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Chapter 4: Agricultural
Development
Agriculture
➔ Agriculture is a combination of two words i.e. Agri and culture. Agri means farming and culture
means practice, it means practice of farming is called agriculture
➔ Agriculture is a primary industry concerned with obtaining raw material from the ground for
immediate consumption or for further processing
➔ There are three types of agriculture practised in Pakistan: Small-scale subsistence farming,
cash crop farming and livestock farming
➔ All of these different types of farming operate as systems with inputs, processes and outputs

Natural Inputs

- Flat lands

➔ Easy use of machines

➔ Equal Distribution of water with less drainage
➔ Easy to cultivate

- Soil

➔ Contains sufficient minerals for crop growth

➔ Has sufficient pore spacing
➔ The soil must be deep and must contain nitrates and phosphates

- Rainfall

➔ For germination
➔ Soften the soil for ploughing \ sowing
➔ Planting seeds

- Temperature

➔ For growing
➔ Warmth
➔ Ripening

Human inputs

- Capital

➔ To buy land and machinery

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➔ To buy seeds and chemical fertiliser

- Machinery

➔ It reduces the need of labour and time consumed

➔ Efficient processes with increased output

- Fertilisers

➔ Increases yield and rate of growth of plants

➔ Extension of farm

- Pesticides and insecticides

➔ Kill insects, pests, and viruses

➔ Increases the output and income

- Labour

➔ Carry out processes of crop cultivation like ploughing, sowing, threshing and harvesting
➔ Maintain machinery

- Desi or high yielding varieties of seed

➔ Desi varieties are cheap and locally available

➔ HYV’s are pest resistant and increase yield

- Irrigational facilities

➔ Meet rain shortages and reduce salinity

➔ Better water supply

- Traditional or modern skills

➔ Avoid crop failure with modern methods

➔ Can do machine repairing

Processes
➔ Ploughing: Farming equipment powered by bull or tractor used to turn, dig and mix the soil
before planting seeds
➔ Sowing: Spreading seeds on soil by traditional or modern methods
➔ Irrigating: To supply water to farmland through tube well / channels so that crops will grow
➔ Fertilising: Adding chemicals to soil to provide nutrients to soil for promoting plant growth
➔ Weeding: Cutting of wild plants growing where they are not wanted especially among crops
➔ Threshing: To separate grains of wheat or rice from the chaff
➔ Harvesting: Cutting the crops

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Outputs
➔ Crops such as rice, wheat, tobacco, maize, barley, millet, pulses, cotton, sugarcane
➔ Fruits and Vegetables
➔ Milk, meats, ghee, butter, eggs, cheese, hides, wool

- Problems associated with farming

➔ Use of sprays can contaminate subsoil water

➔ Chemicals of fertilisers when it is drained out of field can cause pollution
➔ Seepage of water from canals causes water logging and salinity
➔ Water from dams in canals can be deposited
➔ Silt in fields making them less reproductive

Types of farming

Subsistence/ Small Scale Farming

➔ It is small scale farming
➔ Most of the inputs are natural so output varies depending on climatic conditions
➔ A farmer works with his family, sometimes labour is hired at low wages
➔ Traditional methods are used due to lack of capital to invest
➔ He uses desi seeds, natural manure, old methods of irrigation and sometimes depends on rain
➔ The output is low which is consumed by farmer and his family
➔ Any surplus is a bonus not an expectation, sold to small shops in village
➔ He then buys some animals such as goats, sheep, etc; or repairs his house
➔ Sometimes he buys fertilisers, sprays, high yield seeds or a machine
➔ Many farms in all provinces are subsistence farms
➔ 34% of these farms are less than 5 hectares so farmer needs to supplement his income from
other sources e.g. carpenter, blacksmith, cobbler

- Processes

➔ Ploughing by Bullocks
➔ Sowing by Labor
➔ Irrigation by Traditional methods
➔ Fertilising by Natural Manure
➔ Weeding by Labor
➔ Threshing by Labor

- Problems of small size of farm

➔ Problems for inheritance to be divided among sons

➔ No research work can take place
➔ More capital is not present, No machine can be used
➔ Output is very low, Sometimes it leads to unemployment

Livestock/ Pastoral Farming

➔ It is the farming in which animals are kept on a small scale or large scale

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➔ Such as goats, sheep, cattle, camels, mules, etc

