PHYSICAL EDUCATION UNIT I CLASS-XII

MANAGEMENT OF SPORTING EVENTS

QUESTION BANK
A. Objective Type/ Multiple-Choice Questions (1 mark)
I. Give one-word answers.
1. Which committee is responsible for selecting the officials involved in a sports event?
Ans. Committee for Officials
2. Calculate the number of matches in a single league tournament if there are 8 participants in the first stage of tournament.
Ans. 28
3. Name the tournaments which are organised to give a second chance to the defeated players in knockout tournaments.
Ans. Consolation Tournaments
4. Name any one method which can be used for preparing fixtures in a league tournament.
Ans. Cyclic method
5. Write the name of the competitions which are conducted between ‘different institutions’.
Ans. Extramural competitions
II. Fill in the banks.
1. A is a dummy team that participates in the second round to even out the number.
Ans. bye
2. are made in a league tournament through the staircase method.
Ans. Fixtures
3. The committee is responsible for welcoming guests, players and officials during the sports events.
Ans. reception
4. Competitions are useful at bringing out hidden talents.
Ans. Intramurals
5. If thirteen teams are participating in a knockout tournament, then byes will be allotted.
Ans. three
III. State True or False
1. Announcement committee is responsible for making announcements of the dates and venue of the tournaments.
Ans. False
2. There are four types of combination tournaments.
Ans. True
3. Intramural competitions are held within the ‘same institutions’.
Ans. True
4. In tabular method, fixtures are made just like a ladder.
Ans. False
IV. Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Which formula is used to find out the number of matches in a double league tournament?
(a) N × N (b) N (N – 1)
(c) (N – 1) (d) N × N × N
Ans. (b) N (N – 1)
2. What is the formula to find the number of matches in a knockout tournament?
(a) N (b) N (N – 1)
(c) (N – 1) (d) (N + 1)
Ans. (c) (N – 1)
3. Which of the following is not a major game?
(a) Hockey (b) Football

(c) Badminton (d) Karate

Ans. (d) Karate
4. It is a process/procedure of shuffling the position of good teams so that they don’t meet each other in an early stage of the
competition and spectator interest is kept alive till finals. What is the name of this process?
(a) Intramural (b) Seeding
(c) Fixture (d) Extramural
Ans. (b) Seeding
5. Which sports competition is organized within the school itself?
(a) Extramural (b) Intramural
(c) Inter-state (d) None of these
Ans. (b) Intramural
6. Which of these is not one of the methods used for fixtures in League or Round Robin tournaments?
(a) Cyclic method (b) Spiral method
(c) Staircase method (d) Tabular method
Ans. (b) Spiral method

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (80 TO 100 WORDS)

Q.1 What is planning?
A. planning is a course of action in order to reach a definite goal.
Q.2 what is Tournament?
A. A tournament is a type of contest in which several players participate and defeat opponents in various rounds to
get to the final match and win it.
Q.3 What is Single league & double league tournament?
A. In single league tournament, each team/player plays against every other participant once.
In double league tournament, each team/ player plays against every other participant twice.
Q.4 What is Fixtures?
A. Fixtures are the schedule fixed for matches to be played, their name, place, date, court, number of byes, total
number of matches, etc.
Q.5 What is Bye?
A. A bye is a dummy team that participates in the second round to even out the number. The number of byes in a
fixture is the difference between the number of participants and the next highest number which is the power of 2.
Q.6 What are combination tournaments?
A. When neither knockouts nor leagues are feasible. For example, in tournaments organized on a zonal basis, the
number of participating players/teams will be high. In such cases, combination tournaments are chosen for more
efficient organization.
Q.7 What is Knockout cum knockout?
A. In the four zones first stage, the participants in each zone will play on a knockout basis to decide a winner, and the
winners of each zone will then advance further to play-off against each other on the same basis.
Q.8 What is league cum knockout?
A. In the four zones first determine their own winners on a league basis, with each participant playing against every
other player/team. The four zonal winners then compete on knockout basis to determine the final winning
team/player.
Q.9 What is single league tournament?
A. In this each team/player plays against every other participant once.
Q.10 what is double league tournament?
A. In this each team/player plays against every other participant twice.
Q.11 What is seeding?
A. It is a tactic used in sports events in which specific teams are sorted in such a way that the strongest
teams meet later in the tournament.
Q.12 How will you allot the bye?
A. The number of byes in a fixture is the difference between the number of participants and the next
highest number which is the power of 2.
Q.13 What is a Consolation tournament?
A. Consolation tournaments are held to give second chance to defeated players in knockout tournaments.
Q.14 Objectives of intramurals?
A. Establishing Physical Education,
Accommodating greater number of participants are the two objectives of intramurals.
Q.15 What is extramural activity?
A. It is the activity that takes place outside the walls of the school.
Q.16 What is Health run?
A Health runs are a variety of marathons organised to spread awareness of and improve the physical
health of the members of a community.

Q.17 How the bye will be allotted?

A. If there are two byes one will be placed on the top of the upper half and the other at the bottom of the

lower half. If there are four byes then the third will be placed on the top of the lower half, and the fourth

at the bottom of the upper half.

