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Computers: Yesterday, today, tomorrow…

Nowadays we are living in a digital age. But if we have a

look at the past we can see that no too many years ago,
computers were very different.

Computer science is really young but it has changed a

lot. Computers have become essential for our lives, and
we can´t imagine a future without them.

Let's talk about past, present and future of computers!

Computer History

Javier is looking at
his computer and
thinking about
buying a new one.
For a while, he
remembered his
first computer he
bought some years ago, and how he came in the
technology world. Then he started to think about the
beginning of computers, and started a time travel in his
mind.

Have a look at the history!

 History of computers

To Know more...

History of the computer hardware (wikipedia)

Popular People

Almost everyone uses computers these days for

everything from shopping to working to playing games.
But have you ever stopped to think about where all this
amazing technology came from? Who invented it all?
Well, behind every company, programming language or
piece of software, there is a person - or sometimes a
team of people - who turned ideas into reality.

Von Neumann Architecture

The term Von Neumann

architecture, and the
Von Neumann model,
derives from a computer
architecture proposal by
the mathematician and
early computer scientist
John von Neumann and
others, dated June 30,
 1945, entitled First Draft
of a Report on the
EDVAC. This describes a design architecture for an
electronic digital computer with subdivisions of a
processing unit consisting of an arithmetic logic unit and
processor registers, a control unit containing an instruction
register and program counter, a memory to store both data
and instructions, external mass storage, and input and
output mechanisms. The meaning of the term has evolved
to mean a stored-program computer in which an
instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the
same time because they share a common bus. This is
referred to as the Von Neumann bottleneck and often
limits the performance of the system.

The design of a Von Neumann architecture is simpler than

the more modern Harvard architecture which is also a
stored-program system but has one dedicated address
and data buses for memory, and another set of address
and data buses for fetching instructions.

A stored-program digital computer is one that keeps its

programmed instructions, as well as its data, in read-write,
random-access memory (RAM). Stored-program
computers were an advancement over the program-
controlled computers of the 1940s, such as the Colossus
and the ENIAC, which were programmed by setting
switches and inserting patch leads to route data and to
control signals between various functional units. In the
vast majority of modern computers, the same memory is
used for both data and program instructions.

True or False

1. Von Neumann architecture is a model based on memory program store.

Verdadero Falso

2. Von Neumann model describes a design architecture for an electronic

digital computer with subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of an
arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a control unit containing an
instruction register and program counter, external mass storage, and input
and output mechanisms

Verdadero Falso

Bill Gates
William Henry "Bill" Gates
III (born October 28, 1955)
is an American business
magnate, investor,
philanthropist, and author.
Gates is the former CEO
and current chairman of
Microsoft, the software
company he founded with
Paul Allen. He is
consistently ranked among
the world's wealthiest
people and was the
wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008,
when he was ranked third, in 2011 he was the wealthiest
American and the second wealthiest person. During his
career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and
chief software architect, and remains the largest individual
shareholder, with 6.4 percent of the common stock. He
has also authored or co-authored several books.

Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the

personal computer revolution. Gates has been criticized
for his business tactics, which have been considered anti-
competitive, an opinion which has in some cases been
upheld by the courts. In the later stages of his career,
Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors,
donating large amounts of money to various charitable
organizations and scientific research programs through the
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000.

Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft

in January 2000. He remained as chairman and created
the position of chief software architect. In June 2006,
Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-
time work at Microsoft to part-time work, and full-time work
at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He gradually
transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie, chief software
architect, and Craig Mundie, chief research and strategy
officer. Gates' last full-time day at Microsoft was June 27,
2008. He remains at Microsoft as non-executive chairman.

To know more...
 Bill Gates biography

Steve Jobs

Steven Paul
Jobs
(February
24, 1955 -
October 5,
2011)was an
American
businessman
and inventor
widely
recognized
as a
charismatic
pioneer of
the personal computer revolution.He was co-founder,
chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Jobs
also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar
Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of
directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following
the acquisition of Pixar by Disney.

In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak

engineered one of the first commercially successful lines
of personal computers, the Apple II series. Jobs directed
its aesthetic design and marketing along with A.C. "Mike"
Markkula, Jr. and others. In the early 1980s, Jobs was
among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox
PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led
to the creation of the Apple Lisa (engineered by Ken
Rothmuller and John Couch) and, one year later, creation
of Apple employee Jef Raskin's Macintosh.

