147:2010

3.9
spike
type of shovel used in hard soil conditions and for deeper penetration (Fig. 2)

Figure 2. Spike type shovel

3.10
sweep
type of shovel which is wing-shaped (Fig. 3)

Figure 3. Sweep type shovel

3.11
transverse tool bar
part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached (Fig. 1)

4 Classification

4.1 According to type of driving tractor

4.1.1 Two-wheel tractor driven

Type of field cultivator wherein a two-wheel tractor is used to drive the soil tool (Fig.
4).

4
 PNS/PAES 147:2010

steering
handle
engine

field cultivator

Figure 4. Two-wheel tractor driven field cultivator

4.1.2 Four-wheel tractor driven

Type of field cultivator wherein a four-wheel tractor is used to drive the soil tool (Fig.
5-7a).

4.2 According to type of mounting

4.2.1 Rear mounted

Type of field cultivator wherein the implement is mounted behind the tractor.

4.2.1.1 Drawn type cultivator

Type of field cultivator wherein main frame is mounted far behind the tractor. Guide
wheels are necessary for transport (Fig. 5).

Figure 5. Drawn type cultivator

4.2.1.2 Three-point hitch mounted

Type of field cultivator wherein main frame is mounted to the rear of the tractor using
the three-point hitch linkages (Fig. 6).

5
PNS/PAES 147:2010

Figure 6. Three-point hitch mounted cultivator

4.2.2 Front mounted

Type of field cultivator wherein main frame is mounted on the front of the tractor.
For a four-wheel driven type, hydraulic cylinders are required for lowering or lifting
of the implement (Fig. 7a). Gauge wheels are used for adjusting the depth for a two-
wheel driven type (Fig. 7b).

hydraulic
cylinder

Figure 7a. Front mounted cultivator (four-wheel tractor driven).

engine

field
cultivator

Figure 7b. Front mounted cultivator (two-wheel tractor driven).

6
 PNS/PAES 147:2010

4.3 According to type of shank

4.3.1 “C”- shaped shank or C-shank

shank
protection
mechanism

shank
shovel

Figure 8. C-shank.

4.3.2 “S”or “K”- tine shank

shank

shovel

Figure 9. S-tine shank.

5 Principle of Operation

The field cultivator shall be mounted on the tractor. After being transported to the
field, the implement shall be lowered on the soil. The desired operating depth shall be
set by adjusting the gauge wheels or through the action of hydraulic cylinders. The
field cultivator shall be pulled or pushed by the tractor to cut through the soil.

6 Manufacturing Requirements

Generally, the field cultivator shall consist of main frame, transverse tool bars and
shank assembly.

6.1 The main frame and the transverse toolbars shall be made of mild steel (e.g.
AISI 1020). These shall be constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3” x 4”)

7
PNS/PAES 147:2010

square tube or channel bar or from a 76 mm angular bar with at least 6 mm

thickness for four-wheel tractor driven types.

6.2 For two-wheel tractor driven types, the main frame and the transverse toolbars
shall be constructed from 51 mm x 6 mm (2” x ¼ “) flat bar.

6.3 The main frame shall have a provision for attaching to the tractor as specified
in PAES 118. Frame sections shall be folded to facilitate ease of transport.

6.4 The shank assembly shall consist of shank, shank protection mechanism, and
shovels.

6.4.1 Shanks shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) with at least 5 mm
(3/16”) thickness. Shanks shall be spaced 152 mm to 229 mm (6” to 9”) in a
staggered pattern. It shall be attached to the frame by bolt or shall be fully
welded. C-shank shall have a 610 mm (24”) ground clearance. S-tine shall
have a ground clearance of 508 mm (20”).

6.4.2 Shanks shall have a “C” or “S” shape to provide a spring effect when
encountering obstructions. It shall have a stem angle of 41 degrees to 52
degrees.

6.4.3 Holes shall be punched at the ends of the shanks where the shovels or spikes
shall be attached.

6.4.4 The shovel shall be made of heat-treated carbon (e.g. AISI 1080). It shall be
bolted on the end of the shanks to allow replacement. It shall have a thickness
of at least 5 mm (3/16”). Sweeps shall have a nose angle of 41 degrees to 52
degrees.

6.4.5 Steel springs shall be integrated with the shank assembly to provide protection
for the shank during tillage.

6.5 Gauge wheels should have an adjustable axle to allow modification of

operating depth.

6.6 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS
D1.1:2000.

6.6.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.

6.6.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld
metal and base metal.

6.6.3 All craters shall be filled to provide the specified weld size, except for the end
of intermittent fillet welds outside of their effective length.

6.6.4 Weld profiles shall be in its acceptable form.

6.6.5 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm site fillet weld.

8
 PNS/PAES 147:2010

6.6.6 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 The field cultivator shall have an operating depth of 51 mm to 152 mm (2” to
6”).

7.2 There shall be a uniform depth of cut on the soil.

7.3 There shall be at least 80% field efficiency.

7.4 The shanks shall reset to its original position after tilling operation.

7.5 The shank assembly and the gauge wheel assembly shall be intact after the
test.

7.6 The hydraulic cylinder shall be able to adjust the operating depth of the field
cultivator.

7.7 The field cultivator shall be able to overcome obstructions in the soil.

7.8 The field cultivator shall be easy to mount and dismount from the tractor
linkages.

8 Safety, Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The field cultivator shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.

8.2 The field cultivator shall be free from manufacturing defects that maybe
unsafe.

8.3 All bolts shall conform with standards for strength application and shall be
made of hot-galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.

9 Warranty of Construction

9.1 The field cultivator’s construction shall be rigid and durable without
breakdown of its major components within three (3) years from the date of
original purchase.

9.2 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within three (3) years after
installation and acceptance by the consumer.

9
PNS/PAES 147:2010

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.

10.2 Grease points for shank protection mechanism shall be provided.

10.3 Tools for adjustment of shank assembly shall be provided.

11 Testing

Testing of the field cultivator shall be conducted on-site. The field cultivator shall be
tested for performance in accordance with PAES 148.

12 Marking and Labeling

12.1 The field cultivator shall be marked in English with the following information
using a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

12.1.1 Brand name or Registered trademark of the manufacturer

12.1.2 Model and Serial number

12.1.3 Country of manufacture (if imported)/“Made in the Philippines” (if

manufactured in the Philippines)

12.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided. Markings shall be stated in

English or Filipino and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

12.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material and
shall be water and heat resistant under normal cleaning procedures. It shall not
fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

12.4 Reflectors shall be attached at the rear of the cultivator for safety during
transport.

10
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Julieto T. Uriarte

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Angelito V. Angeles

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 147:2010
(PAES published 2010)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Field cultivator –

Specifications

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 147:2010
(PAES published 2010)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 147:2010, Agricultural

machinery – Field cultivator – Specifications was approved for adoption as Philippine
National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards upon the recommendation of
the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development of the Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 147:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

ABT 49 Field Equipment Operation

American Society of Agricultural Engineers S414.1 – Terminology and Definitions

for Agricultural Tillage Implements

United States Patents 4195697

United States Patents 5161622

Grubinger, V. Cultivation equipment for weed control: pros, cons and sources.
University of Vermont Extension.

http://www.sare.org/publications/steel/glossary.htm

http://www.indiamart.com/gs-auto/agricultural-implements.html

http://www.steelforge.com/alloysteels.htm

http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/alloy_steels/show_alloy.cfm?ID=AISI_5160
&show_prop=all&Page_Title=AISI%205160

www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/eng9916/$file/746.PDF?
OpenElement – http://zj.shuidao.cn/IRRI/landPrep/Landprep_lesson04.htm
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 147:2010

Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for two-
wheel tractor driven and four-wheel tractor driven field cultivator.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through the reference
in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard:

AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code - Steel

PAES 102: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation

PAES 106:2000 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment –

Terminology

PAES 118: 2001 Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

PAES 148:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 106 and the following
definitions shall apply:

3.1
field cultivator
implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation
subsequent to some form of primary tillage, equipped with spring steel shanks
(Fig. 1)

2
 PNS/PAES 147:2010

transverse main frame

tool bar

shank
shovel

gauge wheel
Figure 1. Field cultivator

3.2
gauge wheel
auxiliary component of the field cultivator that helps maintain uniform depth of
cultivation and eliminate the need to set the tension with the three-point hitch every
time you set a cultivator down (Fig. 1)

3.3.
ground clearance
minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing
machine element

3.4
main frame
part of the field cultivator that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels together
(Fig. 1)

3.5
primary tillage
tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed
to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates

3.6
secondary tillage
any group of different tillage operation, following primary tillage, which are designed
to create refined soil conditions before the seed is planted

3.7
shank
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam (Fig. 1)

3.8
shovel
spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks,
cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers (Fig. 1)

3
PNS/PAES 147:2010

3.9
spike
type of shovel used in hard soil conditions and for deeper penetration (Fig. 2)

Figure 2. Spike type shovel

3.10
sweep
type of shovel which is wing-shaped (Fig. 3)

Figure 3. Sweep type shovel

3.11
transverse tool bar
part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached (Fig. 1)

4 Classification

4.1 According to type of driving tractor

4.1.1 Two-wheel tractor driven

Type of field cultivator wherein a two-wheel tractor is used to drive the soil tool (Fig.
4).

4
 PNS/PAES 147:2010

steering
handle
engine

field cultivator

Figure 4. Two-wheel tractor driven field cultivator

4.1.2 Four-wheel tractor driven

Type of field cultivator wherein a four-wheel tractor is used to drive the soil tool (Fig.
5-7a).

4.2 According to type of mounting

4.2.1 Rear mounted

Type of field cultivator wherein the implement is mounted behind the tractor.

4.2.1.1 Drawn type cultivator

Type of field cultivator wherein main frame is mounted far behind the tractor. Guide
wheels are necessary for transport (Fig. 5).

Figure 5. Drawn type cultivator

4.2.1.2 Three-point hitch mounted

Type of field cultivator wherein main frame is mounted to the rear of the tractor using
the three-point hitch linkages (Fig. 6).

5
PNS/PAES 147:2010

Figure 6. Three-point hitch mounted cultivator

4.2.2 Front mounted

Type of field cultivator wherein main frame is mounted on the front of the tractor.
For a four-wheel driven type, hydraulic cylinders are required for lowering or lifting
of the implement (Fig. 7a). Gauge wheels are used for adjusting the depth for a two-
wheel driven type (Fig. 7b).

hydraulic
cylinder

Figure 7a. Front mounted cultivator (four-wheel tractor driven).

engine

field
cultivator

Figure 7b. Front mounted cultivator (two-wheel tractor driven).

6
 PNS/PAES 147:2010

4.3 According to type of shank

4.3.1 “C”- shaped shank or C-shank

shank
protection
mechanism

shank
shovel

Figure 8. C-shank.

4.3.2 “S”or “K”- tine shank

shank

shovel

Figure 9. S-tine shank.

5 Principle of Operation

The field cultivator shall be mounted on the tractor. After being transported to the
field, the implement shall be lowered on the soil. The desired operating depth shall be
set by adjusting the gauge wheels or through the action of hydraulic cylinders. The
field cultivator shall be pulled or pushed by the tractor to cut through the soil.

6 Manufacturing Requirements

Generally, the field cultivator shall consist of main frame, transverse tool bars and
shank assembly.

6.1 The main frame and the transverse toolbars shall be made of mild steel (e.g.
AISI 1020). These shall be constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3” x 4”)

7
PNS/PAES 147:2010

square tube or channel bar or from a 76 mm angular bar with at least 6 mm

thickness for four-wheel tractor driven types.

6.2 For two-wheel tractor driven types, the main frame and the transverse toolbars
shall be constructed from 51 mm x 6 mm (2” x ¼ “) flat bar.

6.3 The main frame shall have a provision for attaching to the tractor as specified
in PAES 118. Frame sections shall be folded to facilitate ease of transport.

6.4 The shank assembly shall consist of shank, shank protection mechanism, and
shovels.

6.4.1 Shanks shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) with at least 5 mm
(3/16”) thickness. Shanks shall be spaced 152 mm to 229 mm (6” to 9”) in a
staggered pattern. It shall be attached to the frame by bolt or shall be fully
welded. C-shank shall have a 610 mm (24”) ground clearance. S-tine shall
have a ground clearance of 508 mm (20”).

6.4.2 Shanks shall have a “C” or “S” shape to provide a spring effect when
encountering obstructions. It shall have a stem angle of 41 degrees to 52
degrees.

6.4.3 Holes shall be punched at the ends of the shanks where the shovels or spikes
shall be attached.

6.4.4 The shovel shall be made of heat-treated carbon (e.g. AISI 1080). It shall be
bolted on the end of the shanks to allow replacement. It shall have a thickness
of at least 5 mm (3/16”). Sweeps shall have a nose angle of 41 degrees to 52
degrees.

6.4.5 Steel springs shall be integrated with the shank assembly to provide protection
for the shank during tillage.

6.5 Gauge wheels should have an adjustable axle to allow modification of

operating depth.

6.6 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS
D1.1:2000.

6.6.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.

6.6.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld
metal and base metal.

6.6.3 All craters shall be filled to provide the specified weld size, except for the end
of intermittent fillet welds outside of their effective length.

6.6.4 Weld profiles shall be in its acceptable form.

6.6.5 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm site fillet weld.

8
 PNS/PAES 147:2010

6.6.6 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 The field cultivator shall have an operating depth of 51 mm to 152 mm (2” to
6”).

7.2 There shall be a uniform depth of cut on the soil.

7.3 There shall be at least 80% field efficiency.

7.4 The shanks shall reset to its original position after tilling operation.

7.5 The shank assembly and the gauge wheel assembly shall be intact after the
test.

7.6 The hydraulic cylinder shall be able to adjust the operating depth of the field
cultivator.

7.7 The field cultivator shall be able to overcome obstructions in the soil.

7.8 The field cultivator shall be easy to mount and dismount from the tractor
linkages.

8 Safety, Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The field cultivator shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.

8.2 The field cultivator shall be free from manufacturing defects that maybe
unsafe.

8.3 All bolts shall conform with standards for strength application and shall be
made of hot-galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.

9 Warranty of Construction

9.1 The field cultivator’s construction shall be rigid and durable without
breakdown of its major components within three (3) years from the date of
original purchase.

9.2 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within three (3) years after
installation and acceptance by the consumer.

9
PNS/PAES 147:2010

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.

10.2 Grease points for shank protection mechanism shall be provided.

10.3 Tools for adjustment of shank assembly shall be provided.

11 Testing

Testing of the field cultivator shall be conducted on-site. The field cultivator shall be
tested for performance in accordance with PAES 148.

12 Marking and Labeling

12.1 The field cultivator shall be marked in English with the following information
using a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

12.1.1 Brand name or Registered trademark of the manufacturer

12.1.2 Model and Serial number

12.1.3 Country of manufacture (if imported)/“Made in the Philippines” (if

manufactured in the Philippines)

12.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided. Markings shall be stated in

English or Filipino and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

12.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material and
shall be water and heat resistant under normal cleaning procedures. It shall not
fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

12.4 Reflectors shall be attached at the rear of the cultivator for safety during
transport.

10
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Julieto T. Uriarte

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Angelito V. Angeles

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 148:2010
(PAES published 2010)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Field cultivator –

Methods of Test

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 148:2010
(PAES published 2010)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 148:2010, Agricultural

machinery – Field cultivator – Methods of Test was approved for adoption as
Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards upon the
recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center
(AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources
Research and Development of the Department of Science and Technology
(PCARRD-DOST).
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 148:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

Alberta Farm Machinery Research Centre. 1991. Evaluation report 268.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers S414.1 – Terminology and Definitions

for Agricultural Tillage Implements

ASAE EP496.2 - Agricultural Machinery Management

ASAE D497.4 - Agricultural Machinery Management Data

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery.1983. Test codes and procedures for
farm machinery. Technical Series No.12. Economic and Social Commission for Asia
and the Pacific.

Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard 106:2000 – Agricultural Machinery –

Soil Tillage and Equipment – Terminology

United States Patents 4195697

United States Patents 5161622

Grubinger, V. Cultivation Equipment For Weed Control: Pros, Cons And Sources.
University of Vermont Extension.

http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/equipment/agmachinerymgt.html

http://www.sare.org/publications/steel/glossary.htm
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 148:2010

CONTENTS Page

1 Scope 3
2 References 3
3 Definitions 3
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection 6
4.1 Role of the manufacturer/dealer 6
4.2 Role of the operator 6
4.3 Test site conditions 6
4.4 Test instruments/equipment 7
4.5 Tractor to be used 7
4.6 Termination of test for the field cultivator 7
5 Test and Inspection 7
5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information 7
5.2 Performance test 7
5.3 Test trial 10
6 Test Report 10

ANNEXES

A Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment 12

B Specifications of Field Cultivator 13
C Performance Test Data Sheet 15
D Formula Used During Calculation and Testing 17

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 148:2010

Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a field cultivator.
Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories and workmanship of

the field cultivator and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the performance of the equipment; and,

1.3 report the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in

this text constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 147:2010 Agricultural Machinery - Field Cultivator – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 147 and the following
shall apply:

3.1
draft
total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement

3.2
drawbar power
power requirement of an implement being towed or pushed

3.3
effective field capacity
function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency expressed in hectares per
hour

3.4
field efficiency
ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the theoretical
maximum productivity

3
PNS/PAES 148:2010

3.5
implement
any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor

3.6
implement width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost
edges of the implement (Fig. 1)

width

Figure 1. Implement width

3.7
nose angle
angle formed by the edges of the sweep (Fig. 2)

Figure 2. Nose angle

3.8
operating width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement
performs its intended function; distance between the outermost shanks of the field
cultivator (Fig. 3)

4
 PNS/PAES 148:2010

width

Figure 3. Operating width

3.9
stem angle
angle formed by the shank or the shovel relative to the ground surface or to its base,
respectively (Fig. 4)

shank

shovel

Figure 4. Stem angle

3.10
theoretical field capacity
function of speed and operating width expressed in hectares per hour

3.11
transport height
overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest point
(Fig. 5)

3.12
transport length
overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the implement to
the mounting point (Fig. 5)

5
PNS/PAES 148:2010

mounting point

height

length

Figure 5a. Transport height and length (four-wheel driven type)

height

length

Figure 5b. Transport height and length (two-wheel driven type)

3.12
wheel slip
reduction on the distance traveled by the tractor due to the attached implement

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Role of manufacturer/dealer

The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the field cultivator and shall
abide by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.

4.2 Role of the operator

An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate,

operate, adjust and make repairs related to the operation of the equipment.

4.3 Test site conditions

The field cultivator shall be tested through actual cultivation of the soil. The field
shall have ample space to allow turns in headland. The size of the field shall not be

6
 PNS/PAES 148:2010

less than 1000 m2 and shall be rectangular in shape, with sides in ratio of 2:1 as much
as possible.

4.4 Test instruments/equipment

The suggested list of minimum test equipment needed to carry out the field cultivator
test is shown in Annex A.

4.5 Tractor to be used

The tractor to be used to conduct the test shall be compatible with the field cultivator
in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification of required power.

4.6 Termination of test for field cultivator

If during the test, the field cultivator encounters major component breakdown or
malfunction, the test engineer shall terminate the test.

5 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information

This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and
accessories of the field cultivator in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s
technical data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.

5.2 Performance test

5.2.1 This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the
equipment.

5.2.2 Measurement of initial data

Initial data, such as field area, soil type and soil moisture content, shall be obtained
and recorded in Annex C before the test operation.

5.2.3 Field performance test

5.2.3.1 The field cultivator shall be tested at the recommended depth settings of the
manufacturer. The actual operating depth shall be noted and shall be compared
with the theoretical operating depth.

5.2.3.2 The tractor speed shall be determined according to the recommended depth
setting. This can be done by recording the time required for the tractor to
travel a 20 m distance in the field (Fig. 6).

7
PNS/PAES 148:2010

20 m

Figure 6. Points for speed test

5.2.3.3 The total test time shall be obtained by acquiring the total time to finish
cultivating the test field. Non-productive time (e.g. headland turns) shall be
recorded. Productive time shall be obtained by deducting the non- productive
time from the total test time.

5.2.3.4 The fuel consumed by the tractor shall be obtained. This can be done by
measuring the volume of fuel refilled after the test. The tank shall be filled to
full capacity before and after each trial.

5.2.3.5 The operating width shall be obtained by measuring the distance between the
outermost shanks and shall be noted.

5.2.3.6 Field efficiency, effective field capacity and drawbar power requirements of
the implement shall be obtained using the formula in Annex D.

5.2.3.7 Determination of draft

A spring, hydraulic or stain-gauge type dynamometer shall be attached to the

front of the tractor on which the implement is mounted. Another auxiliary
tractor shall pull the implement-mounted tractor through the dynamometer in
neutral gear but with the implement in its operating position (Fig. 7). The draft
in the measured distance of 20 m as well as the time it takes to traverse it shall
be recorded. On the same field, the draft in the same distance shall be recorded
while the implement is lifted above the ground. The difference in the draft
readings shall yield the draft of the implement.

8
 PNS/PAES 148:2010

auxiliary tractor
dynamometer

Figure 7. Position of tractors for draft measurement

5.2.3.8 Test for uniformity of depth of cut

5.2.3.8.1 Two points in the field passed shall be marked using pegs (points A and
B). The distance between these points shall be 20 m. Every two meters, a
marking peg shall be placed (Fig. 8).

Figure 8. Soil strips marking for operating depth analysis

5.2.3.8.2 The operating depth of the field cultivator shall be set. The field cultivator
shall be operated along the marked strips (Fig. 8). These strips of soil shall
be observed.

5.2.3.8.3 The depth of cut for each strip shall be measured and shall be recorded.
The mean depth shall be computed and shall be recorded (Fig. 9).

Figure 9. Depth of cut

9
PNS/PAES 148:2010

5.2.3.8.4 The percent error for the mean depth shall be computed using the formula
in Annex D.

5.2.3.8.5 The percentage of wheel slip shall be obtained by recording the difference
of the distance traveled without load and the distance traveled with the
implement attached. A mark shall be placed on the wheel of the tractor
(Fig. 10). The tractor shall be allowed to move forward up to 10
revolutions of the marked wheel under no load (A). The distance shall be
measured and recorded. On the same surface, the tractor shall be allowed
to move forward with the implement attached. After same number of
revolutions, the distance traveled shall be measured and recorded (B). The
percentage of wheel slip shall then be computed using the formula in
Annex D.

position
initial position under no
position under load load

mark on
the wheel

Figure 10. Measuring of wheel slip

5.2.3.9 Condition of field cultivator after test shall be compared to its initial
condition.

5.2.3.10 Welded parts shall be inspected.

5.2.3.11 Loosened bolts shall be noted.

5.2.3.12 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.3 Test trial

There shall be at least three (3) trials in conducting the test.

6 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

6.1 Title

6.2 Summary

6.3 Purpose and Scope of Test

10
 PNS/PAES 148:2010

6.4 Methods of Test

6.5 Description of the Machine

Table 1 – Machine Specifications

6.6 Results and Discussions

6.7 Observations (include pictures)

Table 2 –Performance test data

6.8 Name(s), signature(s) and designation(s) of test engineer(s)

11
 PNS/PAES 148:2010

Annex A

Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment

Items Quantity
A.1. timer
1
accuracy: 0.10 s
A. 2 steel tapes
2
length: 5 m; 50 m
A.3 weighing scale
1
capacity, 1000 kg
A.4 fuel consumption
graduated cylinder
1
capacity, 1000 mL
A.5 four-wheel tractor 2
A.6 soil analysis
soil test kit 1
oven 1
A.7 marking pegs 4
A.8 marking tape 1
A.9 calculations
scientific calculator 1
A.10 draft measurement
spring, hydraulic or strain-gauge type
1
dynamometer

12
 PNS/PAES 148:2010

Annex B
(informative)

Specifications of Field Cultivator

Name of Applicant/ Distributor: ___________________________________________

Address: _____________________________________________________________
Tel No: _____________________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION
Name of Manufacturer: _________________________________________________
Make: _____________________________
Classification: _______________________
Serial No: __________________________ Brand/Model: _____________________
Production date of field cultivator to be tested: ______________________________
Testing Agency: _____________________ Test Engineer: _____________________
Date of Test: ________________________ Location of Test: __________________

Items to be inspected
Manufacturer’s Verification by the
ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.1 overall dimensions
B.1.1 transport height, mm
B.1.2 transport length, mm
B.1.3 implement width, mm
B.1.4 weight, kg
B.1.5 operating width, mm
B.2 main frame
B.2.1 material
B.2.2 dimensions, mm
B.3 shank assembly
B.3.1 shank protection mechanism
B.3.1.1 material
B.3.2 shank
B.3.2.1 material
B.3.2.2 dimensions, mm
B.3.2.3 ground clearance, mm
B.3.2.4 stem angle, degrees
B.3.2.5 spacing, mm
B.3.2.6 type
B.3.2.7 number of shanks
B.3.3 shovel
B.3.3.1 material
B.3.3.2 type
B.3.3.3 dimensions, mm
B.3.3.4 stem angle, degrees (for
sweeps)
B.3.3.5 nose angle, degrees (for
sweeps)

13
PNS/PAES 148:2010

Manufacturer’s Verification by the

ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.4 transverse tool bar
B.4.1 material
B.4.2 dimensions, mm
B.4.3 number of shanks
B.5 gauge wheels (if present)
B.5.1 diameter, mm
B.5.2 adjustments
B.6 mounting details
B.7 cylinder (if present)
B.7.1 type
B.7.2 capacity, Pa
B.7.3 bore, mm
B.7.4 stroke, mm
B.8 tractor required
B.8.1 type
B.8.2 recommended traveling speed,
kph
B.8.3 engine power, kW

14
 PNS/PAES 148:2010

ANNEX C

Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be measured and Inspected

C.1 Test field conditions Remarks
C.1.1 area of field, m2
C.1.2 soil type (clay, clay loam, sandy, etc.)
C.1.3 soil texture (fine, medium, coarse)
C.1.4 soil moisture content (% d.b.)

C.2 Field performance

C.2.1 Actual operating depth, mm
Manufacturer’s Trials
recommended 1 2 3 average
depth setting,
mm

C.2.2 Tractor
speed, kph

Trials
C.2.3 1 2 3 average
Operating Test time
Non-
Test time Non-prod.
Test Non- Test
Non-prod.
Productive
time, h productive time prod. time time

Trials
C.2.4 Fuel
1 2 3 average
consumed, mL

C.2.5 Field
efficiency, %

C.2.6
Effective field
capacity, ha/h

C.2.7 Draft,
N

C.2.8
Drawbar
power, kW

15
PNS/PAES 148:2010

C.2.9 Depth of cut analysis

Depth of cut preset, mm:
Strip, 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20
m
Depth,
mm
Mean depth, mm:
Percent error, %:
C.2.10 Percentage of wheel slip (% W.S.)
Trials Ave.
1 2 3 (%)
% % %
A(m) B(m) A(m) B(m) A(m) B(m)
W.S. W.S. W.S.

