UNIT 1
BEEF INDUSTRY
VOCABULARY TO THE TEXT
“Beef Cattle Breeding System”
Nouns: breeding system, breeder, herd, cattle, genes, progeny, hybrid vigour,
remedy, feedlot, nutrition , bull, calf, sire, selection, complementarity, efficiency,
maturing, merit, objective, characteristics, combination, intensity, generation,
advantage, fat, strength, guarantee, yielding
Adjectives and adverbs: straight, rapidly, individual, existing, suitable for, defined,
continuing, specific, basic, subsequent, all-round, quickly, particular, parental,
moderate, excellent
Verbs: strive for, bring together, produce, depend on, provide, excel in, lay down,
to select
1. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words:
Complementarity [ˌkämpləmenˈtaritē], straight [streɪt], progeny ['prɔʤənɪ],
heterosis [ˌhɛtəˈrəʊsɪs], subsequent ['sʌbsɪkwənt], intensity [ɪn'ten(t)sətɪ],
characteristic [ˌkærəktə'rɪstɪk], generation [ˌʤenə'reɪʃ(ə)n], efficiency
[ɪ'fɪʃ(ə)n(t)sɪ].
2. Read and translate the text
“BEEF CATTLE BREEDING SYSTEM”
Regardless of the breeding system chosen, the breeder must strive for
genetic improvement in the traits identified as economically important for both the
current and future performance of the herd. The basic objective of animal breeding
is to enhance the efficiency of production and the quality of the product for the
end-consumer through planned genetic change. The choice of whether to straight
breed or cross breed will be related to your ability to match your cattle, the
environment and the market.
Crossbreeding systems can bring together a desired combination of genes
more rapidly than can be achieved through within-breed selection. Advantage can
be taken of complementarity among breeds, but knowledge of individual breed
characteristics is important. Crossbreeding capitalises on the existing genetic
differences between two or more breeds to produce progeny that have
characteristics suitable for a defined market or environment.
The decision to crossbreed is also often related to the potential gains of
hybrid vigour, an additional boost to production. Hybrid vigour, or heterosis, is
the difference between the performance of the progeny and the average
performance of the parents. In general, the more distantly the parental breeds are
related, the greater the amount of heterosis that can be expected.
Continuing improvement from a crossbreeding program depends on the
genetic merit of the foundation animals used in the cross (i.e. the selection
intensity in the populations in which they were bred) and the selection intensity
placed on the subsequent crossbred generations. Crossbreeding provides
flexibility because it allows you to quickly alter particular characteristics of a herd
for a specific purpose, such as to cater to a particular market, increase production
or remedy a problem. There can be disadvantages with crossbreeding, such as
management difficulties.
From www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
Cattle breed types
There are far more breeds of cattle in the world than are available in
Australia, although close to 100 are represented in Australian herds. Many of these
breeds have similar biological properties. Some are more popular than others and
are used in larger numbers.
The environment in which the cattle are run and the market that will be
supplied by their progeny should be used to determine the most appropriate breed
types to use. In many cases a single breed will be appropriate. This breed should be
selected as an all-round performer in many traits. Crossbreeding within the herd
can make better use of breed selection by combining breeds with different
strengths to produce a final sale progeny that the market wants. These progeny will
also have hybrid vigour to lift their performance even more.
All breeds are slightly different, but many are similar in terms of some of the
important traits. For this reason it is often more useful to select the right breed
group of cattle for your breeding system and then select the breeds you prefer from
within that group.
British breeds are generally earlier maturing and are thus able to fatten on
less feed. For this reason they perform well on moderate nutrition and are popular
in many parts of the country. They have high fertility and good eating quality.
Some British breeds are used in the industry as high-marbling breeds and are
suited to the Japanese feedlot market. British breeds and crosses of British breeds
excel in maternal traits and make excellent mothers.
European breeds generally grow faster and have more muscle. They are
generally later maturing than British breeds and need more feed to lay down fat
cover. Many successful crossbreeding herds cross European bulls over British
breed cows to produce faster growing, higher yielding calves. Some European
breeds are also strong in maternal traits and make excellent mothers.