➔ Every village have its grazing field shamilat where animals graze
➔ It constitutes an important part of rural life
➔ In subsistence farms animals are consumed by owners
➔ In commercial farms animals are reared for sale or obtaining of goods
➔ Livestock contribution to the national GDP is higher than that of the crops
➔ Pakistan is world’s fifth largest producer of milk

- Importance of livestock farming

➔ Animals act as draught power in farming processes and transportation of material

➔ Livestock is a food source providing with milk, egg, chicken, meat etc
➔ Livestock products act as raw materials for domestic industries
➔ Livestock product forms 13% of our exports
➔ They contribute to 10% of our GDP

Large Scale/ Cash Crop Farming

➔ Agricultural crops are grown for sale
➔ Crops are selected on basis of demand, yield and favourable government policies to maximise
their profit
➔ To achieve it he uses more capital, practices on a large area of land, has machines, modern
facilities, fertilisers, high yield seeds, sprays and extra labour is employed
➔ Output is large and stored in large warehouses
➔ It is then sold in market to earn profit which is reinvested in crops

- Processes

➔ Ploughing by Tractors
➔ Sowing by Machines
➔ Irrigation by Modern Methods
➔ Fertilising by Chemical Fertilisers
➔ Weeding by Labour
➔ Threshing by Thresher
➔ Harvesting by Harvester

- Types of crops

Rabi crops Kharif crops

Known as winter crops Known as summer crops

Sown in early winters from October-November Sown in early summers from April-May

Harvested in early summer from April-May Harvested in early winters from

October-November

Such as wheat, barley, grams, oilseeds and Such as rice, sugar cane, millets, maize and cotton
pulses

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Main Crops
Wheat
➔ Wheat is a rabi crop
➔ It is used in manufacture of bread and a variety of baked products
➔ Canal irrigated areas of sindh and punjab are major region of growth
➔ Government have taken measures to increase wheat production such as support price,
improved irrigation but still pakistan is not self sufficient in wheat because:
● Population is increasing rapidly
● Cultivable land is decreasing due to water logging and salinity

- Geographical Requirements

➔ Moderate rainfall, about 1000 mm

➔ Temperature 10⁰C - 20⁰C at the time of growing and warm 25⁰C -35⁰C for ripening
➔ A little rain before the harvest swells the grain
➔ Irrigation bridges the rainfall gap
➔ It is also grown in Barani lands. ( Rainfed regions, Potwar and NWFP areas)
➔ Stiff loamy or clayey soil rich in alluvium
➔ Flat and undulating land is required

- HYV Seeds

➔ Maxipak, Kohson 95, Shahkhan 95 , Wadnak 95

- Areas

➔ Punjab: Multan, Gujrat, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Okara

➔ Sindh: Larkhana, Thar, Sukkur
➔ NWFP: Peshawar, Kohat, Mardan, Bannu
➔ Not grown in Balochistan

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Area of Wheat Cultivation

- Cultivation

➔ In Oct-Dec after ploughing the field, wheat seeds are sown directly into the ground
➔ Most of the farmers irrigate land twice
➔ First irrigation, one month after sowing
➔ Second irrigation one month before harvesting
➔ Harvested after three months, which is labour intensive
➔ Chaff is separated from grain, which is used for feed and mix it with mud to make storage hut
➔ Grain is stored for family consumption or sale

- Importance

➔ Wheat is a staple food. Its demand is increasing with the increasing population
➔ Low grade by-products of flour are used as feed for livestock
➔ Wheat, when growth in surplus is exported to earn foreign exchange

- Problems

➔ When the crop output is low, it is imported

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➔ Most parts of Pakistan where wheat is grown, are facing water logging and salinity crisis

- Barani farming

➔ Wheat is cultivated in subsistence barani farms of Potwar plateau and KPK

➔ Due to lack of irrigation facilities the process is adjusted according to seasonal rainfall
➔ When the rains arrive or are about to arrive, the land is ploughed so it becomes soft
➔ Immediately after the rain, the seeds are sown and the periodic cycle of sunny weather in
between light rainy days continues till the harvest
➔ Within the growing period ploughing is done (to remove weeds), if pesticides and fertilisers are
available then they are added otherwise cow dung is used
➔ Lastly the harvest season must be sunny and dry