C.3 Other observations Remarks

C.3.1 ease of mounting/dismounting *
C.3.2 accessibility of grease points *
C.3.3 number of shanks deformed after test
C.3.4 number of shovels detached after test
C.3.5 cracks on welded parts
C.3.6 detached welded parts
C.3.7 loosened bolts
C.3.8 miscellaneous:

* rating: 1 – very good 4 – poor

2 – good 5 – very poor
3 – satisfactory

16
 PNS/PAES 148:2010

ANNEX D

Formula Used During Calculation and Testing

D.1. Drawbar power

where:

P drawbar power required for the implement, kW

D draft force required to move the implement, kN

S speed of tractor, kph

D.2. Effective field capacity

where:

C effective field capacity, ha/h

E effective area accomplished, m2

T operating time, h

D.3. Field efficiency

where:

Eff field efficiency, %

C effective field capacity, m2/h

Co theoretical field capacity, m2/h

17
PNS/PAES 148:2010

D.4. Effective area accomplished

where:

E effective area accomplished, m2

w actual working width, m

D total distance traveled, m

D.5. Total distance traveled

where:

D total distance traveled, m

A area of plot, m2

S average swath or width of cut, m

D.6. Average swath or width of cut

where:

S average swath or width of cut, m

W width of plot, m

N number of trips per round

D.7. Percent error for mean depth

where:

% error percent error, %

18
 PNS/PAES 148:2010

Dm mean depth, mm

Dp theoretical depth, mm

D.8. Percentage of wheel slip

where:

% W.S. percent of wheel slip, %

A distance traveled by the tractor under no load

after a given number of revolution, m

B distance traveled by the tractor with implement

attached after a given number of revolution, m

D.9. Theoretical Field Capacity

where:

Co theoretical field capacity, ha/h

w actual working width, m

S speed of tractor, m/h

19
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Julieto T. Uriarte

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Angelito V. Angeles

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 149:2010
(PAES published 2010)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Subsoiler –

Specifications

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 149:2010
(PAES published 2010)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 149:2010, Agricultural

machinery – Subsoiler – Specifications was approved for adoption as Philippine
National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards upon the recommendation of
the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development of the Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 149:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler– Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD - DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

ABT 49 Field Equipment Operation

Andrus, C.W. 1982. Tilling compacted forest soils following ground-based logging in
Oregon. Oregon State University.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers S414.1 – Terminology and Definitions

for Agricultural Tillage Implements

Froelich, H.A. and D.W.R. Miles. 1984. Winged subsoiler tills compacted forest soil.
Miller Freeman Publications.

Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard 106:2000 – Agricultural Machinery –

Soil Tillage and Equipment – Terminology

Temesgen,W., J. Hoogmoed, H.Rockstrom and H.G. Savenije. Conservation

agriculture implements for smallholder farmers in semi-arid Ethiopia.

United States Patent 3578090

United States Patent 5695012

http://zj.shuidao.cn/IRRI/landPrep/Landprep_lesson04.htm

http://www.krukowiak.com.pl/en/maszyny/glebosz.html

http://www.bwimp.com/products_item_chise_3point_2bar_Subsoiler.php
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 149:2010

Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a

subsoiler.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through the reference
in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard:

AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code - Steel

PAES 102: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation

PAES 106:2000 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment –

Terminology

PAES 118: 2001 Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

PAES 150:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler – Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
gauge wheel
auxiliary component of the subsoiler that helps maintain uniform operating depth and
for adjusting depth of cut

3.2
main frame
part of the subsoiler that holds the transverse toolbars together (Fig. 1)

3.3
primary tillage
tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed
to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates

2
 PNS/PAES 149:2010

3.4
ripper point
tool attached to the shank of the subsoiler to cut through the soil (Fig. 1)

3.5
shank
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam (Fig. 1)

3.6
soil abrasion
scratching, cutting, or abrasing of materials caused by the action of soil

3.7
subsoiler
implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface
layers, equipped with widely spaced shanks either in-line or staggered on a V-shaped
frame (Fig. 1)

main frame

shank transverse
tool bar

ripper point

Figure 1. Subsoiler

3.8
subsoiling
deep tillage with at least 350 mm depth for the purpose of loosening soil for root
growth and/or water movement

3.9
transverse tool bar
part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached (Fig. 1)

3.10
wear shin
metal plate attached to the shank to reduce abrasion and enhance durability of the
shank (Fig. 5)

3
PNS/PAES 149:2010

4 Classification

4.1 According to type of mounting

4.1.1 Drawn type subsoiler

Type of subsoiler wherein main frame is mounted far behind the tractor. Guide wheels
are necessary for transport (Fig. 2)

mounting point
main frame

shank
ripper point

Figure 2. Drawn type subsoiler

4.1.2 Three-point hitch mounted

Type of subsoiler wherein main frame is mounted to the rear of the tractor using the
3-point hitch linkages (Fig. 3)

Figure 3. Three-point hitch mounted type subsoiler

4
 PNS/PAES 149:2010

4.2 According to type of shank

4.2.1 Straight shank

Figure 4. Straight shank subsoiler

4.2.2 Curved or parabolic shank

depth
adjustment lock

wear shin

ripper
point
shank

Figure 5. Curved shank subsoiler

5 Principle of Operation

The subsoiler shall be attached on the tractor. After being transported to the field, the
implement shall be lowered on the soil. The desired operating depth shall be set by
adjusting the gauge wheels or through the action of hydraulic cylinders. The subsoiler
shall be pulled by the tractor to cut through the soil.

5
PNS/PAES 149:2010

6 Manufacturing Requirements

Generally, the subsoiler shall consist of main frame, transverse tool bars and shank
assembly.

6.1 The main frame shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020). These shall be
constructed from 152 mm x 254 mm (6” x 10”) square tube or channel with at
least 6 mm thickness. It shall have a provision for attaching to the tractor as
specified in PAES 118. Frame sections shall be folded to facilitate ease of
transport.

6.2 The transverse toolbars shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020). It shall be
constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3” x 4”) square tube or channel bar or
from a 76 mm angular bar with at least 6 mm thickness.

6.3 The shank assembly shall consist of shank, shank protection mechanism and
ripper point.

6.3.1 Shanks shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) with at least 20 mm
thickness. It shall be attached to the frame by bolt or shall be fully welded.

6.3.2 Holes shall be punched at the ends of the shanks where the ripper points shall
be attached.

6.3.3 The ripper points shall be made of heat-treated carbon steel (e.g. AISI 1080).
It shall be bolted on the end of the shanks to allow replacement. It shall have a
width of at least 44 mm (1 ¾“).

6.3.4 Wear shin shall be installed in the shank assembly to provide protection for
the shank during tillage. It shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) with a
thickness of at least 6 mm (¼”) and at least 152 mm (6”) length.

6.4 Gauge wheels should have an adjustable axle to allow modification of

operating depth.

6.5 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS
D1.1:2000.

6.5.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.

6.5.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld
metal and base metal.

6.5.3 All craters shall be filled to provide the specified weld size, except for the end
of intermittent fillet welds outside of their effective length.

6.5.4 Weld profiles shall be in its acceptable form.

6.5.5 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm site fillet weld.

6
 PNS/PAES 149:2010

6.5.6 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 The subsoiler shall have a operating depth of at least 350 mm in accordance
with PAES 106.

7.2 There shall be a uniform depth of cut on the soil.

7.3 Surface of the soil shall have minimal disturbance during the operation.

7.4 There shall be at least 80% field efficiency.

7.5 The hydraulic cylinder shall be able to adjust the operating depth of the
subsoiler.

7.6 The shank assembly and the gauge wheel assembly shall be intact after the
test.

7.7 The subsoiler shall be easy to mount and dismount from the tractor linkages.

8 Safety, Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The subsoiler shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.

8.2 The subsoiler shall be free from manufacturing defects that maybe unsafe.

8.3 All bolts shall conform with standards for strength application and shall be
made of hot-galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.

9 Warranty of Construction

9.1 The subsoiler’s construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of
its major components within three (3) years from the date of original purchase.

9.2 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within three (3) years after
installation and acceptance by the consumer.

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.

10.2 Grease points for shank protection mechanism shall be provided.

10.3 Tools for adjustment of shank assembly shall be provided.

7
PNS/PAES 149:2010

11 Testing

Testing of the subsoiler shall be conducted on-site. The subsoiler shall be tested for
performance in accordance with PAES 150.

12 Marking and Labeling

12.1 The subsoiler shall be marked in English with the following information using
a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

12.1.1 Brand name or Registered trademark of the manufacturer

12.1.2 Model and Serial number

12.1.3 Country of manufacture (if imported)/“Made in the Philippines” (if

manufactured in the Philippines)

12.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided. Markings shall be stated in

English or Filipino and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

12.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material and
shall be water and heat resistant under normal cleaning procedures. It shall not
fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

12.4 Reflectors shall be attached at the rear of the subsoiler for safety during
transport.

8
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Julieto T. Uriarte

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Angelito V. Angeles

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 150:2010
(PAES published 2010)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Subsoiler –

Methods of Test

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 150:2010
(PAES published 2010)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 150:2010, Agricultural

machinery – Subsoiler – Methods of Test was approved for adoption as Philippine
National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards upon the recommendation of
the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development of the Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 150:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler – Methods of Test

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD - DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

ABT 49 Field Equipment Operation

Alberta Farm Machinery Research Centre. 1981. Evaluation Report 643.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers S414.1 – Terminology and Definitions

for Agricultural Tillage Implements

ASAE EP496.2 - Agricultural Machinery Management

ASAE D497.4 - Agricultural Machinery Management Data

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery. 1983. Test codes and procedures for
farm machinery. Technical Series No.12. Economic and Social Commission for Asia
and the Pacific.

United States Patents 5695012

http://www.portlandimplement.com/vertical_tillage.html

http://www.opico.co.uk/HE-VA

http://www.dave-koenig.com/html/subsoiler_200.html

http://www.indiamart.com/gs-auto/agricultural-implements.html

http://www.steelforge.com/alloysteels.htm
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 150:2010

CONTENTS Page

1 Scope 3
2 References 3
3 Definitions 3
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection 6
4.1 Role of the manufacturer/dealer 6
4.2 Role of the operator 6
4.3 Test site conditions 6
4.4 Test instruments/equipment 6
4.5 Tractor to be used 7
4.6 Termination of test for the subsoiler 7
5 Test and Inspection 7
5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information 7
5.2 Performance test 7
5.3 Test trial 10
6 Test Report 10

ANNEXES

A Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment 12

B Specifications of Subsoiler 13
C Performance Test Data Sheet 15
D Formula Used During Calculation and Testing 17

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 150:2010

Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a subsoiler. Specifically,
it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the subsoiler and
the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the performance of the equipment; and,

1.3 report the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in

this text constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 149:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 149 and the following
shall apply:

3.1
draft
total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement

3.2
drawbar power
power requirement of an implement being towed or pushed

3.3
effective field capacity
function of field speed, working width and field efficiency expressed in hectares per
hour

3.4
field efficiency
ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the theoretical
maximum productivity

3
PNS/PAES 150:2010

3.5
implement
any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor

3.6
implement width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost
edges of the implement (Fig. 1)

width
Figure 1. Implement width

3.7
operating width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement
performs its intended function; distance between the outermost shanks of the subsoiler
(Fig. 2)

width

Figure 2. Operating width

4
 PNS/PAES 150:2010

3.8
sweep angle
angle measured from the outer side of the wing in reference to the direction of travel
(Fig. 3)

wing width

wing lift

wing lift
sweep angle
angle
tip angle

Figure 3. Ripper point characteristics

3.9
theoretical field capacity
function of speed and operating width expressed in hectares per hour

3.10
tip angle
angle formed by the top and underside of the ripper point (Fig. 3)

3.11
transport height
overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest point
(Fig. 4)

3.12
transport length
overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the implement to
the mounting point (Fig. 4)

5
PNS/PAES 150:2010

mounting point

height

length

Figure 4. Transport height and length (four-wheel driven type)

3.13
wing lift
length of the side of the wing opposite the wing lift angle (Fig. 3)

3.14
wing lift angle
angle measured between the two sides of the wing (Fig. 3)

3.15
wing width
distance between the tip of each wing (Fig. 3)

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Role of manufacturer/dealer

The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the subsoiler and shall abide
by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.

4.2 Role of the operator

An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate,

operate, adjust and make repairs related to the operation of the equipment.

4.3 Test site conditions

The subsoiler shall be tested through actual cultivation of the soil. The field shall have
ample space to allow turns in headland.

4.4 Test instruments/equipment

The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the subsoiler test is
shown in Annex A.

6
 PNS/PAES 150:2010

4.5 Tractor to be used

The tractor to be used to conduct the test shall be compatible with the subsoiler in
accordance with the manufacturer’s specification of required power.

4.6 Termination of test for subsoiler

If during the test, the subsoiler encounters major component breakdown or

malfunction, the test engineer shall terminate the test.

5 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information

This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and
accessories of the subsoiler in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s technical
data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.

5.2 Performance test

5.2.1 This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the
subsoiler.

5.2.2 Measurement of initial data

Initial data, such as field area, soil type and soil moisture content, shall be obtained
and recorded in Annex C before the test operation.

5.2.3 Field performance test

5.2.3.1 The subsoiler shall be tested at the recommended depth settings of the
manufacturer

5.2.3.2 The tractor speed shall be determined according to the recommended depth
setting. This can be done by recording the time required for the tractor to
travel a 20 m distance in the field (Fig. 5).

7
PNS/PAES 150:2010

20 m

Figure 5. Points for speed test

5.2.3.3 The total test time shall be obtained by acquiring the total time to finish
cultivating the test field. Non-productive time (e.g. headland turns) shall be
recorded. Productive time shall be obtained by deducting the non- productive
time from the total test time.

5.2.3.4 The fuel consumed by the tractor shall be obtained. This can be done by
measuring the volume of fuel refilled after the test. The tank shall be filled to
full capacity before and after each trial.

5.2.3.5 The working width shall be obtained by measuring the distance between the
outermost shanks and shall be noted.

5.2.3.6 Field efficiency, effective field capacity and drawbar power requirements of
the implement shall be obtained using the formula in Annex D.

5.2.3.7 Determination of draft

A spring, hydraulic or stain-gauge type dynamometer shall be attached to the

front of the tractor on which the implement is mounted. Another auxiliary
tractor shall pull the implement-mounted tractor through the dynamometer in
neutral gear but with the implement in its operating position (Fig. 6). The draft
in the measured distance of 20 m as well as the time it takes to traverse it shall
be recorded. On the same field, the draft in the same distance shall be recorded
while the implement is lifted above the ground. The difference in the draft
readings shall yield the draft of the implement.

8
 PNS/PAES 150:2010

auxiliary tractor dynamometer

Figure 6. Position of tractors for draft measurement

5.2.3.8 Test for uniformity of depth of cut

5.2.3.8.1 Two points in the field passed shall be marked using pegs. The distance
between these points shall be 20 m. Every two meters, a marking peg shall
be placed (Fig. 7).

Figure 7. Soil strips marking for operating depth analysis

5.2.3.8.2 The operating depth of the subsoiler shall be set. The subsoiler shall be
operated along the marked strips (Fig. 7). These strips of soil shall be
observed.

5.2.3.8.3 The depth of cut for each strip shall be measured and shall be recorded
(Fig. 8).

Figure 8. Depth of cut.

9
PNS/PAES 150:2010

5.2.3.8.4 The mean depth and the percent error for the mean depth shall be
computed using the formula in Annex D.

5.2.3.8.5 The percentage of wheel slip shall be obtained by recording the difference
of the distance traveled without load and the distance traveled with the
implement attached. A mark shall be placed on the wheel of the tractor
(Fig. 9). The tractor shall be allowed to move forward up to 10 revolutions
of the marked wheel under no load (A). The distance shall be measured
and recorded. On the same surface, the tractor shall be allowed to move
forward with the implement attached. After same number of revolutions,
the distance traveled shall be measured and recorded (B). the percentage of
wheel slip shall then be computed using the formula in Annex D.

position
initial position under no
position under load load

mark on
the wheel

Figure 9. Measuring of wheel slip

5.2.3.9 Condition of subsoiler after test shall be compared to its initial condition.

5.2.3.10 Welded parts shall be inspected.

5.2.3.11 Loosened bolts shall be noted.

5.2.3.12 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.3 Test trial

There shall be at least three (3) trials in conducting the test.

6 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

6.1 Title

6.2 Summary

6.3 Purpose and Scope of Test

6.4 Methods of Test

10
 PNS/PAES 150:2010

6.5 Description of the Machine

Table 1 – Machine Specifications

6.6 Results and Discussions

6.7 Observations (include pictures)

Table 2 –Performance test data

6.8 Name(s), signature(s) and designation(s) of test engineer(s)

11
 PNS/PAES 150:2010

Annex A

Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment

Items Quantity
A.1. timer
1
accuracy: 0.10 s
A. 2 steel tapes
2
length: 5 m; 50 m
A.3 weighing scale
1
capacity, 1000 kg
A.4 fuel consumption
graduated cylinder
1
capacity, 1000 mL
A.5 four-wheel tractor 2
A.6 soil analysis
soil test kit 1
oven 1
A.7 marking pegs 4
A.8 marking tape 1
A.9 calculations
scientific calculator 1
A.10 draft measurement
spring, hydraulic or strain-gauge type
1
dynamometer

12
 PNS/PAES 150:2010

Annex B
(informative)

Specifications of Subsoiler

Name of Applicant/ Distributor: ___________________________________________

Address: _____________________________________________________________
Tel No: _____________________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION
Name of Manufacturer: _________________________________________________
Make: _____________________________
Classification: _______________________
Serial No: __________________________ Brand/Model: _____________________
Production date of subsoiler to be tested: __________________________________
Testing Agency: _____________________ Test Engineer: ____________________
Date of Test: ________________________ Location of Test: __________________

Items to be inspected
Manufacturer’s Verification by the
ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.1 overall dimensions
B.1.1 transport length, mm
B.1.2 transport height, mm
B.1.3 implement width, mm
B.1.4 weight, kg
B.1.5 working width, mm
B.2 main frame
B.2.1 material
B.2.2 thickness, mm
B.3 shank assembly
B.3.1 wear shin
B.3.1.1 material
B.3.1.2 thickness, mm
B.3.1.3 length, mm
B.3.2 shank
B.3.2.1 material
B.3.2.2 dimensions, mm
B.3.2.3 ground clearance, mm
B.3.2.4 stem angle, degrees
B.3.2.5 type
B.3.2.6 number of shanks
B.3.3 ripper point
B.3.3.1 material
B.3.3.2 type
B.3.3.3 dimensions, mm
B.3.3.4 tip angle, degrees
B.3.3.5 sweep angle (for winged type),
degrees

13
PNS/PAES 150:2010

Manufacturer’s Verification by the

ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.3.3.6 wing width (for winged
type), mm
B.3.3.7 wing lift (for winged type),
mm
B.3.3.8 wing angle (for winged type),
mm
B.4 transverse tool bar
B.4.1 material
B.4.2 dimensions, mm
B.4.3 number of shanks
B.5 gauge wheels (if present)
B.5.1 diameter, mm
B.5.2 adjustments
B.6 mounting details
B.7 cylinder (if present)
B.7.1 type
B.7.2 capacity, Pa
B.7.3 bore, mm
B.7.4 stroke, mm
B.8 tractor required
B.8.1 type
B.8.2 recommended travelling speed,
kph
B.8.3 engine power, kW

14
 PNS/PAES 150:2010

ANNEX C

Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be measured and Inspected

C.1 Test field conditions Remarks
C.1.1 area of field, m2
C.1.2 soil type (clay, clay loam, sandy, etc.)
C.1.3 soil texture (fine, medium, coarse)
C.1.4 soil moisture content (% d.b.)

C.2 Field performance

C.2.1 Actual operating depth, mm
Manufacturer’s Trials
recommended 1 2 3 average
depth setting,
mm

C.2.2 Tractor
speed, kph

Trials
C.2.3 1 2 3 average
Operating Test time
Non-
Test time Non-prod.
Test Non- Test
Non-prod.
Productive
time, h productive time prod. time time

Trials
C.2.4 Fuel
1 2 3 average
consumed, mL

C.2.5 Field
efficiency, %

C.2.6
Effective field
capacity, ha/h

C.2.7 Draft,
N

C.2.8
Drawbar
power, kW

15
PNS/PAES 150:2010

C.2.9 Depth of cut analysis

Depth of cut preset, mm:
Strip, 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20
m
Depth,
mm
Mean depth, mm:
Percent error, %:
C.2.10 Percentage of wheel slip (% W.S.)
Trials Ave.
1 2 3 (%)
% % %
A(m) B(m) A(m) B(m) A(m) B(m)
W.S. W.S. W.S.

C.3 Other observations Remarks

C.3.1 ease of mounting/dismounting *
C.3.2 accessibility of grease points *
C.3.3 number of shanks deformed after test
C.3.4 number of shovels detached after test
C.3.5 cracks on welded parts
C.3.6 detached welded parts
C.3.7 loosened bolts
C.3.8 miscellaneous:

* rating: 1 – very good 4 – poor

2 – good 5 – very poor
3 – satisfactory

16
 PNS/PAES 150:2010

ANNEX D

Formula Used During Calculation and Testing

D.1. Drawbar power

where:

P drawbar power required for the implement, kW

D draft force required to move the implement, kN

S speed of tractor, kph

D.2. Effective field capacity

where:

C effective field capacity, ha/h

E effective area accomplished, m2

T operating time ,h

D.3. Field efficiency

where:

Eff field efficiency, %

C effective field capacity, m2/h

Co theoretical field capacity, m2/h

17
PNS/PAES 150:2010

D.4. Effective area accomplished

where:

E effective area accomplished, m2

w actual working width, m

D total distance traveled, m

D.5. Total distance traveled

where:

D total distance traveled, m

A area of plot, m2

S average swath or width of cut, m

D.6. Average swath or width of cut

where:

S average swath or width of cut, m

W width of plot, m

N number of trips per round

D.7. Percent error for mean depth

where:

% error percent error, %

18
 PNS/PAES 150:2010

Dm mean depth, mm

Dp theoretical depth, mm

D.8. Percentage of wheel slip

where:

% W.S. percent of wheel slip, %

A distance traveled by the tractor under no load

after a given number of revolution, m

B distance traveled by the tractor with implement

attached after a given number of revolution, m

D.9. Theoretical Field Capacity

where:

Co theoretical field capacity, ha/h

w operating width, m

S speed of tractor, m/h

19
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Julieto T. Uriarte

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Angelito V. Angeles

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD
PNS/PAES 151:2015
(PAES published 2015)
ICS 65.060.30

Agricultural machinery – Mechanical rice

transplanter – Specifications

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS*

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph

*BUREAU OF PHILIPPINE STANDARDS

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 151:2015
(PAES published 2015)

National Foreword

The Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 151:2015, Agricultural

machinery – Mechanical rice transplanter – Specifications was approved for
adoption as Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of Philippine Standards
upon the recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation
Center (AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural
Resources Research and Development of the Department of Science and
Technology (PCAARRD-DOST).

This standard cancels and replaces PNS/PAES 151:2010 (PAES published 2010).
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PNS/PAES 151:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Specifications

Foreword

The revision of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of Standards for
Rice Production and Postproduction Machinery" which was funded by the Philippine Council
for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD) of
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PAES 010-2 – Rules for the
Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Campbell, J.K. 1990. Dibble sticks, donkeys, and diesels. International Rice Research
Institute. ISBN 971-104-185-5. 147-150.

Eam-o-pas, K. and Y. Goto. 1990. Comparative performance of the rice transplanters in

Thailand’s field conditions. Kasetsart J. (Nat.Sci. Suppl.) Vol.24:64-68.

Eam-o-pas, K., V. Munthimkarn, N. Ounkong, Y Goto and T. Yamauchi. 1988. Performance

of a self-propelled riding type rice transplanter. Kasetsart J. (Nat.Sci. Suppl.) Vol.22:79-87.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery.1983. Test codes and procedures for farm
machinery. Technical Series No.12. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery. 1979. Rice transplanter: highlights of

research, design, development and evaluation from different countries. RNAM Digest 1.
43pp.

Thein, M. Mechanical rice transaplanters in Burma.

A-86
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PNS/PAES 151:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for manufacture and performance of an engine
driven mechanical rice transplanter.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code – Steel

PNS/PAES 102: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation

PNS/PAES 152:2015Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Methods of

Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
grasping fork
part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings

3.2
mechanical rice transplanter
machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a puddled and levelled field

3.3
paddle wheel
modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate movement in the field

3.4
soil-bearing seedlings
rice seedlings grown in nursery for transplanting wherein the soil is retained with the roots
for transplanting

3.5
transplanting
method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice seedlings grown in a nursery are pulled
and transferred into puddled and levelled fields

A-87
3.6
transplanting arm
part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates picking and transplanting seedlings into a
puddled field

4 Classification

The mechanical rice transplanter shall be classified according to the following:

4.1 Riding type

Type of self-propelled rice transplanter that allows operator to ride on the machine during
operation (Figure 1)

Steering Wheel Seedling

Tray
Engine

Spare
Seedling
Tray

Float

Paddle Wheel

Figure 1 - Four-wheel riding type rice transplanter

4.2 Walk-behind type

Type of self-propelled rice transplanter wherein the operator walks behind the transplanter
during operation (Figure 2).

A-88
 Engine

Transmission
Handle

Seedling
Tray

Float

Figure 2 - Walk-behind rice transplanter

5 Principle of Operation

Rice seedlings grown in the nursery shall be placed on the seedling tray of the mechanical
rice transplanter. As the rice transplanter moves along the puddled field, the grasping fork of
the transplanting arm shall get a preset number of seedlings out of the seedling mat. The
transplanting arm shall be actuated by a cam assembly, which is connected to the PTO shaft
of a tractor. The seedlings shall then be directed into the puddled soil. Afterwards, the
transplanting arm shall reset back to its original position for the next stroke.

6 Manufacturing Requirements

The mechanical rice transplanter shall consist of seedling tray, transplanting arms, grasping
forks and float or floatation structure. Spacing between each transplanting arm shall be
uniform.

