AGRICULTURE Agriculture is a primary industry concerned with obtaining raw material from the grand for immediate consumption or far further processing. Extensive forming LAN oP cap |——_* SEN LAN op cap |——_< IVE FARMING LAB LAN op CAP wa |—__ LAN |———___» Op _ [uw CAP 1[Page SIR ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2469878 [106]WHY DO SO MANY PEOPLE WORK IN AGRICULTURE WHY DO SO MANY PEOPLE WORK IN AGRICULTURE Tradition/inheritance Large % live in rural areas where farmin is the main occupation, Large areas suitable for farming. Alluvial soil Irrigation schemes, Lack of money for farm machinery so much manual labour needed, Pak has agro based economy. ‘Many countries are agro based so promote farming Lack of jobs available. Cotton is major export, IS NO USED FOR AGRICULTUR VV VY VVVVVY 65% Huge areas of steep land /mountain/rugged Terrian Snow/ice covered areas/areas with Temp <6 degy Areas lacking soil / rocky/barren Terrain. Areas of reg/stony soil. Areas at erg. Deservarid/very low rainfall. High evaporation. Irrigation not available to all areas Water logged land/areas suffering salinity) Areas suffering from desertifjcation/ soil ero. Areas occupied by housing(tolwy/i Land occupied by roag Land lords donot use a Lack of money to VV VV VVVVVVVVVY are poor. Sation so a large area cannot be worked only able to work small area by émulti-cropping allows enough to be grown for family on small area. lords have divided the land into small tenant farms. Land resumed by government was given to land less in small average 5.5 ha farms. Land consolidation policy has not been very successful. SLOW RATE OF MODERNISATION Lack of money. Difficult for small farmers to get loans. Lack of knowledge/education, Many farmers dislike new ideas they had traditional attitudes. Small farmers feel they cannot afford to take risk with new ideas. vvvvv SIR_ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2469875 [107]VV VVVVYVVVVY VV VV VV VVVVY Fear that the use of machinery would increase unemployment Most of the machinery has to be imported which is very expensive, Shortage expense of fuel and power supplies, Lack of technical experts. Lack of spare parts and expensive maintenance. Animals provide other needs of farmers as well. Using HYV’S needs specialist knowledge. Insufficient chemical fertiliser produced in pakistan. Plentiful and cheap labour available. Landlords donot want change, Tenants are unsecureAmnsure of their positions and so donot risk changSs PEOPLE LEAVING AGRICULTURAL ACTIV) Not enough farmland for increasing population. Loss of farmland due to water logging and salinity. Increasing mechanisation on farms. Consolidation of holding. Fragmentation of holding has made them unable Problems for lenants from land lords, Increase in manufacturing industries Increase in service industries Higher wages in manufacturing industrids Rural-urban migration Better education in rural a iffiSalty earning a living from small holdings and they have to their ixfconie from other sources e.g carpenter, blacksmith, cobbler driver Temperature Rainfall Sunshine Water from rivers SIR ZIA U 300-2469875 [108]B: Human ‘Natural manure © Draft power from bullocks © Desi varieties of seed © Traditional wooden plough Family members are labour and inherited knowledge PROCESSES Ploughing by © Sowing by. © Irrigation by, © Fertilizing by. © Weeding by Threshing by. OUTPUTS © Rice © Wheat © Maize © Vegetables © Milk © Meat Eggs fhed during the process of farming. e.g manure, wooden plough are transferred from one generation to the . Women and children collect water from the well and also take 3 on the farm. > }ilarvesting the whole family works in the field and sometime unskilled ayé employed on low wages. > Family piémbers also prepare feed for the animals by mixing chopped fodder, pulses and wheat, milking buffaloes, cows and goats and by collecting eggs. > Output from the farms varies from year to year. > Ifthe rainfall is timely and pests and diseases do not attack the crop. A good yield can bbe expected. > Surplus produce is normally sold to small shops in the village. ba > > The profit is used to pay the loans or buying the necessities of life. Some profit is also invested back into the farm for maintaining implements and buying seeds and fertilizers, Waste products and by-products such as cow dung is kept in a conical shape and covered by mud chaff is mixed with water and mud to make starage rooms, “HASAN 0300-2469875Subsistence farming as rainfed or Barani Depends entirely on rainfall Small size farms ploughing after rain Farmers too poor to own tractors Use of animal dung After sheep, goats are reared as alternative source of food and income. Family labour They mainly grow wheat, barley, groundnuts, millets/bajra, pulses, oil seed The areas are Potwar Plateau, N. Punjab Piedmont Plains, Sialkot, Jhelum: Rawalpindi, Attock ete. SUBSISTENCE FARMING WHICH DEPENDS OWNATI INUNDATION VV VVVVVVY Farming use natural rainfall/flooding. Can only be carried out after flooding. Farmers have no control of water supply. Seasonal/continuous cropping rarely possible. Higher banks have to be built to hold as Can only grow coarser grains, i. Millet Low yields / Variable yields. Less advanced / traditional methods. Annular floods supply nutrients. Smaller farms. Areas; piedmont plains, > > > > > > > > > > > > fe remains of the previous crops and both, the crop and the weed g them to break down.It also aerates the soil, allows it to hold moisture ®Subsistent farmer increase his yields from the money he earns from a bumper crop. Better seed, which are disease and pest-resistant Chemical fertilizers to provide nutrients Pesticides to kill