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6 THE UNITED NATIONS Powers of International Organizations

(Micahel N. Barnett, Martha Finnemore)
Internationalists like Bentham and Kant imagined
the possibility of a world government, nothing of IO's have the power of classifications; they can
the sort exists today; invent and apply categories such as “refugees.”
IO's can fix meanings such as in the concepts of
“security” as referring to safety from military
There is no one organization where states are
accountable to. violence as well as from environmental harm.
No organization can militarily compel a state to IO's have the power to diffuse norms, which are
obey predetermined global rules. accepted codes of conduct that may not be strict
There is some regularity in the behavior of states law, but nevertheless produce regularity in
though; it becomes a global concern when they behavior.
don't.
Global governance refers to various intersecting IO powers can be sources of great good like
processes that create global order. promote human rights or great harm, such as in
the IMF's “one-size-fits-all” approach when its
economists make recommendations to developing
There are many sources of global governance— nations.
treaties and charters of organizations.
The UNited Nations
Transnational corporations can likewise have
effects on world governance. Brief History
idea for the UN, elaborated in declarations signed
A transnational corporation is an enterprise that at the wartime Allied conferences in Moscow and
is involved with the international production of Tehran in 1943.
goods or services, foreign investments, or income
US Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt suggested the
and asset management in more than one country.
Transnational corporations share many qualities name "UnitedNations" first official use of the term
with multinational corporations, with the subtle occurred on January 1, 1942 with the Declaration
difference being that multinational corporations by the United Nations.
consist of a centralized management structure,
whereas transnational corporations generally are • During WW II, the Allies used the term "United
decentralized, with many bases in various Nations" to refer to their alliance.
countries where the corporation operates. • From August to October 1944, representatives of
the U.S., United Kingdom, France, USSR, and
China met to elaborate the plans at the Dumbarton
NGO's though not having formal state Oaks Estate in Washington, D.C.
power, can lobby individual states to behave in a • Those and later talks produced proposals
certain way.
outlining the purposes of the organization, its
Non-Governmental Organizations are membership and organs, as well as arrangements
organizations which are independent of to maintain international peace and security and
government involvement. international economic and social cooperation.
NGOs are a subgroup of organizations founded
• These proposals were discussed and debated by
by citizens, which include clubs and associations
that provide services to their members and others. governments and private citizens worldwide.
NGOs are usually nonprofit organizations, and • Came into existence on October 24, 1945, after
many of them are active in humanitarianism or the
the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent
social sciences.
members of the Security Council - China, France,
International Organization is an organization USSR, UK, and the United States - and by a
established by a treaty or other instrument majority of the other 46 signatories.
governed by international law and possessing its
• The U.S. Senate, by a vote of 89 to 2, gave its
own international legal personality, such as the
United Nations, the World Health Organization and consent to the ratification of the UN Charter on
NATO. One major fallacy of IO's is that they’re July 28, 1945.
merely amalgamations of various state interests. • In December 1945, the Senate and the House of
In the 1960s and the 1970s scholars believed IO's Representatives, by unanimous votes, requested
are just talk shops. IO's however can take on lives that the UN make its headquarters in the U.S.
of their own.
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Article 5
• The offer was accepted, UN headquarters • A Member of the United Nations against which
building was constructed in New York City in 1949 preventive or enforcement action has been taken
and 1950 beside the East River on land purchased by the Security Council may be suspended from
by an 8.5-million-dollar donation from John D. the exercise of the rights and privileges of
Rockefeller, Jr. membership by the General Assembly upon the
recommendation of the Security Council. The
• The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental
exercise of these rights and privileges may be
organization tasked with:
restored by the Security Council.
• maintaining international peace and security,
Article 6
• developing friendly relations among nations,
• A Member of the United Nations which has
• achieving international co-operation, and
persistently violated the principles contained in the
• being a centre for harmonizing the actions of
present Charter may be expelled from the
nations.
Organization by the General Assembly upon the
recommendation of the Security Council.
• It was established after World War II, with the aim
of preventing future wars, and succeeded the
ineffective League of Nations. The official languages of the UN are the six
• Its headquarters, which are subject to languages that are used in UN meetings, and in
extraterritoriality, are in Manhattan, New York City, which all official UN documents are written. In
and it has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, alphabetical order, they are:
Vienna and The Hague. • Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic)
• Chinese(Written character: Simplified Chinese)
• UN HQ officially opened on January 9, 1951. The
• English (British English with Oxford spelling)
land is now considered international territory.
• French
• Under special agreement with the U.S., certain
• Russian
diplomatic privileges and immunities have been
• Spanish
granted, but generally the laws of New York City,
New proposed languages:
New York State, and the U.S. apply.
• Bengali
• Hindi
• Malay
CHAPTER II: MEMBERSHIP • Portuguese
Article 3 • Swahili
• The original Members of the United Nations shall • Turkish
be the states which, having participated in the
United Nations Conference on International • The General Assembly (GA) is the main
Organization at San Francisco, or having deliberative, policymaking and representative
previously signed the Declaration by United organ of the UN.
Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present
• Established in 1945, the General Assembly
Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.
occupies a central position as the chief
Article 4 deliberative, policymaking and representative
• Membership in the United Nations is open to all organ of the United Nations.
other peace-loving states which accept the • Comprising all 193 Members of the United
obligations contained in the present Charter and, in Nations, it provides a unique forum for multilateral
the judgment of the Organization, are able and discussion of the full spectrum of international
willing to carry out these obligations. issues covered by the Charter.
• The admission of any such state to membership • It also plays a significant role in the process of
in the United Nations will be effected by a decision standard- setting and the codification of
of the General Assembly upon the international law.
recommendation of the Security Council. • Each country has one vote. Some Member
• Currently are 193 members. States in arrear of payment may be granted the
right to vote.
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• In setting up an International Trusteeship

