Index 1100s : Kenilworth under the De Clintons - Page 3 1200s: Kenilworth as a royal fortress and Kenilworth under Simon de Montfort - Page 4 and Page 5 Kenilworth under The House of Lancaster 1266-1361 - Page 6 Kenilworth under the Lancastrian Kings and the Early Tudors: 1399-1547 - Page 7 Kenilworth and the Dudley Family: 1547-1588 - Page 8 and Page 9 Kenilworth under the Stuarts 1612-1665 - Page 10 Kenilworth under the Hydes 1665-1700s - Page 11 Key Summary of Kenilworth Project - Page 12 to Page 14rth u he De Clintons 1120-1174 ! Geo! , “Seffrey | (Geottrey de Clinton) “Keni re Castle was built in the 1120s by Geoffrey de Clinton who was a doubts abo treasurer to King Henry I. Geoffrey was given land by Henry amid project act i e loyalty of Roger, the Earl of Warwick. Henry’s administering of this Bours fed as not only a symbol of his power but also as a precautionary Counter to Geof is itflience in the region of Warwickshire. Additionally, as shown by ae intentions when building the castle, its purpose also held some military on cance. Geoffrey built his castle on a low sandstone hill above the point where ‘© Tivers joined and from what was believed to be an earth mound topped with timber buildings. Geoffrey began by building the heart of the tower’s defence and its main residence - the stone tower (as shown on the lef). Its walls were 4.3m thick and it would have been accessed on the first floor via a staircase leading from a furret called'a “fore building”. A great hall was built to occupy the upper floor. Leading off it were many chambers, one of which may have been a chapel. Geoffrey also built a causeway across the valley which created a dam which held back a mere (a large pond). This mere was useful for military p 1130, Geoffrey’s relationship wi began to sour and he eventually di Very Brief Summary: Geoffrey built Kenilworth Castle with support from Henry I. He built the stone tower from an earth mound. It was built as a fortress, status symbol and precautionary measure in defending Henry I Geoffrey II ‘As a minor, Geoffrey II was supported by his uncle, William The two ‘came to an agreement with Roger of Warwick, which included Geoffrey’s marriage to the earl’s infant daughter Agnes. Geoffrey never! Kenilworth castle so he had very little invol |. His ambitions were also given very little hope with the accession of King Stephen and fie) beginnings of civil war in England.200s: ‘ K Aenilworth as a royal fortress 1174-1244 and ilworth under Simon de Montfort 1244-65 Henry Henry commissioned the majority of the defences at Kenilworth between 1184 and 1189. The castle had previously been garrisoned for Henry during the great rebellion; this highlights the importance of this both to Henry and its role as a fortress. It is believed that Henry may have made some modifications to the windows in the great hall of the great tower and the inner Bailey of the castle. John I Henry’s son, John also invested heavily into the defences at Kenilworth. Between 1210 and 1215 he spent about £1,100 on the castle during a campaign to strengthen the major royal castles after the papal interdict of 1208 and his own excommunication (the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church and increased the height of the dam. Very Brief Summary: John I and Henry II both made significant improvements to Kenilworth, both building catehouses fir thopstahies id cheeIn 1244, Kenilworth enilworth z under Simon de Montfort: 1244-1265 married to the Kin; ee @iven to Simon de Montfort by Henry III. Simon was made the decision t ss sister and had been made the Earl of Leicester in 1939. Simon strengthen Kenilworth even further and make it an even more equipped defensi fensive fortress. He began by creating the Brays, the large defended enclosure outy s group ae Protecting the outer end of the ling barons against Henry VIII, whi ‘dam. In 1258 Simon brought a battle ‘ich later lead to his death at the of Evesham on 4th August 1265. Simon’s son p romised to surrender the castle but hi fs Baye ene refused. This resulted in Henry launching an all-out siege which aoe st June 1266. The rebels refused to surrender but would eventually to starvation and disease on 14th December 1266. Simon and Simon the not even to the King. ‘The death and mutilation of Simon de Montfort atthe B hecentury manuscript. He met a grisly end, struck ti corpse was then brutally dismembered, His body parts kingclom as a warning to potential rebels. younger’s defensive improvements had proved worthwhile - Kenilworth did not fall, sattle of Evesham, depicted in an early ough the neck by a lance, and his were despatched around theI se or Lancer 1266:1301 House of Lancaster 1266-1361 Edm und, 1st Ear, Of Lancaster After the surren younger son ame” Kenilworth rebels Henry III granted the castle to his a fortress and much saan’ 3 this point that the castle clearly became much less of kings, Edmund's nt® of Dalace for the successive