insects and viruses. ‘Younger and better breeds of bullocks. New tools and implements for better and faster work. 5|Page [110]Why are the tractors not used by the subsistent farmer. > Too expensive to buy. > High cost of leasing, fuel and maintenance, > Farmers are subsistent with small pieces of land and low incomes and lack of skills to improve methods. > Cheap labour of family. > Cannot take loans. Banks could be encouraged to provide loans and companies to provid agreements, schemes to make the use of machinery feasible, ‘The government should give training and advice on which types of crops in which season and what government provides a scheme of green tractor agricultural development Bank of pak to ppo In Pakistan_some small scale fa ou 3.6 g through rapid chan; explain how the farmer uses beS gt his anda fone his output, -some farms in Punjab cov puts 2.8 hect under rabi crops Yn area of O.8hect remp area of 3.6hect orchards). The farmer Woes yo possess plough or drought animals. They gets the plough and tractors on rent. He spra)sfsecticides with hand pumps. In summer water for irrigation is obtained from canals and in winters the farmers purchases tube well water from his neighbors. ‘The farm owner keeps about 800kgs of wheat for the use of his family and the rest he sells in the market. He sells all the cotton that he produces. Maize and legumes produced by the farmer is fed to the cows. The farmer is self sufficient in wheats, milk and eggs. He purchases all other necessities from the market. LOW FARM INCOMES IN BARANI AREAS, > Soil erosion so poor crop growth. > Less money far better seed and fertilizers so low erop produtivity.> Cannot afford to buy better seeds and fertilizers. > Difficult to grow good crops because of unrelaible rainfall. > Poor farming practices b/c of lack of education, > Less capital for improvement, TYPES OF FARMING B) CASH CROP FARMING NATURAL oa Sowing Wheat Ploughing Rice Irrigating ‘Sugar cane Weeding Oll seeds Threshing Tobacco Harvesting soil Climate Water from underground and from rivers Human Irrigation system Chemical Fertilizers Farm Machinery High Yielding varieties Skilled Labour Knowledge about new method Pesticides Insecticides AN 0300-2469875Farmers or landlords prefer growing these crops which can bring high yields and ‘maximum profits Cash crop farming aims to maximize profit A cash crop farmer wants to increase agricultural output, This factor motivates him to use these farming techniques which will generate the highest profit ‘When the crop is harvested extra labour is employed e.g. cotton picking is done by women who are available at cheap rates and do this job patiently Large Scale commercial farms need big store warehouse to store the produce before it is taken to the market In Pakistan the crop has to pass through several hands, the wholesa agents and retailers before it reaches the consumer. Fach one profit. This increases the price and limits the profit to the gro} affects the quality of farm inputs A commercial farmer selects the crop on the basis of government policies e.g. the government may fix the| cotton. which grams for fodder can be obtah farmer practices double crapping. In s maize on 0.5 hectares, e The farm is fully mes reapers and threshers are used and owned animal. In summer he irrigates about S by tube wells. In winter the whole 000kgs of wheat for the consumption of the family and market. The entire cotton grown is sold out. (hectares remain uncultivated because of salinity. ‘and cotton are major crops which occupy 40 hectares and 10 hectares re3pectively. In addition some cash crops are grown on 4 hectares; chilies on 16 hectares, onions on 10 hectares and mustard on 20 hectares, 10 hectares are occupied by fodder. About 8 hectares remain fallow because sufficient water is not available However, land is left fallow perpetually otherwise the soil will become saline. Therefore rotation of crop is practiced. “UL HASAN 0300-2469875Agricultural Products in Pakistan Crops ‘Areas Production (000 hectares) (000 tonnes) 1-Wheat 8414 21749 2-Cotton 2820 11819 3-Rice 2963 6952 4-Sugar-cane 1029 500. Draw a Bar graph of the above cash crops grown in Pakistan CROPPING SEASONS, A)Rabi crops ‘These are sown at the beginning of the winter season i.e\O 2 ‘sted in early summer April-May. Eg wheat, barley, grams, pulses, mas! grape seeds, mustard, lin seeds, ground B) Kharif crops ‘These are sown in summer April Eg maize, millet, rice, si INPUTS > Harvesting 4-TEMPERATURE > Over 30°C for growing > Cool temp 10 to 20°C for germination and good growth SIR ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2 [114]5 -RAINFALL For germination Growing ‘Swelling the grains Rain to soften soil for preparation of field/ploughing Rain for planting seeds June) Rain to soften soil for preparation July) Rain for planting seeds Sept) High/increasing rain for flooding fields for rice Oct) Dier period for harvest vVvVVVVYVVY 6 -ARID CONDITION > Discourage pets and diseases 7 -FLATLAND 10[Page Provision of canal irrigation Use of machines Crops grow at equal height easy to harves} Distribution of water equally less I Less soil erosion Less drainage Keeps the minerals, fertiliser in sO Easy to cultivate VV VVYVVY 8- ALLUVIAL SOIL ‘ined soil for root growth/aeration, r retentive soils SOils retain fertilizers, TYPES OF ALLUVIAL SOIL 1)Coarse sand btw 2 and 0.2mm. 2) Fine sand-0,2mm and 0,02mm 3) Silt-0.02mm and 0.02mm 4) Clay-less than 0.002 mm 0300-2469875soil silt loam sandy Toam clay Toam clay Toam silty clay Nov 2007 Q2(a) Q Study figure 2 which shows the climatdof Mult @explain why cotton grown in this area of Pagjabdelee#6 fig 2 in your answer-[5] temperature 