After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in

1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computer
platform development company specializing in the higher-
education and business markets. NeXT was eventually
acquired by Apple in 1996, which brought Jobs back to the
company he co-founded, and provided Apple with the
NeXTSTEP codebase, from which the Mac OS X was
developed." Jobs was named Apple advisor in 1996,
interim CEO in 1997, and CEO from 2000 until his
 resignation. He oversaw the development of the iMac,
iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad and the company's Apple
Retail Stores.In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics
division of Lucasfilm Ltd, which was spun off as Pixar
Animation Studios. He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as
an executive producer. He remained CEO and majority
shareholder at 50.1 percent until its acquisition by The
Walt Disney Company in 2006, making Jobs Disney's
largest individual shareholder at seven percent and a
member of Disney's Board of Directors.

In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas

neuroendocrine tumor. Though it was initially treated, he
reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver
transplant in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as
his health declined.On medical leave for most of 2011,
Jobs resigned as Apple CEO in August that year and was
elected Chairman of the Board. He died of respiratory
arrest related to his metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011.
He continues to receive honors and public recognition for
his influence in the technology and music industries.

To know more ...

Steve Jobs short biography

Today, we are living in the digital Age

Javier has realized that we are living in the digital age,

cause computers have become an essential part of our
lives. Young people have grown up with PCs and mobile
phones, so they are called the digital generation.What
Do We Use Computers For?
 Word Processing - Word Processing software
automatically corrects spelling and grammar
mistakes. If the content of a document repeats,
you don't have to type it each time. You can use
the copy and paste features. You can print
documents and make several copies. It is easier
to read a word-processed document than a
handwritten one. You can add images to your
document.

Internet - It is a network of almost all the

computers in the world. You can browse through
much more information than you could do in a
library. That is because computers can store
enormous amounts of information. You also have
very fast and convenient access to information.
Through E-Mail, you can communicate with a
person sitting thousands of miles away in a few
seconds. Chat software enables one to chat with
another on a real-time basis. Video conferencing
tools are becoming readily available to the
common man.
Digital video or audio composition - Audio or
video composition and editing have been made
much easier by computers. It no longer costs
thousands of dollars of equipment to compose
music or make a film. Graphics engineers can use
computers to generate short or full-length films or
even to create 3D models. Anybody owning a
computer can now enter the field of media
production. Special effects in science-fiction and
action movies are created using computers.

Desktop publishing - With desktop publishing,

you can create page layouts for entire books on
your personal computer.

Computers in Medicine - You can diagnose

diseases. You can learn the cures. Software is
used in magnetic resonance imaging to examine
the internal organs of the human body. Software is
used for performing surgery. Computers are used
to store patient data.

Mathematical Calculations - Thanks to

computers, which have computing speeds of over
a million calculations per second we can perform
the biggest of mathematical calculations.

Banks - All financial transactions are done by

computer software. They provide security, speed
and convenience.

Travel - One can book air tickets or railway

tickets and make hotel reservations online.

Telecommunications - Software is widely used

here. Also all mobile phones have software
embedded in them.

Defense - There is software embedded in

almost every weapon. Software is used for
controlling the flight and targeting in ballistic
missiles. Software is used to control access to
atomic bombs.

E-Learning - Instead of a book it is easier to

learn from an E-learning software.

Gambling - You can gamble online instead of

going to a casino.

Examinations - You can give online exams and

get instant results. You can check your
examination results online.

Business - Shops and supermarkets use

software, which calculate the bills. Taxes can be
calculated and paid online. Accounting is done
using computers. One can predict future trends of
business using artificial intelligence software.
Software is used in major stock markets. One can
do trading online. There are fully automated
factories running on software.

Certificates - Different types of certificates can

be generated. It is very easy to create and change
layouts.

ATM machines - The computer software

authenticates the user and dispenses cash.

Marriage - There are matrimonial sites through

which one can search for a suitable groom or
bride.

News - There are many websites through which

you can read the latest or old news.

Classmates - There are many students websites

through which you can regain contact with your
classmates.

Robotics - Robots are controlled by software.

Electronic gadgets run with the help of

computers. There are various software which are
used to increase the efficiency of these devices.
Timers, self-controlled switches - these ensure
that the machines ask for minimum human effort.

Planning and Scheduling - Software can be

used to store contact information, generating
plans, scheduling appointments and deadlines.

Plagiarism - Software can examine content for

plagiarism.

Greeting Cards - You can send and receive

greetings pertaining to different occasions.