Lancastrian earls, dukes and Fireplaces and alate, Thomas, built a new hall in 1313-1314, private chambers with For His officials ora td Vena Water Tower to provide additional accommodation zaons ter and servants. It was evident the castle was being turned into a RSET eat. Everyday life would have been lavish at Kenilworth, and would feo bad for servants. Between 1314 and 1322 Thomas also commissioned uuilding of a new chapel, which, undoubtedly, would have enhanced the prestige and lavishness of the castle, whilst simultaneously showcasing his pious and caring, Kenilworth under John of Gaunt: 1361-1399 Henry of Grosmont was succeeded by his son-in-law John of Gaunt. He took possession of Kenilworth in 1361. John’s wife Constanza inherited huge wealth and the two began a very ambitious programme of building the castle. Gaunt constructed a new great hall ‘John of Gaunt's Great Hall and Tower. with remodelled apartments, services and kitchens. These advancements go some way in showing the lavish lifestyle Kenilworth would have offered to its owners and guests; whilst also acting as a mount upon which the owners could symoblise their regal status. The hall boasted great windows and benches. where guests could watch entertainments in the hall after the banquet. All this made it clear that Kenilworth was becoming more of a home than a military fortress and more of a status symbol than a means of defence. John made sure to fit his kitchen, measuring 19m by 8.5m, with a pantry, buttery, larder, scullery, pastry and dresser, as well as cellars and accommodations on the second floor.In 1399, J, , John of Gaunt’ unt : $ Son, Henry Bolingbroke overthrew King Richard II and became Henry IV. Keni te ategic position aoe Became a popular retreat fo Lancastrian Kings due to SES. Most successors eeiirable Ef ariodation - especially during Wars of the castle. The only expan: Of Kenilworth only spent their time working on rept of the Most notably. Henry V con, and additions made were solely for comfort and pleasure. this was'a private af comimissioned ‘the Pleasance in the Marsh out of waste land; Mori Gas Be, lace in which the King could relax In 1444-1445 it appeared that as made for Etspine ihe to be used for more administrative reasons as a payment ee mine ihe 12th-century chapel to store ‘evidences’ (administrative oa , Between 1530 and 1532 part of the castle’s inner count WE, rebuilt in le Hee an impending royal visit. These were called “King Henry’s Lodgings’. lworth was only becoming more luxurious ‘until Henry VIII abandoned the ieaeance: Kenilworth was gradually being forced into more of an administrative‘orth, Henry Vint gos to i h mili okt Die j he built new stab] Military service Tm wu 953 after he had risen in the favour of loumnaments es and, Widened the in began making improvements to the castle - s and he al. ¢ top of the dam to allow for jousting at viewin, SO rem, status Son ry for ee te Gallery Tower so that it could serve as a Visitors, and an attraction @ decision clearly made to bolster Kenilworth as a Foe However, months _ at which to invite highly influential guests and attempting to aoe fer he had formally received the castle, he was executed VII's daughter. l€ accession of Queen Mary, Edward VI's sister and Henry uke and John’s son, made significant improvements to > eetween 1570 and 1572 following substantial grants from Queen E who visited Kenilworth rather frequently. Robert remodelled Henry VII's ‘fo further enhance Kenilworth as a home and luxurious retreat for those like Queen Elizabeth I. He also remodelled the hall as a great chamber to display his collection of paintings - one of the greatest examples of Kenilworth being portrayed as a status symbol. Robert also added windows like many before him. He also renovated the apartment range. | Robert had this building constructed to specifically provide lodging for the queen and her closest servants. The famous privy Barden was recorder around the time of Elizabeth’s 19-day visit to Kenilworth in July 1575. Robert’s building was four floors despite now being underground. Large cracks suggested the whole building threatened to collapse when the south-west turret was added. Robert’s gatehouse was also added around this time which allowed for a new entrance for the castle. The building was meant to be more symbolic than a means of defence - vividly showcasing the transition from Kenilworth as a fortress to a symbol of power and status and, arguably most importantly, a place for the Queen to stay. John wished to keep and promote the medieval associations of the castle by leaving parts of the castle untouched. However, his work also drew on the style and luxury of the northern Renaissance, exemplified in large glazed windows, plaster friezes and ceilings, classical fireplaces and a great garden. By using the same red sandstone from quarries adjacent to the castle, Leicester helped create a sense of harmony