40 20. rainfall eC) (mm) Temperature L Raintat Fig. 2 Ans: High summer temp/summer temp over 30 degrees/may-sep 32-31 L_HASAN 0300-2469875 [116]temperature rises to 35 in june which is warm perfect for growth together with high rainfall. not too cold/no temp F.P/lowest temp 7 in jan. some rain in April-May for sowing 15-18 mms. rainfall increases in july-august for growth to 60mm. little rain/dry in oct-nov for ripening and harvesting less than 10 mms. benefit of rain to 20mms in march to moisten the ground June 2009 Q2(@)There are four main processes of rice cultivation;harves of fields growth. Ans) Preparation, planting, growth, harvesting Q2(b) Study fig 2 a bar chart showing monthly each of the processes in (a) is linked to rai October. “ rainfall Jan’ Feb’ Mar’ Apr’ May’ Jun’ Jul “Aug ‘Sep’ Oct ‘Nov ‘Dec Fig.2 Ans) June-rain to soften soil for the preparation of field/ploughing June — July - rain for planting seeds/seedlings. June - Sept- high/increasing rainfall for flooding fields Sept ~ Oct - drier period for harvest, ASAN 0300-2469875 [117]Sune 2011 Qb)(iv)describe the barani method of wheat cultivation with reference to the temperature and rainfall shower fig 2. ‘Study Fig. 2, which shows the months when wheat is grown by the barani method. st ‘Temperature & — Key wheat growth -when Yemp are mild(4-19°) grains swells in march-april. -with higher rainfall(88-107 mms) crop ripens/harvested in spring(April-May) -when temp are warmer (12-23°) SIR ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2469875 [118]Q2.(c) Study the climate graph fig4 which shows the rainfall/snowfall and mean monthly temp in the valley, 25 15 10 40 Mean monthly temperature °C R 8 Rainfall snowiall mm @ The wheat is harvested abolt 6 TiOnthé after it is sown.In which month is the wheat fi] afe rainfall 16-26 mms per month fore harvest/increase in july/aug ~ Dry pe¥fod for harvesting Q.Deseribe the methods of cultivation of wheat on barani(rainfed) lands 15] > when the rainfalls in winter (oct-nov) seed sown. ~ harvested when ripe/after 3-6 months/jant-march. - _ ploughing/preparattion of soil ~ levelling of land/terracing/embankments to conserve water. - fertiliser. - pesticides, weed control. 14|PageNov-20005(FIG4) Q2(b)(éii)The slope in area X is Terraced. Explain how this will help the farmer to grow wheat. BI - Make flat land for easy cultivation. = holds soil/prevents soil erosion ~ holds water/prevents drainage - keeps minerals/fertilizer in soil Q State two natural inputs necessary for wheat product importance. cool/moderate temperature 10-20 degrees for germination , good’Bra ~ warmer 25-30 for ripening. - dry period for harvesting - moderate 325-625mm for germination swelling the gre ~ alluvial /clay soil-for good growth - well drained soil for root growth/creation, Q) State the natural inputs for sugar cane. 65] + flat land + alluvial soil = deep soil + firm soil to support the tall stem. ~ hot growing season, + many hours of sunshi dry harvesting peri, jiorta increase output drdyghy sistance - bigge¥ germination - stronger stems ~ shorter stronger plants ~ can be planted close together needs little space. ~ 4 months growing seasons allows more chances of growing second crop ~ average yield tones per ha because they can be planted together. ~ ean be genetically modify crops developed to resist pest so more guaranteed output. ~ genetically selected for better adaption to difficult physical conditions such as dryness or short growing season 15 [Page SIR ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2469875 [120]2- CHEMICAL FERTILISERS = Stops the need for fallow land. ~ Allow preffered crop to be grown every year. ~ Allows extension of farm land into areas unsuitable because of poor soil, ~ Allows high outputs to be achieved every year. ~ Makes crops grow faster by providing nitrogen, potassium and phosphate. > They can increase growth by replacing those minerals removed by precious crops = To improve growth. - Better than dung + Crop exhausts soil. ~ Has increased food production massively and ~ Has increased income. Examples Phosphates: Strong roots, stem and accelerate crop ma ~ Potassium: Assist in starch formation in root crops. + Nitrate: Proteins for crop.. ~ Sodium Nitrate: To increase the leaf-green of cered Calcium: Reduce excess acidity of clayey s. Ie is 3- PESTICIDES - To prevent loss. - Tokill insects* viruses I 4- MACHINES wr€as brought into cultivation by new technology. - Better work. - Saves time. - Better preparation of land. ~ Can thresh and harvest. ~ Crops on commercial scale provide large return/justifies capital cost. ~ Big ploughs allow land to be cultivated that was farmely too heavy for wooden ploughs to turn over. TA_UL HASAN 0300-2469875 16 [Page [124]5) MANUAL LABOUR Needed for harvesting - Maintain machinery - Spread fertilizers = Ploughing ‘Threshing 6) ROADS - To take crops to factories - Sugar cane industry 7) ELECTRICITY/DIESEL - For tubewells - Drying crops ~ For tractors 8) HERBICIDES - Kill weeds which would comp ing them of new seed varities. aware of better methods for better results Fertilizers should be applied jcides are needed Rea’¥about what other farmer are doing > Scientific study of soils to know what needs to be added for improved output - Where to sell to make most profit ~ Take loans M1) CAPITAL To buy seeds - Chemical fertilizers - HYVs = Machines - Tube wells - Purchase more land a7 [Page SIR _ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2469875 [122]12) WEEDING + To give plants space to grow ~ Reduce loss of soil nutrients Q.1) Explain three factors that have caused the yield of cotton to increase per hectare. [6] 1. Fertilizer: for fertility and Pakistan soil deficient in nitrogen e.g. Nitrogenegus Ye 2. Inigation: to make up rainfall deficiency and explain modem methods. 