6.1 The seedling tray shall be made of non-corrosive material (e.g. engineering plastic).

6.2 The float shall be made of non-corrosive material (e.g. engineering plastic) with at
least 13 mm thickness and with a width of at least 152 mm.

6.3 The transplanting arm shall be made of G.I. steel or better material with at least 10
mm diameter. It shall have a uniform spacing of at least 200 mm.

6.4 The grasping forks shall be made of G.I. plain sheet gauge #24 or better material.

6.5 All bearings shall be sealed to prevent water and dirt from entering it.

A-89
6.6 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS D1.1:2000.

6.6.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.

6.6.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld metal
and base metal.

6.6.3 All craters shall be filled to provide the specified weld size, except for the end of
intermittent fillet welds outside of their effective length.

6.6.4 Weld profiles shall be in its acceptable form.

6.6.5 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm site fillet weld.

6.6.6 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.

6.7 The handle shall be covered with a non-slip material (e.g. rubber).

6.8 The paddle wheel shall be made of G.I. steel or better material. The wheel depth shall
be adjustable.

6.9 Guide wheels shall be made of G.I. steel or better material.

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 There shall be a field efficiency of at least 80%.

7.2 The grasping fork shall pick rice seedlings uniformly.

7.3 The distance between hills and rows shall be uniform based on the desired setting.

7.4 The percent damaged hills and percent missing hills shall not exceed 10%.

7.5 The seedlings shall be planted at a uniform depth based on the desired setting.

8 Power Requirement

8.1 The mechanical rice transplanter shall be operated using a minimum of 2.5 hp (1.9 kW)
engine for walk-behind and a minimum of 4 hp (3 kW) for ride-on type.

9 Safety, Workmanship and Finish

9.1 The mechanical rice transplanter shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.

9.2 Chain and sprocket or belt and pulley assembly shall be covered.

A-90
9.3 All bolts shall conform to standards for strength application and shall be made of hot-
galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.

9.4 The mechanical rice transplanter shall be free from sharp edges.

10 Warranty of Construction and Services

10.1 One (1) year warranty on parts and services, in accordance to the manufacturer’s
warranty policy, shall be provided. This shall start upon the acceptance of the mechanical rice
transplanter by the end user.

10.2 There shall be no breakdown of its major components under normal use within one
(1) year from acceptance of the mechanical rice transplanter by the end-user, in accordance to
the manufacturer’s warranty policy.

11 Maintenance and Operation

11.1 An operator’s manual, which conforms to PNS/PAES 102:2000 Agricultural

Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation shall be provided.

12 Testing

Testing of the mechanical rice transplanter shall be conducted on-site. It shall be tested for
performance in accordance with PNS/PAES 152: 2015 - Agricultural Machinery: Mechanical
Rice Transplanter – Methods of Test.

13 Marking and Labeling

13.1 The mechanical rice transplanter shall be marked in English, with the following
information, using a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

13.1.1 Registered trademark of the manufacturer

13.1.2 Brand

13.1.3 Model

13.1.4 Serial Number

13.1.5 Country of manufacture

13.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided. Markings shall be stated in English

or Filipino and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

A-91
13.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material. The markings
shall be water and heat resistant under normal cleaning procedures, it shall not fade, discolor,
crack, peel and shall remain legible.

A-92
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS*

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail: bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph

*BUREAU OF PHILIPPINE STANDARDS

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD
PNS/PAES 152:2015
(PAES published 2015)
ICS 65.060.30

Agricultural machinery – Mechanical rice

transplanter – Methods of test

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS*

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph

*BUREAU OF PHILIPPINE STANDARDS

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 152:2015
(PAES published 2015)

National Foreword

The Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 152:2015, Agricultural

machinery – Mechanical rice transplanter – Methods of test was approved for
adoption as Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of Philippine Standards
upon the recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation
Center (AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural
Resources Research and Development of the Department of Science and
Technology (PCAARRD-DOST).

This standard cancels and replaces PNS/PAES 152:2010 (PAES published 2010).
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PNS/PAES 152:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Methods of Test

Foreword

The revision of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of Standards for
Rice Production and Postproduction Machinery" which was funded by the Philippine Council
for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD) of
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PAES 010-2 – Rules for the
Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Campbell, J.K. 1990. Dibble sticks, donkeys, and diesels. International Rice Research
Institute. ISBN 971-104-185-5. 147-150.

Eam-o-pas, K. and Y. Goto. 1990. Comparative performance of the rice transplanters in

Thailand’s field conditions. Kasetsart J. (Nat.Sci. Suppl.) Vol.24:64-68.

Eam-o-pas, K., V. Munthimkarn, N. Ounkong, Y Goto and T. Yamauchi. 1988. Performance

of a self-propelled riding type rice transplanter. Kasetsart J. (Nat.Sci. Suppl.) Vol.22:79-87.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery. 1983. Test codes and procedures for farm
machinery. Technical Series No.12. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery. 1979. Rice Transplanter: highlights of

research, design, development and evaluation from different countries. RNAM Digest 1.
43pp.

Thein, M. Mechanical rice transaplanters in Burma.

A-96
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PNS/PAES 152:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Methods of Test

CONTENTS Page

1 Scope A-98
2 References A-98
3 Definitions A-98
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection A-99
4.1 Selection of mechanical rice transplanter to be tested A-99
4.2 Role of manufacturer/dealer A-100
4.3 Role of the operator A-100
4.4 Test site conditions A-100
4.5 Test instruments/equipment A-100
4.6 Suspension of test for mechanical rice transplanter A-100
5 Test and Inspection A-100
5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information A-100
5.2 Performance test A-100
5.3 Test trial A-103
6 Test Report Format A-103

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 - Random sampling areas A-101

Figure 2 - Distance between hills and between rows A-101
Figure 3 - Transplanting depth A-102
Figure 4 - Planting pattern A-103

ANNEXES

A Minimum List of Test Equipment A-105

B Specifications of Mechanical Rice Transplanter A-106
C Performance Test Data Sheet A-108
D Formula Used During Calculation and Testing A-112
E Seedling Preparation Using Double Mulching Technique A-114

A-97
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PNS/PAES 152:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a mechanical rice transplanter.
Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and accessories of the mechanical rice
transplanter and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the performance of the equipment;

1.3 evaluate the ease of handling and safety features and;

1.4 report the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text;
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PNS/PAES 103:2000 Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PNS/PAES 151:2015 Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter –

Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PNS/PAES 151:2015 and the
following shall apply:

3.1
actual field capacity
actual rate of transplanting in a given area per unit of time

NOTE The time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at the
headland, adjustment of machine and minor repairs.

3.2
effective operating width
total width of the two outermost transplanting arms

3.3
field efficiency
ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the theoretical
maximum productivity

A-98
3.4
hills
points in the field where seedlings are transplanted

3.5
overall length
measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter along its longer side
including all protruding parts

3.6
overall width
measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter along its shorter side
including all protruding parts

3.7
percent damaged hills
ratio of the total number of hills with seedlings damaged by cutting, bending or crushing
during transplanting to the total number of hills; expressed in percent (%)

3.8
percent missing hills
ratio of the total number of hills without seedlings to the total number of hills, expressed in
percent (%)

3.9
planting efficiency
ratio of the number of hills with seedlings to the total number of hills, expressed in percent
(%)

3.10
rows
series of hills in a field

3.11
theoretical field capacity
computed product of the effective operating width and speed of operation of the mechanical
rice transplanter

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Selection of mechanical rice transplanter to be tested

Mechanical rice transplanter to be tested should be in accordance with PNS/PAES 103:2000

Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling.

A-99
4.2 Role of manufacturer/dealer

The manufacturer/dealer shall submit the operator’s manual of the mechanical rice
transplanter and shall abide by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing
agency.

4.3 Role of the operator

An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate, operate,
adjust and make repairs related to the operation of the equipment.

4.4 Test site conditions

The mechanical rice transplanter shall be tested through actual transplanting of rice seedlings.
Each test, with three replications, shall be carried out in a rectangular field area with sides in
the ratio of 2:1 as much as possible. The field shall have an area of at least 1000 m2 with
ample space for headland turns. The field to be used shall be puddled and leveled before the
test.

4.5 Test instruments/equipment

The suggested list of minimum test equipment needed to carry out the mechanical rice
transplanter test is shown in Annex A. Seedling preparation is shown in Annex E.

4.6 Suspension of test for mechanical rice transplanter

If during the test, the mechanical rice transplanter malfunctions or stops due to major
component breakdown which is not repairable, the test shall be suspended.

5 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information

This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions and construction material
of the mechanical rice transplanter in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s technical
data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.

5.2 Performance test

5.2.1 This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the machine.

5.2.2 Soil data analysis

Initial data such as field area and soil type shall be obtained and recorded in Annex C before
the test operation.

A-100
5.2.3 Field performance test

5.2.3.1 The mechanical rice transplanter shall be tested through actual transplanting of rice
seedlings.

5.2.3.2 Five (5) sampling areas shall be randomly selected in the field (Figure 1).

Figure 1 - Random sampling areas

5.2.3.3 The number of seedlings per hill shall be noted and shall be recorded.

5.2.3.4 The distances between hills and between rows shall be measured and shall be
recorded in Annex C (Fig. 2).

Figure 2 - Distance between hills and between rows

5.2.3.5 Percent error for the distances shall be computed using the formula in Annex D.

5.2.3.6 The number of hills, missing hills, and damaged hills shall be noted and shall be
recorded.

A-101
5.2.3.7 Planting efficiency, percent damaged hills, and percent missing hills of the
mechanical rice transplanter shall be computed using the formula in Annex D.

5.2.3.8 Test for uniformity of transplanting depth

5.2.3.8.1 The transplanting depth per hill in a row shall be noted and shall be recorded
(Figure 3).

Figure 3 - Transplanting depth

5.2.3.9 Condition of the mechanical rice transplanter shall be inspected after the test to
determine damage or breakdown.

5.2.3.10 The total operating time of the mechanical transplanter shall be recorded. Non-
productive time shall also be recorded. Total productive time shall be obtained by subtracting
the non-productive time from the total operating time.

5.2.3.11 Actual and theoretical field capacity, as well as field efficiency, shall be computed
using the formula in Annex D.

5.2.3.12 Operating speed

Outside the longer side of the test plot, two poles 20 m apart (A, B) are placed approximately
in the middle of the test plot. On the opposite side, two poles are also placed in similar
position, 20 m apart (C, D) so that all four poles form corners of a rectangle, parallel to at
least one long side of the test plot. The speed will be calculated from the time required for the
machine to travel the distance (20 m) between the assumed line connecting two poles on
opposite sides AC and BD. The reference point of the machine should be selected for
measuring the time.

5.2.3.13 Fuel consumed

The fuel consumed by the mechanical rice transplanter shall be obtained. Before the start of
each test trial, the fuel tank shall be filled to a certain marked level. After each test trial, the
tank shall be refilled using a graduated cylinder. The amount refilled is the fuel consumption
for the test. When filling up the tank, keep the machine in a level position.

A-102
5.2.3.14 Welded parts shall be inspected. Loosened bolts shall be noted and tightened.

5.2.3.15 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.2.3.16 Planting pattern

Before the operation, a turning zone shall be established. It shall be about one cycle of going
and returning. Seedlings shall be transplanted next to the straight side of the border along the
longest side of the field (Figure 4).

Turning Zone

Figure 4 - Planting pattern

5.3 Test trial

At least three (3) trials shall be required in conducting the test. Test data shall be gathered as
required in Annex D.

6 Test Report Format

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

6.1 Title

6.2 Summary

6.3 Purpose and Scope of Test

6.4 Methods of Test

6.5 Description of the Machine

Table 1 – Machine Specifications

6.6 Results and Discussions

A-103
6.7 Observations (include pictures)

Table 2 –Performance test data

6.8 Name(s), signature(s) and designation(s) of test engineer(s)

A-104
 Annex A
Minimum List of Test Equipment

A.1 Equipment Quantity

A.1.1 Timer
Accuracy: 0.10 s 1
A.1.2 Steel tape
Capacity: 5 m; 50 m 2
A.1.4 Fuel consumption
Graduated cylinder
Capacity, 500 mL 1
A.1.5 Marking pegs 4
A.1.6 Scientific calculator 1
A.1.7 Camera 1

A-105
 Annex B
(informative)

Specifications of Mechanical Rice Transplanter

Name of Applicant/ Distributor: ____________________________________________________

Address:______________________________________________________________________
Tel No: _______________________________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION
Name of Manufacturer: ___________________________________________________________
Make: ______________________________
Classification: _______________________
Serial No: ___________________________ Brand/Model: ______________________
Testing Agency: ________________ Test Engineer: ____________________________
Date of Test: __________________ Location of Test: __________________________

Items to be inspected
Manufacturer’s Verification by the
ITEM
Specification Testing agency
B.1 Overall dimensions
B.1.1 Overall height, mm
B.1.2 Overall length, mm
B.1.3 Overall width, mm
B.1.4 Weight, kg
B.1.5 Operating width, mm
B.2 Seedling tray
B.2.1 Width, mm
B.2.2 Length, mm
B.2.3Material
B.3 Grasping fork
B.3.1 Width, mm
B.3.2 Length, mm
B.3.3 Material
B.3.4 Total number of grasping forks
B.4 Transplanting arm
B.4.1 Width, mm
B.4.2 Length, mm
B.4.3 Material
B.4.4 Total number of transplanting
arms
B.5 Float
B.5.1 Width, mm
B.5.2 Length, mm
B.5.3 Thickness, mm
B.5.4 Material

A-106
 Manufacturer’s Verification by the
ITEM
Specification Testing agency
B.6 Handle
B.6.1 width, mm
B.6.2 Length, mm
B.6.3 Material
B.7 Paddle wheel
B.7.1 Diameter, mm
B.7.2 Number of paddles
B.7.3 Material
B.8 Engine
B.8.1 Type
B.8.2 Power output, hp/kW
B.9 Mode of transmission system
B.9.1 type

A-107
 ANNEX C

Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be measured and inspected

C.1 Test field conditions Remarks
C.1.1 Field area, m2
C.1.2 Soil type

C.2 Field performance

C.2.1 Sampling Area 1
C.2.1.1 Number of seedlings per hill
C.2.1.2 Number of missing hills
C.2.1.3 Number of damaged hills

C.2.1.4
Distance between Ave
hills (mm)

C.2.1.5
Distance between Ave
rows (mm)

C.2.1.6 Percent error for distance between hills, %

C.2.1.7Planting efficiency, %
C.2.1.8Transplanting depth
Hill no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Depth,
Mm
C.2.1.9Mean depth, mm
C.2.1.10Standard deviation, mm

C.2.2 Sampling Area 2

C.2.2.1 Number of seedlings per hill
C.2.2.2 Number of missing hills
C.2.2.3 Number of damaged hills

C.2.2.4
Distance between Ave
hills (mm)

C.2.2.5
Distance between Ave
rows (mm)

C.2.2.6 Percent error for distance between hills, %

C.2.2.7Planting efficiency, %

A-108
C.2.2.8Transplanting depth
Hill no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Depth,
Mm
C.2.2.9Mean depth, mm
C.2.2.10 Standard deviation, mm

C.2.3 Sampling Area 3

C.2.3.1 Number of seedlings per hill
C.2.3.2 Number of missing hills
C.2.3.3 Number of damaged hills

C.2.3.4
Distance between Ave
hills (mm)

C.2.3.5
Distance between Ave
rows (mm)

C.2.3.6 Percent error for distance between hills, %

C.2.3.7Planting efficiency, %
C.2.3.8Transplanting depth
Hill no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Depth,
Mm
C.2.3.9Mean depth, mm
C.2.3.10 Standard deviation, mm

C.2.4 Sampling Area 4

C.2.4.1 Number of seedlings per hill
C.2.4.2 Number of missing hills
C.2.4.3 Number of damaged hills

C.2.4.4
Distance between Ave
hills (mm)

C.2.4.5
Distance between Ave
rows (mm)

C.2.4.6 Percent error for distance between hills, %

C.2.4.7Planting efficiency, %
C.2.4.8Transplanting depth

A-109
Hill no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Depth,
Mm
C.2.4.9Mean depth, mm
C.2.4.10 Standard deviation, mm

C.2.5 Sampling Area 5

C.2.5.1 Number of seedlings per hill
C.2.5.2 Number of missing hills
C.2.5.3 Number of damaged hills

C.2.5.4
Distance between Ave
hills (mm)

C.2.5.5
Distance between Ave
rows (mm)

C.2.5.6 Percent error for distance between hills, %

C.2.5.7Planting efficiency, %
C.2.5.8Transplanting depth
Hill no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Depth,
Mm
C.2.5.9Mean depth, mm
C.2.5.10 Standard deviation, mm

C.3 Transplanting speed

Trials
Items Average
1 2 3
Total operating time to
finish transplanting, h
Total non-productive
time, h
Total productive time, h
Transplanting speed, kph

Trials
C.4 Actual field Average
1 2 3
capacity, ha/h

Trials
C.5 Theoretical field Average
1 2 3
capacity, ha/h

A-110
 Trials
Average
C.6 Field Efficiency, % 1 2 3

Trials
Average
C.7 Fuel consumed, mL 1 2 3

C.9 Other observations Remarks

C.9.1Cracks on welded parts
C.9.2Detached welded parts
C.9.3Loosened bolts
C.9.4Miscellaneous:

A-111
 Annex D
(informative)

Formula Used During Calculations and Testing

D.1 Percent damaged hills

Hd
Hpd = x 100
Ht

where:
Hpd is the percent damaged hills, %
Hd is the number of damaged hills in the sampling area
Ht is the total number of hills in the sampling area

D.2 Percent missing hills

Hm
Hpm = x 100
Ht

where:
Hpm is the percent missing hills, %
Hm is the number of missing hills in the sampling area
Ht is the total number of hills in the sampling area

D.3 Planting efficiency

Hm
Pe =(1- ) x 100
Ht

where:
Pe is the planting efficiency of the transplanter, %
Hm is the total number of missing hills
Ht is the total number of hills in the sampling area

D.4 Actual field capacity

AT
FCA =
TT

where:
FCA is the actual field capacity, ha/h
AT is the total area transplanted, ha
TT is the total operating time required for transplanting, h

A-112
D.5 Theoretical field capacity
WC S
FCT =
10
where:
FCT is the theoretical field capacity, ha / h
WC is the effective operating width of the transplanter, m
S is the speed of the transplanter, kph
D.6 Field efficiency

FCA
Eff = x 100
FCT

where:
Eff is the field efficiency of the transplanter, %
FCA is the actual field capacity
FCT is the theoretical field capacity

A-113
 ANNEX E

Seedling Preparation Using Double Mulching Technique

1 Sowing is done manually using two plastic film sheets or canvass on seedbeds.

2 Preparation of plastic film

Wrap or fold the plastic film and make holes using the punching stick or common wire nail (with
punching handle).

3 Preparation of seedling frames for the seedbed

Wooden or steel bars/plates/purlin (or any similar material) can be used to prepare the seedling
frames. Seedling frames are fixed on the seedbed after the first mulch (plastic film) has been
placed.

4 Seedbed preparation

4.1 Choose an area with good access to irrigation and drainage.

4.2 Prepare the seedbed area 2-3 days before the sowing schedule.

4.3 Plow once and harrow (puddle and level) the seedbed area.

4.4 Construct the seedbeds, 1.5 m width, 3-5 cm height and at any desired length. Keep 30cm
distance between seedbeds.

4.5 Level the seedbed using wooden leveler (paleta).

5 Soil preparation

Prepare 1,500 kg of nutritional or garden soil for 1 ha before sowing. Dry the soil for
4-6 days to reduce moisture content to 10–20 % for easy crushing. Sieve crushed soil.

6 Seed soaking and incubation

6.1 Soak the seeds (40 kg/ha) in clean water for 6 hours. Keep the water and seeds at room
temperature.

6.2 Remove the soaked seeds from the container. Drain the water and place the seeds in clean
sack.

6.3 Tie the sack loose enough to allow the aeration of seeds.

6.4 Turn it every 2 hours to improve aeration. Keep it moist by sprinkling water each time
you turn until seeds germinate.

6.5 Seeds are ready for sowing when they start to break and until roots have extended to 1
mm.

A-114
7 Sowing

7.1 Place the plastic film into the seedbed. Stretch the plastic film well to cover the surface.

7.2 Fix the seedling frame on top of the plastic film. Pegs can be used to hold or permanently
fix the frames in place.

7.3 Place the pulverized soil inside the frame. The depth of soil bed in the frame should not
exceed 2 cm and should also be uniform and leveled. Saturate the pulverized soil with water
using a sprinkler or sprayer.

7.4 Spread the germinated seeds evenly using the required weight of seeds per area of the
seedling frame.

7.5 Cover the broadcasted seeds with a very thin film of soil ranging from 0.3–0.5 cm. Then
cover the seedbed with another plastic film (without holes) for 1-2 days depending on weather
conditions. The cover will serve as protection from the rain and birds.

7.6 Remove the plastic cover when the height of the seedlings reached 1 cm.

8 Water management

8.1 Water should be leveled on the surface of the seedbed. This depth should be maintained
during the single-leaf stage.

8.2 During 2-3 leaf stages, the water level should be frequently checked. During irrigation,
water depth should be leveled with the surface of the frame and should be drained after 10
minutes.

8.3 Four to five days before transplanting, the water level should be half the depth of the
seedbed to enhance the development of the roots.

8.4 Seedlings should be transplanted at 16-18 days of age.

9 Preparation of seedlings before transplanting

9.1 Drain the seedbed one day before transplanting.

9.2 Cut the seedling mat using sharp knife or cutter into tray size seedlings (28 cm x 116cm
or 28 cm x 58 cm).

9.3 Roll each seedling mat and distribute along the paddy dikes.

A-115
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS*

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail: bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph

*BUREAU OF PHILIPPINE STANDARDS

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 153:2010
(PAES published 2010)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Hand Pump –

Specifications

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 153:2010
(PAES published 2010)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 153:2010, Agricultural

machinery – Hand Pump – Specifications was approved for adoption as Philippine
National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards upon the recommendation of
the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development of the Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 153:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD - DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

Gray,W.B. and C.B. Ball. 1916. A working manual of American plumbing practice.
American Technical Society.

Keene, E.S. 1918. Mechanics of the household. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

Nasir,A., S.O. Ubokwe and A. Isah. 2004. Development of a manually operated hand
pump for rural water supply. AU J.T. 7(4):187-192.

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery. 1983. Test codes and procedures for
farm machinery. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.

United States Patent 6694862B1

http://www.ajayindustrial.com/handp_force&lift.htm

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Po-Re/Pumps-Traditional.html

http://www.cee.vt.edu/ewr/environmental/teach/wtprimer/pumps/pumps.html

http://www.steelforge.com/alloysteels.htm

http://www.survivalunlimited.com/waterpumps/ohandpumps.htm

http://www.cee.vt.edu/ewr/environmental/teach/wtprimer/pumps/pumps.html
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 153:2010

Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a hand
pump.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through the reference
in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 102: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation

PAES 154:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
check valve
valve inside the cylinder that holds the column of water in the draw pipe while the
plunger is being pushed down after each up-stroke

3.2
discharge valve
valve attached to the discharge side (for lift type hand pump) or to the body of the
cylinder (for force type hand pump) to allow one direction of flow of water only

3.3
hand pump
water pump powered by the movement of human arms

3.4
handle
lever that connects the pump rod to the pump head which often includes some
mechanism to add counterweight to balance the weight of the water being lifted up the
draw pipe

2
 PNS/PAES 153:2010

3.5
outlet
spout assembly of pump where water comes out

3.6
plunger
piston
part of the cylinder that is connected to the pump rod and which forces water up the
draw pipe

3.7
pump head
pump assembly attached to the stand which contains the handle outlet assembly

3.8
pump rod
plunger rod
steel rod that connects the pump handle to the plunger assembly within the
cylinder

3.9
pump stand
pedestal
base that attaches the hand pump to the ground and connects to the draw pipe

3.10
stroke
maximum distance that the plunger moves when the handle is moved

3.11
suction inlet
inlet to which the suction pipe is connected

3.12
suction pipe
pipe connecting the pump cylinder to the pump body where water moves up and out
to the pump spout during pumping

4 Classification

The hand pump shall be classified according to the following:

4.1.1 Lift type

Type of hand pump intended for use in lifting water from low-head cisterns and wells,
the depth of which is not beyond the head furnished by atmospheric pressure (Fig. 1).

3
PNS/PAES 153:2010

pump rod
handle
discharge outlet
pump head
plunger discharge
valve
suction inlet cylinder
assembly
check
valve

Figure 1. Lift type hand pump

4.1.2 Force type

Type of hand pump that performs the work of a lift pump and in addition forces the
water from the outlet at a pressure to suit any domestic application (Fig. 2).

pump rod
handle
discharge
plunger
outlet

pump head
air chamber
cylinder
assembly
discharge valve
check suction inlet
valve
Figure 2. Force type hand pump

4.1.2.1 Single acting

Type of force type hand pump that discharges water only on the forward stroke of the
piston or plunger and draw in water into the cylinder during the back stroke.

4
 PNS/PAES 153:2010

4.1.2.2 Double acting

Type of force type hand pump that discharges water on both forward and back
strokes.

5 Principle of Operation

5.1 Lift type

5.1.1 Water shall be lifted by the action of the plunger.

5.1.2 By pressing the handle downwards, the valve shall be raised inside the
cylinder.

5.1.3 The pressure inside the cylinder shall be reduced as the plunger assembly is
raised. This shall allow water in the suction pipe to rise correspondingly.

5.1.4 After repeated strokes, water shall then reach the cylinder entering the check
valve connected to the suction inlet.

5.1.5 The check valve shall open during downward stroke, and shall close during
upward stroke.

5.1.6 The space between the check valve and the plunger shall be filled with water.

5.1.7 Succeeding strokes of the cylinder shall then push the water between the
plunger and the check valve into the discharge valve connected to the plunger.
During the next upward stroke, water shall be lifted to the spout.

5.2 Force type

5.2.1 Almost the same principle shall apply as that of the lift type.

5.2.2 As the cylinder is filled with water, the downward stroke of the plunger shall
push the water through the discharge valve connected to the cylinder’s body.

5.2.3 Water shall pass through the discharge outlet. Some of the water shall enter an
air chamber which is also connected to the discharge outlet.

5.2.4 The water shall compress the air inside the chamber and shall create a pressure
to force the water out.

6 Manufacturing Requirements

The hand pump shall consist of a pump head, handle, plunger, cylinder assembly,
suction inlet and outlet.

6.1 The pump head and handle shall be made of cast iron or better material.

5
PNS/PAES 153:2010

6.2 The cylinder assembly shall be made of cast iron or better material and shall
have an inside diameter of at least 76 mm.

