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269 views23 pagesTransport and Communication
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annthomas1428Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Available Formats
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/ 23
Transport and
Communication
Products like tea, mill, clothes, vegetables etc are brought from the factories. = CHAPTER CHECKLIST
and the fields to the markets with the help of transportation system. The
availablity of these products in the markets for the consumers depends on =: Means oftieeeepentatin:
‘the transportation system. People not only use material things but also 2: Lead Tomepent
exchange ideas, views and messages in daily life. + Sav iapest
‘These exchanges take place through a communication system. The use of Cll sed Gos Eleeibes
: + Water Transport
‘ansport and communication depends upon people's need to move things sain
from the place of their avalabiliy to the place of their use. People use = Ae Teepe
different methods to move goods, commodities and ideas fram one place to. _* Communication Networks
another. rs
Means of Transportation
‘There are different means of transportation such as land, water and air
‘transport. Each of them have different characteristics. People can choose any
means of transport according to their requirement and capability. The
diagram given below shows the major means of transportation.
[Deana of anspor]
[Lena] in [air]
[Road] | [Pipeline] (National) [International
wat 1
{inland} Seawaysand
lOesinte route Land Transport
a India, land transport is developed since ancient times
‘when pathways and unmetalled roads were used for
‘transportation of people and goods. With the economic
and technological advancement, there are now metlled
roads and the railways for movement of large volume of
goods and passengers from one place to another.
‘Ropeways, cableways and pipelines were also constructed
to meet the demands of transporting specific goods under
special circumstances.
Road Transport
dia has the second largest road networks in the world,
Tchasa total road length of 62.16 lakhs km (2020-21).
‘Road transport is preferable for shore distance travel.
About 859% of passengers and 70% of Freight traffic are
‘carried by roads every year
‘The first artempt to improve andl modernise road
snetwork was made in 1943 with Nagpur Plan. However,
due to lack of coordination among princely states and
British India, it was not implemented.
After independence, ewenty-year road plan (1961) was
started to improve the conditions of roads in India but
sill roads continue to concentrate in and around urban
centres. Even after the implementation of plan, rural and
‘remote areas still least connected by roads. For the
purpose of construction and maintenance, roads are
chssified 2s National Highways (NH), State Highways
(SH), Major District Roads and Rural Roads.
National Highways
‘These roads are constructed and maintained by Central
Government. They are made for inter-state transport and
smoverent of defence personnel and material in strategic
‘The length of National Highways has increated from
19,700 km in 1951 to 1,36,440 kr in 2020. These
hhighways connect the state capitals, major cities,
important ports, railway junctions, etc. These roads carry
about 40% of the road traffic, despite constituting only
about 2% of toral road length.
‘The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is an
autonomous body, under the Ministry of Surface
‘Transport, now Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways.
|e was operationalised in 1995. It has been assigned
with the task of development, maintenance and
operation of National Highways. This is also the apex
body to improve the quality of National Highways.
(cB National Highways Development
Golden Quadrilateral 1s 5,246 km long, 46 ane high
density waffic cortidor. will onnect Inds Zou big metro
‘ities of DalhL-Mumbal-Chennal-Kalkata Ws eanetrucion
‘wil help In reducing the time, distance, and cost of
‘movement among mepa cities considerably
North-South and East-West Corrldors The North-South
‘cortior is 4.076 ka long highway whlch alms 10 connect
Srinager in Jammu and Kashanle wih Kanyaleumart
‘Tamil Nadu (induding Kechch-Salem Spur). The
East-West cartdor i 3,640 km long road which aims to
‘connect Sicha in Assam with the part town of Posbandar
In Gujarat
‘State Highways
‘State Governments are responsible to construct and
maintain these highways. These roads connect the state
capitals with districe headquarters and ocher important
towns. These roads are also connected to the National
Highways. Their share in the total road length of the
‘country is about 4%,
District Roads
‘These roads connect district headquarters and other
important roads in the district. They account for 14%
of the total road length of the country.