3: Mechanisation: for efficiency and faster, better quality of work. E.g. of mah Q.2) Explain two of the reasons for using tractor on a farm 1. Big and powerful: replaces several animals, reduces labour, 2. Quick and efficient: saves time, better cultivation, higher Mechanisation Transport Improvements TC (@ Choose three of these factors and for eac agricultural products. 1. Mecahnisation: faster worl of tube wells. 2. Loans: funds to buy i itrigation. 3. HVY's: higher yields, rodigta germination. harvdsthegv7 efop/double yield/fast growth, pubiolyincreasing demand, Soil, fertilizer, rain, irrigation, seeds, pesticides, drainage, knowledge. (1) Choose two humai Explain how there can improve yields, 1, Knowledge :farmers would know what are the best fertilizers to use which pesticides are headed and at what stage of the crop growth they should be applied and knowledge enabled them to work and repair machinery or read literature telling themof new seeds varieties and cultivation methods. A UL HASAN 0300-2469875 18| Page “sik, [123]2. seeds: GM ,HYV,new strains developed to increase yield,grpwfaster, shorter straw,pest resistant. Q:6 How can the yield per hee of rice be increased ? [6] Irripak genetic modification to increase output. Modem irrigation e.g perennial canals to give better water supply at correct times. Modern fertilisers/pesticides to improve growth. Reduction of water logging and salinity to increase cultivable area. ‘Machines to make work faster and increases efficiency. Fertilisers increase soil fertility and replace these nutrients used by the }re crops. Dave PROBLEMS/DISADVANTAGES OF IN! 1-HYV’s > Expensive to use. > Professional skills (knowledge) > Require more chemical fertilizers, > More irrigation is required, > They have to be imported, they are Wailable 2:IRRIGATION: itfigation leaches the soil nutrients. ation water soluble salts are present, when water evaporates it leaves ‘and causes salinization. > ‘Tfirrigation requirements are not fulfilled soil will be alkaline. (EEDING ‘Weeding in row crops such as maize, vegetables because spaces are ledft open between the crops and soil is exposed to erosion. 4-Tractors/ machinery - Expensive to buy/ import. = Cost of fuel. 19|Page SIR ZIA UL 0300-2469875 [124]Cost of machinery too great, Cost of repair/ difficult to repair, Break down of machinery. Unemployment/ replaces many laborers. Needs skilled labor. Compact the ground, ‘No dung for fertilizer. Repair facilities may not be locally available. Cannot be used in mountains/ fragment farms. Deep ploughing breaks up soil thus reducing its coh to erosion. Causes soil compaction and thus changes thegoil R aeration and soil retentive capacity of wafer. The machines don’t follow the conto Bht up and down a slope making furrows in land. These are Ja lies and ravines when water flows through these furrows causi Soil but no humus content which can cause soil - Has sever effects in natural food chains. - Adds in surface water or ground water. ~ If it comes in contact with humans it effects the human immune system. ~ Causes tuberculosis. ~ Causes gastrointestinal infections. 7- Climate RLY ARRIVALHarvest may be ruined / give low yield and income. ~ Wheat may be flattened and so lose grains. ~ _ Kharif Crops Seedling may be drowned, flooded or water-logged. - Seedling may be washed away. + Ground too wet to prepare. - Delayed sowings of Kharif Crops. Encourages Pests and Diseases. B-LATE ARRIVAL Causes low yield and lose of income as well. - May delay planting or sowing. ~ Baranj areas especially, suffer as seedlings wither and tops ~ _ Iniirrigated areas irrigation has to be given costing and| ~ May lead to a shortage of irrigation water later. C- VARIATION OF RAINFALL ~ Irrigated crops get drowned. - Another year extra irrigation is necess® - Makes planning difficult, - Insufficient yield of the Livestock may die fro: D-=Strong Winds ro) and cause soil erosion See FACTORS WHICH CAN REDUCE THE PRODUCTION OF CROPS ~ cold temperatures/frost can kill plants. - rain damages cotton boll before picking. ~ thunder storms/eyclones damges the crop/soil erosion. ~ pests/diseases. > lack of irrigation water. ~ less demand of certain erops. ~ water logging and salinity, Jess demand of certain crops.loss of fertility of land due to less use of fertilizer. ~ _ soil erosion means poor root growth, small output. ~ _ Desertification cause climate change and lack of water and more soil erosion, ~ lack of government support/less,no support price policies. ~ _ little money to spend on better seeds, fertilizers because of low farm incomes. ~ Traditional farming methods > SOCIAL FACTORS: Personal/family reasons, labour skills, decision maki > ECONOMIC : credit, availability of input less machinery, lack of labo > ENVIRONMENTAL : water supply, pests, diseases, water hazards, » POLITICAL : govt schemes, political instability QI Explain why the production of agricultural crops varies fr re - Temp varies ~ Rainfall vary eg. Floods, droughts - High winds Pests disease Q2 Explain why cotton yield vary from yea ~ rainfall damage to cotton ball before harv - summer temp/early frost. ~ Previous income affecting ing Q3 Why are tractors not ue too expensive buy pétion causes climate change and a lack of water ~ Low crop productivity means low incomes leading to less money for better seeds and fertilizers ~ _ Oppressive land lords so high rents no chance of improvement ~ Traditional framing methods give low yield Storms and flooding / pest attacks e.g. locusts destroy crops HASAN 0300-2469873 [127]QS. Explain how topography and drainage cause problems for framing in Baluchistan. Lack of fertility, soil erosion, use of machinery. - Mountains - Hills and plateaus have little soil that is of value to the farmers as i tony and poor ~ _ The slopes are exposed to soil erosion and the plateaus subject to wind egoston do their dryness ~ Inland drainage basins/ salt lakes - Few/ small rivers Rivers dry up evaporate 1- Type 2 Uses 3. By products / uses 4- Method of cultivs Natural inpu Human inputs ign: ——> describe ‘oS fbi 2- It is staple food in manufacture of bread and a variety of baked products. Low grades of wheat are used as feed for livestock. 