CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study

The terms ICT stand for Information and Communication Technology (or
technologies), this refers to “the infrastructure and components that enable modern
computing. i.e. it refers to all devices, networking components, applications and
systems which, in combination, enable both people and organization to interact in
digital form. (Whithead, 2006)

As such, ICT plays a crucial role in workplace communication in both the public
and private sector. This importance has continued to grow but particularly
implications apply when ICT is implemented in an office.

ICT does not just cover the internet enabled sphere to which many organizations,
including Office-Based Business, are accustomed. The term also takes in the
mobile sphere running on wireless networks, while such antiquated, albeit still
widely used, Technologies as landline telephone networks and radio and television
broadcasting infrastructure also fall under the ICT banner.

With huge amount of data at an organizations disposal, ICT systems would let the
business store, process, analyses and share it. This can prove particularly beneficial

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to office managers and other staff who can make decisions both promptly and
accurately on the back of this data.

Tasks with which the data can help them include efficiently managing operations
and menacing quickly as new opportunities or threats emerge the corporate
horizon. ICT is especially important for staff to make wise decisions in the area of
customer service. With a variety of devices infrastructure- including computers and
online systems- fitted in just one office staff can deliver timely responses to
customer queries.

Staff and customers can exchange information in real time over email and live
chart. Furthermore, these employees can increase the speed of their responses
while still improving the quality of customer service, as an organization have
gained access to information communication technologies (ICT) in various forms.
These has opened up exciting new possibilities for how they can effectively carry
out their office work. It has, for example, assisted in smoothing communication
lines between the office manager and staff.

Traditionally, disrupted communication lines between these tiers of the

organization have often led operations to break down. However, ICT has healed
such discrepancies by giving employees direct access to management right around
the clock, enabling various issues to be addressed more quickly.

Office technologist can still converse by email or phone, they can also
communicate by video chat, enabling them to literally show what they are talking
about. Similarly, video conferencing can prove effective in fostering fruitful
collaboration further down the organization. For example, through video or web
conferencing, virtual meeting can be held for conversations with people outside the
organization.

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ICT has even accelerated improvements in Human Resource (HR) software
solutions, significantly easing the scheduling and tracking of HR and jobs many
tasks that required hours to finish manually have been streamlined, while HR
software also lets HR staff effectively schedule work hours and breaks.

In this the software has given HR staff more time for face-to-face meeting with
employees, it has also enabled the office staff to schedule time for paid training
and on that subject. Many office-based businesses can benefit from regularly
putting their staff through training to keep their skills refined and competitive.

Fortunately, however, many of expensive barriers to ongoing employee training

have been used with the increasing implementation of ICT. Now through the
means of telecommunications and video conferencing, training can be provided
through online-ready devices. This has paved the way for an especially convenient
environment in which employees can be trained cost effectively.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Information Communication Technologies are used in the office by the offices

technologists which has made their job easier, faster, and less stressful. Though this
facility has really affected the performance of the office technologist positively,
they are not without some challenges. The cost of procuring some of this facility is
on the high side, and as such most office technologists do not have access to them
because the organization cannot afford them. The issue of operating some of them
by the office technologist is a problem, this is because some of them are not
knowledgeable enough on how to operate them and this affects their performances.
There is also problem of new equipment coming into the market every now and
then. If the office technologist is trying to get acquainted with the available ones
more sophisticated ones are being introduced into the market is against this

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background that the researcher decided to embark on this project research work to
find out the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on the
job performance of office technologist in Adamawa State University Mubi.

1.3 Purpose/Objectives of the Study

The main purpose of this research works is to examine the "Impact of Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) on the Job Productivity of Contemporary
Office Technologist, hence the following are the specific objectives to:

1. Ascertain the importance of Information and Communication Technology on

the productivity of Office Technologist.
2. Identify the types of Information and Communication Technologies available
in the organization.
3. Identify problems encountered by office technologist in using these
Information and Communication Technology facilities.
4. Determine ways of solving the identified problems.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study will be of immense benefit to office technologist, modern business office,
general public and student/lecturers and future researcher. It would be of benefit to
the office technologist, because it will help them to carry out their work effectively,
and to put into practice what they were taught during the course of training.

This study would be of immense benefit to some modern business offices, because
it will help them to consider the purchase of ICT facilities in their business
planning. The study will serve as a reminder to them of the need of these
Information and Communication Technology facilities in their organizations to
carry out their work effectively and efficiently with the help of office technologist.

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It will also be of much benefit to the general public as it contains valuable source of
information that contribute to the body of knowledge. This study will help the
students and lecturers encouraging them to include the need to acquire the skills of
operating modern equipment in their training programs in order to produce
qualified and dynamic office technologist. Finally, it would be of great benefit to
the future researchers, because it will serve as a reference material when carrying
out a research on related topics.

1.5 Research Questions

In order to achieve the above stated objectives, the following research questions
have been formulated to serve as a guide to the study.