6.3 The check valve shall be made of cast iron or better material with a diameter
of at least 32 mm. It shall have sieves to filter possible contaminants.

6.4 The plunger shall be made of cast iron or better material. It shall be
surrounded with a gasket to keep it tight.

6.5 Gaskets shall be made of non-corrosive material (e.g. rubber).

6.6 Pump rods shall be made of cast iron or better material.

6.7 There shall be a provision for securing the handle to the pump head (e.g. cotter
pin or lock nut).

6.8 Lift type

6.8.1 The discharge valve in the plunger assembly shall be made of cast iron or
better material. It shall have a diameter of at least 32 mm.

6.8.2 The discharge outlet shall be made of cast iron or better material.

6.9 Force type

6.9.1 The discharge valve connected to the cylinder shall be made of cast iron or
better material. It shall have a diameter of at least 32 mm.

6.9.2 Air chamber shall be made of cast iron or better material with at least 6 mm
thickness. It shall be air-tight and water-tight.

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 Check valves shall be water-tight.

7.2 Lift type hand pump shall lift the water from cistern or well to at least 6 m.

7.3 Force type hand pump shall lift the water up to a height of 15 m from ground
level.

8 Safety, Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The hand pump shall have a rust-free finish.

8.2 The hand pump shall be free from sharp edges.

6
 PNS/PAES 153:2010

9 Warranty of Construction

9.1 The hand pump’s construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown
of its major components within one (1) year from the date of original
purchase.

9.2 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within one (1) year after
installation and acceptance by the consumer.

10 Maintenance and Operation

An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.

11 Testing

Testing of the hand pump shall be conducted on-site. It shall be tested for
performance in accordance with PAES 154.

12 Marking and Labeling

12.1 The hand pump shall be marked in English with the following information
using a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

12.1.1 Brand name or Registered trademark of the manufacturer

12.1.2 Model and/or Serial number

12.1.3 Country of manufacture (if imported)/“Made in the Philippines” (if

manufactured in the Philippines)

7
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Julieto T. Uriarte

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Angelito V. Angeles

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 154:2010
(PAES published 2010)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Hand Pump –

Methods of Test

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 154:2010
(PAES published 2010)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 154:2010, Agricultural

machinery – Hand Pump – Methods of Test was approved for adoption as Philippine
National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards upon the recommendation of
the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development of the Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 154:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD - DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

United States Patent 6694862B1

http://www.ajayindustrial.com/handp_force&lift.htm

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Po-Re/Pumps-Traditional.html

http://www.cee.vt.edu/ewr/environmental/teach/wtprimer/pumps/pumps.html

http://www.steelforge.com/alloysteels.htm

http://www.survivalunlimited.com/waterpumps/ohandpumps.htm

http://www.cee.vt.edu/ewr/environmental/teach/wtprimer/pumps/pumps.html
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 154:2010

CONTENTS Page

1 Scope 3
2 References 3
3 Definitions 3
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection 5
4.1 Role of the manufacturer/dealer 5
4.2 Role of the operator 5
4.3 Test site conditions 5
4.4 Test instruments/equipment 5
4.5 Termination of test for the hand pump 6
5 Test and Inspection 6
5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information 6
5.2 Performance test 6
5.3 Test trial 8
6 Test Report 8

ANNEXES

A Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment 10

B Specifications of Hand Pump 11
C Performance Test Data Sheet 13
D Formula Used During Calculation and Testing 16

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 154:2010

Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a hand pump.
Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the hand pump
and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the performance of the equipment; and,

1.3 report the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in

this text constitute provisions of these standards:

PAES 153:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 153 and the following
shall apply:

3.1
base plane
center line of the pump containing the center of the plunger in its highest position

3.2
discharge rate
volume of water pumped per unit time

3.3
friction head
equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow through the pipe
and pipe fittings

3.4
full stroke
operation of the pump from the topmost position of the handle to its lowest position

3
PNS/PAES 154:2010

3.5
head
quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content of the
liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum

3.6
overall height
measurement from the topmost part of the hand pump to the base or pedestal

3.7
overall length
measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its longer side including all
protruding parts

3.8
overall width
measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its shorter side including
all protruding parts

3.9
static suction head (h1)
vertical distance from base plane of the pump to the free level of water source

3.10
static discharge head (h2)
vertical distance from the base plane of the pump to the discharge water level

3.11
total static head (hg)
vertical distance from suction water level to discharge water level, the sum of the
static suction and discharge heads

3.12
volumetric efficiency
ratio of the actual volume of fluid discharge to that of the piston or plunger
displacement in one stroke.

3.13
water power
theoretical power required for pumping

4
 PNS/PAES 154:2010

level of
water outlet

h2
base
plane

hg

h1

level of
water source

Figure 1. Pump head measurement.

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Role of manufacturer/dealer

The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of hand pump and shall abide by
the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.

4.2 Role of the operator

An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate,

operate, adjust and make repairs related to the operation of the equipment.

4.3 Test site conditions

The pump shall be tested in a laboratory using a test rig. In the case of pump
permanently installed, it shall be tested at the site where it is installed.

4.4 Test instruments/equipment

The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the hand pump test
is shown in Annex A.

5
PNS/PAES 154:2010

4.5 Ambient conditions

The ambient conditions such as atmospheric pressure, temperatures (dry bulb and wet
bulb) and relative humidity shall be recorded at equal interval during the test.

4.6 Termination of test for hand pump

If during the test, the hand pump encounters major component breakdown or
malfunction, the test engineer shall terminate the test.

5 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information

This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions and construction
material of the hand pump in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s technical
data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.

5.2 Performance test

5.2.1 This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the
equipment.

5.2.2 Volumetric efficiency

5.2.2.1 This is carried out to determine the ratio of the actual volume of water
discharge to that of the piston or plunger displacement in one stroke.

5.2.2.2 Actual Volume Discharge per stroke Determination

In a bucket, measure the actual water discharge by the pump in ten (10) full strokes.

5.2.2.3 Piston Displacement

The inside diameter of the cylinder and the actual length of stroke shall be measured.

Note: Piston displacement shall be computed using the formula given in Annex D.

5.2.2.4 Volumetric efficiency shall be calculated using the formula given in Annex D.

5.2.3 Energy expenditure of the operator

5.2.3.1 The heart rate of the operator shall be measured at the carotid artery or at the
wrist before and after operations.

5.2.3.2 Estimated energy expenditure shall be obtained from the table presented below
(Table 1).

6
 PNS/PAES 154:2010

Table 1. Estimated energy expenditure (Christensen scale for work load).

Physical work load Heart rate Energy expenditure
Beat/min KJ/min
Very light < 75 <20
light 75-100 10-20
Moderate heavy 100-125 20-30
Heavy 125-150 30-40
Very heavy 150-175 40-50
Extra heavy >175 >50

5.2.3.3 The physical build of the operator such as stature, forward reach, hand length,
etc. shall be measured.

5.2.3.4 The items to be measured and investigated shall be recorded in the Annex C.

5.2.4 Pump performance

5.2.4.1 Suction head or suction lift (h1)

Suction head shall be measured from the water surface to the level of water in the
discharge, as shown in Figure 1.

5.2.4.2 Temperature of the liquid

Temperature of the liquid shall be measured from the water discharge by the pump
using a thermometer. All readings shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.2.4.3 The number of full strokes of operator in one minute of operation shall be
recorded in Annex C.

5.2.4.4 The time spent and the number of strokes from no discharge state to maximum
flow rate shall be recorded.

5.2.4.5 Total discharge head, total static head and water power shall be computed
using the formula in Annex D.

5.2.4.6 Discharge of lift type hand pump

5.2.4.7 The discharge of the hand pump shall be obtained.

5.2.4.8 Pressure reading and computation of total dynamic head (TDH) for force type

5.2.4.8.1 Pressure gauges shall be attached to the suction side (vacuum gauge) and
to the discharge side (discharge pressure gauge) of the force pump (Fig. 2).

7
PNS/PAES 154:2010

valve

discharge
pressure
gauge

z2
base plane

z1

vacuum
gauge

Figure 2. Pressure reading for force type hand pump.

5.2.4.8.2 With the valve closed, the force pump shall be operated. The pressure
readings shall be read and shall be recorded. This shall yield the maximum
pressure that the pump can hold. The number of full strokes to sustain that
pressure shall also be noted.

5.2.4.8.3 The valve shall be adjusted to obtain new set of readings. The pressure
readings for the respective discharge values shall be recorded. At least five
(5) sets of pressure readings and amount of discharge shall be obtained and
shall be plotted in the graph with the latter as the independent variable.

5.2.4.8.4 The heads at the discharge and at the suction sides shall be computed using
the formula in Annex D.

5.2.4.8.5 The total dynamic head shall be computed using the formula in Annex D.

5.2.5 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.3 Test trial

There shall be at least three (3) trials to conduct the test.

6 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

8
 PNS/PAES 154:2010

6.1 Title

6.2 Summary

6.3 Purpose and Scope of Test

6.4 Methods of Test

6.5 Description of the Machine

Table 1 – Machine Specifications

6.6 Results and Discussions

6.7 Observations (include pictures)

Table 2 –Performance test data

6.8 Name(s), signature(s) and designation(s) of test engineer(s)

9
 PNS/PAES 154:2010

Annex A

Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment

Items Quantity
A.1. timer
1
accuracy: 0.10 s
A. 2 measuring tape 1
A.3 discharge measurement
bucket
1
capacity: 22.7 L (5 gal)
A.4 pressure gauge
1
capacity: 10 kPa
A.5 ambient conditions
thermometer 1
barometer 1
A.6 calculations
scientific calculator 1
A.7 temperature of liquid
thermometer 1

10
 PNS/PAES 154:2010

Annex B
(informative)

Specifications of Hand Pump

Name of Applicant/ Distributor: ___________________________________________

Address: _____________________________________________________________
Tel No: ______________________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION
Name of Manufacturer: _________________________________________________
Make: ____________________________
Classification: _______________________
Serial No: ____________________ Brand/Model: ________________________
Production date of hand pump to be tested:________________________________
Testing Agency: _______________ Test Engineer: _______________________
Date of Test: ___________________ Location of Test: _____________________

Items to be inspected
Manufacturer’s Verification by the
ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.1 overall dimensions
B.1.1 overall length, mm
B.1.2 overall width, mm
B.2 handle
B.2.1 length, mm
B.2.2 thickness, mm
B.2.3 material
B.2.4 weight (without counterweight),
kg
B.3 counterweight (if present)
B.3.1 weight, kg
B.3.2 material
B.3.3 means of attachment
B.4 pump head assembly
B.4.1 width, mm
B.4.2 length, mm
B.4.3 height, mm
B.4.3 material
B.5 discharge outlet
B.5.1 width/diameter, mm
B.5.2 length, mm
B.5.3 thickness, mm
B.5.4 material
B.6 plunger/piston
B.6.1 stroke, mm
B.6.2 diameter, mm

11
PNS/PAES 154:2010

Manufacturer’s Verification by the

ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.6.3 thickness, mm
B.6.4 material
B.6.5 weight. kg
B.7 cylinder
B.7.1 bore, mm
B.7.2 thickness, mm
B.7.3 material
B.8 gasket
B.8.1 thickness, mm
B.8.2 material
B.9 check valve
B.9.1 diameter, mm
B.9.2 material
B.9.3 type of filtering (if present)
B.10 discharge valve
B.10.1 diameter, mm
B.10.2 material
B.11 discharge, Lpm

12
 PNS/PAES 154:2010

ANNEX C

Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be measured and Inspected

C.1 Water conditions Remarks
C.1.1 source of water
C.1.2 location

C.2 Ambient conditions

C.2.1 temperature
C.2.1.1 dry bulb, ºC
C.2.1.2 wet bulb, ºC
C.2.1.3 relative humidity, %
C.2.1.4 atmospheric pressure, Pa

C.3 Volumetric efficiency

Trials
Items Average
1 2 3
C.3.1 actual volume of
water discharged in 10 full
strokes, m3
C.3.2 piston
displacement, m3
C.3.3 volumetric
efficiency, %

C.4 Energy expenditure

Trials
Items Average
1 2 3
C.4.1 initial heart rate of
the operator, beat/min
C.4.2 final heart rate of the
operator, beat/min
C.4.3 estimated energy
expenditure, kJ/min
C.4.4 operator’s build:
C.4.4.1 forward reach, m
C.4.4.2 hand length, m
C.4.4.3 others:

C.5 Pump performance

Trials
Items Average
1 2 3

13
PNS/PAES 154:2010

C.5.1 total suction head

(h1), m
C.5.2 discharge
temperature, °C
C.5.3 time to max. flow
rate, s
C.5.4 number of strokes
to max. flow rate, s
C.5.5 discharge
capacity, m3/min
C.5.6 pressure (for
force type), kPa
C.5.7 total discharge
head (h2), m
C.5.8 total static head
(hg), m
C.5.9 water power, kW

C.6 Pressure reading and total dynamic head

Trials
Items
1 2 3 4 5
C.6.1 pressure reading at the
suction side, Pa
C.6.2 pressure reading at the
discharge side, Pa
C.6.3 head at discharge, m
C.6.4 gauge correction
factor at suction side (z1), m
C.6.5 gauge correction
factor at suction side (z2), m
C.6.6 discharge (Q), m3
C.6.7 number of full strokes
to sustain the pressure

C.7 Other observations Remarks

C.7.1 ease of operation *
C.7.2 detached welded parts
C.7.3 loosened bolts
C.7.4 number of gaskets replaced during test
C.7.5 miscellaneous:

* rating: 1 – very good 4 – poor

2 – good 5 – very poor
3 – satisfactory

14
 PNS/PAES 154:2010

C.7 Plot of discharge pressure versus discharge

50

40
Discharge pressure, Pa

30

20

10

m3
Discharge (Q), m3

15
PNS/PAES 154:2010

ANNEX D

Formula Used During Calculation and Testing

D.1 Piston displacement

where:

Pd piston displacement, m3
D piston diameter, m2
h maximum length of stroke, m

D.2 Total static head

where:

Hg total static head, m

h1 total suction head, m
h2 total discharge head, m

D.3 Total discharge head

where:

h2 total discharge head, m

hd discharge head, m
hf friction head, m

D.4 Total suction head

where:

h1 total suction head, m

hs suction head, m
hf friction head, m

16
 PNS/PAES 154:2010

D.5 Friction head

where:
hf friction head, m
f coefficient of friction loss
L pipe length, m
D pipe diameter, m
V velocity of the water, m/s
g acceleration due to gravity, m/s2

D.6 Water power

where:

WP water power, kW
Hg total static head, m
Q discharge rate, L/s

D.7 Volumetric efficiency

where:

n volumetric efficiency of pump, %

Qa actual discharge, m3
Pd piston displacement, m3

D.8 Total dynamic head

where:

TDH total dynamic head, m

hd head at discharge side, m
hs head at suction side, m

17
PNS/PAES 154:2010

D.9 Head at the discharge side

where:

hd head at discharge side, m

P2 pressure at discharge side
v column velocity at the discharge side, m/s
g acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
z2 gauge correction factor, m

D.10 Head at the suction side

where:

hs head at discharge side, m

P1 pressure at discharge side
v column velocity at the discharge side, m/s
g acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
z1 gauge correction factor, m

18
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Julieto T. Uriarte

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Angelito V. Angeles

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 155:2010
(PAES published 2010)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Mist Blower –

Specifications

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 155:2010
(PAES published 2010)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 155:2010, Agricultural

machinery – Mist Blower – Specifications was approved for adoption as Philippine
National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards upon the recommendation of
the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development of the Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 155:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD - DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

New Zealand Qualifications Authority. 2007. Operate a knapsack motorised mist

blower for agrichemical application. 4 pp.

OSHA. 1972. Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), Federal Register. Vol
37.No.202. Oct.18, 1972.

Record, L.1969. Needed: adequate management equipment. USGA Green Section.

Sidde Gowda, D.K., B. V. Patil and S. Yelshetty. 2007. Performance of different

sprayers against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on chickpea.
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 20(2): (261-264).

World Health Organization. 1990. Equipment for vector control. Third Edition.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 155:2010

Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a mist
blower.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through the reference
in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard:

AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code - Steel

PAES 102: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation

PAES 156:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
cut-off valve
valve used to stop the flow of fluid

3.2
mist
fine drops of liquid, such as water or chemical pesticide, sprayed into the air

3.3
mist blower
equipment that sprays liquid in the form of mist (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2)

3.4
wand
part of the mist blower that connects the nozzle to the blower

2
 PNS/PAES 155:2010

4 Classification

4.1 Backpack mist blower

Type of mist blower that is carried by an operator on his back for mobility (Fig. 1).
adjustable
tank cover knob

pesticide
tank hose

fuel tank wand

fan handle with cut-off

valve

engine
flexible
sprayer hose
frame

Figure 1. Backpack mist blower

4.2 Mounted mist blower

Type of mist blower that is mounted on a tractor or other vehicle for mobility (Fig. 2).
tank cover

tank
fan

nozzle

engine

fuel tank

Figure 2. Mounted mist blower

3
PNS/PAES 155:2010

5 Principle of Operation

5.1 The tank shall be filled with liquid chemical prior to starting of the mist
blower engine.

5.2 The tank cover shall be secured.

5.3 The valves shall be checked if they are in closed position.

5.4 The mist blower engine shall then be started.

5.5 Upon reaching the desired pressure, the valve shall then be opened to release
the mist.

5.6 The nozzle shall be aimed at the target area to be applied.

6 Manufacturing Requirements

6.1 Backpack mist blower

Generally, the backpack mist blower shall consist of tank, hose, nozzle, wand and
engine.

6.1.1 The mist blower shall conform to the operator’s body, distributing weight
evenly, presenting operating controls in a reasonable location and
configuration, in such a way that the operator is not exhausted after sustained
usage.

6.1.2 The mist blower shall have a net weight of not more than 15 kg.

6.1.3 The wand shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or better

material. It shall have a length of at least 0.3 m.

6.1.4 An adjustment knob shall be attached to the wand.

6.1.5 The tank shall be made of non-corrosive material (e.g. engineering plastic). It
shall have an air-tight and water-tight construction to avoid leakage. It shall
have a drain valve for maintenance and cleaning.

6.1.6 The tank cover and the gasket shall be made of chemical resistant
polyvinylchloride or better material.

6.1.7 A flexible hose shall be used to attach the nozzle to the engine and tank. It
shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or better material.

6.1.8 Hose clamps shall be made of non-corrosive material.

6.1.9 The load bearing part of the strap shall be at least 50 mm wide. A load bearing
waist strap is desirable.

4
 PNS/PAES 155:2010

6.1.10 The strap shall be made of durable and non-absorbent material (e.g. nylon
fabric) with at least 1.5 mm thickness and 35 mm width.

6.1.11 Strap pads shall be provided for operator’s comfort. It shall have a thickness of
at least 10 mm and a width of at least 65 mm.

6.1.12 There shall be provision for adjustment of the strap.

6.1.13 A quick release mechanism shall be provided for emergency purposes

6.1.14 The cut-off valve shall be installed on the handle of the mist blower for instant
stopping of the blower. It shall have a variable setting for adjusting droplet
sizes.

6.1.15 The fuel tank shall be made of polyethylene or better material. It shall have
provision for filtration of foreign materials.

6.1.16 The nozzle shall be made of non-corrosive material.

6.2 Mounted mist blower

The mounted mist blower shall consist of the main frame, tank, blower, and engine.

6.2.1 The main frame shall be made of AISI 1020 or better material with a thickness
of at least 6 mm.

6.2.2 The tank shall be made of non-corrosive material (e.g. engineering plastic). It
shall have an air-tight and water-tight construction to avoid leakage. It shall
have a drain valve for maintenance and cleaning.

6.2.3 The tank cover and gasket shall be made of chemical resistant
polyvinylchloride or better material.

6.3 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS
D1.1:2000.

6.3.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.

6.3.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld
metal and base metal.

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 The mist blower shall not produce noise higher than the maximum permissible
level (Table 1).

5
PNS/PAES 155:2010

Table 1. Permissible noise exposures as required by the Occupational Safety and

Health Act (OSHA), Federal Register. Vol 37.No.202. Oct.18, 1972.
Hours of exposure per workday Permissible noise level (dBA)
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1.5 102
1 105
0.5 110
0.25 or less 115

7.2 There shall be a discharge rate of 0.12 to 0.17 Lpm per nozzle.

7.3 There shall be an air speed of at least 90 m/s.

7.4 The mist blower shall produce evenly sized droplets.

7.5 The mist blower shall not produce run-off.

8 Safety, Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The tank and sprayer frame of the mist blower shall have rounded corners.

8.2 There shall be a gap between the fuel tank and the engine of the mist blower.

8.3 Safety locks shall be provided to avoid accidental opening of the valve.

8.4 Cushions shall be installed for backpack mist blowers for operator’s comfort.

8.5 Mufflers shall have a protective cover to protect the operator from burns.

8.6 Fuel lines and other fuel components shall have protective sleeves to help
prevent rupture of lines from snagging over incidental damages.

9 Warranty of Construction

9.1 The mist blower’s construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown
of its major components within one (1) year from the date of original
purchase.

9.2 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within one (1) year after
installation and acceptance by the consumer.

9.3 The engine shall be covered by a separate warranty.

6
 PNS/PAES 155:2010

10 Maintenance and Operation

An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.

11 Testing

Testing of the mist blower shall be conducted on-site. The mist blower shall be tested
for performance in accordance with PAES 156.

12 Marking and Labeling

12.1 The mist blower shall be marked in English with the following information:

12.1.1 Brand name or Registered trademark of the manufacturer (optional)

12.1.2 Model and/or Serial number

12.1.3 Country of manufacture (if imported)/“Made in the Philippines” (if

manufactured in the Philippines)

12.1.4 Basic specifications of the mist blower

12.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided. Markings shall be stated in

English and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

12.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material and
shall be water and heat resistant under normal cleaning procedures, it shall not
fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

7
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Julieto T. Uriarte

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Angelito V. Angeles

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 156:2010
(PAES published 2010)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Mist Blower –

Methods of Test

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 156:2010
(PAES published 2010)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 156:2010, Agricultural

machinery – Mist Blower – Methods of Test was approved for adoption as Philippine
National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards upon the recommendation of
the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development of the Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 156:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD - DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

New Zealand Qualifications Authority. 2007. Operate a knapsack motorised mist

blower for agrichemical application. 4 pp.

Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard 113: 2000 - Agricultural Machinery –

Lever-Operated Knapsack Sprayer – Methods of Test

Record, L.1969. Needed: adequate management equipment. USGA Green Section.

Sidde Gowda, D.K., B. V. Patil and S. Yelshetty. 2007. Performance of different

sprayers against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on chickpea.
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 20(2): (261-264).

World Health Organization. 1990. Equipment for vector control. Third Edition.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 156:2010

CONTENTS Page

1 Scope 3
2 References 3
3 Definitions 3
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection 4
4.1 Role of the manufacturer/dealer 4
4.2 Role of the operator 4
4.3 Test site conditions 4
4.4 Test instruments/equipment 4
4.5 Tractor to be used 4
4.6 Termination of test for the mist blower 4
5 Test and Inspection 4
5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information 4
5.2 Performance test 4
5.3 Test trial 6
6 Test Report 6

ANNEXES

A Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment 7

B Specifications of Mist Blower 8
C Performance Test Data Sheet 10
D Formula Used During Calculation and Testing 12

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 156:2010

Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a mist blower.
Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the mist blower
and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the performance of the equipment; and,

1.3 report the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in

this text constitute provisions of these standards:

PAES 155:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 155 and the following
shall apply:

3.1
blower range
distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out

3.2
number median diameter
diameter of a droplet which will divide the number of sample droplets into two equal
halves

3.3
volume median diameter
diameter of a droplet which will divide the volume of sample droplets into two equal
halves

3
PNS/PAES 156:2010

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Role of manufacturer/dealer

The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the mist blower and shall
abide by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.

4.2 Role of the operator

An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate,

operate, adjust and repair matters related to the operation of the equipment.

4.3 Test site conditions

The site where the mist blower shall be tested shall have a space greater than the
maximum reach of the equipment as specified in the operator’s manual.

4.4 Test instruments/equipment

The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the mist blower test
is shown in Annex A.

4.5 Termination of test for mist blower

If during the test, the mist blower encounters major component breakdown or
malfunction, the test engineer shall terminate the test.

5 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information

This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and
accessories of the mist blower in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s technical
data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.

5.2 Performance test

5.2.1 This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the
equipment.

5.2.1.1 The noise emitted by the mist blower shall be measured 50 mm away from the
operator’s ear level. This shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.2.1.2 The fuel consumed by the engine of the mist blower shall be obtained. This
can be done by measuring the volume of fuel refilled after the test. The tank
shall be filled to full capacity before and after each trial.

5.2.1.3 The cut-off valve shall be preset at the maximum setting.

4
 PNS/PAES 156:2010

5.2.1.4 The air velocity of the mist blower shall be obtained at the outlet using an
anemometer. The velocity shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.2.1.5 Discharge rate of the mist blower shall be obtained either by directly using a
graduated cylinder and getting the time or by measuring the volume of liquid
required to refill the mist blower after spraying and getting the total time to
consume the liquid. Discharge rate shall be computed in Annex D.

5.2.1.6 The blower range shall be obtained by determining the distance of the mist
blown from the nozzle. The operator shall measure the longest reach of the
mist from the tip of the outlet. Wind speed in the test site shall be measured
and recorded.

5.2.1.7 The mist blower shall be tested for uniformity of droplet sizes. The cut-off
valve shall be preset depending on the desired setting. The mist blower shall
then be operated and shall be allowed to pass over a series of magnesium
oxide coated glass slides. The slides shall be examined under a microscope.
Droplet sizes shall be recorded. In the absence of magnesium oxide coated
glass slides, the tank shall be filled with a solution of dye. The mist shall pass
over a series of collecting paper or glass slides. The dried paper, slides or their
photographs shall be examined under a microscope. The mean diameter and
percent error shall be computed using the formula in Annex D. The volume
median diameter (VMD) and the number median diameter (NMD) shall be
obtained. The ratio of the VMD to the NMD shall be obtained.

5.2.1.8 For backpack type, tilt and inversion test shall be conducted to check for any
leak on the blower. It shall be filled with water and shall be tilted at an angle
of 90 degrees for five minutes on each side. The mist blower shall then be
inverted for five minutes. No leak from any part of the mist blower shall
occur.