3- Chaff used for feed and mix it with mud to make storage hut. 4- In Oct- Dec after ploughing the field, wheat seeds are sown directly into the ground. Most of the farmers irrigate the land twice. The first irrigation is done one month after sowing and the second irrigation takes place one month before harvesting. Wheat is harvested after three months, A_UL HASAN 0300-2469875 23 [Page [128]5+ Requires mild, warm temperature 10-20 C for growing 20-25 C for ripening Light rains of Oct-Nov helps growth Requires 325-625 mm. Alluvial, loam, clay, water retentive and well-drained soils, 90 days growing season. Oct-Nov is cooler and drier of sowing. March is above 20 C; warm for growth. April-May temperatures are 30 C above, warnv/hot for ripepit Sunny climate Nov rain helps germination Dry period in May for harvesting A little rain just before harvest swells the rains an 6- New heat varieties Improvement in water management system suSty ag tobe wel Chemical fertilizers WS Agricultural machinery like tractors Fig. 79 Wheat Regions Main regione Secondary regions Minor regions wis 24[Page ____SIR ZIA UL HASAN 0360-2469875 [129]= _ Nawabshah, Nausharo Firoz. Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalpur, Multan, - Maxi Pak, ShahKhan 95, Wadnak 95, Kohsan 95. At present 90% of the area under wheat cultivation is given to HY Vs, The yield per hectare of these is about twice that of local or desi varieties. Maxi Pak is one fo the most widely used varieties in Pakistan. QL. Study Fig 5 which shows wheat production. a 24 S production (million tonnes) 22 (ii) Explain the reasons for the changes in production over these years. [4] Rainfall variability/drought. Floods/storm damage. Pest attack Capital/profit from previous year. Reasons for overall increase e.g, HYV, C.F, mechanization, training, SIR ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2469875 | [130]Q @ What is meant by a Barany crop? a - Grown without irrigation. - Grown in the rainy season, Gi) Name areas of Pakistan where the most wheat is grown by the Barany method? - Potwar Plateau, = Norther Punjab. - Sheikupura Sialkot. Ploughing is done during Oct- Dec when the first rain = Seeds are sown after the rain ~ Rain continues through growing period and somé grains. Dry period for harvest, Q3.Why is an increase in water demand + Mote wheat being grown over large = More deserts being reclaimed. - More HYV’s e.g. Maxi Pak Wheat needs - More spraying and liquid @ilizer. ¥ to the increase in wheat production?[6] vid areas. Q4.Explain how human inp\ - Irrigation on the aihs ¢.g. trpdted seeds, Pesticide sprays and locust watch. and other machinéty- ingAmparts / step towards self-sufficiency, no loss of foreign exchange. € export / foreign exchange. Q6. Why is it important to Pakistan that crops can be grown in winters? ~ Wheat is the staple crop. - Essential to feed rapidly increasing population. - Pakistan has an agro based economy. ~ Italso contributes to exports to increase economy. ~ Main source of income for many cash crop farmers. ~ Expanding industry requires agricultural raw materials, Q7. What are the objectives of wheat policy of Pakistan? [5] ~ To keep prices both stable and profitable for wheat growers. ZiA SAN _0300-2469875 26|Page SIR ZIA UL [131]~ To guarantee affordable supplies of food to the people. - To keep wheat growers vibrant by supporting their income, - To develop rural communities, ~ To ensure both sustainability and self- sufficiency in wheat production, RICE 1- Kharif. 2- Used as food. It is important as foreign exchange is earned from its expart, 3- Rice husks are used for making card board or covering roofs of housé& with mud, water and fodder for live stocks. 4- How is rice grown by a small scale farmer? PREPARING THE FIELDS:- ~ Farmer hires a tractor for one day in March each year. (Fh Each time he ploughs, he goes in a different direction, ~ If the farmer cannot afford to hire a tractor, he ys right depth in the soil as the bullocks pull it easily. ~ After ploughing oxen pull a clod (a lump pfxnass) clods, then farmer crushes the clods with® ~ Farmers use hoes to build up low dil irrigation. seeds are sown in the nursery in the comer 9 cm tall, they are ready to be of the field. When the’ transplanted. C: TRANSPLANTING: ready for transplanting the seedlings. The workers bare feet sink ield, they bend down to stick the seedling into the soil under the because the seedling will float away if they are not planted tice erops from birds: The worker stands on a platform made of logs d uses a sling with clay balls to scare away the birds, scattered on the field. ~ _ Insecticide is also scattered on the fields to try to prevent an attack by the stem borer (A pest). ~ In September the rice is ripe and ready for harvesting. - Anopening is made in the dikes around the fields so that the water can drain away. ~ Assickle is used to cut the crop. The rice is then tied in bundles. ~The bundles are carried to be threshed manually. 