System, the Charter established the Trusteeship
• The Assembly has adopted its own rules of
Council as one of the main organs of the United
procedure and elects its President and 21 Vice-
Nations.
Presidents for each session.
• Decisions on important questions, such as those • The UN assigned to it the task of supervising the
on peace and security, admission of new members administration of Trust Territories placed under the
and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds Trusteeship System.
majority. • The main goals of the System were to promote
• Decisions on other questions are by simple the advancement of the inhabitants of Trust
majority. Territories and their progressive development
• The Assembly meets from September to towards self-government or independence.
December each year, and thereafter from January
• The Trusteeship Council is made up of the five
to August, as required.
permanent members of the Security Council -
China, France, the Russian Federation, the United
Kingdom and the United States.
• The Security Council has primary responsibility
• The aims of the Trusteeship System have been
for the maintenance of international peace and
fulfilled to the extent that all Trust Territories have
security.
attained self- government or independence, either
• It has 15 Members, and each Member has one
as separate States or by joining neighbouring
vote. Under the Charter of the United Nations, all
independent countries.
Member States are obligated to comply with
Council decisions. • Under the Charter, the Trusteeship Council is
authorized to examine and discuss reports from
• The Security Council takes the lead in
the Administering Authority on the political,
determining the existence of a threat to the peace
economic, social and educational advancement of
or act of aggression.
the peoples of Trust Territories and, in consultation
• It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by
with the Administering Authority, to examine
peaceful means and recommends methods of
petitions from and undertake periodic and other
adjustment or terms of settlement.
special missions to Trust Territories.
• In some cases, the Security Council can resort to
• The Trusteeship Council suspended its
imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of
operations on 1 November 1994, a month after the
force to maintain or restore international peace and
independence of Palau, the last remaining United
security.
Nations trust territory.

• The International Court of Justice, which has

• The UN Charter established ECOSOC in 1945 as its seat in The Hague, is the principal judicial organ
one of the six main organs of the United Nations. of the United Nations.
• The Economic and Social Council is at the • It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague,
heart of the United Nations system to advance the sharing the building with the Hague Academy of
three dimensions of sustainable development – International Law, a private centre for the study of
economic, social and environmental. international law.