5.2.1.9 The mist blower shall be evaluated for ease of operation. Two operators shall
operate and evaluate the mist blower. The mist blower shall be evaluated
according to the following: adaptation to back of the operator (for backpack
type), accessibility, ease of actuating the cut-off device, ease of dismantling,
assembly and maintenance of the mist blower, ease of filling and cleaning the
tank, convenience in fixing the straps and provisions for adjusting strap length.

5.2.1.10 Evaluation for operator’s safety shall be conducted for the mist blower.
The mist blower shall be subjected to different safety tests such as the
following:

5.2.1.11 A full capacity mist blower standing on a level surface shall be pushed
until it tips over, observation shall be made if the tank filler cap is removed.
The different components of the mist blower shall be checked regarding any
injury that the operator may encounter while using the mist blower. Items to
be measured shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.2.1.12 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.

5
PNS/PAES 156:2010

5.3 Test trial

There shall be at least three (3) trials to conduct the test.

6 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

6.1 Title

6.2 Summary

6.3 Purpose and Scope of Test

6.4 Methods of Test

6.5 Description of the Machine

Table 1 – Machine Specifications

6.6 Results and Discussions

6.7 Observations (include pictures)

Table 2 –Performance test data

6.8 Name(s), signature(s) and designation(s) of test engineer(s)

6
 PNS/PAES 156:2010

Annex A

Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment

Items Quantity
A.1 timer
1
accuracy: 0.10 s
A.2 anemometer 1
A.3 weighing scale 1
A.4 fuel consumption
graduated cylinder
1
capacity, 1000 mL
A.5 droplet size analysis
microscope 1
glass slides as needed
collecting paper as needed
magnesium oxide coated glass slides as needed
dye solution as needed
A.6 noise level meter 1

7
PNS/PAES 156:2010

Annex B
(informative)

Specifications of Mist Blower

Name of Applicant/ Distributor: ___________________________________________

Address: _____________________________________________________________
Tel No: _____________________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION
Name of Manufacturer: _________________________________________________
Make: _____________________________
Classification: _______________________
Serial No: __________________________ Brand/Model: _____________________
Production date of mist blower to be tested: ________________________________
Testing Agency: _____________________ Test Engineer: _____________________
Date of Test: ________________________ Location of Test: __________________

Items to be inspected
Manufacturer’s Verification by the
ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.1 overall dimensions
B.1.1 height, mm
B.1.2 length, mm
B.1.3 width, mm
B.1.4 weight, kg
B.2 tank
B.2.1 material
B.2.2 thickness, mm
B.3 tank cover
B.3.1 material
B.3.2 gasket
B.3.2.1 material
B.3.2.2 thickness, mm
B.4 flexible hose
B.4.1 material
B.4.2 thickness, mm
B.4.3 length, mm
B.5 wand
B.5.1 material
B.5.2 thickness, mm
B.5.3 length, mm
B.6 nozzle
B.6.1 diameter, mm
B.6.2 material
B.7 engine
B.7.1 type
B.7.2 power rating, kW

8
 PNS/PAES 156:2010

Manufacturer’s Verification by the

ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.7.3 type of starting
B.8 mounting (for mounted type)
B.8.1 type of mounting
B.9 width of spray, m
B.10 blower range, m
B.11 angle of spray, deg

9
PNS/PAES 156:2010

ANNEX C

Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be measured and Inspected

C.1 Test site conditions Remarks
C.1.1 area, m2.
C.1.2 wind speed, kph

C.2 Mist blower performance

Items Trials Ave.
1 2 3
C.2.1 Noise
level, dB
C.2.2 Fuel
consumption,
mL
C.2.3 cut-off
valve setting
C.2.4 air
velocity, m/s
C.2.5
discharge rate,
Lpm
C.2.6 blower
range, m
C.2.7 width of
spray, m

C.3 Tilt and Inversion Tests

Observations:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

C.4 Droplet size analysis

Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
diameter
, mm
Mean diameter, mm:
Percent error, %:
Volume median diameter, mm:
Number median diameter, mm:
VMD/NMD:

10
 PNS/PAES 156:2010

C.5 Other observations Remarks

C.5.1 ease of use *
C.5.2 safety of operator*
C.5.3 presence of filtration system*
C.5.4 detached welded parts
C.5.5 loosened bolts
C.5.6 miscellaneous:

* rating: 1 – very good 4 – poor

2 – good 5 – very poor
3 – satisfactory

11
PNS/PAES 156:2010

ANNEX D

Formula Used During Calculation and Testing

D.1 Discharge rate

where:

Q discharge rate of the mist blower, Lpm

V total volume of liquid required to refill the mist blower,

L

t total time required to consume the liquid, min

D.2 Percent error for droplet size

where:

% error percent error, %

Dm mean diameter, mm

Dp actual diameter, mm

12
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Julieto T. Uriarte

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Angelito V. Angeles

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 157:2011
(PAES published 2011)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Power Sprayer

for Mango – Specifications

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 157:2011
(PAES published 2011)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 157:2011,

Agricultural machinery – Power Sprayer for Mango – Specifications was
approved for adoption as Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of
Product Standards upon the recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for
Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development of
the Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 157:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Power Sprayer for Mango – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD - DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

DARE.2009. Agricultural mechanization and energy management. DARE/ICAR

Annual Report 2008–2009.

Resende, J.V. and V. Silveira Jr. 2004. Air velocity profiles in air blast freezers filled
with boxes of fruit pulp models. Engenharia Térmica (Thermal Engineering), Vol. 3 ·
No. 2 · December 2004 · p. 127-133.

Sumner, P.E. 2005. Pecan orchard air blast sprayers. Department of Agricultural and
Biological Engineering. The University of Georgia.

United States Patent US3774845. Orchard Sprayer.

United States Patent USD422056. Hose End Trigger Power Spray Nozzle.

3
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 157:2011

Agricultural Machinery – Power Sprayer for Mango – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a power
sprayer for mango.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through the reference
in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard:

AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code – Steel

PAES 102: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation

PAES 158:2011 Agricultural Machinery – Power Sprayer for Mango – Methods

of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
cut-off valve
valve used to stop the flow of fluid (Fig.1)

3.2
lance
metallic tube that connects the nozzle to the hose of power sprayer (Fig. 1)

nozzle spray
handle with
adjustment
cut-off valve
knob

Figure 1. Lance

4
 PAES 157:2011

3.3
power sprayer for mango
equipment powered by an electric motor or by an engine used to spray fertilizer or
pesticide to a certain height (Fig.2 and 3)

3.4
nozzle
tip of lance of the power sprayer where the chemical is sprayed out (Fig.1)

3.5
pressure relief valve
component of the power sprayer used to regulate the pressure

3.6
runoff
overflow of water from the nozzle

4 Classification

4.1 Frame mounted power sprayer

Type of power sprayer mounted on a steel frame which is carried by at least two (2)
operators for transport (Fig. 2).

belt and pulley fuel tank

assembly cover

pump fuel tank

engine
tensioner frame
handle
frame

Figure 2. Frame mounted power sprayer

4.2 Wheel-mounted power sprayer

Type of power sprayer mounted on wheels, either pushed by an operator or towed by

a vehicle. The pump can be powered by an engine or an electric motor (Fig. 3).

5
PAES 157:2011

frame
handle

engine hose
chemical
pump tank

frame

Figure 3a. Hand-pushed wheel-mounted power sprayer

fuel tank cover hose

fuel tank tank

cover
engine
chemical
tank
pump

main
frame

Figure 3b. Towed wheel-mounted power sprayer

5 Principle of Operation

Before starting the pump, the intake hose shall be dipped into the tank filled with the
solution. The pressure relief valve shall be opened and shall be set to the desired
pressure. The cut-off valve shall be opened and shall be adjusted to achieve the
desired spray. The nozzle shall be preset to stream or mist prior to application.
Streams shall be directed above the tree while mists shall be directed on the leaves or
flowers of the tree. After spraying, the cut-off and pressure relief valves shall be
closed before turning off the pump.

6
 PAES 157:2011

6 Manufacturing Requirements

Generally, the power sprayer shall consist of main frame, prime mover (engine or
electric motor), pump, spray hose, lance and nozzle. All specifications indicated
below are minimum requirements.

6.1.1 The main frame shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material
with a thickness of at least 6 mm. It shall be constructed from welded angular
or flat bars.

6.1.2 The prime mover shall be mounted on the main frame with hexagonal bolts
with at least 10 mm (3/8”) diameter. Lock nuts shall be used to secure the
prime mover to the frame.

6.1.3 The pump shall be mounted on the main frame with hexagonal bolts with at
least 10 mm (3/8”) diameter. Lock nuts shall be used.

6.1.4 The pump shall be of a positive displacement type and shall have a return line
integrated in the system.

6.1.5 The spray hose shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or better
material with an inside diameter of at least 10 mm (3/8”). It shall have a
minimum length of 15 m and a maximum length of 200 m.

6.1.6 The lance shall be made of non-corrosive steel or better material. It shall have
a length of at least 1 m.

6.1.7 The nozzle shall be made of non-corrosive material and shall be detachable
from the lance to allow replacement.

6.1.8 The nozzle shall be adjustable to produce mist or stream.

6.1.9 Pressure relief valves shall be installed to regulate pressure of the pump.

6.1.10 Cut-off valve shall be installed on the handle of the lance to allow instant
stopping of the spray.

6.1.11 Pressure gauge shall have an accuracy of ± 1% of maximum pressure.

6.1.12 Hose clamps shall be made of non-corrosive material.

6.1.13 Frame handle shall be covered with a non-slip and non-corrosive material.

6.1.14 The power sprayer shall have a minimum of two filters, which are made of
non-corrosive material, with each allowing easy cleaning, maintenance and/or
replacement

6.1.15 The filter shall have a mesh of 100 per square centimeter.

7
PAES 157:2011

6.1.16 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS
D1.1:2000.

6.1.16.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.

6.1.16.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and base metal.

6.1.16.3 All craters shall be filled to provide the specified weld size, except for the
end of intermittent fillet welds outside of their effective length.

6.1.16.4 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm size fillet weld.

6.1.16.5 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.

6.1.17 Frame mounted power sprayer

6.1.17.1 The intake hose shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or

better material with an inside diameter of at least 16 mm. It shall have a filter
at the end to prevent possible contaminants from clogging the pump line.

6.1.17.2 The material of the hose may be either rubber or synthetic material. If
rubber, it shall have one or more plies of fiber reinforcement.

6.1.17.3 Hoses shall be retained on connectors and couplings preferably by clamps or

clips of the worm drive type. Threaded connections may be of any design
provided the strength and size permit liquid tight joints to be made by thumb
pressure at the highest operating pressure of the sprayer.

6.1.17.4 The power sprayer shall be equipped with belt tensioner.

6.1.18 Wheel mounted power sprayer

6.1.18.1 The tank shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or better

material with a thickness of at least 6 mm (1/4”). It shall have a water-tight
condition.

6.1.18.2 The tank cover shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or

better material.

6.1.18.3 Gaskets shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or better

material.

6.1.18.4 There shall be a ground clearance of at least 200 mm.

6.1.18.5 The power sprayer shall have a minimum of two filters, which are made of
non-corrosive material, with each allowing easy cleaning, maintenance
and/or replacement.

6.1.18.6 The filter shall have a mesh of 100 per square centimeter.

8
 PAES 157:2011

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 The power sprayer shall not produce noise higher than 92 db measured one
meter away from the source of noise.

7.2 The power sprayer shall produce uniformly-sized droplets.

7.3 The power sprayer shall have an operating pressure of 1.21 MPa (175 psi) to
1.75 MPa (250 psi).

7.4 The power sprayer shall have a discharge rate of at least 15 Lpm.

8 Safety, Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The chemical tank of the power sprayer shall have rounded corners.

8.2 Safety locks shall be provided to avoid accidental opening of the valve.

8.3 Mufflers shall have protective cover to protect the operator from burns.

8.4 Belt and pulley assembly shall have protective cover.

8.5 All bolts and nuts shall conform with standards for strength application and
shall be made of hot-galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.

9 Warranty of Performance

9.1 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within six (6) months after
installation and acceptance by the consumer.

9.2 Warranty shall be provided for the prime mover within one (1) year after
installation and acceptance by the consumer.

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 An operator’s manual preferably conforming to PAES 102:2000 shall be

provided.

10.2 Drain valve on chemical tank shall be provided for wheel-mounted power
sprayer.

11 Testing

The power sprayer shall be tested for performance in accordance with PAES
158:2011.

9
PAES 157:2011

12 Marking and Labeling

12.1 The power sprayer shall be marked in English with the following information:

12.1.1 Brand name or Registered trademark of the manufacturer (optional)

12.1.2 Model and/or Serial number

12.1.3 Country of manufacture (if imported)/“Made in the Philippines” (if

manufactured in the Philippines)

12.1.4 Basic specifications of the power sprayer

12.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided. Markings shall be stated in

English and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

12.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material and
shall be water and heat resistant under normal cleaning procedures, it shall not
fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

10
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Emerito V. Banal

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Cirilo M. Namoc

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 158:2011
(PAES published 2011)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Power Sprayer

for Mango – Methods of Test

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 158:2011
(PAES published 2011)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 158:2011,

Agricultural machinery – Power Sprayer for Mango – Methods of Test was
approved for adoption as Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of
Product Standards upon the recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for
Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development of
the Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 158:2011
Agricultural Machinery –Power Sprayer for Mango – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

DARE.2009. Agricultural mechanization and energy management. DARE/ICAR

Annual Report 2008–2009.

Resende, J.V. and V. Silveira Jr. 2004. Air velocity profiles in air blast freezers filled
with boxes of fruit pulp models. Engenharia Térmica (Thermal Engineering), Vol. 3 ·
No. 2 · December 2004 · p. 127-133.

Sumner, P.E. 2005. Pecan orchard air blast sprayers. Department of Agricultural and
Biological Engineering. The University of Georgia.

United States Patent US3774845. Orchard Sprayer.

United States Patent USD422056. Hose End Trigger Power Spray Nozzle.

3
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 158:2011

CONTENTS Page

1 Scope 5
2 References 5
3 Definitions 5
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection 6
4.1 Role of the manufacturer or dealer 6
4.2 Role of the operator 6
4.3 Test site conditions 6
4.4 Test instruments or equipment 6
4.5 Termination of test for the power sprayer 6
5 Test and Inspection 6
5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information 6
5.2 Performance test 6
5.3 Test trial 7
6 Test Report 7

ANNEXES

A Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment 9

B Specifications of Power sprayer 10
C Performance Test Data Sheet 12
D Formula Used During Calculation and Testing 13

4
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 158:2011

Agricultural Machinery – Power Sprayer for Mango – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a power sprayer for
mango. Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the power sprayer
and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the performance of the equipment; and,

1.3 report the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in

this text constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 157:2011 Agricultural Machinery – Power sprayer for mango –

Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 157:2011 and the
following shall apply:

3.1
mean diameter
average diameter of droplets

3.2
number median diameter
diameter which divides the number of droplets into two equal halves

3.3
sprayer range
distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out

3.4
volume median diameter
diameter divides the volume of spray into two equal halves

5
PAES 158:2011

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Role of manufacturer or dealer

The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the power sprayer and shall
abide by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.

4.2 Role of the operator

An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate,

operate, adjust and repair matters related to the operation of the equipment.

4.3 Test site conditions

The site where the power sprayer shall be tested shall have a space greater than the
maximum reach of the equipment as specified in the operator’s manual.

4.4 Test instruments or equipment

The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the power sprayer
test is shown in Annex A.

4.5 Termination of test for power sprayer

If during the test, the power sprayer encounters major component breakdown or
malfunction, the test engineer shall terminate the test.

5 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information

This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and
accessories of the power sprayer in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s
technical data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.

5.2 Performance test

5.2.1 This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the
equipment.

5.2.1.1 The noise emitted by the power sprayer shall be measured 50 mm away from
the operator’s ear level and one meter away from the source of noise. This
shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.2.1.2 The fuel consumption of the engine of the power sprayer shall be obtained by
measuring the volume of fuel refilled after the test. The tank shall be filled to
full capacity before and after each trial.

6
 PAES 158:2011

5.2.1.3 Discharge rate of the power sprayer shall be obtained either by directly using a
graduated cylinder and getting the time or by measuring the volume of liquid
required to refill the power sprayer after spraying and getting the total time to
consume the liquid. Discharge rate shall be computed in Annex D.

5.2.1.4 The sprayer range shall be obtained by determining the distance of the spray
droplet blown from the nozzle. The operator shall measure the longest reach of
the droplet from the tip of the nozzle. Wind speed in the test site shall be
measured and recorded.

5.2.1.5 The power sprayer shall be tested for uniformity of droplet sizes. The pressure
shall be set on the manufacturer’s recommended setting. The power sprayer
shall be allowed to pass over a series of magnesium oxide coated glass slides.
The slides shall be examined under a microscope. Droplet sizes shall be
recorded. In the absence of magnesium oxide coated glass slides, the tank shall
be filled with a solution of dye. The spray shall pass over a series of collecting
paper or glass slides. The dried paper, slides or their photographs shall be
examined under a microscope. The mean diameter and percent uniformity
shall be computed using the formula in Annex D. The volume median
diameter (VMD) and the number median diameter (NMD) shall be obtained.
The ratio of the VMD to the NMD shall be obtained

5.2.1.6 Condition of power sprayer after the test shall be compared to its initial
condition.

5.2.1.7 Welded parts shall be inspected.

5.2.1.8 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.3 Test trial

There shall be at least three (3) trials to conduct the test.

6 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

6.1 Title

6.2 Summary

6.3 Purpose and Scope of Test

6.4 Methods of Test

6.5 Description of the Machine

Table 1 – Machine Specifications

7
PAES 158:2011

6.6 Results and Discussions

6.7 Observations (include pictures)

Table 2 –Performance test data

6.8 Name(s), signature(s) and designation(s) of test engineer(s)

8
 PAES 158:2011

Annex A

Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment

Items Quantity
A.1 timer
1
accuracy: 0.10 s
A.2 anemometer 1
A.3 fuel consumption
graduated cylinder
1
capacity, 1000 mL
A.4 droplet size analysis
microscope 1
glass slides as needed
collecting paper as needed
magnesium oxide coated glass slides as needed
dye solution as needed
A.5 noise level meter 1

9
PAES 158:2011

Annex B
(informative)

Specifications of Power sprayer

Name of Applicant/ Distributor: ___________________________________________

Address: _____________________________________________________________
Tel No: _____________________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION
Name of Manufacturer: _________________________________________________
Make: _____________________________
Classification: _______________________
Serial No: __________________________ Brand/Model: _____________________
Production year: ________________________
Testing Agency: _____________________ Test Engineer: _____________________
Date of Test: ________________________ Location of Test: __________________

Items to be inspected
Manufacturer’s Verification by the
ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.1 overall dimensions
B.1.1 height, mm
B.1.2 length, mm
B.1.3 width, mm
B.2 chemical tank
B.2.1 material
B.2.2 thickness, mm
B.3 chemical tank cover
B.3.1 material
B.3.2 gasket
B.3.2.1 material
B.3.2.2 thickness, mm
B.3.3 capacity, L
B.4 spray hose
B.4.1 material
B.4.2 thickness, mm
B.4.3 length, mm
B.5 lance
B.5.1 material
B.5.2 thickness, mm
B.5.3 length, mm
B.6 nozzle
B.6.1 diameter, mm
B.6.2 material
B.7 prime mover
B.7.1 type
B.7.2 power rating, kW

10
 PAES 158:2011

Manufacturer’s Verification by the

ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.7.3 type of starting
B.7.4 revolutions per minute
B.8 mounting
B.8.1 type of mounting
B.9 width of spray, m
B.10 sprayer range, m
B.11 angle of spray, deg
B.12 pump
B.12.1 operating pressure
B.12.2 type

11
PAES 158:2011

ANNEX C

Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be measured and Inspected

C.1 Test site conditions Remarks
C.1.1 area, m2
C.1.2 wind speed, kph

C.2 Power sprayer performance

Items Trials Ave.
C.2.1 Noise I II III
level, dB
C.2.2 Fuel
consumption, mL
C.2.3 Max.
height reach, m
C.2.4 Discharge
rate, Lpm
C.2.5 Sprayer
range, m
C.2.6 Width of
spray, m

C.2.7 Droplet size analysis

Sample I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
Diameter,
mm
Mean diameter, mm:
Percent uniformity, %:
Volume median diameter, mm:
Number median diameter, mm:
VMD/NMD:

C.3 Other observations Remarks

C.3.1 ease of use *
C.3.2 type of filtration system*
C.3.3 detached welded parts
C.3.4 loosened bolts
C.3.5 miscellaneous:

* rating: 1 – very good 4 – poor

2 – good 5 – very poor
3 – satisfactory

12
 PAES 158:2011

ANNEX D

Formula Used During Calculation and Testing

D.1 Discharge rate

where:

Q discharge rate of the power sprayer, Lpm

V total volume of liquid required to refill the power

sprayer, L

t total time required to consume the liquid, min

D.2 Percent uniformity of droplet size

where:

%u percent uniformity, %

Dm mean diameter, mm

Dp actual diameter, mm

13
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Emerito V. Banal

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Cirilo M. Namoc

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 159:2011
(PAES published 2011)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Sugarcane

Planter – Methods of Test

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 159:2011
(PAES published 2011)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 159:2011,

Agricultural machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Specifications was approved for
adoption as Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards
upon the recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery Testing and
Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development of the
Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 159:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

Dafa’alla, A.M. and M.A.Hummeida. 1991. Performance evaluation of a sugarcane

planter. J. King Saud. Univ. Vol.3. Agric. Sci. (1). 5-14.

Patil, A., A.K. Dave and R.N.S. Yaday. 2004. Evaluation of sugarcane cutter planter.
Sugar Tech. Vol.6 (3):121-125.

United States Patent US5357882. Sugar Cane Planter.

United States Patent US4084465. Sugar Cane Planter.

United States Patent US5469797. Sugar Cane Planter.

United States Patent US4450778. Sugar Cane Billet Planter.

United States Patent US6712013 B2. Methods of Planting Sugarcane Seed to Achieve
a High Plant Density.

World Intellectual Property Organization.1985. WO 85/05082

http://www.popularpsw.com/product/PopularAutomaticSugarcanePlanter

http://www.iisr.nic.in

3
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 159:2011

Agricultural Machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a

sugarcane planter.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through the reference
in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard:

AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code - Steel

PAES 102: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation

PAES 106: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment –

Terminology

PAES 118: 2001 Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

PAES 311:2001 Engineering Materials – Bolts and Nuts for Agricultural

Machines – Specifications and Applications

PAES 160: 2011 Agricultural Machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 106:2000 and the
following definitions shall apply:

3.1
drawbar
bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are attached

3.2
feeder
person who aids in dropping sugarcane billets into the furrow

3.3
feeding shank
component of the sugarcane planter that cuts the sugarcane billets and drops it into
the furrow

4
 PAES 159:2011

3.4
gauge wheel
auxiliary component of the sugarcane planter that helps maintain uniform depth of
furrows

3.5
main frame
part of the sugarcane planter that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels
together

3.6
shank
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard

3.7
sugarcane billet
sugarcane stalks containing buds used as planting material (Fig.1)

node

internode

bud

Figure 1. Sugarcane billet

3.8
sugarcane planter
agricultural equipment used for planting sugarcane billets (Fig.2)

4 Classification

4.1 Semi-automatic sugarcane planter

Type of sugarcane planter that is capable of chopping sugarcanes into billets which
are dropped into the furrows (Fig.2).

5
PAES 159:2011

cane
hopper
feeder seat

3-point linkage

main frame
shank
gauge wheel
furrow closer furrower
feeding shank

Figure 2. Semi-automatic sugarcane planter

4.2 Manual sugarcane planter

Type of sugarcane planter that is not capable of chopping sugarcane but instead,
requires pre-cut billets for planting (Fig.3).

cane hopper

main frame feeder seat

feeding shank
gauge wheel furrow closer
shank
furrower

Figure 3. Manual sugarcane planter

5 Principle of Operation

The sugarcane planter shall be mounted on the tractor. After being transported to the
field, the implement shall be lowered on the soil. The desired operating depth shall be
set by adjusting the gauge wheels or though the action of hydraulic cylinders. The
sugarcane planter shall be pulled by the tractor for the furrower to cut through the soil.

5.1 For semi-automatic sugarcane planter, the sugarcane shall be cut in the chopper
and shall be dropped evenly into the furrows through the feeding shanks. The

6
 PAES 159:2011

furrow closer of the sugarcane planter shall cover the sugarcane billets with soil
after passing.

5.2 For manual sugarcane planter, the sugarcane shall be pre-cut into billets and
shall be loaded into the hopper. The feeder shall drop the billets into the feeding
shank of the sugarcane planter.

6 Manufacturing Requirements

Generally, the sugarcane planter shall consist of chassis assembly, gauge wheels,
feeding shanks, chopper, chain and sprocket assembly, plow assembly, cane hopper
and tractor engagement assembly. All specifications indicated below are minimum
requirements.

6.1 The chassis assembly shall be made of mild steel or better material. It shall be
constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3”x 4”) square tube or channel bar or
from a 76 mm angular bar with at least 6 mm thickness. It shall have a
provision for attachment to the tractor as specified in PAES 118:2001.

6.2 The feeding shanks shall be made of mild steel or better material with a
thickness of at least 6 mm.

6.3 The plow assembly shall consist of shanks, furrower and furrow closer.

6.3.1 Shanks shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) or better material with at
least 5 mm (3/16”) thickness. The shanks shall be attached to the frame by bolt
or shall be fully welded.

6.3.2 The furrower shall be made of heat- treated carbon steel (e.g. AISI 1080) or
alloy steel or better material. It shall be bolted to the end of the shanks to
allow replacement. It shall have a thickness of at least 5 mm (3/16”).

6.3.3 The furrow closer shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) or better
material.

6.4 Gauge wheels should have an adjustable axle to allow modification of

operating depth.

6.5 The cane hopper shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material
with a thickness of at least 6 mm. It shall have a cone-shaped construction.

6.6 Feeding shanks shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material.

6.7 The tractor engagement assembly shall be attached to the chassis assembly. It
shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material with a thickness
of at least 6 mm.

6.8 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS
D1.1:2000.

7
PAES 159:2011

6.8.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.

6.8.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and base metal.

6.8.3 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm size fillet weld.

6.8.4 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.

6.9 For semi-automatic sugarcane planter, the chopper shall be made of hardened
steel (e.g. AISI 1085) or better material. Chopping mechanism shall be
actuated by the gauge wheel.

6.10 The opening of the neck of the hopper shall conform with the size of the
feeding shanks’ arms.

6.11 There shall be provision for varying the distance between rows from 0.75 m to
1.5 m.

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 The sugarcane planter shall plant the billets at a depth ranging from 20 cm to
27 cm.