Rice
➔ It is a kharif crop
➔ It is used with wheat as a major food product
➔ Rice is a major export of Pakistan therefore grown on large scale in sindh and punjab
➔ Subsistence farming of rice is practised in northern areas on terraced field
➔ Development of irrigational facilities have increased the area under rice cultivation
➔ Pakistan is emerging as major exporter of high quality basmati rice over years

- Areas

➔ Punjab: Sialkot, Kasur, Okara, Gujrat

➔ Sindh: Badin, Larkana, Dadu, Thatta

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- Geographical Requirements

➔ Levelled land for easy irrigation

➔ Loamy and clayey (impervious soil) for retention of water
➔ 20⁰C to 30⁰C with no cold season
➔ Warm dry period for harvesting
➔ Humid Season
➔ Rainfall - 2000mm
➔ Heavy shower (Monsoonal rain)
➔ Dry sunny weather at harvesting time

- HYV Seeds

➔ Irri pak
➔ Basmati
➔ Pajhal
➔ Super
➔ Rachna

- Cultivation

➔ Seeds are sown in nurseries

➔ When it is 9 inches high, it is transplanted into a prepared field
➔ Then it is flooded with 30-37 cm of water
➔ Water is kept for growing
➔ It is drained before harvesting and threshing is done in Oct-Nov
➔ Rice is polished and packed in rice mills

- By-products

➔ Rice husks are used for making cardboards or covering roofs of houses after mixing it with
mud
➔ For livestock

Cotton
➔ It is a kharif crop
➔ King of Fibre
➔ Most widely used textile fibre in Pakistan

- Geographical Requirements

➔ Level Land
➔ Temperature - 25⁰C to 35⁰C. Mild at night.
➔ Harvested during summer days and dry weather
➔ It is sensitive to frost
➔ Rainfall - 1000mm. Irrigation usually bridges the gap
➔ Rain at picking spoils the balls but high showers before harvesting swells the bolls
➔ Medium loamy soil with Natural fertilisers or manure are used

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- Areas

➔ Punjab: Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan, D.G Khan, Multan, Kasur

➔ Sindh: Nawabshah, Sanghar, Sukkur, Hyderabad, Badin
➔ Not grown in NWFP and Balochistan but Lasbela of Balochistan is being prepared for cotton
cultivation

- HYV Seeds

➔ Nayyab 76
➔ Sarmart Qalandari
➔ B-557
➔ 149-F

- Cultivation

➔ Sown at a distance apart of 30 cm to 45 cm in April-May

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➔ One month later fields are irrigated

➔ Second irrigation takes place after a further two months
➔ Cotton ball ripen in dry months of Oct and Nov
➔ Plant reaches a height of up to 135 cm-150 cm
➔ After picking cotton balls are loaded onto trucks

- What harms the cotton crop

➔ Greatly affected by rise in day and night temperature changes

➔ Leaf curl virus
➔ Fruit shedding

- By-products

➔ Cotton seeds, separated from lint, a fluffy mass of fibres inside cotton balls
➔ Cotton seeds are used as animal feed and for the extraction of oil

Sugar Cane
➔ It is a kharif crop
➔ Used to make sugar, brown sugar and gur

- Geographical Requirements

➔ Soil should be Loamy, Clayey with silt, nitrogen, phosphorus/ potash fertiliser
➔ 1520mm of rain, irrigation bridges the rainfall gap
➔ Requires temperature from 25⁰C -35⁰C
➔ Tolerant to frost for a short period

- HYV Seeds

➔ JN-88
➔ Thatta-10

- Cultivation

➔ 30cm stalks are planted in April - May

➔ Distance is 30 cm between the stalks, a good plant yield size is 6 to 7.3 feet
➔ Crop can be ratooned and harvested for 2-3 consecutive years
➔ A ratoon is left when it is cut. It is cut by manual labour
➔ Sugar cane is immediately transported as it loses the sugar content after harvesting. It is
bulky and expensive to transport
➔ Sugar cane is first scrubbed (cleaned) with chalk to remove the dirt which forms the compost
(fertiliser)
➔ The cane is crushed and juice is processed to make gur, sugar etc

- By-products

➔ Molasses is used to make chemicals. It is used for citric acid, cattle food, baker's yeast,
synthetic rubber

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➔ Bagasse is a fibre used to make paper, chipboard, and animal feed.