hetween the buildings of the castle’s inner court. despite their wide range of datesEveryday li (cee f Kenilworth Robert D would nae we wo Tesided at k aS fOlally Gage tat Who lived there prot Put was not there all of the time castle would ahome - s, and would look after the castle. The castle would Have been farpely cmp pont % that when Robert was not there the Some to life. The lo, mpty but when he arrived with family the castle EeSetVed for Leicester and hag no ding would be full, the finest horses would be Servants, horses and mul his guests to ride and for hunting, other horses for senior Provided private chamber. e Pull Carts. Like all great houses of the day, Kenilworth members of his househ. a ‘or the lord, his family, privileged guests, and the a, At this point i lold, who were probably members of Midlands gentry families. point it had become totally clear that Kenilworth’s purpose was to entertain Suests/and be a symbol of wealth, power and prestige while doing so. The luxury of Kenilworth was enhanced by feather-bed pillows and linen sheets and expensive sets Of tapestries which had been imported from the Netherlands at great expense. The Castle's military decline is best shown by the fact that the house did not house a Significant piece of armoury - it was solely for entertainment and attracting important guests and visitors.~ Pe eent Castle Weverted back to the F 1g Charles I’s marriage and formed a part gee Henrietta Maria, and was held in ¢ Earl of Monmouth. During Charles’ many visits luxury emacs to the state apartments in order to, ith fair and at Stay at Kenilworth Castle. The state apartments ee chimneypieces of alabaster, black marble, and of ed Wood’. Kenilworth was also a worthy place for royal outbreak of the English Civil War Charles decided to withdraw the garni from Kenilworth in 1642. The castle was then occupied by the jentarians and remained largely unscathed until uprisings in 1648 following iprisonment of Charles I, resulted in Parliament taking a harder line on the ion of all former Royalist strongholds. During 1649 several parliamentary jeré issued for the slighting of Kenilworth. However Henry Carey, 2nd Earl uth, successfully petitioned ‘that it be slighted with as little spoil to the g house as might be.’ In September 1649 the local antiquary Sir William (1605- 1686), made sketches of the castle, aware it was about to be slighted. ‘These were engraved and published in 1656 in his Antiquities of Warwickshire, together with the first known plan of the castle and a long description of its history. This formed a strong basis for the History of Kenilworth that is studied today. This. showcased Kenilworth as somewhat of a “tourist attraction” and a place that was considered worthy of being remembered - clearly showcased in the next phase - the restoration of Kenilworth. Kenilworth the Farm The commander who had overseen the slighting, Colonel Joseph Hawkesworth, was given the castle estate in lieu of back payments for the local militia. He retained the castle for himself and converted Leicester’s Gatehouse into a residence. He built an extension on the east side to provide a kitchen, additional accommodation and a main staircase. He also blocked the passage to create a ground floor and a basement an added the west porch as a new entrance. Additionally, Hawkesworth’: divided the estate into farms for themselves. They pillaged the res the inner bailey for building materials, leading to the castle quic roofless ruin. Its fittings and fixtures were reused in houses Xenihworth was showing its first signs being used as irrr je descended In the 18th century the castle des through his Hyde g cces ame 1st Eas of ‘uceessors, and then to Thomas Villiers, who became Ist today, 1" 76. Keio wasting be sie oe Keon see Page 11e il ject Kenilworth under the De Clintons 1120-1174 0-1174 Significant it owners of the castle: Geoffrey I and Geoffrey II How the struc ture aa; began by building ie ie building changed under their stewardship: Geoffrey I mound topped with timber fea a ae ’s defence - the stone tower - from an earth The mai ‘fortress wi he secondary functions of the castle: The castle was designed 10 bea some parts of the castle designed to be a home. Key events that involved the castle: Geoffrey s relationship with Henry VII began to What daily life may have involved: Daily life would not have been as glamorous as it was later on as the main focus ling up Kenilworth of this time was buildi Montfort 1244-65 ificant owners of the castle: Henry Il, John and Simon de Montfort. Signi building changed under their stewardship: Between 1210 and 1215 he spent about £1,100 on the castle during a campaign to strengthen the major royal castles after the ‘papal interdict of 1208 and his own excommunication. Henry commissioned the majority of the defences at Kenilworth between 1184 and 1189. How the structure of the The main and. ‘secondary functions of the castle: The main function of the castle was clearly a fortress but John I also built himself a larger gatehouse to stand ahead of his father . This clearly shows that the castle was also becoming a luxurious retreat and home and not only 4, fortress. events that involved the castle: Between 1210 and 1215 he spent about £1,100 rengthen the major royal castles after the papal ication. (Check Simon de Montfort) Key ‘on the castle during a campaign to st interdict of 1208 and his own excommuni« What daily life may have involved: Living in the gatehouse.Significant owners of the Castle: Edm id, und, Ist Earl How the structure of, of Lancaster and John of Gaunt. granted the castl the building ch le to hi janged ui ir ; clearly became oe younger son Edmond eet cme oa SS " ci Lanca strian earls, dukes bee a fortress and much more of a eee he aaa two began a very ings. John's wife Constanza inherited huge wealth and on anbitio a new great hall with remod us programme of building the castle, Gaunt constructed jodelled apartments, services and kitchens. The main and seco ie Gino Connie preted of the castle: Between 1314 and 1322 Thomas enhanced the prest uilding of a new chapel, which, undoubtedly, would have ige and lavishness of the castle, whilst simultaneously showcasing his pious and caring nature. It ‘aring nature. It was evide w eaioetenea vident the castle was being turned into a Whar daily life may have involved: Everyday life would have been lavish at eni lworth, and would also not be so bad for servants. These advancements go some way in showing the lavish lifestyle Kenilworth would have offered to its owners and guests; whilst also acting as a mount upon which the owners could symoblise their regal status. th under the Significant owners of the castle: King Richard II and Henry wv How the structure of the building changed under their stewardship: Henry V commissioned ‘the Pleasance in the Marsh’ out of waste land; this was a private palace in which the King could relax. The main and secondary. functions of ‘the castle: Kenilworth became a ‘popular retreat fo Lancastrian Kings due to its strategic position and comfortable accommodation, Kenilworth was gradually being, forced into more of an administrative approach. Key events that involved the castle: War of the Roses and King Richard II being overthrown by Henry IV. What daily life may have involved: Incredibly luxurious, even luxurious enough for the queen. Page 13y How the Structure of the 5, +7. Leicester and John Es . building changed under and 1572 following subg nate S18 their stewardship: Robert, Earl of ificant im * . . ul i iproveme Kenilworth rather stantial gran ents to Kenilworth between 1570 ints from Queen Eli . quently izabeth I; who visited enhance Kenilworth ag Af ia Robert remodelled Henry VII's ‘lodgings'to further He also remodelled the iat me and luxurious retreat for those like Queen Elizabeth I. John began making im, Fiat @ great chamber to display his collection of paintings. top of the dam to al a low fe ts to the castle - he built new stables and widened the Gallery Tower so t (or jousting at tournaments and he also remodelled the that it could serve as. a viewing gallery for tournaments. A pa une secondary functions of the castle: He also remodelled the hall as a Kenil er to display his collection of paintings - one of the greatest examples of nilworth being portrayed as a status symbol. The castle ¥ military decline is best shown by the fact that the house did not house a significant piece of armoury - it was solely for entertainment and attracting important guests and visitors. Key events that involved the castle: John Dudley was executed for attempting fo oppose the accession of Queen Mary, Edward V1°s sister and Henry VII's daughter. What daily life may have involved: Once again, very luxurious with all sorts of forms of entertainment. th under Significant owners of the castle: King Charles I, Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of ‘Monmouth, Colonel Joseph Hawkesworth. How the structure of the building changed under their stewardship: During Charles’ many visits it is believed he made significant improvements to the state apartments. State apartments were ‘all adorned with fair and rich chimneypieces of alabaster, black marble, and of joiner work in curious carved wood’. Additionally, ‘Hawkesworth s fellow officers divided the estate into farms for themselves. They pillaged the residential buildings of the inner bailey for building materials, leading to the castle quickly becoming a roofless ruin. Its fittings and fixtures were reused in houses all round the area. The main and secondary functions of the castle: showcased Kenilworth as somewhat of a “tourist attraction” and a place that was considered worthy of being remembered - clearly showcased in the next phase - the restoration of Kenilworth. Kenilworth was showing its first signs being used as an administrative centre. Page 14