7.2 The sugarcane planter shall cover the planted billets with soil after passing.

7.3 There shall be at least 80% field efficiency.

7.4 The shank assembly and the gauge wheel assembly shall be intact after the
test.

7.5 For semi-automatic sugarcane planter, there shall be a uniform distance

between the billets planted.

7.6 The chopper of the semi-automatic sugarcane planter shall produce billets with
three to four stalk eyes.

8 Safety, Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The sugarcane planter shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.

8.2 The sugarcane planter shall be free from manufacturing defects

8.3 All bolts shall conform with PAES 311:2001 for strength application and shall
be made of hot-galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.

8
 PAES 159:2011

9 Warranty of Construction

9.1 The sugarcane planter’s construction shall be rigid and durable without
breakdown of its major components within six (6) months from the date of
original purchase.

9.2 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within six (6) months after
installation and acceptance by the consumer.

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 An operator’s manual which conforms with PAES 102:2000 shall be provided.

10.2 Grease points shall be provided.

11 Testing

Testing of the sugarcane planter shall be conducted on-site. The sugarcane planter
shall be tested for performance in accordance with PAES 160:2011.

12 Marking and Labeling

12.1 The sugarcane planter shall be marked in English with the following
information:

12.1.1 Brand name or Registered trademark of the manufacturer (optional)

12.1.2 Model and/or Serial number

12.1.3 Country of manufacture (if imported)/“Made in the Philippines” (if

manufactured in the Philippines)

12.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided. Markings shall be stated in

English and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

12.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material and
shall be water and heat resistant under normal cleaning procedures, it shall not
fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

12.4 Reflectors shall be attached at the rear of the sugarcane planter for safety
during transport.

9
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Emerito V. Banal

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Cirilo M. Namoc

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 159:2011
(PAES published 2011)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Sugarcane

Planter – Methods of Test

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 159:2011
(PAES published 2011)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 159:2011,

Agricultural machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Specifications was approved for
adoption as Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards
upon the recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery Testing and
Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development of the
Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 159:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

Dafa’alla, A.M. and M.A.Hummeida. 1991. Performance evaluation of a sugarcane

planter. J. King Saud. Univ. Vol.3. Agric. Sci. (1). 5-14.

Patil, A., A.K. Dave and R.N.S. Yaday. 2004. Evaluation of sugarcane cutter planter.
Sugar Tech. Vol.6 (3):121-125.

United States Patent US5357882. Sugar Cane Planter.

United States Patent US4084465. Sugar Cane Planter.

United States Patent US5469797. Sugar Cane Planter.

United States Patent US4450778. Sugar Cane Billet Planter.

United States Patent US6712013 B2. Methods of Planting Sugarcane Seed to Achieve
a High Plant Density.

World Intellectual Property Organization.1985. WO 85/05082

http://www.popularpsw.com/product/PopularAutomaticSugarcanePlanter

http://www.iisr.nic.in

3
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 159:2011

Agricultural Machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a

sugarcane planter.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through the reference
in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard:

AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code - Steel

PAES 102: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation

PAES 106: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment –

Terminology

PAES 118: 2001 Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

PAES 311:2001 Engineering Materials – Bolts and Nuts for Agricultural

Machines – Specifications and Applications

PAES 160: 2011 Agricultural Machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 106:2000 and the
following definitions shall apply:

3.1
drawbar
bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are attached

3.2
feeder
person who aids in dropping sugarcane billets into the furrow

3.3
feeding shank
component of the sugarcane planter that cuts the sugarcane billets and drops it into
the furrow

4
 PAES 159:2011

3.4
gauge wheel
auxiliary component of the sugarcane planter that helps maintain uniform depth of
furrows

3.5
main frame
part of the sugarcane planter that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels
together

3.6
shank
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard

3.7
sugarcane billet
sugarcane stalks containing buds used as planting material (Fig.1)

node

internode

bud

Figure 1. Sugarcane billet

3.8
sugarcane planter
agricultural equipment used for planting sugarcane billets (Fig.2)

4 Classification

4.1 Semi-automatic sugarcane planter

Type of sugarcane planter that is capable of chopping sugarcanes into billets which
are dropped into the furrows (Fig.2).

5
PAES 159:2011

cane
hopper
feeder seat

3-point linkage

main frame
shank
gauge wheel
furrow closer furrower
feeding shank

Figure 2. Semi-automatic sugarcane planter

4.2 Manual sugarcane planter

Type of sugarcane planter that is not capable of chopping sugarcane but instead,
requires pre-cut billets for planting (Fig.3).

cane hopper

main frame feeder seat

feeding shank
gauge wheel furrow closer
shank
furrower

Figure 3. Manual sugarcane planter

5 Principle of Operation

The sugarcane planter shall be mounted on the tractor. After being transported to the
field, the implement shall be lowered on the soil. The desired operating depth shall be
set by adjusting the gauge wheels or though the action of hydraulic cylinders. The
sugarcane planter shall be pulled by the tractor for the furrower to cut through the soil.

5.1 For semi-automatic sugarcane planter, the sugarcane shall be cut in the chopper
and shall be dropped evenly into the furrows through the feeding shanks. The

6
 PAES 159:2011

furrow closer of the sugarcane planter shall cover the sugarcane billets with soil
after passing.

5.2 For manual sugarcane planter, the sugarcane shall be pre-cut into billets and
shall be loaded into the hopper. The feeder shall drop the billets into the feeding
shank of the sugarcane planter.

6 Manufacturing Requirements

Generally, the sugarcane planter shall consist of chassis assembly, gauge wheels,
feeding shanks, chopper, chain and sprocket assembly, plow assembly, cane hopper
and tractor engagement assembly. All specifications indicated below are minimum
requirements.

6.1 The chassis assembly shall be made of mild steel or better material. It shall be
constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3”x 4”) square tube or channel bar or
from a 76 mm angular bar with at least 6 mm thickness. It shall have a
provision for attachment to the tractor as specified in PAES 118:2001.

6.2 The feeding shanks shall be made of mild steel or better material with a
thickness of at least 6 mm.

6.3 The plow assembly shall consist of shanks, furrower and furrow closer.

6.3.1 Shanks shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) or better material with at
least 5 mm (3/16”) thickness. The shanks shall be attached to the frame by bolt
or shall be fully welded.

6.3.2 The furrower shall be made of heat- treated carbon steel (e.g. AISI 1080) or
alloy steel or better material. It shall be bolted to the end of the shanks to
allow replacement. It shall have a thickness of at least 5 mm (3/16”).

6.3.3 The furrow closer shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) or better
material.

6.4 Gauge wheels should have an adjustable axle to allow modification of

operating depth.

6.5 The cane hopper shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material
with a thickness of at least 6 mm. It shall have a cone-shaped construction.

6.6 Feeding shanks shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material.

6.7 The tractor engagement assembly shall be attached to the chassis assembly. It
shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material with a thickness
of at least 6 mm.

6.8 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS
D1.1:2000.

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PAES 159:2011

6.8.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.

6.8.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and base metal.

6.8.3 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm size fillet weld.

6.8.4 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.

6.9 For semi-automatic sugarcane planter, the chopper shall be made of hardened
steel (e.g. AISI 1085) or better material. Chopping mechanism shall be
actuated by the gauge wheel.

6.10 The opening of the neck of the hopper shall conform with the size of the
feeding shanks’ arms.

6.11 There shall be provision for varying the distance between rows from 0.75 m to
1.5 m.

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 The sugarcane planter shall plant the billets at a depth ranging from 20 cm to
27 cm.

7.2 The sugarcane planter shall cover the planted billets with soil after passing.

7.3 There shall be at least 80% field efficiency.

7.4 The shank assembly and the gauge wheel assembly shall be intact after the
test.

7.5 For semi-automatic sugarcane planter, there shall be a uniform distance

between the billets planted.

7.6 The chopper of the semi-automatic sugarcane planter shall produce billets with
three to four stalk eyes.

8 Safety, Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The sugarcane planter shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.

8.2 The sugarcane planter shall be free from manufacturing defects

8.3 All bolts shall conform with PAES 311:2001 for strength application and shall
be made of hot-galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.

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 PAES 159:2011

9 Warranty of Construction

9.1 The sugarcane planter’s construction shall be rigid and durable without
breakdown of its major components within six (6) months from the date of
original purchase.

9.2 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within six (6) months after
installation and acceptance by the consumer.

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 An operator’s manual which conforms with PAES 102:2000 shall be provided.

10.2 Grease points shall be provided.

11 Testing

Testing of the sugarcane planter shall be conducted on-site. The sugarcane planter
shall be tested for performance in accordance with PAES 160:2011.

12 Marking and Labeling

12.1 The sugarcane planter shall be marked in English with the following
information:

12.1.1 Brand name or Registered trademark of the manufacturer (optional)

12.1.2 Model and/or Serial number

12.1.3 Country of manufacture (if imported)/“Made in the Philippines” (if

manufactured in the Philippines)

12.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided. Markings shall be stated in

English and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

12.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material and
shall be water and heat resistant under normal cleaning procedures, it shall not
fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

12.4 Reflectors shall be attached at the rear of the sugarcane planter for safety
during transport.

9
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Emerito V. Banal

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Cirilo M. Namoc

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 160:2011
(PAES published 2011)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Sugarcane

Planter – Methods of Test

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 160:2011
(PAES published 2011)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 160:2011,

Agricultural machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Methods of Test was approved
for adoption as Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of Product
Standards upon the recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development of the
Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 160:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

Dafa’alla, A.M. and M.A.Hummeida. 1991. Performance evaluation of a sugarcane

planter. J. King Saud. Univ. Vol.3. Agric. Sci. (1). 5-14.

Patil, A., A.K. Dave and R.N.S. Yaday. 2004. Evaluation of sugarcane cutter planter.
Sugar Tech. Vol.6 (3):121-125.

United States Patent US5357882. Sugar Cane Planter.

United States Patent US4084465. Sugar Cane Planter.

United States Patent US5469797. Sugar Cane Planter.

United States Patent US4450778. Sugar Cane Billet Planter.

United States Patent US6712013 B2. Methods of Planting Sugarcane Seed to Achieve
a High Plant Density.

World Intellectual Property Organization.1985. WO 85/05082

http://www.popularpsw.com/product/PopularAutomaticSugarcanePlanter

http://www.iisr.nic.in

3
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 160:2011

CONTENTS Page

1 Scope 5
2 References 5
3 Definitions 5
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection 6
4.1 Role of the manufacturer or dealer 6
4.2 Role of the operator 7
4.3 Test site conditions 7
4.4 Test equipment 7
4.5 Tractor to be used 7
4.6 Termination of test for the sugarcane planter 7
5 Test and Inspection 7
5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information 7
5.2 Performance test 7
5.3 Test trial 8
6 Test Report 8

ANNEXES

A Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment 10

B Specifications of Sugarcane Planter 11
C Performance Test Data Sheet 13
D Formula Used During Calculation and Testing 15
E Field Performance Test 19

4
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 160:2011

Agricultural Machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a sugarcane planter.
Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the sugarcane

planter and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the performance of the equipment; and,

1.3 report the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in

this text constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 159:2011 Agricultural Machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 159:2011 and the
following shall apply:

3.1
draft
total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement

3.2
drawbar power
power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least 20 meters

3.3
effective field capacity
actual rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time

3.4
field efficiency
ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the theoretical
maximum productivity

5
PAES 160:2011

3.5
implement
any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor

3.6
implement width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost
edges of the implement

3.7
operating width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement
performs its intended function

3.8
percent cutting
ratio of the number of stalks cut to the total number of stalks in the reservoir
expressed in percentage

3.9
percent damaged stalk eyes
ratio of the number of billets with damaged stalk eyes to the total number of billets
dropped expressed in percentage

3.10
plant distance
distance between the two sugarcane billets planted in a row

3.11
transport height
overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest point

3.12
transport length
overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the implement to
the mounting point (Fig.5)

3.13
wheel slip
reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the attached implement

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Role of manufacturer or dealer

The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the sugarcane planter and
shall abide by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.

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 PAES 160:2011

4.2 Role of the operator

An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate,

operate, adjust and repair matters related to the operation of the equipment.

4.3 Test site conditions

The sugarcane planter shall be tested through actual planting of sugarcane into the
field. The field shall have ample space to allow turns in headland. The size of the field
shall not be less than 1000 m2 and shall be rectangular in shape, with sides in ratio of
2:1 as much as possible.

4.4 Test equipment

The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the sugarcane
planter test is shown in Annex A.

4.5 Tractor to be used

The tractor to be used to conduct the test shall be compatible with the sugarcane
planter in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification of required power.

4.6 Termination of test for sugarcane planter

If during the test, the sugarcane planter encounters major component breakdown or
malfunction, the test engineer shall terminate the test.

5 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information

This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and
accessories of the sugarcane planter in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s
technical data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.

5.2 Performance test

5.2.1 This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the
equipment.

5.2.2 Measurement of initial data

5.2.2.1 Soil data analysis

Initial data, such as field area, soil type and soil moisture content and soil hardness
shall be obtained and recorded in Annex C before the test operation.

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PAES 160:2011

5.2.2.2 Implement characteristics

Dimensions and other measurements shall be noted.

5.2.3 Field performance test

5.2.3.1 The tractor speed shall be obtained during the planting operation. This can be
obtained by recording the time required for the sugarcane planter to travel the
distance between two (2) points in the field.

5.2.3.2 The total test time shall be obtained by acquiring the total time to finish the
test field. Non- productive time (e.g. headland turns) shall be recorded.
Productive time shall be obtained by deducting the non- productive time from
the total test time.

5.2.3.3 The fuel consumption of the tractor while using sugarcane planter shall be
obtained as described in Annex E.

5.2.3.4 The draft of the sugarcane planter shall be determined as described in Annex
E.

5.2.3.5 Field efficiency, effective field capacity, drawbar power requirements of the
implement shall be obtained using the formula in Annex D.

5.2.3.6 The semi-automatic sugarcane planter shall be tested for uniformity of

planting as described in Annex E.

5.2.3.7 Wheel slip shall be determined as described in Annex E.

5.2.3.8 Condition of sugarcane planter after test shall be compared to its initial
condition.

5.2.3.9 Welded parts shall be inspected.

5.2.3.10 Loosened bolts shall be noted.

5.2.3.11 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.2.4 Percent damaged stalk eyes and percent cutting of the semi-automatic
sugarcane planter shall be determined using the formula in Annex D.

5.3 Test trial

There shall be at least three (3) trials to conduct the test.

6 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

8
 PAES 160:2011

6.1 Title

6.2 Summary

6.3 Purpose and Scope of Test

6.4 Methods of Test

6.5 Description of the Machine

Table 1 – Machine Specifications

6.6 Results and Discussions

6.7 Observations (include pictures)

Table 2 –Performance test data

6.8 Name(s), signature(s) and designation(s) of test engineer(s)

9
 PAES 160:2011

Annex A

Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment

Items Quantity
A.1. timer
1
accuracy: 0.10 s
A. 2 steel tape
1
length: 5 m; 50 m
A.3 weighing scale
1
capacity, 1000 kg
A.4 fuel consumption
graduated cylinder
1
capacity, 1000 mL
A.5 four-wheel tractor 1 unit
A.6 soil analysis
soil test kit 1
oven 1
penetrometer 1
A.7 marking pegs 4
A.8 marking tape 1
A.9 draft measurement
spring, hydraulic or strain-gauge type
1
dynamometer

10
 PAES 160:2011

Annex B
(informative)

Specifications of Sugarcane Planter

Name of Applicant/ Distributor: ___________________________________________

Address: _____________________________________________________________
Tel No: _____________________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION
Name of Manufacturer: _________________________________________________
Make: _____________________________
Classification: _______________________
Serial No: __________________________ Brand/Model: _____________________
Production date of sugarcane planter to be tested: ____________________________
Testing Agency: _____________________ Test Engineer: _____________________
Date of Test: ________________________ Location of Test: __________________

Items to be inspected
Manufacturer’s Verification by the
ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.1 overall dimensions
B.1.1 transport height, mm
B.1.2 transport length, mm
B.1.3 implement width, mm
B.1.4 weight, kg
B.1.5 operating width, mm
B.2 chassis assembly
B.2.1 material
B.2.2 thickness, mm
B.3 feeding shank
B.3.1 material
B.3.2 thickness, mm
B.3.3 spacing, mm
B.3.4 number of feeding shanks
B.4 chain and sprocket assembly
B.4.1 material
B.4.2 length
B.4.3 diameter of sprocket, mm
B.5 gauge wheels
B.5.1 diameter, mm
B.5.2 adjustments
B.6 mounting details
B.7 plow assembly
B.7.1 type
B.7.2 spacing, mm
B.7.3 number of shanks
B.7.4 number of soil tool
B.7.5 operating depth, mm

11
PAES 160:2011

Manufacturer’s Verification by the

ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.7.6 furrow closer dimensions, mm
B.8 hopper
B.8.1 material
B.8.2 capacity
B.8.3 thickness, mm
B.8.4 dimension
B.9 tractor engagement assembly
B.9.1 type
B.9.2 material
B.10 tractor required
B.10.1 type
B.10.2 recommended travelling speed, kph
B.10.3 engine power, kW

12
 PAES 160:2011

ANNEX C

Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be measured and Inspected

C.1 Test field conditions Remarks
C.1.1 dimension of field, m2
C.1.2 soil type (clay, clay loam, sandy, etc.)
C.1.3 soil texture (fine, medium, coarse)
C.1.4 soil moisture content (% d.b.)
C.1.5 soil hardness (kg/cm2)
C.2 Field performance
C.2.1 Trials
Distance I II III average
between rows,
mm
C.2.2 Tractor
speed, kph
Trials
C.2.3 I II III average
Operating Test time
Non-
Test time Non-prod.
Test Non- Test
Non-prod.
Productive
time, h productive time prod. time time

C.2.4 Fuel Trials

consumption, I II III average
Lps
C.2.5 Field
efficiency, %
C.2.6
Effective field
capacity, ha/h
C.2.7 Draft,
N
C.2.8
Drawbar
power, kW
C.2.9 Uniformity of planting analysis for semi-automatic sugarcane planter
Trial I
Segment 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 Ave
Billet
distance,
mm
Trial I
Segment 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 Ave
Billet
distance,
mm

13
PAES 160:2011

Trial III
Segment 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 Ave
Billet
distance,
mm
Average Standard deviation:

C.2.10 Wheel slip analysis

Trials Ave.
I II III W.S.
(%)
A(m) B(m) W.S. A(m) B(m) W.S. A(m) B(m) W.S.

Trials Ave.
C.2.11 Cutting analysis I II III (%)
Number of stalks in hopper
Number of uncut stalks
Cutting performance, %
Trials
Ave.
C.2.12 Damaged stalk eyes I II III
(%)
analysis
Number of dropped billets
Number of billets with damaged
stalk eyes
Damaged stalk eyes, %
C.3 Other observations Remarks
C.3.1 accessibility of grease points *
C.3.2 number of shanks deformed after test
C.3.3 cracks on welded parts
C.3.4 detached welded parts
C.3.5 loosened bolts
C.3.6 miscellaneous:

* rating: 1 – very good 4 – poor

2 – good 5 – very poor
3 – satisfactory

14
 PAES 160:2011

ANNEX D

Formula Used During Calculation and Testing

D.1. Drawbar power

where:

P drawbar power required for the implement, kW

D draft force required to move the implement, kN

S speed of tractor, kph

D.2. Effective field capacity

where:

C effective field capacity, m2/h

T operating time, min

E effective area accomplished, m2

where:

w actual working width, m

D total distance traveled, m

where:

A area of plot, m2

S average swath or width of cut, m

15
PAES 160:2011

where:

W width of plot, m

N number of trips per round

D.3. Field efficiency

where:

Eff field efficiency, %

C effective field capacity, m2/h

Co theoretical field capacity, m2/h

D.4. Uniformity of planting

where:

σ standard deviation for planting

x distance between two billets in a row, mm

m mean distance between two billets in a row, mm

n total number of billets in a row

16
 PAES 160:2011

D.5. Wheel slip

where:

% W.S. wheel slip, %

A distance traveled by the tractor under no load

after a given number of revolution, m

B distance traveled by the tractor with implement

attached after a given number of revolution, m

D.6. Theoretical field capacity

where:

Co theoretical field capacity, m2/h

w actual working width, m

S speed of tractor, m/h

D.7. Cutting performance

where:

C cutting performance, %

Bt total number of billets in reservoir

Bu total number of uncut billets

D.8. Damaged stalk eyes analysis

17
PAES 160:2011

where:

DE damaged stalk eyes, %

Bt total number of billets dropped

Bde total number of billets with damaged eyes

D.9. Fuel consumption

where:

Ef fuel consumption, Lps

Vi initial volume of fuel in tank, L

Vf final volume of fuel in tank, L

t time of operation

18
 PAES 160:2011

ANNEX E

Field Performance Test

E.1 Fuel consumption

This shall be done by filling the tank with a known volume of fuel. After the test, the
tank shall be emptied by draining the fuel through the carburetor. The drained fuel
shall be measured using a graduated cylinder. The difference between the initial
volume of fuel and the final volume shall be divided by the time of operation to
determine the fuel consumption of the equipment (Annex D).

Fuel consumption can also be measured by filling the tank to full capacity before and
after the each test trial. The amount of fuel refilled shall be measured using a
graduated cylinder. The difference in the volume of the fuel shall be divided by the
time of operation to yield the fuel consumption of the equipment.

E.2 Draft of the implement

A spring, hydraulic or strain-gauge type dynamometer shall be attached to the front of

the tractor on which the implement is mounted. Another auxiliary tractor shall pull the
implement-mounted tractor through the dynamometer in neutral gear but with the
implement in the operating position. The draft in the measured distance of 20m as
well as the time it takes to traverse it shall be read and recorded. On the same field,
the draft in the same distance shall be read and recorded but with the implement lifted
above the ground. The difference in the readings shall be obtained as the draft of the
implement

E.3 Test for uniformity of planting

Three rows in the field (AB) shall be randomly observed for the uniformity of
planting (Fig.1). Each row shall have a length of 10 meters. The operating depth of
the sugarcane planter shall be set. The distance between each billet shall be measured
and shall be recorded in Annex C. The uniformity for the plant distances shall be
computed using the formula in Annex D.

Figure 1. Row in field for testing uniformity of planting.

19
PAES 160:2011

E.4 Wheel slip analysis

The percentage of wheel slip shall be obtained by recording the difference of the
traveled distance without load and the traveled distance with the implement attached.
A mark shall be placed on the wheel of the tractor (Fig.2). The tractor shall be
allowed to move forward up to 10 revolutions of the marked wheel under no load (A).
The distance shall be measured and recorded. On the same surface, the tractor shall be
allowed to move forward with the implement attached. After same number of
revolutions, the distance traveled shall be measured and recorded (B). The percentage
of wheel slip shall then be computed using the formula in Annex D.

position
under no position mark on
under load initial
load the wheel
position

B
A
Figure 2. Measurement of wheel slip

20
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Emerito V. Banal

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Cirilo M. Namoc

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 162:2011
(PAES published 2011)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Soil Auger –

Methods of Test

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 162:2011
(PAES published 2011)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 162:2011,

Agricultural machinery – Soil Auger – Methods of Test was approved for
adoption as Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards
upon the recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery Testing and
Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development of the
Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 162:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Soil Auger – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

European Patent Office EP0334934B1.

Slatter, J.W., J.P. Seidel and W. Kingwell. A proposed model for soil auger
interaction during installation of screw piling augers.

United States Patent US3760893. Cylinder Type Soil-sampling Auger.

United States Patent US4653336. Combination Soil Auger and Soil Core Sampler
with Sample Retaining Capacity.

United States Patent US4779689. Soil Auger.

United States Patent US5133269. Plant Hole Digger with Cylindrical Cutter.

United States Patent US572249. Soil Displacement Auger Head for Installing Piles in
the Soil.

http://www.accurate.net.nz/soil/auger.html

http://www.eijkelkamp.com

http://www.johnsonsoilauger.co.za/types.aspx

3
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 162:2011

CONTENTS Page

1 Scope 5
2 References 5
3 Definitions 5
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection 6
4.1 Role of the manufacturer or dealer 6
4.2 Role of the operator 7
4.3 Test site conditions 7
4.4 Test equipment 7
4.5 Termination of test for the soil auger 7
5 Test and Inspection 7
5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information 7
5.2 Performance test 7
5.3 Test trial 8
6 Test Report 8

ANNEXES

A Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment 9

B Specifications of Soil Auger 10
C Performance Test Data Sheet 11
D Formula Used During Calculation and Testing 12
E Measurement of Energy Consumption 14

4
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 162:2011

Agricultural Machinery – Soil Auger – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a soil auger.
Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the soil auger and
the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the performance of the equipment;

1.3 report the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in

this text constitute provisions of these standards:

PAES 161:2011 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Auger – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 161:2011 and the
following shall apply:

3.1
boring depth
maximum depth that the soil auger can reach

3.2
boring efficiency
ratio between the actual boring time and the theoretical boring time expressed in
percent

3.3
minor diameter, d
for a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding the root of an
external thread (Fig.1)

5
PAES 162:2011

3.4
overall length
measurement from the tip of the auger head of the soil auger to its opposite end along
its longitudinal side

3.5
overall width
measurement between the outermost dimensions of the soil auger along its lateral side

3.6
pitch, P
distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between corresponding
points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side of the axis
(Fig.1)

3.7
pitch diameter, D
for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose surface
passes through the thread profiles in such a way to make the widths of the thread ridge
and the thread groove equal (Fig.1)

d D

Figure 1. Dimensions of an auger

3.8
sampling efficiency
ratio between the actual volume contained in the auger head and the theoretical
volume that can be contained in the auger head expressed in percent

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Role of manufacturer or dealer

The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the soil auger and shall abide
by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.

6
 PAES 162:2011

4.2 Role of the operator

An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate,

operate, adjust and repair matters related to the operation of the tool.

4.3 Test site conditions

The soil auger shall be tested through actual operation in an area free from loose
stones, vegetations and other obstructions. It shall be tested under three (3) different
soil conditions.

4.4 Test equipment

The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the soil auger test is
shown in Annex A.

4.5 Termination of test for soil auger

If during the test, the soil auger encounters major component breakdown, the test
engineer shall terminate the test.

4 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information

This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and
accessories of the soil auger in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s technical
data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.

5.2 Performance test

5.2.1 This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the
equipment.

5.2.2 Measurement of initial data

Initial data, such as field area, soil type and soil moisture content, shall be obtained
before the test operation.