1. What are the importance of Information Communication Technologies to

Office Technologist?
2. What are the types of Information Communication Technologies available for
the Office Technologist?
3. What are the problems encountered by the office technologists in using the ICT
facilities?
4. How can the identified problems be solved?
1.6Scope/limitation of the Study

This study is limited in scope to the "Impact of Information Communication

Technology on the Job Performance of Office Technologists in Adamawa State
University, Mubi.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

In the course of carrying out this research work, the researcher faced series of
challenges ranging from time constraint, financial constraint and insufficient
materials. The fact that the researcher was faced with class work and this project at
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the limited time makes the work very tedious. Thus, the work is confined within
the limited time.

1.8 Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this project the following terms have been
operationally defined to help readers to understand easily.

Information: is a signal or character as in a Communication system or computer

representing data.

Communication: is the importing or exchanging of information by speaking,

writing, or using other medium.

Technology: is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes or

applications.

ICT: this refers to all devices, networking components, applications and system
which in combination enable both people and organization to interact in digital
format.

Productivity: this is the act of carrying out work activities by workers or

employees in organization in order to get excellent results at the end of the work
or achieve an organizational goals or objectives.

Office technologies: the office technologist is the custodian of Information, a

reservoir of ideas and model of modesty. It is someone who has the office
knowledge of computer applications and other related office skills.

Organization: this is a social unit or people that is structured and managed to

meet and to pursue collective goals.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter review related literature on the "Impact of Information Communication

Technology on the Job Productivity contemporary of Office Technologist in
Adamawa state university. The review was done under the following sub-heading.
The conceptual frame work, examining the importance of Information
Communication Technology on the Job Performance of an Office Technologist,
types of information communication technology available in an organization,
problems associated with the use of information communication technologies,
solution to the identified problems and summary.

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

The major concepts were reviewed based on different authorities in order to gain
more understanding of concept from their views. They are as follows:

Impacts

Kenneth (2013) defined impact as the measure of the tangible and intangible effects
of one thing or entity's action or influence upon another. Webster (2008) opined

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impact as having a strong and often bad effect on something, The researcher is of
the opinion that impact. is to have a positive change of something.

Information

Mifflin (2002) stated that information is a knowledge communicated or received

concerning a particular fact or circumstance, Shannon (1959) sees information as an
organized or processed data which has meaningful values.

Communication

According to Roger (20]0) communication be defined as the process by which

messages are transferred from a sender to a receiver. Horn by (2015) the activity or
process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving information method of sending
information especially telephone radio, and computer.

Little (2006), opined that, communication is Ibe process by which information is

passed between individual and or organization by means of previously agreed
symbols, The researcher however views communication as a means or way ideas
are shared between individual and organi7ation.

Technology

Arthur, (1994) views technology as the collection of techniques, skills, methods and
processes used in the production of goods and services or in the accomplishment of
objectives, such as scientific investigation, Technology is the application of
scientific knowledge for practical purposes. especially in Industry Lumley (2008),
The researcher views technology as the changing of workplace and the changes
adopted in modern ways while performing office work. The researcher is also of the
opinion that technology is the changing face of both the manpower and the
equipment used in discharging office duties

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Job:

Job has been defined by different scholars in different. ways5 few were considered
for this research purpose. Stanfield (2001) defined Job as the work which you
receive payment. Job can be an effort rendered by an employee for money. Frankly
(2006) viewed job as the responsibility or duty taken for payment Therefore, the
researcher sees job as a certain responsibility given to a person to execute for some
period of time for payment.

Performance:

Performance has become an effective tool in which a success of an organization is

being measured upon. The meaning of performance has been seen and viewed by
different scholars among which we looked al few, Encmta (2002) sees performance
as the manner in something or somebody functions, operate. or behave in a
successful. Thesaurus (2002) sees performance as an and efficient, successful,
useful, helpful, good and valuable actual in and active operation.

Robert (1988) affirmed that performance is an ability to cause something achieved

desired result or getting result. Therefore, the researcher's opinion is that
performance is the way and manner in which someone does a job in an effective
way and also to a successful standard.

Office Technologist

The meaning of office technologist has been seen by so many scholars and different
writer as few are shown below:

Ezugwu (2004) viewed office technologist as an information and communication

manager for an office plan and schedules, meeting and appointment, organizing and
maintaining paper in line with the above statement, an office technologist is

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responsible for every information that comes to the organization, he/she is able to
handle, store and process it in an appropriate way to be able to communicate
effectively with the boss, members of staff, customers and others in organization- It
is said that office technologist. is the first contact in an organization, but also
contributes through specialized functions and this contribution lies primarily in the
field of communication between the boss and other members of staff. Also, office
technologist is not only responsible for organizing meetings. Conferences and
analyzing problems and proffering solution but also serve as reposition of
knowledge,

Oswald (2006) opined that office technologist_ is a person that attend directors
meeting and ensure that the affairs of the organization or company are carried out in
accordance the requirement of the organization. Office technologist is also an
employee in an office who deals with correspondence a particular member of staff.
A high skilled office technologist is the one who has all the secret of the
organization„ Because he is the one who has general knowledge on all the activities
in the organization. Edun (2005), opined office technologist is as a person
employed, who is concerned with preparation. presentation and transmission of all
types of communication either mechanically or electronically but the use of
computer, internet links and so on.