Rural Roads
‘These roads provide links in the rural areas. About
80% of the total road length in India are categorised as
rural roads. There is regional variation in the density of
Rural Roads as they are influenced by the nature of
terrain (topography of che region).
Other Roads
‘These include Border Roads and International
highways:
Border Roads Border roads are strategically important
roads along the Northern and North-Eastern boundary
of the country. Border Road Organisation (BRO) is
responsible for construction and maintenance of these
roads. ‘BRO was established in May, 1960. Its aim is 0
accelerate economic development and strengthen
defence preparedness through rapid and co-ordinated
improvement of border roads.
‘BRO’s major achievement include the construction of
roads in high altitude mountainous terrain joining
‘Chandigarh with Manali (Himachal Pradesh) and Leh
(Ladakh). This road is located at an average height of
4,270 meters above the mean sea level.
‘Besides the construction and maintenance of roads in
strategically sensitive areas, the BRO is also responsibl
for snow clearance in high altitude area
‘International Highways They are constructed with the
‘aim to promote harmonious relationship with
neighbouring countries by providing effecrive links with
adi
Road Network in india
Read Category
1. National Highways
Source Minit of Raed Tranpat end Pighnaye Anan Reprt 2021.
Density of Roads
Density of roads (length of roads per 100 sq kim of area)
isthe parameter to compare the network of roade across
ions. The national average road densi
142.7 km (2011).
‘The density of roads is influenced by nature of terrain
and level of economic development. Most of the
‘Northern States and major Southern Seates have high
density of roads, eg. Kerala has highest road density of
517.7 km. Whereas Himalayan region, North-Eastern
‘region, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan have low density
‘of roads, e.g. Jammu and Kashmir has lowest road
density of 12.14 km.
‘Construction of road is easy and cheaper in the plain
areas whereas itis difficult and costly in hilly terrains.
‘Thus, density and quality oF roads is better in plains at
compared to hilly, rainy and forest areas.
‘Sharatmalas 2 proposed umbrella scheme for:
(4) Development of state roads along coastal border area,
Including connectivity of non-major ports
(Wt) Backward areas, religious and tourist places connectiy
programme
(ut) Setubharatam Parlyoana, which is forthe construction af
about 1,500 major bridges and 200 rll over bridges and
rall under bedges
Ue) District headquarters connectivity scheme forthe
‘development of about 9,000 km newly declared National
Highways.
‘The programme Is targeted for completion by 2022
Check Point os
1 India has the second largest road nerwork with en
‘ef total road length.
1, The National Highways constitute about... S6aftotal
road length of india.
8. Which body is responsible for maintaining National
“Highwaysin India?
4. The North-South corridor connects which two cites?
5. Which organization & responsible for constructing and
‘maintaining Border Roads?
6, The lowest nsad density in India ts in which state?
Rail Transport
India has one of the longest railway networks in the
‘world. Ie facilitates the movement of both freight and
people and contributes to the growth of econamy.
In 1853, the First Indian railway line was started from
Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 34 km. Indian
Railway is the largese jent undertaking in India.
Indian Railways Network has 2 length of 67,956 km
(Railway Yearbook 2019-20}. This large size puts huge
pressure on a centralised railway management system.
‘Thus, railways system in India has been divided into 18 Rallway Zones and Headquarters
Zones Headquarter
Cental ‘Mumbai CST
“Eames Kolkars
“Eas Conceal
“Eas Coast
“None
‘Nonth Cental
“Nowh-Eanera
‘NontEan Fronder ‘Maligson (Gawahas)
‘Nosh Western Tsipar
‘Southern Chennai
‘South Cena ‘Seeunderabed
‘South-Easern Kallas
“South-Eaee Ceneal
‘South: Werner
‘Mumbai (Charch Gare)
“balpur
Noten 2010, Kellats Metro Rall war made the 17th Zone of Railway
znd in 2019 South Court alway Zone was conatituced ar the 18th
Zone of Ralways,
"West Ceneal
Railway Gauges in India
‘Railway gauges have becn categorised into three types on
the basis of the width ofthe track of Indian Railways.