5-Requirements Warm hot temperature (30°) with no cold season. = Can tolerate very high temperatures. ~ Heavy amount of rainfall - atleast 1270mm/yr but over 2000mnvyr is ideal. ~ _Itrequires plenty of rain during the 4 to 6 month growth period. 300-2469875. a ZIA UL HASA 27| Page [132]~ Dry sunny weather at harvesting time. = Soil should be loamy or clayey. ~ An impervious sub-soil is essential as it retains moisture. 6-Requires Cheap and abundant labour or adequate machinery for field preparati sowing seeds, transplanting, and harvesting. + Irrigation 7- See fig B Fig. 744 Main regions EE Secondary regions ate 8-Larkana, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Shekhupura 9-Basmati super Inrib pajhal 28| Page SIR_ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2469873 [133]QU() Place the following in the correct order sowing seeds, plouging , harvest weeding? Ans) Ploughing then sowing seeds then weeding and then harvest Gi) with refrence to the answer in (i) explain how rice is grown on small scale farms in Pakistan ? (6 - Manual labour/little machinery/hand tools = Animal/draft power - Seeds planted in nursires ~ Transplanted in to flooded fields ~ Care during growth weeds, pests, maintain water level Water drained before harvest. work done from planting the seeds to harvest ? Nursery for seeds - Repairing bunds for water - Prepare fields by ploghing / weedin, ~ Flooding or irrigation - Transplanting seedlings ~ Chemical fertilisers for nujsjents - Pesticides to kill pests Drain water chins to make work faster and increase efficiency ~ Eduvation to make work farmers aware of better methods - Reduction of water logging and salinity to increase cultivable area Q4(H why is rice not grown in areas which only practice barani farming ? PI ~ Requires over 1275 mm rainfall in growing season . nowhere in Pakistan this amount of rainfall in growing season not enough rain for flooding fileds. ASAN 0300-2469875g is important in northeast Punjab and in the north lower 5) Gi) explain why rice growin, plain of Sindh. ~ Good irrigation with the help of perinnal canals ~ Flat land assits in provision of irrigation ~ Have clay soil rich in minerals which retain fertilisers - Northeast Punjab recives more rainfall than anyother plain ~ Large pap so large farms - Tube wells in Punjab Q5) Give the time for plantation, growth and harvesting of rice crop. BI - Plantation from April-June. ~ Growth between May and September. - Harvesting in September or October. Q6) Explain how canal irrigation is used and controlled to ~ Water taken from river, canal, dam or barrage. before harvest. 1. Kharif miut® for cultivation is 25 degrees to 35 degrees. Mild night % better fot the development of the balls. fit 1000mm rainfall in frequent showers with sunny periods in between. Then moisture is less than 500m irrigation is necessary, Rain at picking spoils the balls from which the lint is extracted. © Medium loam is best. © Level land is required. Agricultural machinery speeds up the process. * Automatic cotton-picking machines are useful but in Pakistan most picking is done by cheap and patient human labour mainly women, * Pesticides and insecticides are needed and aerial sprays are also used. © Irrigation Fertilizers. “UL HASAN 0300-2469875Qalandri , 149-F , B-557 lis sensitive as it nears harvesting, It is greatly affected by the rise in ‘hight temperature changes to leaf-curl virus and fruit shedding. Different HYV’s (High-yielding varieties) produce an increase both in quantity and the size of the boll. PARC (Pakistan Agricultural Research Council) is trying to develop varieties which are resistant to leaf-curl virus and are less set “SIR ZIA UL HASAN [136]Qt) Explain three factors that have caused the yield of cotton to increase per hectare[6] 1- Fertilizer- for nutrients, fertility, Pakistan sol is deficient in Nitrogen e.g: Nitrogenous fertilizers. 2- nvigation- to cover the rainfall deficiency , modem methods are used e.g: Tube wells and Perennial canal 3+ Capital- to by inputs. 2) Explain why cotton yields vary from year to year. BI 1- Rainfall damage to cotton boll before harvest. 2- Early frost in summer. 3- Foods / high winds / storms causing damage. Q3) (i) Why is cotton not grown further North? 1 1+ Too cold in growing period. 2- Sensitive to frost. 3+ Too wet during harvest, 4- Long distance from factories. Gi) Why is cotton not grown further West? 1- Lack of rainfall for growth. 2+ Lack of irrigation canals. 3+ Poor soil. 4+ Steep slopes, no flat bultivation, or reduce the yield of cotton on farms? [4] temperature. all in April-May during sowing of seeds. frigation schemes present. Flat land, Q6. Why is a much smaller increase in water demand expected for cotton? 1- Less land suitable for cotton. 2. Fertile soil needed fertiliser which is expensive. 3- Fluctuating export demands due to competition. 4- Cotton not needed for food. 5+ Cotton cultivation expanding more slowly than other crops. 