The selection of appropriate breeds to use in a breeding plan is the first step.
On average, the most appropriate breed will perform the best. However, breed is
not a guarantee of performance, and it is equally important to select the most
appropriate sires within each breed to breed future herd females and sale progeny.
From www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
COMMENTS:
Heterosis – гибридная сила ( превосходство гибридов по ряду признаков
над родительскими особями только в первом поколении и не
передающееся по наследству)
Sire – cамец - производитель
Feedlot – площадка или загон для откорма скота
Рrogeny – потомство или группа особей, появившихся в результате
воспроизводства др.особей
Вreeding system – система скрещиваний (тип размножения,
существующий в данной группировке особей)
3. Translate into English:
a) Cнабжение скотом, мелкий домашний скот, страхование скота, выход
скота, подсчет поголовья скота, сгонять скот в одно место, скот низких
кондиций, скот обычных кондиций, скот средних кондиций, выбрасывание
скота из бокса, вирус иммунодефицита крупного рогатого скота, вирус
диареи крупного рогатого скота, выставка скота, молочные породы,
специализированные мясные породы, эмбриональная перерослость телок,
продолжительность внутриутробного развития крупного рогатого скота,
сдача и прием молока, строение вымени, техника доения коров, кормление и
содержание дойных коров
b) В качестве предварительного шага к проведению кампаний по вакцинации
крупного рогатого были проведены мероприятия по профессиональной
подготовке руководителей, целью которых была подготовка специалистов
широкого профиля из числа мужчин и женщин. Рацион крупного рогатого
скота состоит главным образом из грубых кормов. В прошлом учет
различных пород крупного рогатого скота производился каждые пять лет.
Количество крупного рогатого скота возросло примерно на 300 голов.
Разведение крупного рогатого скота распространено во всех регионах
страны. В зависимости от основной направленности деятельности
скотоводческие хозяйства разделяются на молочные, мясомолочные и
мясные. Скотоводство практикуется во всём мире и играет важную роль в
экономике многих стран. Продолжительное время скотоводство заключалось
в выгуле пастухами скота на пастбищах. Скотоводство мясного и мясо-
молочного направления развито и на засушливых пастбищах степной зоны и
полупустынь.
4. Translate into Russian:
1. Breeding beef cattle involves producing offspring that are primarily used for
the beef market.
2. High fertility bulls with high libido can service 50 cows with no drop in
conception rates.
3. Maintaining the bull in a healthy condition will ensure the best chance of
getting high conception rates in the breeding herd.
4. The basic objective of animal breeding is to enhance the efficiency of
production and the quality of the product for the end-consumer through planned
genetic change.
5. Regardless of the breeding system chosen the breeder must strive for genetic
improvement in the traits identified as economically important for both the current
and future performance of the herd.
6. Bulls, steers or heifers can be tested.
7. While many beef producers achieve genetic improvement in their herds
without keeping individual cow records, a sound management program and careful
subjective selection assessment are required.
5. Fill the blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word
bank.
Word bank: crossbreeding , maturing, crossbreeding systems, breed, high-
marbling, hybrid vigour.
1. British breeds are used in the industry as …….. breeds.
2. British breeds are generally earlier ……. and are thus able to fatten on less
feed.
3. ……………. can bring together a desired combination of genes more rapidly
than can be achieved through within-breed selection.
4. The decision to crossbreed is also often related to the potential gains of
…….., an additional boost to production.
5. There can be disadvantages with………, such as management difficulties.
6. This ……..should be selected as an all-round performer in many traits.
6. Match the words (1-6 ) with the definitions ( A-F)
1…..maturing
2…..calf
3…..feedlot
4….heterosis
5…..progeny
6….fertility
A an area or building where livestock are fed or fattened up
B a descendant or the descendants of animal
C the tendency of a crossbred individual to show qualities superior to those of both
parents
D fully developed; full-grown
E productiveness
F a young bovine animal, especially a domestic cow or bull in its first year
ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
1. Read and translate the text
SUPPLEMENTARY TEXT
Text 1. “Заболевания коров”
Коровы болеют довольно редко. Обычно болезни возникают вследствие
неправильного кормления и несоблюдения норм содержания животных.