➔ It is also used as a fuel to generate electricity in sugar-mills

- Areas

➔ Punjab: Vehari, Bahawalpur, Sargodha, Gujrat, Khanewal

➔ NWFP: Swabi, Peshawar, Charsadda
➔ Sindh: Thar, Badin, Thatta, Naushero Firoz

Tobacco
➔ It is a kharif crop
➔ KPK accounts for 60% of the production
➔ Export varieties are grown in fertile soil with irrigational facilities

- Areas

➔ Punjab: Multan, Jhang, Sialkot, Lahore, Kasur

➔ NWFP: Charsadda, Mardan, Swabi, Nowshera
➔ Balochistan: Zhob, Pishin, Qilla Saifullah
➔ Sindh: Khairpur, Ghotki, Shikarpur, Naushero Firoz

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- Geographical Requirements

➔ Light and sandy soil, rich in potash, Lime, magnesium and Humus / Level land
➔ Frost is unbearable
➔ Warm days and cool nights
➔ Temperature: 10⁰C - 26⁰C
➔ Rainfall: 20-30 inches

- HYV Seeds

➔ Virginia
➔ Nicotiana Tabacum
➔ Nicotiana Rustica

- Cultivation

➔ It is grown in nursery until 4-5 leaves are grown

➔ It is transplanted in furrows 3 - 3.5 feet apart
➔ 7 - 10 days interval irrigation is practised

Maize
➔ It is a kharif crop
➔ It is a food grain used for edible oil
➔ Corn flour, custard powder is made from it
➔ Waste for animal fodder
➔ It is grown in central Punjab and central parts of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

- Geographical Requirements

➔ 35⁰C temperature
➔ Level Land
➔ It needs well drained deep alluvial and porous soils
➔ It is very intolerant to frost and needs moderate rainfall about 500 mm well distributed
throughout growth

Pulses
➔ It is a kharif crop
➔ They are Low value crops so very less care is taken
➔ Pulses fix nitrogen in the soil
➔ Important pulses are: mung, mash, gram, masoor

- Areas

➔ Punjab: Bannu - Bhakkar, Jhang, Rawalpindi, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Leiah, Dera, Bugti,
Rahimyaar Khan, Sialkot
➔ Sindh: Larkana, Dadu, Sukkur, Jacobabad, Shikarpur

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- Geographical Requirements

➔ Require high temperatures at 35⁰C but are highly susceptible to frost

➔ 50-500mm rainfall
➔ Grown on Salty Soil

Millets
➔ It is a kharif crop
➔ Coarse Cereals
➔ Jowar and Bajra are two millets
➔ Fodder for Animals
➔ Food crop

- Geographical Requirements

➔ 30⁰C - 35⁰C Temperature

➔ Drought resistant
➔ Sandy Soil
➔ Sensitive to frost

- Areas

➔ Tharparkar, Kohat, Attock, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Sargodha, Dera Ghazi Khan and Bahawalpur

Fruits
➔ Within 20 years the fruit production has increased
➔ Grown in many parts of Pakistan
➔ Sold at market and as export
➔ Peaches and Pears in Quetta, Kalat, Mardan, Kasur, Khushab
➔ Grapes and Pomegranate in Balochistan
➔ Plums and Almonds in Balochistan

- Citrus fruits

➔ Grown in:
● Punjab: Sargodha, Faisalabad, Y.T Singh, Okara, Sahiwal, Khanewal
● Sindh: Naushero Firoz, Khairpur
● Balochistan: Turbat, Nasirabad
● NWFP: Nowshera, Haripur, Swat, Dir, Malakand
➔ They grow in tropical or subtropical climate with hot summers and moderate rainfall
➔ They are also sensitive to frost and strong winds

- Mango

➔ Grown in:
● Punjab: Bahawalpur, Okara, Vehari, Faisalabad, Jhang
● Sindh: Khairpur, Nawabshah, Sanghar, Badir, Hyderabad

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➔ Mango requires a wet hot summer season with rainfall around 250mm
➔ This needs to be followed by a long dry winter
➔ Dry winter means that the plant is less susceptible to attacks by fungus etc
➔ It needs deep well drained loamy soil