• It is the central platform for fostering debate and • The ICJ's primary purpose is to adjudicate
innovative thinking, forging consensus on ways disputes among states. The court has heard cases
forward, and coordinating efforts to achieve related to war crimes, illegal state interference,
internationally agreed goals. ethnic cleansing, and other issues.
• It is also responsible for the follow-up to major • The ICJ can also be called upon by other UN
UN conferences and summits. organs to provide advisory opinions.
• It is the only organ that is not located in NewYork.
• The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9-
year terms and are appointed by the General
Assembly; every sitting judge must be from a
different nation.
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The UN Secretariat is headed by the Secretary job, but are almost always rejected as unpalatable
General, assisted by the Deputy Secretary- to some.
General and a staff of international civil servants • For instance, figures like Charles de Gaulle,
worldwide. Dwight Eisenhower, and Sir Anthony Eden were
considered for the first Secretary-General position,
• It provides studies, information, and facilities
but were rejected in favor of the uncontroversial
needed by UN bodies for their meetings.
Norwegian Trygve Lie.
• It also carries out tasks as directed by the
Security Council, the General Assembly, the Gladwyn Jeb Oct 45-Feb 46, UK
Economic and Social Council, and other UN
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (1982-91), Peru
bodies. Trygve Lie, 1946-1952, Norway
• The Secretary-General acts as the de facto
spokesperson and leader of the UN. The position Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992-96), Egypt
Dag Hammarskjöld (1953-61), Sweden
is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's
"chief administrative officer“. Kofi Annan (1997-2006), Ghana
U Thant, (1961-19710, Burma
• Article 99 of the charter states that the Secretary-
General can bring to the Security Council's Ban Ki-Moon (2007-2016), South Korea
attention Kurt Waldheim (1972-81), Austria
"any matter which in his opinion may threaten the Antonio Guterres (1917-) Portugal
maintenance of international peace and security",
• a phrase that Secretaries-General since Trygve
Lie have interpreted as giving the position broad • The World Health Organization
scope for action on the world stage. (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United
• The office has evolved into a dual role of an Nations responsible for international public health.
administrator of the UN organization and a • its main objective is "the attainment by all
diplomat and mediator addressing disputes peoples of the highest possible level of health. “
between member states and finding consensus to • It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with
global issues. six semi- autonomous regional offices and 150
field offices worldwide.
• Secretaries-General serve for five-year terms that
can be renewed indefinitely, although none so far
has held office for more than two terms; most have
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and
served two terms.
Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
• The Charter provides for the Secretary-General
- a specialized agency of the United Nations
to be appointed by the General Assembly upon the
aimed at promoting world peace and security
nomination of the Security Council.
through international cooperation in education, the
• Therefore, the selection is subject to the veto of
sciences, and culture.
any of the five permanent members of the Security
Council. - has 193 member states and 11 associates
members, as well as partners in the
• In practice, the Secretary-General cannot be a
nongovernmental, intergovernmental, and
national of any of the Permanent Members of the
private sector.
Security Council.
- headquartered in Paris, France, UNESCO
• An accepted practice of regional (continental)
has 53 regional field offices and 199
rotation has also been adopted in the selection of
national commissions that facilitate its
successive candidates.
global mandate.
• The ability of candidates to converse in both
English and French is also considered an unofficial • The United Nations High Commissioner for
qualification for the office. Refugees (UNHCR) is a UN agency mandated to
aid and protect refugees, forcibly displaced
• Most Secretaries-General are compromise-
communities, and stateless people, and to assist in
candidates from middle powers and with little prior
their voluntary repatriation, local integration or
fame.
resettlement to a third country.
• High-profile candidates are often touted for the
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• It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA),
over 17,300 staff working in 135 countries. formerly the United Nations Fund for Population
Activities, is a UN agency aimed at improving
reproductive and maternal health worldwide.
• The United Nations Environment • Its work includes developing national healthcare
Programme (UNEP) is responsible for strategies and protocols, increasing access to birth
coordinating responses to environmental issues control, and leading campaigns against child
within the United Nations system. marriage, gender-based violence, obstetric fistula,
• was established by Maurice Strong, its first and female genital mutilation.
director, after the United Nations Conference on
the Human Environment in Stockholm in June
1972. The International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA)
• Its mandate is to provide leadership, deliver
• is an international organization that seeks to
science and develop solutions on a wide range of
promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to
issues, including climate change, the management
inhibit its use for any military purpose, including
of marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and green
nuclear weapons.
economic development.
• The organization also develops international
environmental agreements, publishes and The International Labour Organization (ILO)
promotes environmental science and helps • is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to
national governments achieve environmental advance social and economic justice through
targets. setting international labour standards.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the The World Food Programme (WFP) is the food
United Nations (FAO) assistance branch of the United Nations.
• is a specialized agency of the United Nations that • It is the world's largest humanitarian organization,
leads international efforts to defeat hunger and the largest one focused on hunger and food
improve nutrition and food security. security, and the largest provider of school meals.
• Its Latin motto, fiat panis, translates to "let there
be bread". It was founded in October 1945.
The United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP) is the United Nations' global development
UNICEF, also known as the United Nations network.
International Children's Emergency Fund, • It promotes technical and investment cooperation
- is a United Nations agency responsible for among nations and advocates for change and
providing humanitarian and developmental aid to connects countries to knowledge, experience and
children worldwide resources to help people build a better life for
- UNICEF's activities include providing themselves.
immunizations and disease prevention,
• The UNDP provides expert advice, training and
administering treatment for children and mothers
grants support to developing countries, with
with HIV, enhancing childhood and maternal
increasing emphasis on assistance to the least
nutrition, improving sanitation, promoting
developed countries.
education, and providing emergency relief in
• UNDP works with nations on their own solutions
response to disasters.
to global and national development challenges. As
they develop local capacity, they draw on the
people of UNDP and its wide range of partners.
• However UNDP offers to help only if the different
nations request it to do so.
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United Nations Commission on Human