5.2.3 Field performance test

5.2.3.1 The time to complete the drilling operation shall be obtained and recorded.

5.2.3.2 The speed of boring shall be computed by obtaining the time required for the
soil auger to drill a depth of 300 mm.

5.2.3.3 For power-operated type, the energy consumption shall be obtained (formula
in Annex D) as described in Annex E.

7
PAES 162:2011

5.2.3.4 Fuel consumed shall be obtained as described in Annex E.

5.2.3.5 The size of the auger head before and after the test shall be compared to
determine the percentage of wear (formula in Annex D).

5.2.3.6 Welded parts shall be inspected to determine cracks on welded joints.

5.2.4 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.3 Test trial

There shall be at least three (3) trials to conduct the test.

6 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

6.1 Title

6.2 Summary

6.3 Purpose and Scope of Test

6.4 Methods of Test

6.5 Description of the Machine

Table 1 – Machine Specifications

6.6 Results and Discussions

6.7 Observations (include pictures)

Table 2 –Performance test data

6.8 Name(s), signature(s) and designation(s) of test engineer(s)

8
 PAES 162:2011

Annex A

Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment

Items Quantity
A.1. timer
1
accuracy: 0.10 s
A. 2 steel tape
1
length: 5m
A.3 weighing scale
1
capacity, 500 kg
A.4 soil analysis
soil test kit 1
oven 1
A.5 noise level meter 1
A.6 Vernier caliper 1
A.7 fuel consumption
graduated cylinder
1
capacity, 1000 mL
A.8 power meter 1

9
PAES 162:2011

Annex B
(informative)

Specifications of Soil Auger

Name of Applicant/ Distributor: ___________________________________________

Address: _____________________________________________________________
Tel No: _____________________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION
Name of Manufacturer: _________________________________________________
Make: _____________________________
Classification: _______________________
Serial No: __________________________ Brand/Model: _____________________
Production date of soil auger to be tested: __________________________________
Testing Agency: _____________________ Test Engineer: _____________________
Date of Test: ________________________ Location of Test: __________________

Items to be inspected
Manufacturer’s Verification by the
ITEMS
Specification Testing Agency
B.1 overall dimensions
B.1.1 length, mm
B.1.2 width, mm
B.2 weight, kg
B.3 handle
B.3.1 material
B.3.2 diameter, mm
B.3.3 length, mm
B.4 auger head/drill bit
B.4.1 material
B.4.2 diameter, mm
B.4.3 type
B.4.4 pitch, mm
B.4.5 pitch diameter, mm
B.4.6 minor diameter, mm
B.5 extension rod (for hand-operated)
B.5.1 material
B.5.2 length
B.5.3 diameter, mm
B.6 prime mover (for power-operated type)
B.6.1 power rating, kW
B.6.2 type
B.7 boring depth, mm

10
 PAES 162:2011

ANNEX C

Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be measured and Inspected

C.1 Test field conditions Remarks
C.1.1 soil type (clay, clay loam, sandy, etc.)
C.1.2 soil texture (fine, medium, coarse)
C.1.3 soil moisture content (% d.b.)

C.2 Field performance

Trials
Items
I II III average
C.2.1 total operating
time, h
C.2.2 boring speed,
mm/s
C.2.3 noise level,
db(A)
C.2.4 wear, %
C.2.5 energy consumption
C.2.5.1 electrical
energy
consumption, kW-h
C.2.5.2 fuel
consumption, Lps
C.2.6 efficiency, %
C.2.6.1 boring
efficiency, %
C.2.6.2 sampling
efficiency, %

C.3 Other observations Remarks

C.3.1 detached welded parts
C.3.2 ease of maintenance/repair
C.3.3 ease of operation
C.3.4 ease of handling (transporting, assembly,
cleaning)
C.3.5 miscellaneous:

11
PAES 162:2011

ANNEX D

Formula Used During Calculation and Testing

D.1 Boring efficiency

where:

EffB boring efficieny, %

Ta actual boring time, h

Tt theoretical boring time, h

where:

d displacement, mm

s boring speed, mm/s

D.2 Sampling efficiency

where:

EffS sampling efficieny, %

Va actual volume, mm3

Vt theoretical volume, mm3

D.3 Electrical energy consumption

where:

12
 PAES 162:2011

Ec electrical energy consumption, kW-h

Pc power consumed, kW

To operating time, h

D.4 Fuel consumption

where:

Ef fuel consumption, Lps

Vi initial volume of fuel in tank

Vf final volume of fuel in tank

t time of operation

D.5 Wear

where:

W wear, %

Di auger head diameter before test, mm

Df auger head diameter after test, mm

13
PAES 162:2011

ANNEX E

Measurement of Energy Consumption

E.1 Electrical energy consumption

This shall be done by measuring the power consumed by the equipment. The total
operating time shall be noted. The product of the power consumed and the operating
time shall determine the electrical energy consumed by the equipment.

E.2 Fuel consumption

This shall be done by filling the tank with a known volume of fuel. After the test, the
tank shall be emptied by draining the fuel through the carburetor. The drained fuel
shall be measured using a graduated cylinder. The difference between the initial
volume of fuel and the final volume shall be divided by the time of operation to
determine the fuel consumption of the equipment.

Fuel consumption can also be measured by filling the tank to full capacity before and
after the each test trial. The amount of fuel refilled shall be measured using a
graduated cylinder. The difference in the volume of the fuel shall be divided by the
time of operation to yield the fuel consumption of the equipment.

14
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Emerito V. Banal

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Cirilo M. Namoc

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 163:2011
(PAES published 2011)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Spring-tooth

Harrow – Specifications

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 163:2011
(PAES published 2011)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 163:2011,

Agricultural machinery – Spring-tooth Harrow – Specifications was approved
for adoption as Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of Product
Standards upon the recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development of the
Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 163:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Spring-tooth Harrow – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

ABT 49 Field Equipment Operation

ASAE D497.4 – Agricultural Machinery Management Data

ASAE S414.1 – Terminology and Definitions for Agricultural Tillage Implements

http://www.sare.org/publications/steel/glossary.htm

http://www.indiamart.com/gs-auto/agricultural-implements.html

http://www.steelforge.com/alloysteels.htm

http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/alloy_steels/show_alloy.cfm?ID=AISI_5160
&show_prop=all&Page_Title=AISI%205160

3
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 163:2011

Agricultural Machinery – Spring-tooth Harrow – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a spring-
tooth harrow.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through the reference
in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard:

AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code - Steel

PAES 102:2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation

PAES 106:2000 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment –

Terminology

PAES 118:2001 Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

PAES 311:2001 Engineering Materials – Bolts and Nuts for Agricultural

Machines – Specifications and Applications

PAES 164:2011 Agricultural Machinery – Spring-tooth Harrow – Methods of

Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 106:2000 and the
following definitions shall apply:

3.1
field efficiency
ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the theoretical
maximum productivity

3.2
harrowing
operation which breaks the clods, levels and makes the soil ready for planting

4
3.3
lever assembly
mechanism that adjusts the tooth depth to fit the soil condition

3.4
main frame
part of the spring-tooth harrow that holds the transverse toolbars and lever assembly
together

3.5
runner
auxiliary part of spring-tooth harrow attached at the bottom of the main frame to
facilitate easy turning

3.6
secondary tillage implement
implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage
implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the
soil, level and firm the soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds

3.7
spring-tooth harrow
secondary tillage implement consisting of long and curved teeth made of spring steel
which are fastened on the transverse toolbars with the other end pointed to give good
soil penetration

3.8
tooth
tine
part of the spring-tooth harrow that engages with the soil during operation (Fig.1)

tooth or tine

transverse toolbar

cutting tip

Figure 1a. Tooth with replaceable cutting tip

5
PAES 163:2011

tooth or tine

transverse toolbar

cutting tip

Figure 1b. Tooth with permanent cutting tip

3.9
transverse tool bar
part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached

4 Classification

4.1 Trailing spring-tooth harrow

Type of spring-tooth harrow wherein main frame is towed behind the tractor (Fig.2).

gauge wheel
transverse
toolbar
runner spring tooth

main frame
attachment
to drawbar

Figure 2. Trailing spring-tooth harrow

4.2 Three-point hitch-mounted spring-tooth harrow

Type of spring-tooth harrow wherein main frame is mounted to the rear of the tractor
using the three-point hitch linkages (Fig.3).
lever assembly

spring
tooth
transverse
toolbar

attachment to main
three-point hitch frame
runner

Figure 3. Three-point hitch-mounted spring-tooth harrow

6
 PAES 163:2011

5 Principle of Operation

The spring-tooth harrow shall be mounted on the tractor. After being transported to
the field, the implement shall be lowered on the soil. The desired operating depth shall
be set by adjusting the lever or the gauge wheels. Adjusting the lever to vertical
position shall provide maximum harrowing depth. For light harrowing, lever shall be
set at a slanting position. Trailing spring-tooth harrow shall be towed by the tractor to
cut through the soil. For three-point hitch mounted type, the spring-tooth shall be
lowered to engage with the soil. As the spring-tooth harrow passes through the strip of
soil, the soil shall be pulverized.

6 Manufacturing Requirements

Generally, the spring-tooth harrow shall consist of main frame, transverse tool bars,
runners, lever assembly and spring-tooth assembly. All specifications indicated below
are minimum requirements.

6.1 The main frame shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020). It shall be
constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3” x 4”) square tube or channel bar or
from a 76 mm (3”) angle bar with at least 6 mm (1/4”) thickness. It shall have
a provision for attaching to the tractor as specified in PAES 118:2001.

6.2 Transverse tool bars shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020). It shall be
constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3” x 4”) square tube or channel bar or
from a 76 mm (3”) angle bar with at least 6 mm (1/4”) thickness.

6.3 The spring-tooth assembly shall consist of spring-tooth and spring-tooth

clamp.

6.3.1 Spring-teeth and cutting tips shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) with
at least 5 mm (3/16”) thickness and with a width of at least 51 mm (2”).

6.3.2 Spring-teeth shall be spaced 115 mm to 127 mm (4.5” to 5”) in a staggered

pattern. It shall be attached to the frame by bolt or shall be fully welded. The
teeth shall be secured by spring-tooth clamps.

6.3.3 The spring-tooth clamps shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) or better
material.

6.4 Gauge wheels should have an adjustable axle to allow modification of

operating depth.

6.5 Lever assembly shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material.

6.6 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS
D1.1:2000.

6.6.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.

7
PAES 163:2011

6.6.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and base metal.

6.6.3 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm size fillet weld.

6.6.4 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 The spring-tooth harrow shall have an operating depth of 50 to 150 mm (2” to
6”).

7.2 There shall be a uniform depth of cut on the soil.

7.3 There shall be at least 80% field efficiency.

7.4 The spring-tooth assembly shall be intact after the test.

7.5 During operation, the spring-tooth harrow shall not be detached from the
tractor.

7.6 The spring-tooth harrow shall be able to pass through obstructions in the soil.

7.7 The spring-tooth harrow shall be easy to mount and dismount from the tractor
linkages.

8 Safety, Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The spring-tooth harrow shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.

8.2 The spring-tooth harrow shall be free from manufacturing defects that maybe
unsafe.

8.3 All bolts shall conform with PAES 311:2001 for strength application and shall
be made of hot-galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.

9 Warranty of Manufacturing and Durability

9.1 The spring-tooth harrow’s construction shall be rigid and durable without
breakdown of its major components excluding the teeth within one (1) year
from the date of original purchase.

9.2 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within one (1) year after
installation and acceptance by the consumer.

8
 PAES 163:2011

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102:2000, shall be provided.

10.2 Tools for adjustment of spring-tooth assembly shall be provided.

11 Testing

Testing of the spring-tooth harrow shall be conducted on-site. The spring-tooth

harrow shall be tested for performance in accordance with PAES 164:2011.

12 Marking and Labeling

12.1 The spring-tooth harrow shall be marked in English with the following
information using a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most
conspicuous place:

12.1.1 Brand name or Registered trademark of the manufacturer

12.1.2 Model and Serial number

12.1.3 Country of manufacture (if imported)/“Made in the Philippines” (if

manufactured in the Philippines)

12.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided. Markings shall be stated in

English and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

12.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material and
shall be water and heat resistant under normal cleaning procedures. It shall not
fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

12.4 Reflectors shall be attached at the rear of the spring-tooth harrow for safety
during transport.

9
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Emerito V. Banal

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Cirilo M. Namoc

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 164:2011
(PAES published 2011)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Spring-tooth

Harrow – Methods of Test

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 164:2011
(PAES published 2011)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 164:2011,

Agricultural machinery – Spring-tooth Harrow – Methods of Test was
approved for adoption as Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of
Product Standards upon the recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for
Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development of
the Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 164:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Spring-tooth Harrow – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry
and Natural Resources Research and Development (DOST-PCARRD).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/ publications were

considered:

Alberta Farm Machinery Research Centre. 1991. Evaluation Report 268.

ASAE S414.1 – Terminology and Definitions for Agricultural Tillage Implements

ASAE EP496.2 - Agricultural Machinery Management

ASAE D497.4 - Agricultural Machinery Management Data

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.1983. Regional Network
for Agricultural Machinery. Test Codes and Procedures for Farm Machinery.
Technical Series No.12.

PAES 106:2000 – Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment –

Terminology

United States Patents 5443127. Spring Tooth Harrow.

Grubinger, V. Cultivation Equipment For Weed Control: Pros, Cons And Sources.
University of Vermont Extension.
<http://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/factsheets/cultivators.html>

http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/equipment/agmachinerymgt.html

http://www.sare.org/publications/steel/glossary.htm

3
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 164:2011

CONTENTS Page

1 Scope 5
2 References 5
3 Definitions 5
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection 7
4.1 Role of the manufacturer or dealer 7
4.2 Role of the operator 7
4.3 Test site conditions 7
4.4 Test instruments or equipment 7
4.5 Tractor to be used 7
4.6 Termination of test for the spring-tooth harrow 7
5 Test and Inspection 8
5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information 8
5.2 Performance test 8
5.3 Test trial 9
6 Test Report 9

ANNEXES

A Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment 11

B Specifications of Spring-tooth Harrow 12
C Performance Test Data Sheet 14
D Formula Used During Calculation and Testing 16
E Field Performance Test 19

4
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 164:2011

Agricultural Machinery – Spring-tooth Harrow – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a spring-tooth harrow.
Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the spring-tooth

harrow and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the performance of the equipment;

1.3 report the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in

this text constitute provisions of these standards:

PAES 163:2011 Agricultural Machinery - Spring-tooth Harrow – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 163:2011 and the
following shall apply:

3.1
draft
total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement

3.2
drawbar power
power requirement of an implement being towed

3.3
effective field capacity
actual rate of being able to work a given area per unit of time

3.4
field efficiency
ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the theoretical
maximum productivity

5
PAES 164:2011

3.5
implement
any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor

3.6
implement width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost
edges of the implement (Fig.1)

Implement width

Figure 1. Implement width

3.7
operating width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement
performs its intended function; distance between the outermost teeth of the spring-
tooth harrow (Fig.2)

Operating width

Figure 2. Operating width

6
 PAES 164:2011

3.8
transport height
overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest point

3.9
transport length
overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the implement to
the mounting point

3.10
wheel slip
reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the implement attached

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Role of manufacturer or dealer

The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the spring-tooth harrow and
shall abide by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.

4.2 Role of the operator

An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate,

operate, adjust and repair matters related to the operation of the equipment.

4.3 Test site conditions

The spring-tooth harrow shall be tested through actual harrowing of the soil. The field
shall have ample space to allow turns in headland. The size of the field shall not be
less than 1000 m2 and shall be rectangular in shape, flat, with sides in ratio of 2:1 as
much as possible.

4.4 Test instruments or equipment

The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the spring-tooth
harrow test is shown in Annex A.

4.5 Tractor to be used

The tractor to be used to conduct the test shall be compatible with the spring-tooth
harrow in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification of required power.

4.6 Termination of test for spring-tooth harrow

If during the test, the spring-tooth harrow encounters major component breakdown or
malfunction, the test engineer shall terminate the test.

7
PAES 164:2011

5 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information

This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and
accessories of the spring-tooth harrow in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s
technical data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.

5.2 Performance test

5.2.1 This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the
equipment.

5.2.2 Measurement of initial data

Initial data, such as field area, soil type and soil moisture content, shall be obtained
and recorded in Annex C before the test operation.

5.2.2.1 Implement characteristics

Dimensions and other measurements such as the number of teeth shall be noted.

5.2.3 Field performance test

5.2.3.1 The spring-tooth harrow shall be tested at the maximum operating depth
(152 mm or 6”).

5.2.3.2 The tractor speed shall be determined according to the maximum depth
setting. This can be done by recording the time required for the tractor to
traverse a 20 m distance in the field (Fig. 3).

20 m

Figure 3. Points for speed test

5.2.3.3 The total test time shall be obtained by acquiring the total time to finish
harrowing the test field. Test time shall start when harrowing operation starts.
Non-productive time (time when the teeth is disengaged) shall be recorded.

8
 PAES 164:2011

Productive time (time when teeth is engaged) shall be obtained by deducting

the non- productive time from the total test time.

5.2.3.4 The fuel consumption of the tractor when using the spring-tooth harrow shall
be obtained as described in Annex E.

5.2.3.5 The operating width shall be obtained by measuring the distance between the
outermost teeth and shall be noted.

5.2.3.6 Field efficiency, effective field capacity and drawbar power requirements of
the implement shall be obtained using the formula in Annex D.

5.2.3.7 The draft of the spring-tooth harrow shall be determined as described in

Annex E.

5.2.3.8 Wheel slip shall be determined as described in Annex E.

5.2.3.9 Condition of spring-tooth harrow after test shall be compared to its initial
condition.

5.2.3.10 Welded parts shall be inspected.

5.2.3.11 Loosened bolts shall be noted.

5.2.3.12 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.3 Test trial

There shall be at least three (3) trials to conduct the test.

6 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

6.1 Title

6.2 Summary

6.3 Purpose and Scope of Test

6.4 Methods of Test

6.5 Description of the Machine

Table 1 – Machine Specifications

6.6 Results and Discussions

6.7 Observations (include pictures)

9
PAES 164:2011

Table 2 –Performance test data

6.8 Name(s), signature(s) and designation(s) of test engineer(s)

10
 PAES 164:2011

Annex A

Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment

Items Quantity
A.1. timer
1
accuracy: 0.10 s
A. 2 steel tape
length: 5 m; 1
50 m 1
A.3 weighing scale
1
capacity, 1000 kg
A.4 fuel consumption
graduated cylinder
1
capacity, 1000 mL (minimum)
A.5 four-wheel tractor 1 unit
A.6 soil analysis
soil test kit 1
oven 1
A.7 marking pegs 4
A.8 marking tape 1
A.9 draft measurement
spring, hydraulic or strain-gauge type
1
dynamometer

11
PAES 164:2011

Annex B
(informative)

Specifications of Spring-tooth Harrow

Name of Applicant/ Distributor: ___________________________________________

Address: _____________________________________________________________
Tel No: _____________________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION
Name of Manufacturer: _________________________________________________
Make: _____________________________
Classification: _______________________
Serial No: __________________________ Brand/Model: _____________________
Production date of spring-tooth harrow to be tested:
___________________________
Testing Agency: _____________________ Test Engineer: _____________________
Date of Test: ________________________ Location of Test: __________________

Items to be inspected
Manufacturer’s Verification by the
ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.1 overall dimensions
B.1.1 transport height, mm
B.1.2 transport length, mm
B.1.3 implement width, mm
B.1.4 weight, kg
B.1.5 operating width, mm
B.2 main frame
B.2.1 material
B.2.2 dimensions, mm
B.3 lever assembly (if present)
B.3.1 material
B.3.2 length, mm
B.3.3 number of levers
B.4 runner
B.4.1 material
B.4.2 number of runners
B.4.3 thickness, mm
B.4.4 width, mm
B.4.5 length, mm
B.5 transverse tool bar
B.5.1 material
B.5.2 thickness, mm
B.5.3 dimensions, mm
B.6 tooth or tine
B.6.1 material
B.6.2 thickness, mm
B.6.3 width, mm

12
 PAES 164:2011

Manufacturer’s Verification by the

ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.6.4 number of teeth
B.7 gauge wheels (if present)
B.7.1 diameter, mm
B.7.2 adjustments
B.8 mounting details
B.9 tractor
B.9.1 type
B.9.2 recommended travelling speed, kph
B.9.3 engine power, kW

13
PAES 164:2011

ANNEX C

Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be measured and Inspected

C.1 Test field conditions Remarks
C.1.1 area of field, m2
C.1.2 soil type (clay, clay loam, sandy, etc.)
C.1.3 soil texture (fine, medium, coarse)
C.1.4 soil moisture content (% d.b.)

C.2 Field performance

C.2.1 Actual operating depth, mm

C.2.2 Tractor
speed, kph

Trials
C.2.3 I II III Average
Operating Test time
Non-
Test time Non-prod.
Test Non- Test
Non-prod.
Productive
time, h productive time prod. time time

C.2.4 Fuel Trials

consumption, I II III Average
Lps

C.2.5 Field
efficiency, %

C.2.6
Effective field
capacity, ha/h

C.2.7 Draft,
N

C.2.8
Drawbar
power, kW

C.2.9 Wheel slip (W.S.)

Trials Ave.
I II III (%)
% % %
A(m) B(m) A(m) B(m) A(m) B(m)
W.S. W.S. W.S.

14
 PAES 164:2011

C.3 Other observations Remarks

C.3.1 ease of mounting/dismounting *
C.3.2 accessibility of grease points *
C.3.3 number of tooth deformed after test
C.3.4 number of tooth detached after test
C.3.5 cracks on welded parts
C.3.6 detached welded parts
C.3.7 loosened bolts
C.3.8 miscellaneous:

* rating: 1 – very good 4 – poor

2 – good 5 – very poor
3 – satisfactory

15
PAES 164:2011

ANNEX D

Formula Used During Calculation and Testing

D.1 Drawbar power

where:

P drawbar power required for the implement, kW

D draft force required to move the implement, kN

S speed of tractor, kph

D.2 Effective field capacity

where:

C effective field capacity, m2/h

T operating time, h

E effective area accomplished, m2

where:

w actual working width, m

D total distance traveled, m

where:

A area of plot, m2

s average swath or width of cut, m

16
 PAES 164:2011

where:

W width of plot, m

N number of trips per round

D.3 Field efficiency

where:

Eff field efficiency, %

C effective field capacity, m2/h

Co theoretical field capacity, m2/h

D.5 Wheel slip

where:

% W.S. wheel slip, %

A distance traveled by the tractor under no load

after a given number of wheel revolution, m

B distance traveled by the tractor with implement

attached after a given number of wheel
revolution, m

D.6 Theoretical Field Capacity

where:

17
PAES 164:2011

Co theoretical field capacity, m2/h

w actual working width, m

S speed of tractor, m/h

D.7 Fuel consumption

where:

Ef fuel consumption, Lps

Vi initial volume of fuel in tank, L

Vf final volume of fuel in tank, L

t time of operation, s

18
 PAES 164:2011

ANNEX E

Field Performance Test

E.1 Fuel consumption

This shall be done by filling the tank with a known volume of fuel. After the test, the
tank shall be emptied by draining the fuel from the fuel tank. The drained fuel shall be
measured using a graduated cylinder. The difference between the initial volume of
fuel and the final volume shall be divided by the time of operation to determine the
fuel consumption of the equipment.

Fuel consumption can also be measured by filling the tank to full capacity before and
after the each test trial. The amount of fuel refilled shall be measured using a
graduated cylinder. The difference in the volume of the fuel shall be divided by the
time of operation to yield the fuel consumption of the equipment.

E.2 Draft of the implement

A spring, hydraulic or strain-gauge type dynamometer shall be attached to the front of

the tractor on which the implement is mounted. Another auxiliary tractor shall pull the
implement-mounted tractor through the dynamometer in neutral gear but with the
implement in the operating position (Fig.4). The draft in the measured distance of
20m as well as the time it takes to traverse it shall be read and recorded. On the same
field, the draft in the same distance shall be read and recorded but with the implement
lifted above the ground. The difference in the readings shall be obtained as the draft of
the implement.

auxiliary tractor

dynamometer

Figure 4. Position of tractors for draft measurement

E.3 Wheel slip analysis

The percentage of wheel slip shall be obtained by recording the difference of the
traveled distance without load and the traveled distance with the implement attached.
A mark shall be placed on the wheel of the tractor (Fig.5). The tractor shall be
allowed to move forward up to 10 revolutions of the marked wheel under no load (A).

19
PAES 164:2011

The distance shall be measured and recorded. On the same surface, the tractor shall be
allowed to move forward with the implement attached. After same number of
revolutions, the distance traveled shall be measured and recorded (B). The percentage
of wheel slip shall then be computed using the formula in Annex D.

position
under no position mark on
under load initial
load the wheel
position

B
A
Figure 5. Measurement of wheel slip

20
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Emerito V. Banal

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Cirilo M. Namoc

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 165:2011
(PAES published 2011)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Granule

Applicator – Specifications

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for

Standardization (ISO) Standards and Conformance
Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 165:2011
(PAES published 2011)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 165:2011,

Agricultural machinery – Granule Applicator – Specifications was approved for
adoption as Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards
upon the recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery Testing and
Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development of the
Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 165:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Granule Applicator– Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

ASAE S207.10 Operating requirement for tractors and power take-off driven
implements

ASAE EP371 Preparing granular applicator calibration procedures

PAES 145:2005 Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer Applicator –

Specifications

PAES 146:2005 Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer Applicator –

Methods of Test

United States Patent US6810822. Agricultural and Gardening Fertilizer Applicator.

United States Patent US5860604. Motorized Fertilizer Spreader.

United States Patent US6610147. Shingle Granule Valve And Method Of Depositing
Granules Onto A Moving Substrate.

3
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 165:2011

Agricultural Machinery – Granule Applicator – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a granule
applicator.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through the reference
in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard:

AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code - Steel

PAES 102: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation

PAES 118: 2001 Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

PAES 311:2001 Engineering Materials – Bolts and Nuts for Agricultural

Machines – Specifications and Applications

PAES 166: 2011 Agricultural Machinery – Granule Applicator – Methods of

Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
agitator
part of the granule applicator that puts the granule in motion through continuous
stirring or rotation (Fig.1)

Figure 1. Agitator

4
 PAES 165:2011

3.2
granule
generic term used for a small particle having a diameter ranging from 2 to 4 mm

3.3
granule applicator
agricultural tool used to apply granular fertilizers or pesticides to the field

3.4
hopper
part of granule applicator where granules are loaded

3.5
orifice
opening in the hopper or tank through which the granules pass through

3.6
power take-off shaft
external shaft on the rear of a tractor that provides rotational power to implements

3.7
spinner plate
part of the granule applicator that spreads the granules (Fig.2)

Figure 2. Spinner plate

4 Classification

4.1 Handheld granule applicator

Type of granule applicator designed for handheld operation. It makes use of screw or
spinner plate operated manually to facilitate metering of granules (Fig.3).