- Banana

➔ Grown in:
● Punjab: Sahiwal, Pakpattan, Faisalabad, RYK
● Sindh: Khairpur, Nawabshah, Badin Thatta, Hyderabad
● Balochistan: Lasbela
● NWFP: Bannu
➔ They require a hot dry season lasting for around 2-3 months, with a mean rainfall of around 10
cm
➔ Bananas are very sensitive to frosts, which can suspend maturity or even kill the plant
➔ They are also very vulnerable to strong winds, which damage the fruit etc
➔ They require well drained alluvial soils

- Apples

➔ Grown in:
● Punjab: Rawalpindi
● NWFP: Mansehra, Abbottabad, Swat, Dir, Chitral
● Balochistan: Quetta, Pishin, Loralai, Sibi, Ziarat, Kalat, Kharan
➔ Apples are solely grown in northern Balochistan
➔ They have the highest requirement of chilling units in fruits
➔ Winters must be cold to allow for proper dormancy
➔ These must be followed by rains during the growing season

- Apricots

➔ Apricots are grown mainly in areas of mid-northern Balochistan

➔ Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of Apricots
➔ The apricots need to fulfil chilling units, meaning that they must be exposed to cold for a
certain period of time
➔ Winters must be cold (but not colder than -30°C) to allow for proper dormancy
➔ Dry weather must exist at the time of maturity/harvest
➔ It is important that there should be no sudden and dramatic change in temperatures in spring
which kills the flowers
➔ Apricots grown in well drained soils with PH around 6.5

- Dates

➔ Dates are grown in parts of Balochistan and in parts of Tharparkar desert (southern Punjab
and eastern Sindh)
➔ It needs long hot summers with high day and night temperatures
➔ It can tolerate fluctuations in temperature whether cold or hot
➔ Mild winters and a dry sunny time for harvest is also required
➔ They can grow in salty soils but they must be well drained

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- Vegetables

➔ Pakistan produces almost all of the Rabi and Kharif Vegetables at a Large Amount
➔ Potatoes and tomatoes are produced at the largest amount
➔ Punjab is the Largest Vegetable producing province, followed by NWPF, Balochistan and lastly
Sindh
➔ The major condiments and spices grown in Pakistan are onions, garlic, chillies, coriander,
ginger, turmeric
➔ Onions and Coriander are grown in winter (Rabi crops) while the rest of them are grown in
summers (Kharif crop)

- Fodder crops

➔ Livestock is a main sector of agriculture and a source of income for farmers

➔ For the fodder requirements of animals various fodder crops are grown within irrigated area of
all provinces during Rabi and Kharif seasons
➔ The most important fodder crops include Maize, Bajra, Jowar, Sorghum, Berseem, Increrne,
Shaftal and oats
➔ Most of these oats are useful in improving the texture of oil and increasing nitrogen content

- Oil seeds

➔ 32% of the demand for edible oil is met through local productions while 68% is imported
➔ Sunflower, soya been, rapeseed, mustard, sarson, sai, sesame, linseed and castor oil seeds are
used to extract edible oil
➔ Fat is an essential need of the human body and its requirement is met with the help of animal
fat and oil seeds. Pakistan is deficient in both sources
➔ In Pakistan, there are two types of Oil Seed crops:
➔ Traditional Oil Seeds: Like rapeseed, mustard, groundnut, sesame, linseed, cotton seed and
castor seed
➔ Non-traditional Oil Seeds: Like Sunflower, Soya bean, Sesame
➔ Sunflower is grown in both spring and autumn, while cotton is grown during the winters and
harvest in summers
➔ Coconut and oil palm are grown on the coastal belt of Karachi, while olives grow in Qilla
Safiullah (Balochistan), Parachinar in NWFP and Potwar in Punjab
➔ Among imported oils, palm oil and soyabean are currently the largest imports. Linseed and
castor oil seeds are not edible oil seeds and thus are used in Industries
➔ Government has increased the support prices of oil seed crops in order to encourage the
farmers to increase their production
➔ Oilseeds usually require average temperatures varying from 20-30°C
➔ It must also be noted that high temperatures can hamper or delay growth and that frost kills
the plants
➔ Oilseeds are tolerant to drought for some periods and require well drained deep alluvial soils
➔ They are grown in southern parts of Punjab and eastern parts of Sindh, along with some
northern parts of Punjab