Rights (UNCHR)

-was a functional commission within the overall

framework of the United Nations from 1946 until it
was replaced by the United Nations Human Rights
Council in 2006.

• It was a subsidiary body of the UN Economic and International organizations that largely represent
Social Council (ECOSOC), and was also assisted the independent states formed after the breakup of
in its work by the Office of the United Nations High an empire. La Francophonie has overlapping
Commissioner for Human Rights (UNOHCHR). membership with all three of the other
• It was the UN's principal mechanism and organizations shown in the map.
international forum concerned with the promotion
and protection of human rights.

7 Intergovernmental Organizations
- institution drawing membership from at
least three states, having activities in
several states, and whose members are
held together by a formal agreement.
Several non-overlapping large alliances. Softer
colors indicate observer/associate or candidate
countries.

Organizations grouping almost all the countries

in their respective continents. Russia is
GUAM member state - Green
member of both the Council of Europe and the
Asian Cooperation Dialogue. EU member state – Dark Blue

EEA member or EU candidate state – Sky Blue

EurAsEC member state – Orange

Several smaller regional organizations with non-

overlapping memberships.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development
Organisation de Coopération et de Développement
Économiques
GESS/4

Non-Aligned Movement
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Arab League
Commonwealth of Nations

Sistema Econômico Latino-Americano e do Caribe

La Francophonie

Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa

Community of Portuguese Language Countries

Latin Union
GESS/4

8 Peace Studies or inter- state tensions and disputes from

escalating into violent conflict.
Peace
 It includes early warning, information gathering
is a concept of societal friendship and harmony in
and a careful analysis of the factors driving the
the absence of hostility and violence.
conflict.
In a social sense, peace is commonly used to  Conflict prevention activities may include the use
mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom of the Secretary- General’s “good offices,”
from fear of violence between individuals or preventive deployment of UN missions or conflict
groups. mediation led by the Department of Political
Affairs.
Negative peace refers to the absence of direct, or
"hot" violence, which refers to acts that impose
immediate harm on a given subject or group.
Peacemaking
Positive peace refers to the absence of both
direct violence as well as structural violence. - Generally, includes measures to address
Structural violence refers to the ways that conflicts in progress and usually involves
systems & institutions in society cause, reinforce, diplomatic action to bring hostile parties to
or perpetuate direct violence. a negotiated agreement.
- US President Jimmy Carter brokering
Just peace refers to the absence of all three
peace between Anwar Sadat of Egypt (first
types of violence enumerated above: direct,
Arab country to recognize Israel) and Israeli
structural, & cultural.
PM Menachem Begin.
Cultural violence refers to aspects of culture that
- The UN Secretary-General may exercise
can be used to justify or legitimize direct or
his/her “good offices” to facilitate the
structural violence—the ways in which direct or
resolution of the conflict.
structural violence look or feel "right" according to
- Peacemakers may also be envoys,
the moral fabric of society.
governments, group of states, regional
organizations or the United Nations.
- Peacemaking efforts may also be
Peacekeeping is one among a range of activities
undertaken by unofficial and non-
undertaken by the United Nations to maintain
governmental groups, or by a prominent
international peace and security throughout the
personality working independently.
world.
The other activities are:
conflict prevention &mediation
Peace enforcement
peacemaking
Peace enforcement involves the application of
peace enforcement
a range of coercive measures, including the
peacebuilding
use of military force. It requires the explicit
Peacekeeping prevents the resumption
authorization of the Security Council.
of fighting following a conflict
- Jets enforcing a No-Fly Zone order in Iraq