5
PAES 165:2011

tank

lever
handle arm

discharge
outlet

spinner
plate

Figure 3. Handheld granule applicator

4.2 Knapsack granule applicator

Type of granule applicator designed to be carried on back during application

4.2.1 Gravity knapsack

Type of knapsack granule applicator that makes use of gravitational force to apply
granules (Fig.4).

tank

flexible
hose

discharge
outlet

Figure 4. Gravity knapsack

4.2.2 Powered knapsack

Type of knapsack granule applicator which makes use of an engine or an electric

motor attached to a fan blower to facilitate its operation (Fig.5).

6
 PAES 165:2011

tank

strap
engine
throttle
lever
fan
handle

flexible discharge
hose outlet

wand

Figure 5. Powered knapsack

4.3 Walk-behind granule applicator

Type of granule applicator that makes use of the ground wheels to facilitate
movement of the unit during operation.

4.3.1 Mechanical walk-behind type

Type of walk-behind granule applicator that makes use of ground wheels to actuate
the screw or spinner plate for application of granules (Fig.6).

handle
hopper

ground
wheel

chain and
sprocket
assembly

Figure 6. Mechanical walk-behind type granule applicator

7
PAES 165:2011

4.3.2 Powered walk-behind type

Type of walk-behind granule applicator that uses engine to actuate the agitator and
screw or spinner plate for application of granules (Fig.7).

handle

hopper

engine spinner
plate

ground
wheel

Figure 7. Powered walk-behind type

4.4 Mounted granule applicator

Type of granule applicator mounted on a tractor or vehicle

4.4.1 Three-point hitch type granule applicator

Type of granule applicator that uses a spinner plate or a screw attached to the power
take-off shaft to actuate metering of granules (Fig.8)

hopper
attachment to
three-point hitch
linkages

spinner
plate

Figure 8. Three point hitch type granule applicator

8
 PAES 165:2011

4.4.2 Trailing granule applicator

Type of granule applicator that uses wheel rotational motion to actuate application of
granules. The granules are metered by a spinner plate or a screw attached to the
ground wheel (Fig.9).

hopper

spinner
attachment plate
to drawbar
main
frame

ground
wheel

Figure 9. Trailing granule applicator

5 Principle of Operation

5.1 Handheld granule applicator

The tank shall be initially filled with granule material. The lever arm shall be rotated
to agitate the granules in the tank and to actuate the spinner plate. With the operator
walking backwards, the discharge outlet shall be swayed from side to side to apply the
granules.

5.2 Knapsack granule applicator

The tank shall be initially filled with granule material with the equipment in its
naturally upright position. The desired application rate shall be set prior to the
operation by adjusting the orifice. With the operator walking backwards, the
discharge outlet shall be swayed from side to side to apply the granules.

5.2.1 Gravity knapsack

The granules shall be allowed to flow through the flexible hose attached to the base of
the tank by gravity. The orifice shall be adjusted to vary application rate of the
equipment. The discharge outlet shall be lowered to near vertical position to direct the
flow of the granules. At the end of each row, the hose and the discharge outlet shall be
raised to stop the flow of the granules.

9
PAES 165:2011

5.2.2 Powered knapsack

The granules shall be allowed to flow through the hose of the equipment where air is
blown. The application rate shall be calibrated through the adjustment knob at the
wand of the applicator.

5.3 Walk-behind granule applicator

5.3.1 Mechanical walk-behind type

The granule applicator shall be initially filled with the granules. When the applicator
is moved forward, the agitator in the hopper shall be rotated. Consequently, the
granules shall sink to the opening of the hopper. The granules shall be spread by the
screw or spinner plate which is actuated by the rotation of the ground wheels.

5.3.2 Powered walk-behind type

The same principle applies as that of the mechanical walk-behind type, but the
rotation of the agitator and the spinner plate or screw shall be actuated by an engine
instead of the ground wheels.

5.4 Mounted type

The granule applicator shall be mounted to the vehicle or tractor through the three-
point hitch linkages or the drawbar.

5.4.1 Three-point hitch type granule applicator

The metering device of the granule applicator shall be attached to the PTO shaft of the
tractor. The rotation of the PTO shaft shall actuate the screw type or the spinner plate
of the applicator. Granules shall be applied at the pre-set rate of the applicator

5.4.2 Trailing granule applicator

The same principle applies as that of the walk-behind type where the screw or the
spinner plate shall be actuated by the rotation of the ground wheels.

6 Manufacturing Requirements

All specifications indicated below are minimum requirements.

6.1 Handheld type

6.1.1 The tank applicator shall be made resistant polyvinylchloride or better

material.

6.1.2 The lever arm shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material
with a thickness of at least 6 mm (1/4”).

10
 PAES 165:2011

6.1.3 Discharge outlet shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material
with a thickness of at least 6 mm (1/4”).

6.2 Knapsack type

6.2.1 The knapsack type granule applicator shall adapt to the operator’s body,
distributing weight evenly, presenting operating controls in a reasonable
location and configuration, in such a way that the operator is not exhausted
after sustained usage.

6.2.2 It shall have a net weight of not more than 15 kg.

6.2.3 The wand shall be made of corrosion resistant polyvinylchloride or better

material. It shall have a length of at least 0.3 m (12”).

6.2.4 An adjustment knob shall be attached to the wand.

6.2.5 The tank shall be made of resistant polyvinylchloride or better material.

6.2.6 The tank cover and the gasket shall be made of chemical resistant
polyvinylchloride or better material.

6.2.7 A flexible hose shall be used to attach the discharge outlet to the tank. It shall
be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or better material.

6.2.8 Hose clamps shall be made of corrosion resistant material.

6.2.9 The load bearing part of the strap shall be at least 50 mm (2”) wide. A load
bearing waist strap is desirable.

6.2.10 The strap shall be made of durable and non-absorbent material (e.g. nylon
fabric) with at least 1.5 mm thickness and 35 mm width.

6.2.11 Strap pads shall be provided for operator’s comfort. It shall have a thickness of
at least 10 mm (3/8”) and a width of at least 65 mm (2 ½”).

6.2.12 There shall be provision for adjustment of the strap.

6.2.13 A quick release mechanism shall be provided for emergency purposes.

6.2.14 The discharge outlet shall be made of corrosion resistant material.

6.2.15 The cut-off valve shall be installed on the handle of the powered type for
instant stopping of the blower.

6.2.16 The fuel tank for powered type shall be made of polyethylene or better
material. It shall have provision for filtration of foreign materials.

11
PAES 165:2011

6.2.17 The lever arm of the mechanical type shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI
1020) or better material. The handle shall be covered with non-slip and
corrosion resistant material (e.g. rubber).

6.2.18 Screw or spinner plate shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better
material with a thickness of at least 6 mm (1/4”).

6.3 Walk-behind type

6.3.1 The chassis assembly shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better
material. It shall be constructed from 51 mm x 51 mm (2”x 2”) angular bar
with at least 6 mm (1/4”) thickness.

6.3.2 The hopper shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material. It
shall have a thickness of at least 6 mm (1/4”).

6.3.3 The screw or spinner plate shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or
better material.

6.3.4 The agitator shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material
with a thickness of at least 6 mm (1/4”).

6.3.5 The handle shall be made of galvanized steel or better material. It shall have a
diameter of at least 13 mm (1/2”). It shall be covered with a non-slip and
corrosion resistant material (e.g. rubber).

6.4 Mounted type

6.4.1 The chassis assembly shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better
material. It shall be constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3”x 4”) square tube
or channel bar or 76 mm (3”) angular bar with at least 6 mm (1/4”) thickness.
It shall have a provision for attachment to the tractor as specified in PAES
118:2001.

6.4.2 The hopper shall be made of metal plate (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material. It
shall have a thickness of at least 3 mm (1/8”).

6.5 The tractor engagement assembly shall be bolted on the chassis assembly. It
shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material with a thickness
of at least 6 mm (1/4”).

6.5.1 The screw or spinner plate shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or
better material with a thickness of at least 6 mm (1/4”).

6.5.2 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS
D1.1:2000.

6.5.2.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.

6.5.2.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and base metal.

12
 PAES 165:2011

6.5.2.3 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm size fillet weld.

6.5.2.4 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.

7 Performance Requirements

7.1 There shall be at least 80% field efficiency.

7.2 The granule applicator shall be easy to mount and dismount from the tractor
linkages.

7.3 The granule applicator shall not produce noise higher than 92 db(A) measured
one meter away from the source of noise1.

8 Safety, Workmanship and Finish

8.1 The granule applicator shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.

8.2 The granule applicator shall be free from manufacturing defects.

8.3 All bolts shall conform with PAES 311:2001 for strength application and shall
be made of hot-galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.

9 Warranty of Construction

9.1 The granule applicator’s construction shall be rigid and durable without
breakdown of its major components within one (1) year from the date of
original purchase.

9.2 Warranty shall be provided for prime mover, parts and services within one (1)
year after installation and acceptance by the consumer.

10 Maintenance and Operation

An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102:2000 shall be provided.

11 Testing

Testing of the granule applicator shall be conducted on-site. The granule applicator
shall be tested for performance in accordance with PAES 166:2011.

1
Permissible noise exposures as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), Federal
Register. Vol 37.No.202. Oct.18, 1972.

13
PAES 165:2011

12 Marking and Labeling

12.1 The granule applicator shall be marked in English with the following
information:

12.1.1 Brand name or Registered trademark of the manufacturer (optional)

12.1.2 Model and/or Serial number

12.1.3 Country of manufacture (if imported)/“Made in the Philippines” (if

manufactured in the Philippines)

12.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided. Markings shall be stated in

English and shall be printed in red color with a white background.

12.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material and
shall be water and heat resistant under normal cleaning procedures, it shall not
fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.

12.4 Reflectors shall be attached at the rear of the mounted granule applicator for
safety during transport.

14
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Emerito V. Banal

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Cirilo M. Namoc

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/PAES 166:2011
(PAES published 2011)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Granule

Applicator – Methods of Test

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for

Standardization (ISO) Standards and Conformance
Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 166:2011
(PAES published 2011)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 166:2011,

Agricultural machinery – Granule Applicator – Methods of Test was approved
for adoption as Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of Product
Standards upon the recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development of the
Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

2
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 166:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Granule Applicator – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

ASAE S207.10 Operating requirement for tractors and power take-off driven
implements

ASAE EP371 Preparing granular applicator calibration procedures

PAES 145:2005 Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer Applicator –

Specifications

PAES 146:2005 Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer Applicator –

Methods of Test

United States Patent US6810822. Agricultural and Gardening Fertilizer Applicator.

United States Patent US5860604. Motorized Fertilizer Spreader.

United States Patent US6610147. Shingle Granule Valve And Method Of Depositing
Granules Onto A Moving Substrate.

3
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 166:2011

CONTENTS Page

1 Scope 5
2 References 5
3 Definitions 5
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection 6
4.1 Role of the manufacturer or dealer 6
4.2 Role of the operator 6
4.3 Test site conditions 6
4.4 Test equipment 6
4.5 Termination of test for the granule applicator 6
5 Test and Inspection 7
5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information 7
5.2 Performance test 7
5.3 Test trial 8
6 Test Report 8

ANNEXES

A Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment 10

B Specifications of Granule Applicator 11
C Performance Test Data Sheet 13
D Formula Used During Calculation and Testing 15
E Field Performance Test 19

4
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 166:2011

Agricultural Machinery – Granule Applicator – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a granule applicator.
Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the granule

applicator and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the performance of the equipment; and,

1.3 report the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in

this text constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 165:2011 Agricultural Machinery – Granule Applicator – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 165:2011 and the
following shall apply:

3.1
draft
total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement

3.2
drawbar power
power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least 20 meters

3.3
effective field capacity
actual area covered per unit time

3.4
field efficiency
ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the theoretical
maximum productivity

5
PAES 166:2011

3.5
fuel consumption
volume of fuel consumed by the engine

3.6
transport height
overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest point

3.7
transport length
overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the implement to
the mounting point

3.8
wheel slip
reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the attached implement

3.9
width of application
farthest distance of granule perpendicular to the direction of travel

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Role of manufacturer or dealer

The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the granule applicator and
shall abide by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.

4.2 Role of the operator

An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate,

operate, adjust and repair matters related to the operation of the equipment.

4.3 Test site conditions

The granule applicator shall be tested in the laboratory and in the field for
performance. The site shall have ample space, flat, and shall have wind breaks as
much as possible.

4.4 Test equipment

The suggested list of minimum test equipment needed to carry out the granule
applicator test is shown in Annex A.

4.5 Termination of test for granule applicator

If during the test, the granule applicator encounters major component breakdown or
malfunction, the test engineer shall terminate the test.

6
 PAES 166:2011

5 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information

This inspection shall be carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials
and accessories of the granule applicator in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s
technical data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.

5.2 Performance test

This test shall be carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the
equipment.

5.2.1 Measurement of initial data

Dimensions and other measurements shall be noted. The area of the test site and the
wind speed shall also be recorded in Annex C.

5.2.2 Laboratory performance test

5.2.2.1 Test for metering mechanism

This test shall be carried out to examine the performance of metering mechanism.
This test should be conducted on the kind of granules for which the machine is
suitable as specified by the manufacturer. The granules used shall be readily available
and comply with the machine manufacturer’s recommendations. If possible, this test
shall be carried out at 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 full of the granule applicator’s hopper capacity
at the recommended discharge rate setting.

5.2.2.2 Test for uniformity of distribution

This test shall be carried out to determine the uniformity of distribution. The machine
shall be operated at the recommended discharge rate setting, with the hopper at 1/4,
1/2 and 3/4 full capacity. The granules shall be gathered in an array of granule
collectors (Fig.1). All granule collectors used to measure distribution shall be
identical. For each trial, collect and weigh the amount of granules in each collector.
The result of the test shall be presented in a histogram and the variance shall be
computed (Annex C).

Figure 1. Measurement of uniformity of distribution

7
PAES 166:2011

5.2.2.3 Test for width of application

The equipment shall be initially filled with granules. It shall be allowed to travel a
distance of 10 meters. The width of application shall be determined by the distance of
the farthest granule measured perpendicular to the direction of travel. Wind speed in
the test site shall be measured and recorded.

5.2.2.4 Test for discharge rate

The discharge rate shall be obtained by determining the time required to empty the
hopper or tank initially filled with a known weight of granules. This shall be
computed using the formula in Annex D.

5.2.3 Field performance test

5.2.3.1 The fuel consumption of the granule applicator shall be obtained as described
in Annex E.

5.2.3.2 The draft of the granule applicator shall be determined as described in Annex
E.

5.2.3.3 The field efficiency, effective field capacity and drawbar power requirements
of the implement shall be obtained using the formula in Annex D.

5.2.3.4 The noise level of the granule applicator shall be determined as described in
Annex E.

5.2.3.5 The wheel slip shall be determined as described in Annex E.

5.2.3.6 The condition of granule applicator after test shall be compared to its initial
condition.

5.2.3.7 Welded parts shall be inspected.

5.2.3.8 Loosened bolts shall be noted.

5.2.3.9 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.3 Test trial

There shall be three (3) trials to conduct the test.

6 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

6.1 Title

6.2 Summary

8
 PAES 166:2011

6.3 Purpose and Scope of Test

6.4 Methods of Test

6.5 Description of the Machine

Table 1 – Machine Specifications

6.6 Results and Discussions

6.7 Observations (include pictures)

Table 2 –Performance test data

6.8 Name(s), signature(s) and designation(s) of test engineer(s)

9
 PAES 166:2011

Annex A

Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment

Items Quantity
A.1. timer
1
accuracy: 0.10 s
A. 2 steel tape
1
length: 5 m
A.3 weighing scale
1
capacity, 1000 kg
A.4 fuel consumption
graduated cylinder
1
capacity, 1000 mL
A.5 four-wheel tractor 1 unit
A.6 marking pegs 4
A.7 marking tape 1
A.8 draft measurement
spring, hydraulic or strain-gauge type
1
dynamometer
A.9 collectors as needed

10
 PAES 166:2011

Annex B
(informative)

Specifications of Granule applicator

Name of Applicant/ Distributor: ___________________________________________

Address: _____________________________________________________________
Tel No: _____________________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION
Name of Manufacturer: _________________________________________________
Make: _____________________________
Classification: _______________________
Serial No: __________________________ Brand/Model: _____________________
Production date of granule applicator to be tested: ____________________________
Testing Agency: _____________________ Test Engineer: _____________________
Date of Test: ________________________ Location of Test: __________________

Items to be inspected
Manufacturer’s Verification by the
ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.1 type of granule applicator
B.2 overall dimensions
B.2.1 transport height, mm
B.2.2 transport length, mm
B.2.3 weight, kg
B.2.4 material
B.3 chain and sprocket assembly (if present)
B.3.1 material
B.3.2 length, mm
B.3.3 diameter of sprocket, mm
B.4 metering system
B.4.1 type
B.4.2 material
B.5 spinner plate (if present)
B.5.1 diameter, mm
B.5.2 thickness, mm
B.5.3 material
B.6 hopper or tank
B.6.1 material
B.6.2 capacity, m3
B.6.3 thickness, mm
B.6.4 dimension
B.7 engagement assembly (if present)
B.7.1 type
B.7.2 material
B.8 lever arm (if present)
B.8.1 length, mm
B.8.2 thickness, mm

11
PAES 166:2011

Manufacturer’s Verification by the

ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.8.3 material
B.9 handle (if present)
B.9.1 length, mm
B.9.2 thickness, mm
B.9.3 material
B.10 wand (if present)
B.10.1 length, mm
B.10.2 diameter, mm
B.10.3 material
B.11 engine (if present)
B.11.1 power rating, kW
B.11.2 type
B.12 wheels (if present)
B.12.1 diameter, mm
B.12.2 material
B.13 orifice
B.13.1 area, mm2

12
 PAES 166:2011

ANNEX C

Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be measured and Inspected

C.1 Test field conditions Remarks
C.1.1 area, m2
C.1.2 wind speed, kph

C.2 Performance Test

Items Trials Ave.
C.2.1 Noise I II III
level, dB
C.2.2 Fuel
consumption, Lps
C.2.3 Discharge
rate, kg/s
C.2.4 Width of
application, m
Trials
C.2.5 I II III Ave.
Operating Test time
Non-
Test time Non-prod.
Test Non- Test
Non-prod.
Productive
time, h productive time prod. time time

C.2.6 Field
efficiency, %
C.2.7
Effective field
capacity, ha/h
C.2.8 Draft,
N
C.2.9
Drawbar
power, kW

C.2.10 Uniformity of distribution

Trial I

Variance:

13
PAES 166:2011

Trial II

Variance:
Trial III

Variance:
Average variance:

C.2.11 Wheel slip analysis

Trials Ave.
I II III %W.S.
(%)
A(m) B(m) %W.S. A(m) B(m) %W.S. A(m) B(m) %W.S.

C.3 Other observations Remarks

C.3.1 accessibility of grease points *
C.3.2 cracks on welded parts
C.3.3 detached welded parts
C.3.4 loosened bolts
C.3.5 miscellaneous:

* rating: 1 – very good 4 – poor

2 – good 5 – very poor
3 – satisfactory

14
 PAES 166:2011

ANNEX D

Formula Used During Calculation and Testing

D.1 Drawbar power

where:

P drawbar power required for the implement, kW

D draft force required to move the implement, kN

S speed of tractor, kph

D.2 Discharge rate

where:
Q discharge rate, kg/s

t total time of application, s

Wg weight of granules applied, kg

where:

Wi initial weight of granules in tank or hopper, kg

Wf final weight in tank or hopper, kg

D.3 Effective field capacity

where:

C effective field capacity, m2/h

15
PAES 166:2011

T operating time, h

E effective area accomplished, m2

where:

w actual working width, m

D total distance traveled, m

where:

A area of plot, m2

s average swath or width of cut, m

where:

W width of plot, m

N number of trips per round

D.4 Field efficiency

where:

Eff field efficiency, %

C effective field capacity, m2/h

Co theoretical field capacity, m2/h

D.5 Uniformity of distribution

16
 PAES 166:2011

where:

σ2 variance for distribution

x weight of granules in collector, g

m mean weight of granules in collector, g

n total number of collectors

D.6 Wheel slip

where:

% W.S. wheel slip, %

A distance traveled by the tractor under no load

after a given number of wheel revolution, m

B distance traveled by the tractor with implement

attached after a given number of wheel
revolution, m

D.7 Theoretical field capacity

where:

Co theoretical field capacity, ha/h

w actual working width, m

S speed of tractor, m/h

D.8 Fuel consumption

where:

Ef fuel consumption, Lps

17
PAES 166:2011

Vi initial volume of fuel in tank, L

Vf final volume of fuel in tank, L

t time of operation

18
 PAES 166:2011

ANNEX E

Field Performance Test

E.1 Fuel consumption

This shall be done by filling the tank with a known volume of fuel. After the test, the
tank shall be emptied by draining the fuel through the carburetor. The drained fuel
shall be measured using a graduated cylinder. The difference between the initial
volume of fuel and the final volume shall be divided by the time of operation to
determine the fuel consumption of the equipment.

Fuel consumption can also be measured by filling the tank to full capacity before and
after the each test trial. The amount of fuel refilled shall be measured using a
graduated cylinder. The difference in the volume of the fuel shall be divided by the
time of operation to yield the fuel consumption of the equipment.

E.2 Draft of the implement

A spring, hydraulic or strain-gauge type dynamometer shall be attached to the front of

the tractor on which the implement is mounted. Another auxiliary tractor shall pull the
implement-mounted tractor through the dynamometer in neutral gear but with the
implement in the operating position. The draft in the measured distance of 20m as
well as the time it takes to traverse it shall be read and recorded. On the same field,
the draft in the same distance shall be read and recorded but with the implement lifted
above the ground. The difference in the readings shall be obtained as the draft of the
implement

E.3 Wheel slip analysis

The percentage of wheel slip shall be obtained by recording the difference of the
traveled distance without load and the traveled distance with the implement attached.
A mark shall be placed on the wheel of the tractor (Fig.2). The tractor shall be
allowed to move forward up to 10 revolutions of the marked wheel under no load (A).
The distance shall be measured and recorded. On the same surface, the tractor shall be
allowed to move forward with the implement attached. After same number of
revolutions, the distance traveled shall be measured and recorded (B). The percentage
of wheel slip shall then be computed using the formula in Annex D.
position mark on
position under under load initial
the wheel
no load position

B
A
Figure 2. Measurement of wheel slip

19
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Emerito V. Banal

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Cirilo M. Namoc

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
 your partner in product quality and safety

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

3F Trade and Industry Building

361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City 1200, Metro Manila, Philippines
T/ (632) 751.3125 / 751.3123 / 751.4735
F/ (632) 751.4706 / 751.4731
E-mail : bps@dti.gov.ph
www.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD
PNS/PAES 169:2015
(PAES published 2015)
ICS 65.060.10

Agricultural machinery – Spike tooth harrow for

walking type agricultural tractor – Specifications

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS*

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph

*BUREAU OF PHILIPPINE STANDARDS

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 169:2015
(PAES published 2015)

National Foreword

The Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 169:2015, Agricultural

machinery – Spike tooth harrow for walking type agricultural tractor – Specifications
was approved for adoption as Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of
Philippine Standards upon the recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development of the Department of
Science and Technology (PCAARRD-DOST).
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PNS/PAES 169:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Spike Tooth Harrow for Walking Type Agricultural Tractor
– Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of Standards for
Rice Production and Postproduction Machinery" which was funded by the Philippine Council
for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD) of
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PAES 010-2 – Rules for the
Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

A-30
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PNS/PAES 169:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Spike Tooth Harrow for Walking Type Agricultural Tractor
– Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for the manufacture and performance of spike tooth
harrow hitched to a walking type agricultural tractor.

2 References

The following normative document contains provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code - Steel

PNS/PAES 106:2000 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment – Terminology

PNS/PAES 170:2015 Agricultural Machinery –Spike Tooth Harrow for Walking Type
Agricultural Tractor – Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PNS/PAES 106:2000 and the
following definitions shall apply:

3.1
field efficiency
ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the theoretical
maximum productivity

3.2
harrowing
operation which breaks the clods, levels and makes the soil ready for planting

3.3
main frame
part of the spike tooth harrow that holds the teeth

3.4
secondary tillage implement
implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage implements,
provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the
soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds

A-31
3.5
spike tooth harrow
comb harrow
peg tooth harrow
secondary tillage implement consisting of long spikes that break the soil clods after plowing
(Figure 1)

3.6
tooth
tine
part of the implement that engages with the soil during operation (Figure 1)

Handle

Primemover

Main Frame

Tooth
Cage Wheel
Figure 1 - Spike tooth harrow hitched to a walking type agricultural tractor

4 Principle of Operation

The spike tooth harrow shall be hitched to a two wheel tractor. After being transported to the
field, the implement shall be lowered to the soil. Trailing spike tooth harrow shall be towed
by the tractor to cut through the soil.

5 Fabrication Requirements

5.1 The spike tooth harrow shall be generally made of steel.

5.2 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in American Welding
Society (AWS) D1.1:2000.

5.2.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.

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5.2.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and base metal.

5.2.3 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm size fillet weld.

5.2.4 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.

6 Performance Requirements

6.1 There shall be uniform surface consistency after harrowing.

6.2 The spike tooth assembly shall be intact after the test.

6.3 During operation, the spike tooth harrow shall not be detached from the tractor.

6.4 The spike tooth harrow shall be able to pass through obstructions in the soil.

6.5 The spike tooth harrow shall be easy to hitch and unhitch from the tractor linkages.

7 Safety, Workmanship and Finish

7.1 The spike tooth harrow shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.

7.2 The spike tooth harrow shall be free from manufacturing defects.

8 Warranty for Construction and Services

8.1 One (1) year warranty on services, in accordance to the manufacturer’s warranty
policy, shall be provided. This shall start upon the acceptance of the spike tooth harrow by
the end user.

8.2 There shall be no breakdown of its components under normal use within one (1) year
from acceptance of the spike tooth harrow by the end-user, in accordance to the
manufacturer’s warranty policy.

9 Testing

Spike tooth harrow for walking type agricultural tractor shall be tested in accordance with
PNS/PAES 170:2015-Agricultural Machinery: Spike Tooth Harrow for Walking Type
Agricultural Tractor – Methods of Test.

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