Abbai (2004), postulated that, office technologist. is the image maker of the
development of an organization and has to be focused and can critically examine
and assessed, because office technologist is the development of an organization is
one of the first contact within and outside the organization. This may be through
telephone calls, or through letters composed and mail by the Office Technologist.

Hornby (2006) defined office technologist as an expert in technology. This means

that. an office technologist is a person has scientific knowledge or skills tensed in
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practical ways in Industry', for example in designing new machine. Office
technologist is also a person who has knowledge in integrated operation of a
production system that uses electronic or related equipment to regulate and
coordinate the quality of what is produced, the researcher opined that an office
technologist is the brain box of the organization because every record is under
his/her custody.

Information Technology:

Information Technology is the handling of vocal, textual, and numerical -

information by the use of micro-electronic based equipment Montgomery, (2004).
Information Technology is the contribution of two technologies for computing data
and the main purpose of which is to transmit, representation of information signal
between remote location, Aronu (2000).

Dainth (2009) says Information Technology is the application of computers to store,

retrieve, transmit and manipulate date. The term Information Technology is
commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also
encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and
telephones.

Chandler, (2012), The researcher view Information technology as a means where

computer and computer network perform their duties in common. Information
Communication Technology (ICT)

The term Information Communication Technology has no universal definition as

the concepts, methods. and application involved in it are constantly involving and
changing in all most daily basis, the broadness of the term Information
Communication Technology covers any (GDP) of a nation and that governance and
displays of information. The researcher views Information Communication

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Technology as the advance way of applying knowledge and the use of modern
machines use in changing the face of both the workers and the offices.

Organization:

Hornbys (2006), explained organization as a group of people who form a business

club together in order to a particular aims and objectives.

Robbins (2000), opined that organization is consciously coordinate social unit

compose of more people that function on a recently continuous basic to achieve a
common goal or set of objectives.

Elendu (2001 defined organization as coming together of people who fom a

business, club, etc. come together in order to achieve a particular goal.

2.3 TYPES OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

(ICT) FACILITIES ' AVAILABLE FOR USE BY OFFICE
TECHNOLOGIST.

The internet:

The internet, sometimes called simply “the net” is a worldwide system of computer
networks a network of networks in which users at anyone computer can, if they
have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talks
directly to users at other computers) it was conceived by the advanced research
projects agency (ARPA) of the US government in 1969 and was first known as the
ARPANET. The original aim was to create a network that would allow users to
“talk to research computers at other Universities. A side benefits of APRPANETS
design was that, because messages could routed or rerouted in more than one
direction the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed
un the event of military attack or other disaster. Today, the internet is a public,

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cooperative and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of millions of people
worldwide. It is used by many as the primary source of information consumption,
and fueled the creation and growth of its own social ecosystem through social
media and content sharing. Furthermore, e-commerce, or online shopping has
become one of the largest uses of the internet. WWW.techtarget.com.

Uses of the internet

In general, the internet can be used to communicate across large or small distances,
share information from any place in the world and access information or answers to
almost any question in moments. Examples of how the internet is used include
social media and content sharing, email and other forms of communication, such as
internet relay chat (IRC). Internet, telephony, instant messaging, video conferencing
etc.

BENEFITS OF THE INTERNET

Benefits of internet include:

 Access to endless information, knowledge and education.

 An increased ability to communicate connect and share.
 The chance to sell and make money as a business or individual.
 Access to an unlimited supply of entertainment sources such as movies music
videos and games.
 Ability to amplify the impact of a message allowing charities and other
organizations to reach a wider audience and increase the total amount of
donations.
 Ability to same data and easily share files with cloud storage.
 The ability to monitor and control personal accounts instantly such as bank
accounts or credit card business.

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 Laptops

a laptop or notebook computer is a small portable personal computer with a screen

and alphanumeric keyboard. Laptops typically have a clam shell form factor with
the screen mounted on the inside of the upper lid and the keyboard on the inside of
the lower lid although 2 –in-1PCs with a detachable keyboard are often marketed
as laptops or as having a laptop mode. Laptops are folded shut for transportation,
and thus are suitable for mobile use. They are so named because they can be
practically placed on a personal lab when being used. Today laptops are used in a
variety of settings such as at work, in education, for playing game, when browsing
for personal multimedia for general home computer use.