‘Thete are at flows:
+ Broad Gauge In broad gauge, the distance between rails
is 1,676 metre. The total length of broad gauge lines
swat 63,950 kim in 2019-20.
= Metre Gauge In metre gauge, the distance between the
raile is 1 metre. The total length of metre gauge was
2,402 ken in 2019-20
+ Narrow Gauge In narrow gauge, the distance between
the rails is 0.762 metre or 0.610 metre. The total length
‘oF narrow gauge lin is 1,604 km in 2019-20. This
category of railway lines war mostly found in the hilly
Development of Railways in India
Railways were developed in India by the Britishers for the
‘exploitation of resources. Areas around towns, raw
‘material producing areas, areas having plantations areas of
‘commercial crops, hill stations, cantonment towns were
swell connected by eillays by the B
Afr independence, the railway network has been
extended to remote and backward areas of the
country. Other steps were also taken to improve the
performance and outreach of railways. These are:
Indian railways has launched extensive programmes
to convert metre gauge and narrow gauge to broad
gauge.
+ Steam engines have been replaced by diesel and
clectric engines. This has increased speed as well as
haulage capacity of railways. Replacement of steam
engine running on coal has also improved the
+ The development of Konkan railway in 1988 has
ben a very important achievement. Ie runs
the West coast and provides a direct link between
Mumbai and Mangalore.
+ Metro ral has revolutionised the urban transport
system in Kolkata and Delhi
Railways still continue to be the main means of
transport for the masses. The railway network is less
dense in hill stazes, North-Eastern states, Central
India and Rajasthan.
© Konkan Raihway
‘Consraction of Konkan Ralheay in 1998 war important
achievement of Indian Rahway: Ii 760k log rll route
‘connecting Roha in Maharatcra to Mangalore in Karnataka. [vie
‘Snsidered an engineering marvel. It cranes 146 tier, seam,
‘nel 2000 beidger and 98 ranaele The acer of Mabarashr,
‘Gon and Kamataa are pares inthis undewtaking.
Oil and Gas Pipelines
Pipelines are convenient and best means of
sransporting liquids and gases over long distances.
These can also transport solids afeer converting them
into slurry
Oil India Limited (OIL) under the Ministry of
Petroleum and Natural Gas is responsible for
exploration, production and transportation of crude
oil and natural gas Its one of the major achievements
was the construction of Asia’ firse cross country
pipeline. This pipeline covers 2 distance of 1157 km
from Naharkatiya oil field in Assam to Barauni
refinery in Bihar. In 1966, this pipeline was Further
extended to Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. ‘In Western region of India, OIL has also constructed
ive neework of pipelines ic. Ankleshwar-Koyali,
ijaipur-Jagdishpur
ipelines. Recently, a pipeline has also been
‘constructed from Salaya (Gujarat) to Mathura (Uttar
Pradesh). Ie is 1,256 kam long pipeline which transports
‘crude oil from Gujarat ro Punjab (Jalandhar) via
‘Mathura. Construction of a 660 km long pipeline
‘from Numaligath to Siliguri is also in progress.
Water Transport
‘eis the cheapest means of transport for carrying heavy
and bulky material as well as passenger services. It is 2
fuel efficient and eco-friendly mode of transport.
‘The water transport is of two types:
Inland Waterways
‘Before the introduction of railways, Inland waterways
was the chief mode of transpore. But with time ies
importance reduced due to tough competition from
voad and railway eransport. Moreover, diversion of
viver water for irrigation purposes made the inland
‘waterways non-navigable in large parts of their
dia has 14,500 km of navigable waterways which
accounts for about 196 of the country’s transportation,
Teincludes rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks, rc. At
present, 5,685 km of major rivers are navigable by
"mechanised flat bottom vessels.
The Inland Waterways Authority which was setup in
1986 is responsible for the developrnent, maintenance
and regulation of National Waterways in the country.
‘Some of the waterways have been declared as National
“Waterways of India by the Government.