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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (80 TO 100 WORDS)

Q.1 What is planning?

A. (i) The purpose of planning is to execute any program in a streamlined manner so that it runs smoothly from start
to finish.
(ii) To efficiently supervise all activities during a sports tournament.
Q.2 Write the name of different committees in a tournaments.
Committee for Publicity, Boarding and Lodging Committee, Transport Committee, Grounds and Equipment
Committee, Refreshment and Entertainment Committee, Reception Committee, Decoration and Ceremony
Committee, Committees of Entries and Programmers, etc. are various important committees during a tournament.

Q.3 Write about three committees.

A. Accreditation committee: This committee registers all the participants with an operational role. The
production, distribution and validation of passes is the duty of this committee.
Technical committee: Technical committee looks after the technical aspects of the tournament. It ensures that
the field is safe for play for all participants. It ensures the quality of equipment.
 Finance committee: This committee prepares the budget of the tournament and maintains every expenditure
related to tournament.

Q.4 What is the aim of tournaments?

A. The purpose of a tournament is to establish the one team or player who has outperformed the rest. on the field,
their alertness of mind, physical strength, coordination between the mind and the body, and natural and acquired
reflexes are all put to test in front of spectators.
Q.5 How many types of tournaments?
A. There are three types of tournaments
Knockout
League or round Robin
Combination
Q.6 What is a knockout tournament?
A. In knockout tournaments the defeated team or player is eliminated with no scope of participating further.
As for the winner, they continue competing against other opponents until they eventually lose or win the
tournament.
Q.7 What is League or round Robin tournament?
A. League or round Robin tournament, as opposed to knockouts, allows each team or player to compete
against every other participant in the tournament. This can be either of two variations: single league tournament,
in which each team/ player plays against every other participant once or double league tournament, in which each
team/player plays against every other participant twice.
Q.8 How will you find out the no. of matches in knock out?
A For knockouts, the total number of matches to be played in a single tournament is determined by the following
formula: (N – 1)
Where N is the number of teams/individual players.
So, if in a tournament there are 8 participants, then the total number of matches played will be 7.
Q.9 How will you find out the no. of rounds in knock out?
A. (a) When the number of participating teams or players (N) is the power of two (i.e. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and so on),
then number of rounds will be the number of 2’s making up N. For instance, when
N = 10, number of rounds will be 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = three 4s = 4,
(b) N = 13, number of rounds will be 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = four 2s = 4.
When N is not the power of 2, the number of rounds will be based on the next highest power of 2.
Q.10 Explain cyclic method.
A. Cyclic method has different applications for even and odd numbers of teams. In the former case, the 1st team is
placed at the top of the right hand side. The remaining team numbers are put in ascending order consecutively and
then upward on the left side. In the latter, the bye is fixed on the top of the right side, and then followed by the
rest of the procedure. Teams are rotated from right to left.
Q.11 What is Staircase method?
A. In this type, fixtures are arranged in such a way that it resembles a ladder or a staircase. There is no need to give
byes to any team as there is no issue of odd or even number of teams.
Q.12 Objectives of intramurals.
A. •Establishing physical education • Mass participants. • Promoting positive values in students.
• Providing healthy recreation. • Introducing new games. • Development of sportsmanship.
• Development of organizational skills. • Development of personality • Scouting of talent.
Q.13 What is the Aim of intramurals?
A. i) Intramurals help mould the physical, mental, emotional, moral and social development of the students.
 ii) They channel the energy of the student and provide a healthy outlet.

iii. They make students more agile and fit.

Q.14 What is the Aim of Extra mural?
A. i) Extramural bring much needed exposure to schools and students that might not be able to showcase their own
talents due to lack of opportunities.

ii) Extra murals boost the popularity of physical education by building the interest of students, their parents and
the school authorities.
iii) Extramural are a healthy excuse for participating in a fun recreational indulgence like sports, which students
might not be otherwise able to in their schools and homes.

Q.15 Write three differences between Intramurals and Extramural.

A. Intramural Extramural.
 Less Expensive More Expensive
 Less Time More Time
 Less officials More officials
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LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (200 TO 250 WORDS)