К основным проблемам, повышающим риск заболевания можно отнести:
• холодное помещение;
• некачественная подстилка;
• отсутствие проветривания.
Основные признаки заболевания
• нарушения привычного поведения животных;
• потускнение глаз;
• сухой и горячий нос;
• снижение аппетита или отказ от корма.
Тимпания
Летнее заболевание, причинами которого могут быть:
1. Животное поедает много сочной молодой травы ;
2. Корова поедает большое количество загнившей ботвы свеклы или сырой
травы;
3. Часто возникает у телят, жадно пьющих молоко матери.
Травматический ретикулит
Клинические признаки ретикулита различны и зависят от интенсивности и
давности воспалительного процесса. Острое течение болезни сопровождается
беспокойством, кратковременным повышением температуры, учащением
пульса, отсутствием аппетита, гипотонией и атонией преджелудков
(уменьшение силы и частоты, либо полное прекращение моторики), резким
снижением удоев.
Закупорка пищевода
Распространенная патология у КРС. Причина – жадное поедание мелких,
ненарезанных корнеплодов. Бывает частичной или полной, первичной или
вторичной (парезы, параличи, спазмы).
Признаками заболевания являются:
• внезапный отказ от еды, позыв к рвоте;
• отсутствие жвачки, отрыжки;
• беспокойство;
• чрезмерное слюнотечение;
• учащающийся пульс и дыхание.
Стригущий лишай
Или трихофития – грибковое заболевание, проявляющееся на коже
округлыми облысевшими участками с обломанными волосами, покрытыми
чешуйками и корками асбестово-серого цвета. Как правило, поражается
кожный покров вокруг глаз, на ушах и носу, распространяясь по всей коже
головы и конечностей.
From http://agro-portal.su/lechenie-korov.html
2. Answer the questions:
Describe the main symptoms of: Tympanites; traumatic reticulitis; Obturatio
oesophagi; ringworm? Do you know other cow’s diseases?
3. Translate into English:
a) Грибковое заболевание, облысевшие участки, клинические признаки,
признаки заболевания, неправильное кормление, воспалительный процесс,
холодное помещение, кожный покров, учащение пульса, отказ от еды,
потускнение глаз;
b) Закупорка пищевода является распространенным заболеванием у
крупного рогатого скота. Клинические признаки ретикулита различны и
зависят от интенсивности и давности воспалительного процесса. Обычно
болезни возникают вследствие неправильного кормления и несоблюдения
норм содержания животных. Трихофития – грибковое заболевание,
проявляющееся на коже округлыми облысевшими участками с обломанными
волосами, покрытыми чешуйками и корками асбестово-серого цвета.
Закупорка пищевода бывает частичной или полной, первичной или
вторичной (парезы, параличи, спазмы).
4. Read and translate the text
SUPPLEMENTARY TEXT
Text 1. “Straightbreeding Vs. Crossbreeding –
Both Can Equal Success”
There was been a lot of discussion among animal breeders following Beef
Improvement Federation annual conference where some of the traditional
paradigms and thoughts regarding animal breeding were challenged. For instance,
it was argued that straight breeding can compete with crossbreeding animals in
some contexts. Very few people would have believed in the early 1980s that we
could bend the growth curve on cattle to the degree we have today. A large
research project in Brazil just looked at cow stayability and found, not
surprisingly, that cow stayability was highly correlated to cow production. They
concluded it was possible to select for growth, productivity and stayability all at
the same time. Again, most cattlemen likely have seen those trends in their own
herds. If you want to have a cow that breeds back year after year, provides little
risk, and requires very little supplementation in tough years, just reduce growth,
milk and production. Or you can take the more difficult route of increasing
stayability, fertility, longevity, production traits, and even quality and product
composition simultaneously. Feeders and packers benefit the least from heterosis,
the traits that drive their systems for the most part are highly heritable production
traits. Of course, the converse is generally true for cow-calf producers, and these
differences must be understood and factored into the equation. A commercial
producer can’t afford to put the kind of selection pressure on his herd as a
seedstock producer does; the economics won’t allow it. Thus, they must rely on
their seedstock producers to make those investments and economically provide the
type of genetics that will allow the commercial producer to make progress. The
debate shouldn’t be about the tools or the principles, which are well known and
accepted at this point. Rather, the problem has been in implementing them in an
efficient manner for each individual operation, each of which inherently has
different priorities based on the uniqueness of its resources, management and
marketing opportunities.