32| Page SIR ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2469875 [137]SUGAR CANE 1- Kharif 2- It is an important cash crop from which sugar brown sugar and Gur are made. 3-BAGASSE is a fibre left over the sugar-cane is crushed, It is used to make paper .chipboard and animal feed, MOLASSES is a liquid left over after the crystallization of sugar. It is a raw & the production of citric acid, cattle feed, baker's yeast, synthetic rubber. a fuel to generate electricity in sugar mills, application of fertilizers, especially potash. If the land is well-irrigated then the plant rises After the sugar-cane is harvested it send to grow so that they can be harvested in the Ya 5- Alluvial soil, loam, clay and lcep nitrate soil heptentive of moisture. = Deep soil, ~ Firm soil to suppoftall D = Hot growing seaso’ of sunshin’> és, insecticides. - Tube well, potential canal. + Intensive labour to ensure healthy crop. Tractors to well prepare the ground, L_HASAN 0300-24698757-Sce FigD Bi ten rare [72] Secondary regions [F]itrerogone {Suge 8- Natkabshgi Naushero Firoz — Central Sindh Faisalabad, East Central Punjab Peshawar 9- In-88: 1-3 Thatta-10 QL. What happens to sugarcane from the time it is fully grown to when sugar juice is extracted? Cut by hand/ Manual Labour ~ Immediately transported to sugar mills near sugarcane field by bullock carts/ lorries/ trucks. - At sugar mill, the cane is scrubbed with chalk to remove dirt and smell, ~ The juice is extracted by crushing the can through heavy rollers, 34] Page _ “SIR ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2469875 [139]Q2. Explain why is it important to increase the production of sugar and other agricultural products in Pakistan. [4] ~ Sugarcane as a nutritional crop for good health and strength and as an ingredient in Popular foods like sweets and drinks, and cotton as a valuable export that could increase economic growth and for clothing the nation, are important products, and thus itis important to increase their production. A large proportion of the population relies on agriculture for their income and day-to-day survival. Those who struggle to make a living can earn a small income from the by-products of their cra, straw, leaves and husk. Q3.Explain why human inputs are very important for sugarcane’s sucedds in Pakistan Intensive labour to ensure healthy erops ~ Tractors to prepare the ground well ~ Insecticides and pesticides ~ Capital to buy seeds Q4.(i) State the form in which sugarcane is £4 - Bundles of raw sugarcane. (i)State 3 processes necessary for the cul Ans) Write any 3 of the followi = Ploughing - Planting + Irrigation - Fertilizing - Spraying pesticides - Harvesting ills need to be close to farms growing sugarcane. BI snd heavy and therefore are expensive to transport. To reduce céa{s sugar mills need to be close to farms growing sugarcane. As soon it starts to loose its weigh or sucrose content, so for maximum output berCanes, it needs to be crushed within 48hrs of harvesting. ‘he growth of sugarcane crop can be improved by irrigation. a Ans) As sb@arcane crop has high water requirements, irrigation is needed in case of unreliable rainfall for healthy crop. Better yields can be expected if irrigation is used. Also, itis used to flush salts from the soil. TA UL HASAN 0300-2469875 [140]OTHER CROPS MAIZE: - Raw material for edible oil, ~- Manufacture of comflour, and custard powder. - Used as fodder for animals and poultry. - Requirements High temperatures up to 35°C ~ Rainfall 50-500 mm/yr - Porous soil - Found in Mardan, Swat, Manshera Fig. 7.22 [141]Fig. 7.23 SIR_ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2469875 [142]Kharif crop Jawar and bajra are two millets produced. Used as fodder for animals and poultry and as food crop. Millets are coarser cereals when ground into flour. Requirements: 30°C - 35°C It does not require much rain as it is drought resilient ‘Can be grown on poorer sandy soils Found in Tharparkar, Kohat, Attock, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, OIL SEEDS: - Rabi crop - Sunflower, soya bean, rape seed, mustard, sarson\ - Raw material for manufacture of edible ~ Found in Nawabshah, Naushoroferoz, pecan Fig. 724 [143]Ql) What is Marginal Land? Ans) Land such as upland or desert border, which is difficult to cultivate and which yields little profit. Millets and other cereals (Jowar and barley) are grown on marginal lands. Q2 What are the factors responsible for low productivity of millet in Pak 2 ~ They are grown mainly in marginal areas under Arid conditions , ~ They are grown in barani areas , are usually poor because of Inadequate land = prepapration, ~ Inefficient sowing methods, Poor quality seeds and poor emergency throvg + drysoil. ~The soil fertility in most of the millet growing areas is depleted and = are added. ~ Weeds can be a serious problem , especially in the rainfed ared + rains during July and August may produce weeds . = done for control of weeds . Millet is also attacked by several diseases . Used for cooking and Ghee. = Used in soap cosmetics and lubricg ~ The residual oil cake is used as a fei = Also used for cattle and poultry feed. Groundnuts are also used as Rotation crops Kharif. - Mardan and PeshaWg Sialkot , Gui of better quality varieties e.g Virginia. and Intensive use of labor to ensure healthy crop. fs / machinery used to plough the land. Q/ Describe the natural factors for the cultivation of A- Maize, B-Millet? - Often a barani crop, + Heavier rain in summer i ~ Require warm / hot temp. ~ Deep nitrate rich and well watered soil. ~ Itcannot endure frost. Does not thrive well when mean temp is less than 10 C. 890mm, ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2469873 SI 39| Page [144]Does best in coo! nights and warmer days. ~ Requires warm/hot temperature ~ Once established tolerates droughts and high evaporation ~ Requires 300-400mm rain ~ Poorer sandy soil FRUIT FARMING BANANAS = Itis mainly grown in Sindh - Accultivated banana plant to grow from a seed ~The time for a plant to grow and bear fruit varies from 10 Jo 15 ~The plants are susceptible to drought and wind damage ~ They can grow and harvested year round ~ The mean temperature is about 27 degreeC IS ‘Temperature below 8 degreeC for long periods They are grown in fertile and well drained Joams ‘They require potassium and phosphoroug - In Sindh the annual rainfall is not suftici ~ They are mainly located in indus Water requirement is 2200mm DATES also provide shelter to