Q.1 What are the Objectives of Planning?
 To avoid last minute hassles: The purpose of planning is to execute any program in a streamlined
manner so that it runs smoothly from start to finish. An event like a sporting tournament involves a large
number of people.
 To efficiently supervise all activities: A sports tournament consists of multiple activities – opening and
closing ceremonies, entertainment programs, matches, interviews, boarding and lodging of guests,
maintenance of grounds and equipment, etc. A good planning committee takes notes of these components,
delegates subcommittees to handle each of them, and supervises them efficiently.
 To coordinate successfully: There needs to be sound coordination between each committee involved in
organizing the sporting event.
 To avoid mistakes: Though mistakes are bound to happen once or twice, the objective of good planning
is to ensure that there are as few of them as possible. A poorly planned event will leave everyone from the
guests to the organizers unsatisfied.
 To make room for innovation: The process of planning itself creates a space for bringing up ideas to
make the events more interesting. This is, however, possible only when the planning committee
communicates openly with its members and seeks their cooperation and suggestions.
 To get the best performance out of the participants: If the entire event is properly planned and
efficiently executed, it leaves the players free to focus on their performance. They do not have to worry
about irregularities
Q.2 Write Functions of various committees in a sports event.
 Committee for publicity: The committee for publicity completes this preparation before the games.
During the games they maintain the interest level for the games with proper advertisement. They also
coordinate with the media for coverage during and after the games.
 Boarding and lodging committee: The boarding and lodging committee takes care of accommodation
and meals for the players, officials, and other members involved in the event. After the event is over,
they are in charge of settling the bills and other fees.
  Transport committee: The transport committee handles transportation facilities for the players,
officials, etc. They arrange for buses and other vehicles to take the players and officials to the venue.
 Grounds and equipment committee: This committee has the responsibility of ensuring that the
grounds, fields, courts, etc. are in top condition. They also check the equipment and other gears to be
used in the games to ensure that no mishap occurs.

 Refreshment and entertainment committee: They supply drinks and refreshments to the guests,
players, officials and other invitees. The entertainment programmers, such as opening song, closing
dance, etc.
 Reception committee: The reception committee welcomes the guests, players, officials, audiences, etc.
during the opening and closing ceremonies.

 Decoration and ceremony committee:. They decorate the viewing areas and stages so that the venue
looks attractive. This committee is also charged with arranging for certificates, medals and trophies.
 Committee for officials: There are many officials involved in a sporting event: judges, referees,
umpires, recorders, starters, time keepers, lap scorers, clerks of the course, announcers, commentators,
etc. The committee for officials selects and manages them for smooth functioning of the sports event.

 Announcement committee: The announcement committee is responsible for making announcements

during the opening and closing ceremonies, games, important information.
First aid committee: One of the most important committees in a sports event, It provides first aid to
injured players and ensures that they receive advanced medical attention if the need arises.

Q.3 What is league tournament?

A. League or Round Robin tournament, as opposed to knockouts, allows each team or player to compete
against every other participant in the tournament. This can be either of two variations: single league
tournament, in which each team/ player plays against every other participant once or double league
tournament, in which each team/player plays against every other participant twice.
Q.4 How will you find out no. of matches in knock out tournament?
A. In knockouts the total number of matches to be played in a single tournament is determined by
the following formula: (N – 1)
where N is the number of teams/individual players.
So, if in a tournament there are 8 participants, then the total number of matches played will be 7.
Q.5 Write about the five specific sports programmers.
A. Specific Sports programmers are for spreading of awareness of any social issues.
i. Sports day: A sports day is a special day dedicated to sports. It is usually observed in schools and is an
annual feature.
ii. Health run: Health runs are a variety of marathons organised to spread awareness of and improve the
physical health of the members of a community. They are planned and executed by the health department, sports
department, or social organisations focusing on health.
iii. Run for fun: Run for fun has the same purpose as health runs to increase the spirit of physical fitness in the
public.
iv. Run for specific causes: Unlike run for fun, run for specific causes are organized in honor of a cause –
spreading awareness of AIDS, cancer, disabilities, etc. are examples of such causes.
 v. Run for unity: Run for unity is held to bring people from different communities, castes and creeds together
under a single event to promote peace, harmony and unity.

Q.6 Draw a fixture of 6 teams on the bases of cyclic method.

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 UNIT V SPORTS AND NUTRITION
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (20 TO 30 WORDS)

Q.1 What is a balance diet?

A. balanced diet comprises different types of foods which provides the body sufficient nutrition for growth
and development.
Q.2 What is Nutrition?
A. It means getting the right amount of nutrients for bodily functions like maintenance, growth,
metabolism, repair and replacement of tissues.
Q.3 What are micro nutrients?
A. The nutrients which are required in large amounts in the diet are known as macro-nutrients.
Q.4 What is Proteins?
A. Proteins are the substances that have carbon compounds, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sometimes
sulphur, phosphorous and iron.
Q.5 What are macronutrients?
A. • Calcium • Potassium • Sodium • Magnesium • Phosphorous
Q.6 What are micronutrients?
A. • Iron • Iodine • Chromium • Copper • Zinc
Q.7 What are the nutritive components of diet?
A. • Macronutrients like proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
• Micronutrients like vitamins and minerals.
Q.7 What are the two non-nutritive components of diet?
A. • Fiber or
• Roughage
Q.8 What is the use Vitamins?
A. Vitamins are which contribute to increases our energy level and boost our immune system.
Q.9 What are the different types of Vitamins?
A. • Fat soluble Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K.
• Water soluble Vitamin B complex and Vitamin C.

Q.10 A healthy weight can be defined.