Printers

Is an external hardware, output device that takes the electronic data store in a
computer or other device and generates a hard copy. For example; if you create a
report on your computer you could print several copies to hand out at a staff
meeting. Printers are one of the most popular computer peripherals and are
commonly used to print text or photos. Printers are used to print copy or document
in the office, to print a paper that can be physically signed, print colored pictures
that can be viewed without a monitor or mobile device, print receipt for purchases
made online etc. www.computerhope.com

Software program

A software programme is a set of code, an instruction that tells a computer how to

run an execute specific task. A single computer can complete multiple functions
simultaneously depending on the installed software programs. There are four key
type software programs to consider which include application software, system
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software, programming software and drive software and there are also some
specific categories of software programmes along with more specific example such
as computer, aided design, communication software program which allow user to
collaborate and share message with others including internal stuff, customer and
other client. We have word processor, is a data entry method that takes written
communication and changes several factor including word paragraph, spacing and
front style, size and color to create preferred formatting. It can be the basis of
creating and reports. Examples of word processor programs include micro-soft
word. we also have data base management system. It is designed to create and
manage large amounts of repeating information. It can allow user to define,
manipulate, retrieve and manage the entries of a database. Some benefits of
software programs include the following; it increases accessibility, unifies
communication, it increases organization within the workforce, prepares for
scalability, software programs increase engagement. www.indeed.com

Computer:

Computer has been defined as a machine or device that does mathematical

calculation with incredible speed and accuracy. It also does logical operations,
stores, edit and process data. IJmeano (2015).

Girvan (2003) views computer as an electronic device which is capable of receiving

information (data) in a particular form and perform sequence of operation to
produce a result in the form of information or signal.

Telephone

Umenu et al (2015) view telephone as one of the greatest ever made by man, most
offices have telephone which are used for communication both within outside and
inside for receiving calls, simply define it as an electronic device containing a

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receiver and transmitter that a connected to a telecommunication system enabling
the user to make and received calls.

Laminating Machine

Mc Graw Hill (2003). opined laminating machine as a device that covers a

document or other material with a protective layer on both sides. According to
Richard (2015) Laminating machine is a machine for manufacturing material in
multiple lavers so that the material achieves improved strength, stability or other
properties.

Rouse (2010) sees scanner as a device tha.t capture images from photographic
prints, posters, magazine page and similar source for computer and display.

Morley (2007), opined scanner as a hardware input device allows a user to take a
printed picture, drawing or document and convert into digital file.

Photocopying Machine

Obodo (2000), stated that photocopying machine is a machine that reproduces

documents in their true form. Some models even have the ability to produce
copies that are identical originals and are ideal for copies required in a hurry' and
also useful for mail room.

Shredding Machine

Ngozi, Patrick & Milkatu (2015) state that shredding machine as a machine for
destroying confidential documents by cutting the paper in form of small pieces,
usually in long strips.

Facsimile Transmission (FAX)

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Ngozi, Patrick & Milkatu (2015) are of the opinion that fax machine is a device that
transmits printed pages, graphics or pictures or images through a
telecommunication system or line. A telephone line as usually affixed to a fax. A
machine transmits the exact copy of a document without making may change or
modification to the original copy. A fax machine can also receive messages just as
it could send. It works by first scanning the document at the sending location.

Next it transmits the image via telephone link. The receiving fax at the other and
decodes the signals and then prints a copy of the copy usually on a thermal paper.

Electronic Mail Services

Auaji (1995) described the electronic mail (email) as an instant electronic message
transfer facility that uses terminals. Lhine et al. (1975) states that the email is a way
for people to send it belongs to the primary and receive message using computer.
Communication tools for business and pleasure.

Video Conferences

Ngozi, Patrick & Milkatu (2015) are of the opinion that video conferences is one of
the technological advancement to share document in an organization.

2.4 IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION COMMUNICAT10N TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

ON THE JOB PERFORMANCE OF ANOFFICE TECHINOLOGISTS.

Adesewe (2012), opined that Information Communication Technology is far

reaching and cannot be over emphasized, Information Communication Technology
looks at how our Jives been changed, for better and for worst, by the Impacts of
Information Communication Some of the positive impacts of Information
Technology Communication Technology include:

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 i. Access to Information: Possibly the greatest impact of information
communication technology on individual is the huge increase in access to
information and services that has accompanied the growth of the internet.
Some of the positive aspects of this increased access and better and often
cheaper communication such as phone and instant messaging. Jn addition, the
use of Information Communication Technology to access information has
brought new opportunities for leisure and entertainment, the facilities to
make contact and form relationship with people around the world* ii. New
tools, New Opportunities. The second big impact is that, it gives access to
new tools that did not previously exist. A lot of these are tied into the access
to information mentioned above, but there are many examples to stand alone
as well.
ii. Communication: Information communication technology has brought a
number of benefits to office technologists and organization, such as cost
savings by using e.g., email/message instead of post, video conferencing
instead of travelling to meetings, e-commerce websites instead of sales
catalogue. Organization with good communication can respond to changes
quickly, this may mean customer relation, an improved supply chain for
goods and services, faster development of new product to meet a new
opportunity. Information Management Office Technologist can benefit from
using information communication technology for information management,
data mining of customers' information to produce list for targeted
advertising. Managers are well informed and will have more reliable and up-
to-date information on which to base their decision,
iii. Insecurity: Information communication technologies has solved or reduced
some security problems, e g. Encryption method can keep data safe from