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Livestock Farming
➔ It is a rising sector in Pakistan
➔ They contribute to 36% to our economy and 9% to the GDP
➔ Livestock constitutes an important part of rural life because:
● Cows and Buffaloes are a source of milk and meat
● Sheep and goats are reared for meat, wool and skin
● Hens provide meat and eggs
● Camels, mules are used for transport
● Bullocks are used for animal power, especially drought power in Persian wheel
● OX for ploughing of fields
● Bullocks, OX to carry the bulk on the cart
● The hides, skins and wool are a source of agro based industries
● Cow dung or other animal waste is helpful for natural manure
● Biogas is produced by cow dung
➔ Cattle: found in Balochistan and Thal deserts
➔ Buffaloes: Nilibar, Kundi and Ravi. Found mostly in Punjab and Sindh
➔ Sheep and goats: found in NWFP, Northern Areas, Balochistan, Thal, Thar, and Cholistan
deserts.
➔ Poultry: found in every province of Pakistan

- Problems faced by Livestock Farming

➔ Grazing unirrigated fields causes soil erosion

➔ Lack of grazing grounds lead to overgrazing
➔ Few veterinary hospitals and vaccination facilities
➔ Unhygienic conditions in animal husbandry lead to unhealthy animals
➔ Primitive breeding methods result in low quality animals
➔ Insufficient breeding for quality
➔ Inadequate facilities for storage of meat
➔ Gap in price of livestock products in rural and urban areas
➔ High prices of animal feed. Difficult to keep in cities near their market
➔ Insufficient marketing system of milk and other products leads to less profit and low
investment in inputs

- Development ideas

➔ Selective breeding and crossbreeding for better quality animals

➔ Programs to fatten cows for milk and meat
➔ Control of disease and better animal husbandry practices
➔ Improvement in vaccination facilities
➔ Improvement in livestock research farms
➔ Cultivation of fodder crops to turn agricultural land into grazing fields

- Government Measures

➔ Develop a plant protection program

➔ Distribution of improved seeds

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➔ Provide financial support

➔ Provide service and advice
➔ Loans for farm machinery on easy instalments
➔ Irrigational water to be provided
➔ Increase the use of fertilisers
➔ Awareness of modern methods and technology

Types of Livestock Farming

- Nomadic

➔ The farmers moves from one place to another with his animals in search of fodder, water and
shelter
➔ Once they find these resources and settle over there and utilise their resources
➔ They move to another place so that’s why they keep on moving in search of new pastures
➔ They hardly return to the old pastures unless rainfall takes place for new pastures to grow
➔ The area in which they graze have very poor pastures because of extreme arid conditions
➔ They keep sheep, camels and goats because they can survive in arid conditions and survive in
poor pastures

- Settled

➔ It is mostly practised in the villages of Punjab and Sindh

➔ Proper farms are made where fodder rooms are present, milking, packing and breeding takes
place
➔ Excess milk is converted to ghee, butter and cheese
➔ Hens are also kept to get eggs

- Semi Nomadic/ Transhumance

➔ Animals are kept on pastures high up in the mountains in summers

➔ They are brought down to the lower pastures in lowlands during the winter season
➔ When the season is feasible for animals, the farmers return back to their highlands
➔ In winter highland pastures are covered with snow and water sources also freezes so that’s
why they move to valleys where temperatures are suitable for them to survive and water
pastures are available
➔ Sometimes they move to the village market to sell their surplus such as animals, wools, skin
and milk
➔ They are mainly found in Northern mountain and western highlands
➔ They keep sheep, goat, cattle, yak as these animals can adapt in highland climate and
mountainous topography

Subsistence Livestock Farming

- Inputs

➔ Natural grazing fields for Fodder

➔ Open land
➔ Labour is family

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➔ Water from ponds or lakes for drinking

- Processes

➔ Natural breeding
➔ Feeding
➔ Milking Manually
➔ Shearing of Wool
➔ Gathering Hides

- Output

➔ Milk
➔ Meat
➔ Wool
➔ Eggs
➔ Consumed by the family

Commercial Livestock Farming

- Inputs

➔ Farms with animal sheds, ponds and fodder rooms

➔ Specialised labour
➔ Storage and processing facilities
➔ Veterinary facilities
➔ Processed fodder with important nutrients

- Processes

➔ Feeding
➔ Breeding
➔ Milking by Machines
➔ Extracting hides and wool
➔ Preserving with refrigerating facilities
➔ Packing

- Outputs

➔ Milk
➔ Eggs
➔ Meat
➔ Hides
➔ The profit earned is then invested back into inputs.