It is used to restore international peace and

 Conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping security in situations where the Security
and peace enforcement rarely occur in a linear or Council has decided to act in the face of a
sequential way. threat to the peace, breach of the peace or
 Experience has shown that they should be seen act of aggression. The Council may utilize,
as mutually reinforcing. where appropriate, regional organizations
and agencies for enforcement action
under its authority and in accordance with the
UN Charter.

Conflict prevention Peacebuilding

 involves diplomatic measures to keep intra-state
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- happens before a conflict starts or once it Trauma counseling

ends. Transitional justice and restoration
Peacebuilding aims to reduce the risk of Community dialogue
lapsing or relapsing into conflict by Building bridges between different communities
strengthening national capacities at all Increasing human rights
levels for conflict management, and to lay Gender empowerment
the foundation for sustainable peace and Raising environmental awareness
development. Promoting economic development
- It is a complex, long-term process of Developing a civil society and private sector
creating the necessary conditions for that can represent diverse interests and
sustainable peace. challenge the state peacefully.
- Peacebuilding measures address core
issues that affect the functioning of society
and the State, and seek to enhance the Role of peacekeeping
capacity of the State to effectively and The boundaries between conflict prevention,
legitimately carry out its core functions. peace-making, peacekeeping, peacebuilding
and peace enforcement have become
There are many different approaches to
increasingly blurred.
categorization of forms of peacebuilding
among the peacebuilding field's many scholars.
- Peace operations are rarely limited to one
Barnett et al. divide post-conflict peacebuilding
type of activity.
into three dimensions:

1. stabilizing the post-conflict zone,

- While UN peacekeeping operations are, in
2. restoring state institutions, and principle, deployed to support the
implementation of a ceasefire or peace
3. dealing with social and economic issues.
agreement, they are often required to play an
1st Dimension: active role in peacemaking efforts and may
also be involved in early peacebuilding
Taking away weapons activities.
Re-integrating former combatants
into civilian society.
Today's multidimensional peacekeeping
2nd Dimension:
Operations facilitate the political process,
Rebuilding basic facilities, transportation and protect civilians, assist in the disarmament,
communication networks, utilities. demobilization and reintegration of former
combatants; support the organization of
Developing rule of law systems and public elections, protect and promote human rights
administration. and assist in restoring the rule of law.
Building educational and health infrastructure “Peace cannot be kept by force; it can only be
Providing technical and capacity-building achieved by understanding.”
assistance for institutions. “Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light
Creating legitimate (democratic, accountable) can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only
state institutions. love can do that.”
~ Martin Luther King, Jr.