NWI
‘Alibaba
Hala Stretch
(820k)
Is one ofthe man important
in India woh i nips
By eon boats opto Ps one
17 ontnary bons op be Hatters Tr
divided ors thee pars or
‘developreenal p
(© Halls Farsbin ($60 km)
(G) Farka Pama (460 ke)
(Gi) Paena Allah
NW2 Sadia Dhubsi Brahmapuia is navigable by neamers
Stet tp to Dibrugah (1,384 ke), which
(01k) —_Eehred by Inds and Bangladesh.
‘Specification
Teinclades 168 kan of West const
‘a sky wii Cheep ae
(dm) and Udyogeandal coral 23
ke)
Watereape Stretch
NWS
Kallas Sueich
(205 zx)
‘Kins ver slong with Kakinada
Paduchery strech of canale
Speed sveches of rer Brahman
alg wich Mata River: dels channel
cf Mahanadi and Boban Rives
nd Ea comet canal (588 x).
[Note- In 2016, the National Waterways Act was
enacted, which officially notified 111 Inland National
Waterways in India}.
‘Ten other inland waterways have been identified by
Inland Waterways Authority for further development.
‘The backwaters (Kayal) of Kerala has special significance
which not only provides transport but also ateacts
tourists. The famous Nehru Trophy Boat Race
(Wallambali) is also held in the backwaters.
Oceanic Routes
These play an important role in the transport sector of
Indias economy. India's vast coastline of about 7,517 km
(including islands) makes it suitable for this type of
transport. There are 12 major and 183 minor ports
which provide infrastructural support to oceanic routes.
About 95% of Indias forcign trade by volume and 70%
by value moves through ocean routes.
These routes are used for international trade as wel as for
transportation between the islands and the rest of the
country.
Air Transport
Ie facilicaes the fastest movement of goods and
passengers from one place to another place. Iris good for
2 country like India, which is big in size and have diverse
terrain and climatic conditions. Air ransport in India
was started in 1911 over a short distance (10 km) from
Allahabad to Naini. Bur, che real development rooke place
after independence. The Airport Authority of India is
responsible for providing safe, efficient air traffec and
aeronautical communication services in the Indian Air
space. le manages 125 airports.
Pawan Hans Limited provides helicopter services in hilly
areas and also to Petroleum sector. I services are widely
used by tourist in North-Eastern sector. Air India
‘is a corporation of India which provides domestic and
International Air Service for both passengers and cargo
traffic. Ik connects all the continents of the world through
ite services.
‘Now, private companies have also searted domestic as well
as forcign operations. In 2010, domestic movement
involved 520.21 lakh passengers and about 23 lakh
metric tonnes of cargo.
History of Airlines in India
«= In 1911 Air Transport launched between Allahabad
and Naini.
‘+ In 1947 Air tansport was provided by four major
companies namely Indian National Airways, Tata Sons
Limited, Air Services of India and Deccan Airways.
‘= In 1951 Four more companies joined the services ie
Bharat Airways, Himalayan Aviation Limited, Airways
India and Kalinga Airlines.
‘= In 1953 Air transport was nationalised and two
corporations, Air India International and Indian
Airlines were formed.
‘= Indian Airlines later changed its name to ‘Indian’. In
2011 Indian was merged with Air India
Check Point 02
41 The fret railway line in India was started in
2. Whereis the Headquarters of East Coast Railway Zone?
1 The Konkan raibony line connects which wo cites at ts
extreme ends?
4, Asia frst cross country pipeline was constructed by
5. The National Waterways... km fong-
6. In which year was ar transport nationalised in India
‘Communication Networks
‘Communication networks refer to the method of sharing.
information from one person or place to another through
‘communication methods evolved by human beings over
time.
‘In earlier times, messages were delivered by beating
drums, giving indications through smoke or fire and with
the help of fase runners. Animals like horses, camels,
dogs, birds were also used to send messages.
Tnitially, che means of communication were also the
means of transportation. Invention of post-office,
telegraph, printing press, satelite telephone has made
‘communication much faster. Developments in science
and technology has contributed in bringing about a
revolution in the field of communication.
(On the basis of scale and quality, the modes of
communication can be divided into following
categories:
Personal)
‘Telephone,
‘Telogram,
Fax, email
Internet ete.)