Sports - Software is used for making umpiring

decisions. There is simulation software using
which a sportsperson can practice his skills.
Computers are also to identify flaws in technique.
 Airplanes - Pilots train on software, which
simulates flying.

Weather analysis - Supercomputers are used to

analyze and predict weather.

What's a computer?

A computer is a programmable machine designed to

automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or
logical operations. The particular sequence of
operations can be changed readily, allowing the
computer to solve more than one kind of problem. An
important class of computer operations on some
computing platforms is the accepting of input from
human operators and the output of results formatted for
human consumption. The interface between the
computer and the human operator is known as the user
interface.

Conventionally a computer consists of some form of

memory, at least one element that carries out arithmetic
and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit
that can change the order of operations based on the
information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow
information to be entered from an external source, and
allow the results of operations to be sent out.
Types of computer

A desktop computer is a personal

computer (PC) in a form intended for
regular use at a single location, as
opposed to a mobile laptop or portable
computer. Early desktop computers are
designed to lay flat on the desk, while
modern towers stand upright. Most
modern desktop computers have separate screens and
keyboards.

A laptop is a personal computer for mobile use. A laptop

integrates most of the typical components of a desktop
computer, including a display, a
keyboard, a pointing device (a
touchpad, also known as a trackpad or
pointing stick) and speakers into a
single unit. A laptop is powered by
mains electricity via an AC adapter,
and can be used away from an outlet
using a rechargeable battery.

Portable computers, originally monochrome CRT-based

and developed into the modern laptops, were originally
considered to be a small niche market, mostly for
specialized field applications such as the military,
accountants and sales representatives. As portable
computers became smaller, lighter, cheaper, more
powerful and as screens became larger and of better
quality, laptops became very widely used for all sorts of
purposes, by all sorts of people.

A tablet computer, or a tablet, is a mobile computer,

larger than a mobile phone or personal digital assistant,
integrated into a flat touch screen and
primarily operated by touching the screen
rather than using a physical keyboard. It
often uses an onscreen virtual keyboard,
a passive stylus pen, or a digital pen.

The term may also apply to a variety of

form factors that differ in position of the
screen with respect to a keyboard. The
standard form is called slate, which does not have an
integrated keyboard but may be connected to one with a
wireless link or a USB port. Convertible notebook
computers have an integrated keyboard that can be
hidden by a swivel joint or slide joint, exposing only the
 screen for touch operation. Hybrids have a detachable
keyboard so that the touch screen can be used as a stand-
alone tablet. Booklets include two touch screens, and can
be used as a notebook by displaying a virtual keyboard in
one of them.

Your company is considering replacing all PCs with

laptops. Write an email to your boss explaining the
benefits for the employers and the company.

Have a look inside!

Motherboard
The motherboard is probably the most important part of the
computer. Now you ask what the motherboard actually is. The
motherboard connects all of the hardware together and makes
everything work. It allows interaction with other parts like the video
card, sound card, and other parts. The motherboard is mostly
made of integrated circuits and sometimes coprocessors. The
coprocessors are like the main processor, but they take load off the
main processor. It also speeds up things greatly. The motherboard
also contains ROM, which contains software like the BIOS (Basic
in/Basic out). This software allows the other hardware to work
together. It also provides settings, like power settings so hardware
won't get overloaded.

Today we have many different companies that make good quality

motherboards. When buying a motherboard, be sure to look at the
specifications so you know what are you are buying. It is also a
good idea to get a motherboard that can be upgraded, so you don't
need to keep buying motherboards every year.

Processor
The processor is the brain of the computer. It also is know as the
CPU or central processing unit. Processors are silicon chips that
perform mathematical equations and coordinate all the hardware in
the computer. It is one of the most important parts of any PC.
There are two main processor used in our country. They are Intel
and AMD. These two kinds of processors are the most used in
PC's today.

Intel has been making processors for most of the computer age,
which you can see in our timeline. They make high-performance
processors such as the Pentium 4. AMD also has high-
performance processors, but they are sold considerably cheaper
so people can afford them.

In PCs, the CPU isn't the only processor. There are also
coprocessors on the video card, sound, and many other parts of
your computer. These coprocessors take stress off the main
processor and make things a lot faster. Taking burden of the main
processor makes the processor last longer and will save you a lot
of time and hassle.