A. healthy weight is considered to be one that is between 19 and 25 (BMI). If the BMI is between 25 and
29 and adult is considered overweight. If the BMI is 30 or greater, the person is considered to be obese.
Q.11 What is food intolerance?
A. When a person has difficulty in digesting a particular food, it is said to be food intolerance. Sometimes
it is called as food sensitivity and varies from person to person.
Q.12 What are Food myths?
A. Food myths are unfounded and unscientific myths surrounding the consumption of particular foods, like
potatoes make you fat, etc.
Q.13 What is energy giving food?
A. Carbohydrates are organic compounds which are the primary sources of energy. They are also called as
‘energy giving foods’.
Q.14 What are the backup energy foods?
A. Fats are a backup energy source and are called lipids also. These are composed of the elements carbon,
oxygen and hydrogen in the ratio 76: 12: 12.

Q.15 What should be the diet of a weightlifter?

A. The diet of weightlifters includes lots of protein as it helps in repairing and strengthening the muscle
tissues.
Q.16 What is the Sports nutrition?
A. It looks at the type of fluid and food that an athlete must consume so that they receive adequate
nutrients, water, fiber, etc.
Q.17 What is the Importance of calcium?
A. It strengthens the bones and teeth and helps in the clotting of blood. It saves them from their diseases
like rickets, osteoporosis.
Q.18 What is the importance of Water in sports?
A. It is essential for all major bodily functions. Dehydration harms the performance of athletes, so they
should drink plenty of water to stay alert and active. it can help in energy recovery.
Q.19 What should be the food before a competition?
A. Before the competition Carbohydrates, proteins, fats and water like macronutrients should be consumed
in large quantities but should have a comparatively low contented of fat or lead to fat deposition.
Q.20 What should be the food after a competition?
A. Food intake should be after competition large quantities of carbohydrates One should also drink plenty
of water to replace loss of fluid during the competition.
Q.21 The symptoms of food intolerance?
A. The onset of symptoms is usually slower and may be delayed by many hours after the food is taken. Signs
include nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, headache and nervousness.
Q.22 The danger of restricting components of diet likes carbohydrates and fats.
A. Carbohydrates: It results in loose skin; Weight of loss; Weakening of the body and fatigue.
Fats: Loose energy; do not regulate the temperature of the body; Do not boost hormone production.
Q.23 What is the name of Vitamin B Complex?
A. The riboflavin.

Q.24 Who discover Vitamin A?

A. Vitamin A first discovered by Elmer MacCollum in 1913.
Q.25 Composition of Fat.
A. These are composed of the elements carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in the ratio of 76 : 12 : 12.
Q.26 Composition of Carbohydrates.
A. These consist of carbon (Carbo-), hydrogen (hydr-) and oxygen (-ate) atoms with a hydrogen atom ratio
2: 1 just like in water H2O.
Q.27 What is Foods supplement?
A. It is a concentrated source of specific nutrients that are missing in an individual or present in a quantity
less than required.
Q.28 What are the Non-nutritive components of diet?
• Fiber or roughage
• Water
• Colour compounds
• Flavour compounds
• Plant compounds

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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (80 TO 100 WORDS)

Q.1 What is a Balanced Diet?
A. A diet which consists of different food types and sufficient amounts of nutrients for the development of human
body is called balanced diet. The elements of diet are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibers and
water.
Q.2 What is food?
A. Foods are those substances which we eat for the sustenance of our life while nutrition concerns substances present
in the food we eat which affects our body.
Q.3 What are minerals?
Minerals are very important nutritive component. Approximately 4% of our body mass is made up of minerals,
which are found in an ionized state. These are broadly classified of two types like macronutrients like calcium,
potassium, phosphorous, sodium, cholorine, magnesium and sulphur and micronutrients like copper, iron, iodine,
fluride, cobalt, chromium, selenium and zinc.
Q.4 What is Vitamins?
A. Vitamins contribute to our energy level and boost our immune system. They are classified into fat soluble
vitamins and water soluble vitamins.
Q.5 What are Fat soluble Vitamins?
A. Fat soluble Vitamins are called because they dissolve in fat; these are stored in the liver and fatty tissue. Vitamins
A, D, E and K are fat soluble. Vitamin A is composed of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. It is needed for new cell
growth.
Q.6 Write about the Vitamin D.
A. It is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen elements. It releases of parathyroid hormone which can reabsorb
bone tissue, making bones thin and brittle.
Q.7 Write about the Vitamin K.
A. It is necessary for blood clotting. It plays a vital role in cell growth.
Q.8 Write about the Water-soluble vitamins.
A. Vitamin B complex and Vitamin C are water soluble vitamins. These are ejected from the body during urination.
B complex is a group of eight water soluble vitamins.
Q.9 The different forms of Vitamin B complex are:
A. • Vitamin 1: Thiamine • Vitamin 2: Riboflavin • Vitamin 3: Niacin • Vitamin 5: Pantothenic acid
• Vitamin 6: Pyridoxine • Vitamin 7: Biotin • Vitamin 9: Folic acid • Vitamin 12: Cobalamin
Q.10 Write about the B12.
A. • It helps in protein metabolism.
• Formation of red blood cells and maintenance of central nervous system.
• Deficiency creates diseases like anemia, weakness and tingling, numbness in arms and legs.
• Its food sources are low fat dairy, cheese, red meat, liver, fortified soy products and cereals.
Q.11 The role of fiber in diet.
A. • It bulks up our body, making it appear fuller.
• It plays a role in digestion and prevents constipation.
Q.12 Write about the types of fibres.