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 unauthorized people, both while it is being stored or sent electrically. This is
important for reason such as data protection or secrecy.

iv. ICT has improved the personal productivity of secretaries:

According to Boladele (2002) Oritacle (2009) and Igbinedion (2010) there have
being a dramatic change which has reshaped the office, the personal lives of
secretaries and the way work is carried out. ICT has improved the secretarial skills
and prepare them for global economy and information society. According to
ofurum and ogbonna (2008), an enormous amount of data is available for secretary
to be generated internally and externally, it is impossible without information and
communication technology. For example, performing the basic day-to-day
functions as well as plan, organize and communication.

v. Increase in proficiency and easiness of task

Boladele (2002) expressed that a secretary is an endlessly helpful and

understanding individual whose sole aim is to alleviate, solve, prevent or soften
problem workload and distress for his/her executive initiates, handles and
completes a project. Information and communication technology has brought
about the existence of decision support system (DSS). The DSS is alternatively
termed end-user computer system. Their objective is to support managers in
their work. According to Adams and Wanger (1995), decision support systems
are used to assist top-level managers and executives these systems can be used
to project the consequences of several business alternatives. The user can select
the most appropriate.

vi. Business operation strategies

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 The daily business operation obviously cannot survive without information
and communication technology. Secretaries in business environment uses
word processor, electronic database such as MS Access et Cetra to process
sales, handle payment attends to the demand of customers, and place order
online to archive the goal of business organization.

2.5 PROBLEMS OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY ON JOB PRODUCTIVITY OF OFFICE TECHNOLOGIST

Information technology has posed some problems to office technologist and some

of the office technologist and some of the office technologist are scared of losing

their jobs because some of them are inexperienced in the use of modern gadgets

and also created fear for some office technologists. According to Adesewa (2012)

the following problems were identified.

1. Lack of genuine software: Non-genuine software refers to software that’s

not legally manufactured or supplied by a licensed software provider. As it

does not come with the same security measures and regular updates as

genuine software, it puts organizations and office technologist at a greater

risk from malware, spyware and identify theft and these could hamper the

job productivity of the office technologist in the organization.

2. Inadequate computer in the office: Considering the nature of secretaries’

profession important equipment such as computers and word processors are

normally used. Lack of exposure to these equipment’s makes the secretary in

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 organization in comfortable and unprepared to face squarely the challenges

of the job and office automation as a result of technological advance.

These modern machines are supposed to be adequate in the organization in

order to help the secretary perform their duties effectively. Now the fact is,

most of the organization fail to provide the required computer for their

secretaries. In view of this inadequate equipment hinders secretarial services

and production in the organization. Caron, (2000)

3. Law speed internet: Slow internet speed as one of the problems faced by

office technologist in discharging their duties. Slow internet speed is very

annoying. Not only can slow internet make the secretary inpatient but it can

also hurt the business of the organization. Having a fast internet connection

is a top priority for all business organization because it is an important factor

that contributes to the growth of the organization. The productivity of the

secretary maybe affected by slow internet speeds. As most of the work done

by the secretary are done over the internet on various cloud apps like office

365, G suite, etc. these cloud apps work on the internet and if the office does

not have a fact enough internet connection then it will slow down the

productivity of the whole office. With slow internet speeds, a simple request

to process a document would take a lot of time which will untimely hamper

the growth of the organization. It will also result to delayed customer

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 support service, slow payment, video conferencing lay and etc. Chen

&Schulz, (2016)

4. Inadequate or lack of modern facilities and equipment: Otobo and

Makeri Yahaya (2002) argued that the automated office uses sophisticate

equipment which provide information faster for office technologist

nevertheless it is expensive making the organization to provide few, while

using other obsolete machines to compliment the effort of the secretary.

5. Constant power failure: Technological equipment used included

computers, projectors, scanners, printers, smartphones. These cannot be

utilized without constant power supply, is therefore needed for the secretary

to effectively perform and utilized the benefits of those technologies. Umar

(2009) asserted that electricity power has been erratic to allow for proper

functioning of equipment in the office.

6. Lack of funds: Grace (2014) identified lack of fund to be another

challenges affecting the job performance of the office technologies on the

new technology equipment in some organization offices, thereby

impoverishing the office of the secretary for lack of equipment.

7. Lack of training and retraining: Lack of training and retraining of

secretaries has become very difficult in the name of lack of funds. The

inability of the organization to send their secretaries on training will hamper

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 the job performance of the office secretary. The invention of new

technologies therefore calls for acquisition of new skills. As a result, training

and retraining of secretaries is key to the utilization of new IC Technologies.

8. Poor knowledge of new information and communication technologies:

According to Olukemi and Boluwaji (2014) pointed out that poor knowledge

in the usage of IC Technologies in offices could affect efficient job

productivity of the secretaries. Thus make them to be redundant in the

office.