Personal Communication System
‘The most advanced and best means among all the
personal communication system is internet which is
‘widely used in urban cities. E-mail is the main source
through which a user can directly connect with others
and can also get access to the world of knowledge and
information
[New modes of internet communication have also
volved after e-mail. Internet is now used for
e-commerce and for carrying out moncy transactions.
‘The internet is like a huge central warehouse of data,
with detailed information on various items. leis 2
cheaper mode of communication which provides an
cfficient access to information at a comparatively low
cost. Irenables us with the basic facilities of direee
Mass Communication System
Mais communication system uses different modes of
communication such as Radio, Televison (TV) and
Satellite communication.
Radio
Radio broadeasting was started in 1923 by Radio Club
of Bombay. In a short time, i gained immense
popularity and became a part of every houschold in
India.
‘The Government of India, in 1930 took the control of
this mode of communication under Indian
Broadcasting System. It was changed to All India
Radio in 1936 and to Akashwani in 1957. All India Radio broadcasts various programmes related
to information, education, entertainment and special
snews bulletins on sessions of the Parliament and State
‘Legislatures
Television
“Television (TV) broadcasting has emerged as the most
effective audio-visual medium for disseminating
\Gpreading) information and educating masses. First
television broadcasting was started in Delhi in 1959.
After 1972, several other centres beeame operational.
In 1976, TV broadcasting services were separated by All
dia Radio and got a separate identity as Doordarshan
(DD). After INSAT-IA (National Television -DD1)
became operational, Common National Programmes
(CNP) were searted for the entire network and its
services were extended to the backward and remote
sural areas.
Satellite Communication
‘Satellite is an advanced mode of communication. They
alo regulate the use of other means of communication.
‘Use of satellite communication is very important for
the country duc to economic and strategic reasons as
they give continuous and synoptic view of a larger area.
‘Various operations can be done through satellite
‘images, eg. weather forecast, monitoring of natural
calamities, surveillance of border areas, etc.
‘There are two satellite systems in India, on the basis of
‘configuration and purposes.
‘Indian National Satellite System (INSAT)
‘This was established in 1985. It is 2 multi-purpose
satellite system for telecommunication, meteorological
‘observation and for various other data and programmes.
Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS)
‘The IRS satellite system started in India with the
launch oF IRS-IA in March 1988 from Vaikanour in
‘Russia. India has also developed its indigenous
‘Launching Vehicle ie. PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicle)
These remote sensing satellites collect data in several
spectral informal band and transmic them to ground
stations which is useful for various purposes and also in
the management of natural resources. The National
‘Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) at Hyderabad is
responsible for facilitating the acquisition of data and its
Check Point 03
4, Radio broadcasting was started in India...
2. ll India Radio was changed fo Akachwani in which year?
8, The INSAT- was established in which year?
4. Name nwo pes af communication networks.
5. now esponible for facilitating the acquisition of data
‘and ite processing in India.
@ TERMS To KNOW
'® Transportation (NCERT py, ne, 113) Transfering goods
and passengers from one place to another is called
transporeation.
1© Stare Highways (NCERT pe. no. 114) These are the roads
which link major cities of the staes and are maintained by
Seate Government.
© Highways (NCERT pg no. 114) The major roads which
are managed by Ceneral Government.
1© Border Roads (NCERT pe. no. 115) Roads laid along the
international boundaries are called Border roads
1 Inland Waterways (NCERT pg. no. 118) The waterways
within the country Le. rivers, canals, et.
1 Ports (NCERT pg. no. 120) [cis the place om the coast with
docks and other facilities.
© Pipelines (NCERT pg. no. 121) These are used to cary
gate, liquids and slurry.
'® Communication (NCERT pg. ne. 121) Iisa process of
sending and receiving information
© Satellite (NCERT pg. no. 122) An artificial nacural body
placed in orb around the Earth NCERT FOLDER
@ Multiple Choice Questions
( Inhow many zones has the Indian Railway
system been divided?
@9 2
@ 16 @u
Ans (e)16
(i) On which river and between which two places