A. Two types of fibers like

Soluble fiber, which attracts water and reduces cholesterol and alterations in blood sugar level,

Insoluble fibre, which dissolves in water and softens the stool, thereby bringing relief from chronic
constipation.It lowers the risk of heart diseases and certain forms of cancer.

Q.14 Write about any the three micro-minerals.

A. • Phosphorous: The main source of phosphorous is meat and meat products, milk and milk products, lentils nuts
and whole grains. It maintains the bones and teeth, and also makes our gums healthy. The daily value for
phosphorous is 1 g. Phosphorous defficiency causes hypophosphatemia, rickets in children and osteomalacia.
• Magnesium: It is found in dark leafy green vegetables, nuts, leafy greens, avocados, yogurt, bananas, dried
fruits and dark chocolate. Magnesium enables the proper functioning of nerves and muscles, boosts the immune
system, normalise heart beat and strengthen bones.
• Sodium: It is found in large amount in canned foods, fast foods, table salt, cured meat, salad dressing, pickles,
instant foods etc. Sodium aids muscular activities and transmission of nerve impulse. The daily value for sodium
is 2.3 g. Its deficiency causes hyponatremia, the symptoms of which include vomiting, nausea, muscle spasms and
seizures.
Q.15 What is the use of Water?
A. It is important though it is non-nutritive for the reason that it serves as a transporter of nutrients to cells and
removes of waste through urine. It is also crucial for control of body temperature, ionic balance of the blood as
well as body’s metabolism.
Q.16 Write about the Colour compounds.
A. It is a known fact that we like our food to have certain appetizing colours. Some foods are naturally enriched with
attractive colours, like fruits while others like animal products have dull, monochromatic shades. Sometimes
pigments are added to lend characteristic hues.
Q.17 Write about the Flavour compounds.
A. Flavours are derived from both nutritive and non-nutritive compounds of food. Acidic content gives a sour taste
like citric acid in lemons. Alkalinity meanwhile lends a bitter taste and soapy feeling to the mouth in foods.
Q.18 Write about the Vitamin B complex and Vitamin C.
A. These are water soluble vitamins. These vitamins are ejected from the body during urination. Thus, daily intake of
vitamins is recommended.
 • Vitamin B Complex: It is a group of eight water soluble B vitamins. These work alongside each other nd each
has its own specific benefits. Together they play a vital role in keeping and running our body like well oiled
machine.
• Vitamin C: It is considered one of the healthiest and safest nutrients. It comes with a broad spectrum of
benefits, ranging from growth and repair of tissues, healing of wounds, production of collagen, bone and tooth
formation, increasing the absorption and utilization of iron,to lowering hypertension, curing cataracts, reducing
the risk of cardiovascular diseases and controlling asthma as well as diabetes. Its deficiency may cause diseases
like: cury, gingivitis, anaemia, fatigue, and weakness.