3rd Dimension:
9 The North divide South
GESS/4

The North–South divide; socio-economic and History

political divide. • idea of categorizing countries by their economic
and developmental status began during the Cold
Global North: the US, Canada, Europe, Israel,
War (East and West);
Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan as well as
• The USSR and China represented the East, and
Australia and New Zealand.
the US and its allies represented the West;
Global South: Africa, Latin America, and • 'Third World' came into parlance in the second
developing Asia including the Middle East. half of the 20th century, originated in a 1952 article
by Alfred Sauvy entitled "Trois Mondes, Une
North: home to the G8 and to four of the five Planète;
permanent members of the United Nations • Early definitions of Third World emphasized its
Security Council. The North mostly covers the exclusion from the East-West conflict as well as
West and the First World, along with much of the the ex-colonial status and poverty of the nations it
Second World, while the South largely comprised.
corresponds With the Third World.
• 1955 Bandung Conference, meeting of Third
World states, alternative to alignment was
The Cold War was a period of ideological and promoted.
geopolitical tension between the US and the • the first Non-Aligned Summit was organized in
USSR, and their respective allies, after World 1961;
War II; the period is generally considered to span • a mode of economic criticism which separated
the 1947 Truman Doctrine (12 March 1947) To the the world economy into "core" and "periphery" was
1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union (26 developed;
December 1991). • given expression in a project for political reform,
"moved the terms 'North' and 'South' into the
First World, the West; definition has largely international political lexicon.“
shifted to any country with little political risk and a • In 1973, the pursuit of a New International
well-functioning democracy, rule of law, capitalist Economic Order, to be negotiated between the
economy, economic stability and high standard of North and South was initiated at the Non-Aligned
living; Summit held in Algiers.

• in 1973, the oil embargo by Arab OPEC countries

Second World, used during the Cold War to refer (the Yom Kippur) increased world oil prices;
to the industrial socialist states that were under the • Led to a worldwide recession, industrialized
influence of the USSR.; nations increasing economically protectionist
policies; contributing less aid to the less developed
Third World, during the Cold War, Third World countries of the South;
referred to the developing countries of Asia, Africa, • Western banks, provided loans to Third World
and Latin America, the nations not aligned with countries which were not able to pay back their
either the First World or the Second World. debt; led the IMF to extend further loans, if they
following the fall of the USSR and the end of the undertake certain liberalizing reforms;
Cold War in 1991, the term Third World was used • came to be known as structural adjustment, and
interchangeably with developing countries; Is now was institutionalized by International Financial and
outdated. Economic stability and high standard of Western governments.
living; • a break from the Keynesian approach to foreign
aid which had been the norm from the end of the
Second World War;
• After 1987, reports on the negative social impacts
of structural adjustment policies on affected
developing nations led IFIs to supplement
structural adjustment policies with targeted anti-
poverty projects;
• at the end of the Cold War and the break-up of
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the USSR, some Second World countries joined 7. India

the First World, and others joined the Third World. Area 3,287,590 sq km
• A new and simpler classification was needed; use Population 1,369,957,614
of the terms "North" and "South" became more Density 382.2/km2
widespread.
8. Argentina
Area 2,780,400 sq km
Population 45,605,826[
The Brandt Line
Density 14.4/sq km
• visual depiction of the north–south divide,
• proposed by West German former Chancellor 9. Kazakhstan
Willy Brandt in the 1980s.
Area 2,717,300 sq km
• encircles the world at a latitude of approximately
Population 19,082,467
30° North, passing between North and Central
Density 5.94/sq km
America, north of Africa and the Middle East,
climbing north over China and Mongolia, but 10. Algeria
dipping south so as to include Australia and New
Zealand in the "Rich North". Area 2,381,741 sq km
Population 44,700,000
Density 15.9/sq km
The World’s Largest States

1. Russia THE SMALLEST STATES IN THE WORLD

Area 17,098,242 sq km 1. Vatican City, 0.2 square miles - The
Population 145,478,097 world's smallest state, the Vatican has a
Density 8.4/km2 population of 825, none of whom are
permanent residents. The tiny country is
2. Canada
the spiritual center for the world's Roman
• Area 9,984,670 sq km
Catholics (over 1 billion strong). It is
• Population 38,526,760
surrounded by Rome, Italy. “Annuntio vobis
• Density 3.41/km2
gaudium magnum: habemus papam.” I
3. People’s Republic of China announce to you a great joy: We have a
• Area 9,596,960 sq km Pope
• Population 1,412,600,000 2. Monaco, .7 square miles - lies along the
• Density 145/km2 French Riviera on the French
Mediterranean coast near Nice. An
4. United States of America
impressive 38,100 people live in this state
Area 9,147,593 km2
known for its Monte Carlo casinos. It has
Population 331,893,745
been independent off-and-on since the 13th
Density 34.2/km2
century.
5. Brazil 3. Nauru. 8.5 square miles - The 11,000
residents of the Pacific Island Nauru rely on
Area 8,515,767 km2 diminishing phosphate deposits. The state
Population 212,688,125 became independent in 1968 and was
Density 23.8 km2 formerly known as Pleasant Island.
6. Australia 4. Tuvalu. 9 square miles - composed of 9
coral atolls along a 360-mile chain in
Area 7,692,700 sq km Polynesia. Gained independence in 1978.
Population 25,986,700 The former Ellice Islands are home to
Density 2.8/sq km 10,507 people.
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5. San Marino. 24 square miles - Located on The World’s Newest States