9. Another challenges according to Ojohwon (2014) are high cost of new

technologies.

10.Lack of management support in acquiring technological equipment etc.

2.6 SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED

On identifying the problems affecting Information and Communication

Technology (ICT). In an organization, the following were discoursed according to

Bergman (1994), and Bittmany (2011) as a means of solving the problems at hand.

1. Genuine software: Should be purchased by making sure that the software is

bought from legally manufacturers. And also before installation, office

secretaries should make sure that all the necessary steps taken in knowing

23
 whether the product is genuine or net is taken care of. So as to prevent any

information from attack.

2. Provision of adequate computer Should be made by organization because

information and communication technology has really changed the nature of

office achieves from the analogue to digital.

3. Low speed internet: It is a proponent fact that slow internet speed can slow

down that productivity of the office technologies therefore the organization

should improve the speed of its internet connectivity by instantly from the

best internet service provider, and negotiate with your item to offer a higher

download and upload speed plan that would better serve the organization.

Install a clear cache. Plugin, virus and malware scanners, consider your

browser etc. Caradec, (1999)

4. Provision of modern technologies/facilities: For the office secretaries

should be made by the organization as the office uses sophisticated

equipment which provides information faster. For the secretaries.

5. Constant and alternative power supply: To be made by the organization

management to enable the office technologists (secretaries) utilize all the

ICT facilities as at when need.

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6. Training and retraining of secretaries On the use of new technologies

should be made by the organization by sending them to acquire skills

through on the job or office the job training.

7. Lack of funds: The management of the organization should source for fund

especially government parastatal from the federal government in order to

buy/acquire more and latest information and communication technologies

for the office technologist in the organization and to sponsor them for more

training and retraining.

8. Poor knowledge of new information and communication technologies:

The office technologies should try by all means to develop interest in

acquiring more knowledge on the usage of the ICT facilities for efficient Job

performance of the secretaries want to move with the trend of technology.

They should have a good background knowledge of new technologies.

9. Management of organization: Should give its support to the secretaries in

acquiring technological equipment by allowing the secretaries go for

workshop/conference in any areas which will help them acquire such

knowledge.

10. High cost of new technologies: Because of high cost of new technologies

in the market some organization may not afford to buy some sophisticated

technologies which will facilitate the work of the office technologies.

25
 Government and companies that produces such facilities should subsidies

the price of technologies in the market so as to enable organizations and to

afford some of the gadgets.

2.7 SUMMARY

This chapter deals with review of related literature on the topic: Impact of

Information and Communication Technologies on the Productivity of

Contemporary Office Technologies in Adamawa State University Mubi. It looked

at the conceptual framework on the Impact of Information and Communication

Technologies. It also identifies some of the types of information and

communication technologies used by office technologies such as computers,

telephone, printers, software programs, laptops, the internet, electronic mails,

laminating machines etc. ICT has also improved the personal productivity of

secretaries, increases in proficiency and easiness of task, it has also business

operation strategies and helps to solve or reduce some insecurity challenges. This

also revealed the constraints of information and communication technologies faced

by secretaries in modern offices and some of them are; lack of genuine software,

inadequate computers in the office, low speed internet, lack of modern facilities,

constant power failure, lack of fund, lack of training and retraining, poor

knowledge of new ICT facilities lack of management support etc. this chapter also

suggested possible ways of overcoming the constraints brought by ICT. Such as

26
genuine soft-wares should be purchased for the work of secretaries, provision of

adequate computers, organization to install or improve the speed alternative power

supply should be made, training and retraining of office technologists, provision of

modern technologies, price subside of new technologies etc.

27
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the methodology approach and various strategies employed

in the research such as research design, population of the study, sample population,

instrumentation reliability validity method of data collection, method of data

analysis and decision rule.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

The design adopted for this study is the survey design. The design is appropriate for

this study because the opinions of the Office Technologies are required to solve the

problem at hand.

3.3 POPULATION

28
The population of the study is made up of thirty-seven (37) office technologist

(secretaries) in Adamawa State University Mubi.

3.4 SAMPLE POPULATION

The researcher studied the entire population of office technologist in Adamawa

State University Mubi, which are thirty-seven (37) in number because of the small

size of the entire population.

3.5 INSTRUMENTATION

The research used a twenty (20) item self-developed questionnaire titled impact of

information Communication Technology on the job performance of office

technologist in Adamawa State University, Mubi in order to elicit information from

the respondents.

3.6 VALIDITY OF THE STUDY

To ensure the validity of the instrument, questionnaire were given out to the

supervisor and three other professionals for face and content validity.

3.7 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

In analyzing the data collected from this research work, by the researcher through

primary and secondary sources of data. The primary sources of data include the

questionnaire while the secondary sources of data include text books.

3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSI S

29
The data the researcher used simple mean to analyze which values obtained using

5points scale to analyze questions were attached thus: each mean was interpreted

according to scale used for data collection.