Q19 Write about the Vitamins A, D, E and K. These are fat soluble.
• Vitamin A: It is available in different forms like retinol, reinal, retinoic acid and a number of pro vitamin A
carotenoids. Vitamin A is composed of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. It is needed for new cell growth, good
vision, healthy skin, hair and maintenance of immune system.
• Vitamin D: It is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen elements. Vitamin D along with calcium helps in
building bones, and keeping them strong and healthy. It also blocks the release of parathyroid hormone which
can reabsorb bone tissue, making bones thin and brittle. Its deficiency causes the diseases like rickets in
children, periodontitis, dental cavities and highest risk of cancer.
• Vitamin K: It is necessary for normal blood clotting. It plays a vital role in cell growth, metabolism of bone and
other tissues, prevention of haemorrhagic disease in newborns, heavy menstrual cycle, gum bleeding, nose
bleeding, and easy bruising, defecting blood coagulation and anaemia.
Q.20 The management and the causes of the food intolerance.
A. •Food intolerance is caused by part or complete ineffectiveness of the body enzymes responsible for breaking
down or absorbing the food. This effect may be innate, diet related or induced by some illness.
•There are no valid tests for intolerance. The only way to identify the cause is by accurately recording the times
and duration of all symptoms as well as everything you eat. Guidance can also be provided by a doctor who can
diagnose and manage dietary consumption.
Q.21 Write about the food myths?
A. Food myths are unscientific myths surrounded the consumption of particular foods such as:
• Potatoes make you fat: WE know carbohydrates are the energy source of our body. One does not gain weight
by simply eating carbohydrates as long as intake of starchy food is not excessive.
• Fat free products will help you lose weight: Frequently intake of fat free products may still lead to weight gain
as their calorie content is similar.
Eggs cause heart problem.
• Eggs gain is caused by unprocessed food.
• Food carvings are driven by deficiency. • Raw carrots are healthier than cooked ones.
• Spicy food causes ulcer and eat less if you have fever are the food myths which are very much effective for our
health in one way or the other. The some are very disadvantageous for our health also.
Q.22 Write three myths of dieting.
A. • Avoiding exercise: Exercise and dieting are two sides of the same coin. If the diet provides energy, the exercise
part expends it so that very little is left in the body as deposited fat.
• Extreme reduction of calories: Our body needs a specific amount of calories for proper function. Cutting that
intake severely 1800 calories a day cannot supply sufficient energy. Any dieting method that reduces your
calories intake drastically lowers body metabolism. Though weight will be lost ultimately, it will be too excessive
and dangerous for health.
 • Skipping meals: There is a direct relationship between metabolic rate and body weight. A good metabolic rate
allows you to maintain or lowering metabolism to conserve energy. This also means you are more likely to eat
more than your body can process in the next meal.
Q.23 What type of nutrition one should have before a competition.
• At least a week prior to the competition the athlete should stock up on glycogen store by eating rich in complex
carbohydrates.
• Before the competition food intake should be laden with carbohydrate but should have a comparatively low
content of fat, protein and fibre which might slow digestion or lead to fat deposition.
• Ideal foods include cereals, whole grain, pasta, fruits and vegetables.
• On the day of the competition, meals should be taken at least three to four hours before exercise of proper
digestion. For light snacks the gap should be one to two hours at least.
• Free sugars raise the insulin level and induce fatigue. They should be avoided.
• Fluids should be taken in plenty to prevent dehydration.
Q.24 What type of nutrition recommended during competition.
A. • Fluids should be continued in small sips.
• The athlete should take small amounts of carbohydrates at regular intervals, if the duration lasts for more than
an hour.
• An athlete should drink water frequently even ten to twenty minutes if the duration is shorter than an hour.
Q.25 The type of nutrition recommended after competition.
A. • It is necessary for recovery in order to restore lost energy; carbohydrates-rich food should be taken within an
hour following the competition of the activity.
• One should also drink plenty of water to replace loss of fluid during the competition.
• Fruits, juices and sports drinks should be made available so that the athlete can readily stock up on lost
energy.
• Two hours after the competition, the athlete should take a full meal that is high in carbohydrate content.
• The best meal for post competition consists of 100 g to 200 g of carbohydrate along with lean animal protein,
like chicken and fish.
Q.26 Write about the pitfalls of Dieting.
A. pitfalls; - weakening of the immune system, acute loss of weight and susceptibility to diseases. Therefore,
extreme of reduction of calories, restriction of selected nutrients, skipping of meals, intake of calories through
drinking, intake of pre-packaged and labeled foods and avoiding exercise are many more supplementary nutrients
which are not good for health and the excessive dose of every component of the nutrients would tell up on the
health of the person. Fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and other components when taken in a heavy dose for longer
duration are sure to cause one or the other kind of diseases.
Q.27 What precautions should be taken regarding food supplement for children?
A. • It should only be taken when the child is not receiving essential nutrients from her/his diet.
• Should be free of preservatives, fillers and added sugar.
• Should be consumed in correct quantities, especially the minerals and fat-soluble variety which are absorbed
quickly by the body.
• Must be taken only to provide enough nutrition not for improbable reason like increasing the mental aptitude
of the child.

**********
 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (200 TO 250 WORDS)
Q.1 Write about the balanced diet & constituents of it.
A. Balance diet is one that consists of different food types and sufficient amounts of nutrients for the development of
human body. It should be planned according to the individual body type.
There are six constituents of balanced diet like Carbohydrates, Proteins, Minerals, Vitamins, Fats and Water. It is
necessary that each is consumed regularly.
The four constituents are elucidated as under:
• Carbohydrates are organic compounds which are the primary sources of energy. They are known as ‘energy
giving foods’ and are made of small simple sugars that enter the body as glucose. They provide 17 kJ/g of energy.
These molecules consist of carbon(carbo-), hydrogen(hydro-) and oxygen(-ate) atoms with a hydrogen oxygen
atom ratio of 2 : 1 just like in water that is H2O.
• Proteins: Proteins are substances that have carbon compounds, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sometimes
sulphur, phosphorous and iron. Our body converts them to amino acids as the large size of protein molecules
make bit difficult for them to be used without being broken down.
Proteins are known as the building blocks of life.
• Fats: These are also called lipids. These are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the
ratio of 76 : 12 : 12. Fats are backup energy source. They regulate the body’s core temperature, boost hormone
production, protect organs and are a good solvent for fat soluble vitamin (A, D, E and K) It is recommended that
20-35% of our daily energy requirement should come from fats. Fats are classified into saturated fats
polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats. The fats present in processed foods, packaged foods, sea foods
and dairy products are saturated fats; these fats have the tendency to raise the level of cholesterol in the blood
stream and heighten the risk of getting cardiovascular diseases. Polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats on
the other hand, help in lowering the blood cholesterol. Inclusion of these fats in the diet must naturally take into
account which type should be struck from the list. These fats are very important for the health and can be obtained
from animal sources and vegetarian sources also.
Vitamins serve primarily as regulators of metabolic functions, many of which are essential for improving
performance of various activities. There is little evidence that vitamin enhances performance. Among the
vitamins, only three vitamins are considered important, i.e. C, E, and B complex. Though excessive intake of
these vitamins do not enhance the performance level, but the deficiency or the devoid of vitamins might affect the
health of athletes negatively and reduce their potential.
Minerals play a vital role in our life. Minerals which contribute to our health are of two types like macro-
minerals – calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and phosphorus, and micro-minerals – iodine, iron,
chromium, copper and zinc.
Water: Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen elements in the ratio of 2 : 1. It serves as a transporter of
nutrients to cell and remover of waste through urine. It is also crucial for control of body temperature, ionic
balance of the blood as well as the body’s metabolism.