Memory

All data is either stored permanently on ROM (Read Only Memory)

or temporally on RAM (Random Access Memory). RAM and ROM
are primary storage. Many people mistaken a hard drive as
primary, but RAM and ROM are primary. ROM is used to store
permanent programs used to boot up the computer and detect
hardware. One kind of program stored on ROM is the BIOS (Basic
In/Basic Out).

RAM stores programs that are running on your computer. RAM is

not permanent, it is temporally meaning when power is turned off
everything is wiped out. Programs are taken from the hard drive
and stored on RAM to make everything faster. When users work on
a something like a report, if they don't save it will stay in the RAM.
When the computer is turned off, RAM is wiped out and so is the
report. So it's a good idea to save your work to a floppy disk or the
hard drive.

Storage
Storage devices are such things as hard drives, CD-Burners,
floppy drives, DVD Burners, zip drives, and tape. All these devices
store data in different ways.

Hard drives use magnetic drives that store permanent data. They
are in mostly every PC you buy today. They hold such things as the
operating system, programs, and your files. Hard drives are
 secondary devices. RAM is a primary storage device. Hard drives
must be formatted before use. An operating system that controls
hard drives is DOS (Disk Operating System).

CD-Burners and DVD Burners use lights to read and write to

plastic discs. This is less clumsy than magnetic drives. The use of
CD has become popular because they can hold a good amount of
data. Up to 650MB to be exact. DVD-Burns can hold up to 17GB of
data. Though the DVD (digital video disk)-Burners are expensive,
they're used primarily to put movies on.

Floppy and Zip drives are work the same way hard drives do. They
are magnetic drives. Every PC today must have at least a 3 ½
floppy drive. This device is needed for aide in the installation of
operating systems and drives.

Tape drives are primarily used to backup information. This good for
making copies of your work in case your hard drive fails. Tape
drives are very slow and sometimes expensive to.

Fill in the gaps

Read the paragraph below and fill in the missing words.

The connects all of the hardware together and makes everything work.

The is the brain of the computer. It also is known as the or central

processing unit.

All data is either stored permanently on

RAM is not , it is temporally meaning when power is turned off everything is

wiped out.

There are also on the video card, sound, and many other parts of your
computer

Tape drives are primarily used to information

Hard drives use drives that store permanent data

 -Burners and Burners use lights to read and write to plastic discs

Computers in the future

https://www.youtube.com/embed/y87n7xBAOik?feature=related

Computer Trends

Computer Trends.

1. Computers will become powerful extensions of human beings designed to

augment intelligence, learning, communications, and productivity.
2. Computers will become intuitive---they will "learn," "recognize," and "know" what
we want, who we are, and even what we desire.
3. Computer chips will be everywhere, and they will become invisible-embedded in
everything from brains and hearts, to clothes and toys.
4. Computers will manage essential global systems, such as transportation and food
production, better than humans will.
5. Online computer resources will enable us to download applications on-demand via
wireless access anywhere and anytime.
6. will become voice-activated, networked, video-enabled, and connected together
over the Net, linked with each other and humans.
7. Computers will have digital senses-speech, sight, smell, hearing-enabling them to
communicate with humans and other machines.
8. Neural networks and other forms of artificial intelligence will make computers both
as smart as humans, and smarter for certain jobs.
9. Human and computer evolution will converge. Synthetic intelligence will greatly
enhance the next generations of humans.
10. As computers surpass humans in intelligence, a new digital species and a new
culture will evolve that is parallel to ours.

In last 40 years computers have changed a lot. They have become essential for our
lives, and they are smaller, faster and cheaper than many years ago.
How do you think computers will be in 2050?

You have to imagine a computer in 2050. Describe its appearance

(height, weight, peripherals, uses...)

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is

the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and
molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with
developing materials, devices, or other structures
possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100
nanometres. Quantum mechanical effects are important at
this quantum-realm scale.

Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions

of conventional device physics to completely new
approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from
developing new materials with dimensions on the
nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control
matter on the atomic scale. Nanotechnology entails the
application of fields of science as diverse as surface
science, organic chemistry, molecular biology,
semiconductor physics, microfabrication, etc.

There is much debate on the future implications of

nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create
many new materials and devices with a vast range of
applications, such as in medicine, electronics, biomaterials
and energy production. On the other hand,
nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any
new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and
environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential
effects on global economics, as well as speculation about
various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to
a debate among advocacy groups and governments on
whether special regulation of nanotechnology is
warranted.

Imagine!
Imagine how computers will be in our life in 50 years
Write a 250 words essay , about computer science in 50 years.