Mt. Titano in north central Italy, San Marino
1. South Sudan peacefully seceded from Sudan
has 33,630 residents. The country claims to
on July 9, 2011 following a January 2011
be the oldest state in Europe, having been
referendum. Sudan itself was the first to recognize
founded in the fourth century.
South Sudan and did so one day early.
6. Liechtenstein. 62 square miles - This
2. Kosovo unilaterally declared independence
microstate of 38,749 people is located on
from Serbia on February 17, 2008.
the Rhine River between Switzerland and
Austria in the Alps. 3. Serbia became its own entity on June 5, 2006
7. Marshall Islands, 0 square miles – The after Montenegro split.
atolls (including the world's largest, 4. Montenegro was part of Serbia and
Kwajalein), reefs, and 34 islands Montenegro (also known as Yugoslavia) but
(population 55,500) gained independence gained independence on June 3, 2006 after a
in 1986. referendum.
8. St. Kitts & Nevis, 104 square miles - This
Caribbean country of 52,823 residents 5. East Timor (Timor-Leste) declared
gained independence in 1983. Nevis is the independence from Portugal in 1975 but did not
smaller island of the two and is guaranteed became independent from Indonesia until May 20,
the right to secede. 2002.
9. Seychelles, 107 square miles - The 98,462 6. Palau was part of the Trust Territory of Pacific
residents of this Indian Ocean Island group Islands (administered by the United States) and
have been independent of the UK since gained independence October 1, 1994 as a former
1976. colony.
10. Maldives, 115 square miles - Only 200 of 7. Eritrea was a part of Ethiopia but seceded and
the 2000 Indian Ocean islands which make gained independence on May 25, 1993.
up this country are occupied by 383,135 8. & 9. The Czech Republic and Slovakia
residents. The islands gained became independent states on January 1, 1993
independence from the U.K. in 1965. when Czechoslovakia dissolved.

10. Micronesia, previously known as the Caroline

THE MOST POPULOUS STATES IN THE Islands, became independent from the United
WORLD States on September 17, 1991.
11. The Marshall Islands was part of the Trust
State Population Capital City Territory of Pacific Islands (administered by the
1. China 1,412,600,000 Beijing United States) and gained independence as a
2. India 1,369,957,614 New Delhi former colony on September 17, 1991.
3. USA 331,893,745 Washington
12. Germany unified (from East Germany and
4. Indonesia 273.879.750 Jakarta
West Germany) on October 3, 1990 after the fall of
5. Pakistan 226,992,332 Islamabad
the Iron Curtain.
6. Brazil 212,688,125 Brasilia
13. Yemen was formed when North and South
7. Nigeria 211,400,708 Abuja
Yemen merged on May 22, 1990.
8. Bangladesh 169,688,404 Dacca
9. Russia 145,478,097 Moscow 14. Namibia became independent of South Africa
10. Mexico 126,014,024 Mexico City on March 21, 1990.
11. Japan 125,502,000 Tokyo
12. Philippines 109,991,095 Manila
13. Egypt 102,674,145 Cairo
14. Democratic 101,935,800 Kinshasa
15. Vietnam 96,483,981 Hanoi
GESS/4