Q.2 What about the Nutrients of balance diet.

MACRO-NUTRIENTS Nutrients that are required in large amounts in the diet i.e. carbohydrates, proteins,
fats and water. The functions of macro-nutrients are to provide energy, promote growth and development and
regulate body functions. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats and water which are the macro-nutrients are very essential
for the growth of a personality. Carbonates come in two main forms, i.e. simple carbohydrates and complex
carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates are formed by smaller chains. Carbonates are one of our body’s dependable
sources of energy. Proteins are substances that havecarbon and nitrogen compounds. Proteins are involved in the
production of hormones, enzymes, tissues and
antibodies, regulation of water and acid balance in the body. Fats known as lipids are a backup energy source.
These are classified into saturated fats, polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats. Water serves as the
transporter of nutrients to cells and remover of waste through urine. It may not always be considered as
macronutrient but it is needed by our body in large amount.
 • Macronutrients: Proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
MICRONUTRIENTS are needed in small quantities though they are as indiscipline for our health. Commonly
known micronutrients are minerals and vitamins. Their primary function is to enable chemical reactions. They are
not responsible of energy. These comprise minerals; approximately 4% of our body mass is made up of minerals
which are found in an ionized state. The minerals present in and
needed by our body are broadly classified into two types like macro-minerals such and calcium, potassium,
phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, magnesium and sulphur and micro-minerals like copper, iron, iodine, fluoride,
cobalt, chromium, selenium and zinc. We need 0.1 g of macro-minerals and 0.01 g of trace minerals on a daily
basis.
• Micronutrients: Vitamins and minerals.

Q.3 Write about the Sports nutrition & its importance.

A. It refers to the scientific study and application of nutritional and dietary impact on sports performance. It looks at
the type of fluid and food that an athlete must consume so that they receive adequate nutrients, water, fiber, etc.
The role of diet on the performance of an athlete can be discussed as what an athlete should take before a
competition, during competition and after competition. Here we mean that an athlete should take complex
carbohydrates, ideal foods like cereals, whole grain, pasta, fruits, vegetables, fluid in plenty quantity before a
competition. During competition he should take fluid contents in small sips, and other things with intervals of
time and after the competition she/he should take nutrition as it is very necessary to regain the energy lost.
Therefore, food elements like carbohydrates, vitamins, fats, minerals, water and other elements play a very
significant role on the performance of an athlete.

Q.4 How Healthy weight can be maintained?

A. • Goal setting: It is recommended that one should start with smaller targets and raise ones level with each
successful phase.
• Health, Not Wealth, is the key. • Control calories count • Change lifestyle for the better
• Yoga • Saying no to fatty foods • Avoid over eating • Avoid carbohydrates rich food
• Eat the right number of meals. • Say no to alcohol and • Take exercise daily.
Q.5 Write about the nutrition of an athlete for competition.
A. Diet for a sportsperson is very important and plays a vital role while performing in competitions. Therefore, the diet
of a sportsperson should have aim.
Nutrition before competition: It is necessary that before a competition, an athlete should take plenty of fluids to
prevent dehydration, free sugar should be avoided, meals should be taken at least three to four hours before exercise
for proper digestion, food intake should be laden with carbohydrates but should have comparatively low fat, the
athlete should stock up on glycogen store by eating foods rich in complex carbohydrates.
During a competition, it is advised to stay hydrated and prevent onset of fatigue. Fluids intake should be continued
in small sips, if the duration lasts for more than an hour, the athlete should take small amounts of carbohydrates at
regular intervals, and if the duration is shorter than an hour then the athlete should drink water frequently every ten
to twenty minutes.
After competition the athlete should also drink plenty of water to replace loss of fluid during the competition,
fruits, juices and sports drinks should be made available so that the athlete can readily stock up on lost energy. The
athlete should take a full meal that is high in carbonate content just two hours after the competition and in order to
restore lost energy, carbohydrate-rich food should be taken within an hour following the competition.
Q.6 Write about the Advantages & Disadvantage of food supplements.
Advantages of food supplements:

• Food supplement provide the necessary type and amount of nutrients for the child, thereby boosting her/his
immunity and reducing the onset deficiency diseases.
• Certain dietary supplements also build muscular strength and endurance and enhance overall physical
performance.
 • Supplements are sometimes prescribed along with a combination of drugs as a form of alternative treatment
for health conditions.
• Food supplement are a source of energy for the body.
Disadvantages of food supplements:
• Food supplements can be expensive.
• Food supplements can also lead to side effects like liver damage, reduce bone density, headache, etc.
• Food supplement interact with the wrong medicines, resulting in adverse medical conditions.
• Food supplement also do not contain all round nutrition which regular meals can provide.