From beefmagazine.com
COMMENTS:
Beef Improvement Federation – Федерация по улучшению мясного крупного
рогатого скота
Crossbreeding – гибридизация, скрещивание
Straightbreeding – чистопородный
5. Answer the questions:
1. Where some of the traditional paradigms and thoughts regarding animal
breeding were challenged?
2. What is the difference between straight crossbreeding and straight breeding?
6. Give the definitions to the following words:
1. Growth curve 5. Feeders and packers
2. Stayability 6. Seedstock
3. Cattlemen 7. Uniqueness
4. Longevity 8. Supplementation
7. Read and learn the names of Cattle Breeds:
Angus – ангусская порода
Hereford – герефорд
Murray Grey – Серая «Мюррей»
Shorthorn – шоргтгонская порода
Charolais – Шаролезская порода
Limousin – Лимузинская порода
Simmental – Симментальская порода
COMMENTS:
Angus. Origin: Scotland. Introduced to Australia about 1840. Features are a black
coat (recessive red gene also), polled. Suited to vealer, steer and bullock
production or maternal/rotational place in crossbreeding.
Hereford. Origin: England. Introduced to Australia in 1826. Features are redcoat
with white face and underline, and horned. Suited to vealer, steer and bullock
production or maternal/rotation place in crossbreeding.
Murray Grey. Origin: Wodonga, Victoria. Developed in 1905 from Angus
Shorthorn.Features are dun grey coat (range from silver grey to dark grey), polled.
Suited to vealer, steer and bullock production or maternal/rotational place in
crossbreeding.
Shorthorn. Origin: England. Introduced to Australia in 1825. Features are red,
roan or white coat; polled and horned breeds. Contributed to the development of
Santa Gertrudis, Belmont Red, Droughtmaster and Murray Grey. Suited to vealer,
steer and bullock production or maternal/rotational place in crossbreeding.
Charolais. Origin: France. Introduced to Australia in 1969. Features are white or
cream coat; polled and horned strains. Suited to bullock production or as a terminal
sire in crossbreeding programs.
Limousin. Origin: France. Introduced to Australia in 1973. Light brown in colour
and horned. Breed is heavily muscled and known for high meat yield with a
minimum of fat. Smaller than other European breeds and earlier in maturity, but
later maturing than British breeds. Suitable for crossbreeding programs.
Simmental. Origin: Western Europe (Switzerland, Germany, Austria, France etc).
Introduced to Australia in 1970. Features are red coat with broken white markings
and white face; horned and polled strains. Suited to vealer, steer and bullock
production maternal/rotational/terminal place in crossbreeding.
From agriculture.vic.gov.au
8. Answer the questions:
Which breed of cattle: Is the oldest one? Has the largest variety in colours? Is the
most widely spread now? Is named differently in Europe and America? Is famous
for its longest lifetime production?
The parts of the cow’s body
9. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents and
name them in the picture:
Withers, brisket, tenderloin, backstrap, fore knuckle, leg of beef, hough steak,
baron of beef, rump, shoulder, shank, groin
Антрекот, загривок, краевая покромка, лопатка, огузок, голяшка, рулька,
подбедерок, грудинка, кострец, пашина, толстый филей, вырезка.