Bosnia and Herzegovina, February 29, 1992 Happiest Countries

Croatia, June 25, 1991 Macedonia (officially The
The data used to rank countries in each report is
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) declared
drawn from the Gallup World Poll, as well as other
independence on September 8, 1991 but wasn't
sources such as the World Values Survey, in some
recognized by the United Nations until 1993 and
of the reports. The Gallup World Poll questionnaire
the United States and Russia in February of 1994
measures 14 areas within its core questions:
Serbia and Montenegro, (also known as the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), April 17, 1992 (1)business & economics, (2) citizen engagement,
Slovenia, June 25, 1991. (3) communications & technology, (4) diversity
(social issues), (5) education & families,
(6)emotions (well-being), (7) environment &
Fifteen new countries became independent with energy, (8) food & shelter, (9) government and
the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Most of these politics, (10) law & order (safety), (11) health,
countries declared independence a few months (12)religion and ethics, (13) transportation, and
preceding the fall of the Soviet Union in late 1991. (14) work.

Armenia 1. FINLAND
Azerbaijan
2. DENMARK
Belarus
Estonia 3. ICELAND
Georgia
Kazakhstan 4. SWITZERLAND
Kyrgyzstan 5. THE NETHERLANDS
Latvia
Lithuania 6. LUXEMBOURG
Moldova 7. SWEDEN
Russia
Tajikistan 8. NORWAY
Turkmenistan
9. ISRAEL
Ukraine
Uzbekistan 10. NEW ZEALAND

11. AUSTRIA

The Ten Most Corrupt Countries in the world 12. AUSTRALIA

2021 2022 13. IRELAND

1. South Sudan South Sudan
14. GERMANY
2. Somalia Syria
3. Syria Somalia 15. CANADA
4. Venezuela Venezuela
5. Afghanistan Afghanistan
6. North Korea North Korea
7. Yemen Libya
8. Equatorial Equatorial Guinea
Guinea
9. Libya DR Congo
10. Burundi Burundi
GESS/4

World's 10 largest economies Submarines: 16

Top Ten Countries by Nominal GDP at Current
U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates 5. India
Country Nomina PPP Annual GDP Per Defense Budget: $50 billion
l GDP Adjuste Growt Capita
Active frontline personnel: 1,325,000
(in d h (in
trillions GDP (in (%) thousands
Tanks: 6,464
) trillions) ) Total aircraft: 1,905
United $21.43 $21.43 2.2% $65,298 Submarines: 15
States 6. France
China $14.34 $23.52 6.1% $10,262 Defense Budget: $62.3 billion
Japan $5.08 $5.46 0.7% $40,247 Active frontline personnel: 202,761
German $3.86 $4.68 0.6% $46,445 Tanks: 423
y
Total aircraft: 1,264
India $2.87 $9.56 4.2% $2,100
Submarines: 10
United $2.83 $3.25 1.5% $42,330
Kingdom 7. South Korea
France $2.72 $3.32 1.5% $40,493.9 Defense Budget: $62.3 billion
Italy $2.00 $2.67 0.3% $33,228.2 Active frontline personnel: 624,465
Brazil $1.84 $3.23 1.1% $8,717 Tanks: 2,381
Canada $1.74 $1.93 1.7% $46,195 Total aircraft: 1,412
Submarines: 13
8. Italy
Defense Budget: $34 billion
Ten Strongest Military Powers Active frontline personnel: 320,000
Tanks: 586
1. USA Total aircraft: 760
Defense Budget: $601 billion
Submarines: 6
Active frontline personnel: 1,400,000
Tanks: 8,848 9. United Kingdom
Total aircraft: 13,892 Defense Budget: $60.5 billion
Submarines: 72 Active frontline personnel: 146,980
2. Russia Tanks: 407
Defense Budget: $84.5 billion Total aircraft: 936
Active frontline personnel: 766,055 Submarines: 10
Tanks: 15,398 10.Turkey
Total aircraft: 3,429 Defense Budget: $18.2 billion
Submarines: 55 Active frontline personnel: 410,500
3. China Tanks: 3,778
Defense Budget: $216 billion Total aircraft: 1,020
Active frontline personnel: 2,333,000 Submarines: 13
Tanks: 9,150
Total aircraft: 2,860
Submarines: 67
4. Japan
Defense Budget: $41.6 billion
Active frontline personnel: 247,173
Tanks: 678
Total aircraft: 1,613
GESS/4