∑ fx
X= N

Were;

X = mean

∑ = summation

F = frequency of observation

X = number of respondents

3.9 DECISION RULE

The following decision rules was adopted for this research. That any mean score 3.5

to 5.0 will be regarded as agreed as having effect on research work while mean of

between 1.0 to 3.49 will be regarded as unacceptable and not having any effect on

the problem at hand.

30
 CHAPTER FOUR
PRENSATATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 SUMMARY OF QUESTIONNAIRE
The questionnaires distributed to the respondents were thirty-three (37) in timber
and out of it, thirty-five (35) was retrieved and was also used for the analysis.
ANSWERING RESEARCH QUESTIONS

31
RESEARCH QUESTION ONE: What are the types of Information
Communication Technology available for use by the Office Technologist?
S/N STATEMENTS SA A UD D SD ∑ - REMARKS
5 4 3 2 1 X N X
1 Computer is an 20 10 1 3 1 150 35 4.3 Agreed
input device which
accept data and
process
information.
2 Fax machine is a 15 10 0 4 1 124 35 3.5 Agreed
device that
transmits printed
pages, graphics or
pictures or images
through a
telecommunication
system
3 Electronic mail 19 8 2 4 2 143 35 4.1 Agreed
(email) is an
instant electronic
message transfer
facility that uses
terminals.
4 Telephone is one 20 9 1 5 0 152 35 4.3 Agreed
of the greatest ever
made by man,
most offices have
telephone which
are used for
communication.
5 Video 7 15 10 2 1 149 35 3.7 Agreed
conferencing is

32
 one of the
technological
advancements to
share document.
❑ 19.9
Source: Field Survey (2022) Average Mean ( x ) = 5 = 4.0

The table above shows that the respondents have the average mean of 4.3 Which
suggests that the respondent agreed that computer is one of the most frequent used
technologies by office technologist, item two (2) scores a mean respond of 3.5 reed
that fax machine assist office technologist in performing duties and its use could be
encouraged, in item three (3) with the mean scores responds of 4.1 reed that office
technologist used electronic mail (email) as one of the
technological advancement, to transfer facility that uses terminals, item four (4)
mean respond of 4.3 which proved that telephone is another indispensable used by
office technologist for voice communication, the respondent agrees in item five (5)
with the mean scores responded of 3 .7 agreed that office technologist video
conference as one of the technological advancements to share documents.
From the total score respondents accepted all the statements which shows that the y
agreed with all the options given by the researcher with the average mean of 4.0

33
RESEARCH QUESTION TWO: What are the of Information
Communication Technologies facilities?
S/N STATEMENT SA A UD D SD ∑ - REMARKS
S 5 4 3 2 1 X N X
1 Access to 15 10 2 5 3 134 35 3,8 Agreed
information and
services has
accompanied the
growth of
internet.
2 It gives access to 20 9 5 1 0 153 35 4.4 Agreed
new tools that
did not exist.
3 Communication 19 10 4 0 2 149 35 4.3 Agreed
has brought a
number of
benefit such as
cost saving by
using
email/messages
4 Managers are 0 1 7 7 20 55 35 3.7 Agreed
well informed
and will have
more reliable
and up-to-date
information,
5 Encryption of 22 7 5 1 0 155 35 4.4 Agreed
information is
one of the
security measure
to document.

34
 ❑ 18.6
Source: Field Survey (2022) Average Mean ( x ) = 5 = 3.7

Table two above, the mean scores of 3.8 shows that access to information and
service are among the importance of information communication technology, the
respondent agree that it gives access to new tools that did not exist with the mean
scores of 4.4, also with the mean of 4.3 agreed with the statement that
communication has brought about number of benefit such as cost saving by using
email, message etc, the mean score of 3.7 shows that respondents agree managers
are well informed, and will have more reliable and up to date information, the
average mean score of 4.4 shows that encryption of information is one of the
security measure to information in an organization.
From the total score respondents accepted all the statements which shows that the y
agreed with all the options given by the researcher with the average mean of 3.7

35
RESEARCH QUESTION THREE: What ate the problems associated with the
information Communication Technology facilities in your organization?
S/N STATEMENTS SA A UD D SD ∑X - REMARKS
5 4 3 2 1 N X
1 Lack of adequate 21 5 4 1 4 138 35 4.0 Agreed
machine to
perform a
particular task at a
given time.
2 Irregular power 0 1 7 7 20 55 35 3.7 Agreed
supply is a
problem to
information
communication
technologies.
3 Poor environment 15 12 3 2 3 135 35 3.9 Agreed
condition cause
stress while
performing
organization task.