crops grown in the important for dates , pOnds — pishin , mastung , swat Grapes — pishin , mashtung , swat - Peach — swat - Apricots — pishin , mashtung CROP ROTATION Plant nutrients used by the crops can be replaced by other crops eg potatoes require potash but do not exhaust nitrates thus they can be rotated with wheat which uses the nitrates in the soil. In the next year nitrates are replenished by growing legumes beans, pulses. in the next year cereals can be grown to take advantage of the nitrates replenished by cereals, SIR _ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2469875 4o|Page [145]EUTROPHICATION Is the nutrient enrichment of water in lakes and rivers which causes algae and Phytoplankton’ to multiply. Algae bloom use up oxygen and black light consequently other organisms such as fish are starved of oxygen and die. CAUSES Farmers use fertilisers such as nitrates and phosphates that infiltrate into the soj rivers and then to the lakes the lack of activity flowing water encourages the gid blooms. The disposable of sewage and detergents from urban areas can alk eutrophication in rivers and lakes. ad seep into Q.Some crop is grown on a plot of land for ten years. Oyé pests and diseases of crops increase A.explain why the problem build up? ~ Same nutrients demand years and year - Nutrients are exhausted ~ Pest and diseases build up in the s& Life oycle of pests not broken y“€se nutrients at different soil Ievels,host to btation Breaks life eycle. ‘materials for processing,manufacturing and export Means of development QExplain why increasing transport costs made growing wheat less attractive to farmers in some parts? ANS. Wheat is a bulky crop - Itis heavy to handle ~ Transfer and transport and profit margins are low per tonne ~ Shifts in transport costs alter its profitability ~ No farmer wants to break even or loose money SAN _0300-2469875 41[ Page ST A UL [146]GOVERNMENTS EFFORTS TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Increasing the production of fertiliser to encourage greater use of it ~ The distribution of improved seeds and regulation of quality of seeds through government departments ~ Developing a plant production programme including regular checks for the detection of pests,advisory services and making areal sprays available ~ Providing financial resources to the farming community by issuing gitfe emes of agricultural credits which include s A. production and development loans B. loans to small farmers C. making loans available for farm machinery - The plant protection departments maintains surve} control of locusts in the country particularly the desert ~ Pests and insects inflicts heavy losses ~ Plant protection programmes can be A.PREVENTATIVE B.CURATIVE A. Preventative meast B. Protection/curative pests and diseases jon allowing recovery and natural fertilisation 76 waste recycling 4 control by mulching 4- Pest and disease control 5- Inter cropping 6- Fewer agro-chemical 7- To protect the land from water logging and salinity through various schemes Soil management through afforestation projects. 9- To avoid soil erosion the forests should not be cut down from the slopes of the hill. 10- Over cropping or multi-cropping should not be allowed if itis leading to exhaustion Of soil nutrients, 11-Reclamation of deserts with the help of irrigation techniques. 42|Page — “SiR ZIA UL H N_0300-246987512- Replenishment of soil nutrients removed by crops. 13- Maintenance of soil’s physical structure. 14- Constant or increasing levels of organic matter in the soil. 15- Continual cover of the soil by vegetation. LAND REFORMS In 1947, 7% of land owner owned 53% of land. Land lords had little incentives to cultivate all the land to increase prod It was necessary to break up these lands to increase productivity, And to provide security of land, less peasants. Three reforms were given 59, 72 and 77. Desired results could not be achieved because of lack of polit. Because many barani land had incomplete land record ‘These lands were transferred from one generation to documentations. VY VVVVvVV Breaking the hold of large land lords. 2- Equal distribution of land. 3- Protection of the rights of tenants. 4- Consolidation of holdings. 5+ Take land away from protect them from evi To abolish feudalism land owners ant it to poor tenant farmers and to 3. Establishment of economic units where modern methods can be used. 4- Improved agricultural productivity. 5. Mechanization possible 6- Better irrigation 7- More investment opportunities 8+ More land for cultivation 9- Leads to rural development 10- Landscape development and protection 11- Less time wasted __ SIR ZiA UL HASAN 0300-2469875 [148]12-Lower transport costs LAND FRAGMENTATION ‘The division of a farmer's land into a collection of scattered lots. It is usually the result of inheritance. ADVANTAGES ~ Avoids the risk of production failure. - Diversified crop production. ~ The possibility of tilling different fragments with different crops at times» DISADVANTAGES ~ Restricts agriculture modernization, + Inhibits improvement of the land. ~ Creates economic and production problems bie of increast did Sreanization required by the fragments distance, Ql:- To what extent could govt action incredso duction in Pakistan? [6] Ans:- Possibilities: - Improve education e.g model farms, trai ~ Loans e.g for machinery, HYV, fertilisers. - Subslides e.g for imported ma¢hing és lower. - More fertilisers, pesticides Problems:- + Illiteracy. du?to mechanization. pan training and land reform be successful in increasing ition? LAND REFORM: - More efficient use of land. - Fields for mechanization, - Less time wasted. Problem: SIR ZIA UL HASAN 0300-2469875 [149]