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Livestock Animals

- Buffaloes

➔ Buffaloes are found mostly in canal fed areas of Pakistan, especially the doab between Ravi
and Sutlej
➔ The Nilli-Ravi breed is found in Punjab, which is known for its high milk production
➔ In Sindh, Kundi breed is found along both banks of Indus but mostly in Northern and central
Sindh.
➔ Other breeds are found in areas of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
➔ Presence of water is very important as this animal needs to cool itself by smearing mud on its
body.
➔ Water is also used for drinking and for cleaning the farm etc
➔ A lot of fodder is also required (which becomes expensive to buy in nonagricultural areas) and
thus buffaloes are not found in Balochistan as this would be too uneconomical
➔ Buffaloes are considered to be black gold of Pakistan because the milk they produce has a
higher fat content than that of cows and goats etc
➔ At present, buffaloes provide almost 70% of the milk produced in Pakistan
➔ Their meat is white and desirable due to the low cholesterol level as compared to cow’s meat

- Cattles

➔ Important cattle breeds are Red Sindhi and Sahiwali, which are internationally recognized for
their milk production
➔ Another important Breeds are bhagnari (Imp for draft power found in Punjab and sindh),
Dhani (Important for draft power found in N.Areas)
➔ Cattle are spread in Northern, central and Southern Punjab
➔ In Sindh mainly in areas of Tharparkar desert
➔ In Balochistan they are found in the district of Hab and in North Central parts of
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
➔ The yield of dairy animals in Pakistan is around 1/5 to 1/7 as to what yields are achieved in
Europe and the United States of America
➔ If our yields can be improved this can save us from import of milk and related products, which
costs around 20 million dollars annually

- Sheeps

➔ Sheep are mostly found in rugged areas of Northern Balochistan, GilgitBaltistan,

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and parts of Southern Punjab
➔ Sheep can survive both hot and cold seasons, and feed on shrubs and grasses
➔ These adaptabilities make them vital for people living in these areas for meat, milk, wool,
bones etc

- Goats

➔ Goats have a much wider distribution than sheep in Pakistan

➔ They are found in almost all of Punjab, Eastern and Southern Sindh, Makran coast and central
Balochistan and districts of Peshawar and Mardan in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

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➔ Goats are also very adaptable like sheep but since their meat and milk is preferred over sheep;
to satisfy this demand they are reared in larger numbers as compared to sheep

- Poultry Farming

➔ Poultry farming is the practice of raising poultry, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese,
as a subcategory of animal husbandry, for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food
➔ In Pakistan, most poultry farming consists of chicken
➔ Poultry farms are mostly found around dense centres of population (Karachi, Quetta, and
Lahore) and cooler areas (Murree, Abbottabad)
➔ Nearness to population centres reduces cost of transportation and cooler areas are preferred
for optimal growth of chickens

Land Reforms
➔ Introduced in 1959, 1972 and 1977
➔ It could not be properly achieved as the landlords did not show their actual holdings but the
land that was under full government control was given to tenants and the production increased
thrice

- Aims

➔ Breaking the hold of landlords

➔ Equitable distribution of land
➔ Protection of rights and women
➔ Consolidation of holidays

Sustainable Development With Agriculture

➔ The problems of water logging and salinity must be addressed properly to protect the
cultivable land through various schemes
➔ Government and private institutions must develop new, highly productive and environmentally
sustainable production technologies as a system
➔ Soil management through afforestation projects is another measure to maintain the fertility of
soil by improving its organic contents
➔ Over-cropping or multi-cropping should not be allowed
➔ To avoid soil erosion, forests should not be cut
➔ Organic farming which stimulates bacteria in the soil act as natural nutrients for the
fertilisation of soil. It improves fertility and productivity
➔ Irrigational technologies must be used to reclaim the defects
➔ Avoid poor farming methods

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