4 Security is always 17 8 2 3 5 134 35 3.9 Agreed

a problem for any
organization that
uses information
communication
technology
facilities.
5 Lack of enough 18 7 3 2 5 136 35 3.9s Agreed
knowledge to
operate
information

36
 communication
technology
facilities.
❑ 136
Source: Field Survey (2022) Average Mean ( x ) = 5 = 3.9

Table three above shows that the respondents agreed that lack of adequate machine
to perform a particular task at agentive are the problems associated with the use of
information communication technology in an organization.
with the mean of 4A, the mean score 3.7 shows that the respondents agree that
regular power supply is a problem to information communication technology in
organization, the respondents are also in agreement with the researcher is mean
score that design of task like poor environment condition is also a problem of using
information communication facilities, so also mean score of 3 .9 that lack of
enough knowledge to operate information communication technology facilities is
also a problem associated with the office technologist in an sanitation, also the
mean score of 3.9 shows that Lack of enough knowledge to rate information
communication technology facilities is also a problem associated With office
technologist in an organization, is the total score respondents accepted all the
statements which shows that they with all the options given by the researcher
with the average mean of 3.9

37
RESEARCH QUESTION FOUR: What are the ways in solving the identify
problems?
S/N STATEMENTS SA A UD D SD ∑X - REMARKS
5 4 3 2 1 N X
1 Adequate 21 7 2 3 2 143 35 4.1 Agreed
machine should
be provide
2 Standby generator 20 8 2 5 0 148 35 4.2 Agreed
or other
alternative source
of power supply
be made available
in case of power
failure
3 Conducive 15 10 5 3 2 138 35 3.9 Agreed
working
environment be
maintained.
4 Information 22 6 6 3 1 159 35 4.5 Agreed
should be kept
secured by using
password.
5 Office 17 10 5 2 1 145 35 4.1 Agreed
technologist
should be retained
on how to operate
information
communication
technologies
facilities.
❑ 20.95
Source: Field Survey (2022) Average Mean ( x ) = 5
= 4.2

38
table four above highlighted some of the ways in solving the problems of
information communication technology in an organization. The mean score of 4.1
that adequate machine should be provided, the mean of score of 4.2, also
that stand by generator or other alternative source of power supply, be made lable
in case of power failure, the respondents are also in agreement that conducive
working environment be maintain with the mean score of 3.9, the technologist
should be retained on how to operate information communication and the total
score respondents accepted all the statements which shows that they agreed with
all the options given by the researcher with the average mean of 4.2
4.2 SUMMARY FINDINGS
researcher identifies the types of information communication technology h are
computer, fax machine, electronic mail, telephone, and video conference.
In respect to the importance of information communication technology on the job
performance of an off technologist in an organization, it was agreed that access to
tools that does not exist, communication, information, management, and the
security to document are importance of information communication equipment.
furthermore, it is agreed that information communication technology has some
31ns associated with it which include, lack of adequate machines, irregular supply,
poor environmental condition, and lack of enough knowledge and ty to document.
Furthermore, it is agreed that information communication technology has some
problems associated with it which include, lack of adequate machines, irregular
were supply, poor environmental condition, and lack of enough knowledge and
security to document.
Finally, it. was agreed that solution like adequate machine, standby generator, or
alternative source of power supply, conducive working environment, information
should be secured; office technologist. should be retained on how to rate
information communication technology facilities in an organization.

39
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY
This research work was centered on the "Impact of Information Communication
Technology on the Job performance of an Office Technologist in Organization.
The general objectives of the study were to "highlights the types of Information
communication technology facilities available for use by the office technologist in
an organization, to examine the Importance of Information Communication
Technology on the Job Performance of an office Technologist, the problems
associated with them and also proffers solutions to the identified terms.
problems associated with them and also proffers solutions to the identified
problems, literature review was done using the primary and secondary source of
data.
sample population for the study was made up all the thirty-seven (37) office
technologist of Adamawa. State University, Mubi,
Because of the small size of the population. The methodology adopted for each
was the survey methods The method was thought appropriate because inion of
respondents were needed to solve the problems at hand. A. five-point type was
used to present the data collected while the mean statistical tool was) analyze the
data because of descriptive nature of the study. Tables were present the data in
order to enhance the prospective understanding of the
40
Findings of the research were also presented together with well thought-out.
5.2 Conclusion
Based on the above findings of the research work, the researcher conclude
information communication technology has brought. about great impacts to the
technologist as it improved fast access to information, new tools new technologist.
The researchers also highlight some of information communication facilities
available for use in an organization by office technologist, problems of information
communication technologies and how to solve the identified problems.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
Based on the finding of this research work, the researcher recommends the owing:
1. Organization should sent office technologist to attend course/seminars.
2. Workshops and conferences on the related field.
3. Organization should provide sufficient and efficient information
communication technologies facilities for use by the office technologist.
4. Office technologist should avail themselves to adopt to changes and be willing
to cope with the changes.
5. Good and conducive working environment should be maintained.
6. Regular up-date of the information communication technologies facilities
should be maintained.
5.4 REAS FOR FUTURE STUDIES
Due to time limit and financial constraints, the researcher was unable to study all
the related topics, Therefore, the researcher suggested the following for future
research:
1. Impact. of Information Communication Facilities Organizations growth.
2. Effect of. Information Technology on the office Technologist efficiency.
3. The Role of Office Technologist in Information Communication Technology
era.

41
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