VALUE-BASED QUESTIONS
Q.1 Prisha and Rehaan when approached their physical education teacher, he guided them to maintain weight and
physical fitness through nutrition and exercise. Prisha and Rehaan followed the advice of their physical education teacher
and maintained their weight and physical fitness successfully.

The values shown by them are

Taking help of others,
Sincere,
Honest and
Hard working.
 UNIT III
Yoga as Preventive measure for Lifestyle
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (20 TO 30 WORDS)
Q.1 What is Obesity?
A. Obesity is a physical condition in which a person has accumulated so much body fat that it might have a negative
effect on her/his health.
Q.2 Write about the Vajrasana?
A. Vajrasana is also known as diamond pose.
Q.3 Wite about the Hastasana.
A. It is a standing yoga pose; its complete name is Urdhva hastasana. It is also called the upward salute pose.
Q.4 Write about the Ardhamatsyaeendra asana.
A. Its meaning half, matsya meaning fish, eendra meaning king. It also known as Half Lord of the Fishes pose and
Half Spinal Twist Pose is a seated yoga pose. It is named after Yogi Matsyendranath.
Q.5 Write about the Bhujangasana.
A. Bhujang meaning cobra, also known as cobra pose is a back bending pose which forms the eighth pose of Surya
Namaskar.
Q.6 Write about the Paschimottanasana.
A paschim meaning west or backside of the body and uttana meaning stretch also known as seated forward bend
pose is a sitting pose used for stretching the spine.
Q.7 Write about the Pavanmuktasana.
A. Pavan meaning wind and mukta meaning free, also known wind removing pose or wind liberating pose, is a
bending pose in which the practitioner lies to release tension in the abdomen and back area.
Q.8 Write about the Chakrasana.
A. chakra meaning wheel also known as Urdhva Dhanurasana or upward facing bow pose, is a back-bending pose
commonly referred to as back bridge in acrobatics and gymnastics.
Q.9 Write about the Gomukhasana?
A. GO means cow and mukha means mouth or face, is also known as cow face pose. It is so named because the
overall position of the thighs, calves and feet of the person has the appearance of the face of a cow when viewed
from above.
Q.10 Write about the Parvtasana.
A. parvata meaning mountain, also known as mountain pose is an easy to perform sitting posture. The legs are
grounded in padmasana pose, the whole of the torso is stretched upwards with arms over the head and palms
pressed together in namaskar mudra.

Q.11 Write about the Matsyasana.

A. Matsya meaning fish, or the fish pose is a part of the primary series of Ashtanga Yoga.
Q.12 Write about the Shavasana.
A. Shava meaning corpse, resembles the posture of a dead body. It requires complete relaxation of the body and
mind.
Q.13 Write about the Vakrasana.
A. Vakra meaning twisted, is also known as half spinal twist pose and is a simplified form of Ardha Matsyendrasana.
Q.14 Write about the Shalabhasana.
A. Shalabh meaning locust, also known as locust pose because the body looks like a locust or a grasshopper, is
simple to do and suitable for everybody.
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (80 TO 100 WORDS)
Q.1 Write about the Asana.
A. It plays an important role in preventing the onset of many adverse health conditions. It is a simple and
economical preventive measure that can help in treating most of the widespread non-communicable lifestyle
diseases and improving the health of people. As a preventive measure, asanas are useful in many ways:
• Mental Health can be improved by performing suitable asanas.
• Bone diseases can be prevented by performing suitable asanas.
• The various types of asanas involve twisting the body, backward and forward bends and other activities that
promote digestion and help in weight loss.
Q.2 Write about the causes of Obesity.
A. Genetics: A person whose parents are obese can develop obesity.
Overeating: Overeating is when the intake of calories is much more than what the body actually needs. This
results in regular deposition of unused calories causing obesity
Frequency of eating: Eating frequently leads to deposition of calories.
Physical inactivity: Sedentary people burn fewer calories than those who are physically active, resulting in
weight gain.
Psychological factors: For some people, emotions influence eating habits which is termed as binge eating. It
occurs out of sadness, boredom, stress or anger.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1 How the asana can help in the Lifestyle diseases?
A. We see the health of human beings is deteriorating day by day and lifestyle diseases are spiking due to
factors such as sedentary lifestyle, bad diet and increasing presence of bacteria, parasites and viruses in the
environment. Globally, the challenge is to develop new and stronger antibiotics and drugs to control and kill these
new viruses and bacteria. In such circumstances, asanas play an important role in preventing the onset of many
adverse health conditions. Asana is a simple and economical preventive measure that can help in treating most of
the widespread non-communicable lifestyle diseases and improving the health of people. The aim of an asana is to
clean the body from within, fix the internal imbalance and then strengthen the exteriors. It enables us to become
fully aware of our body. It helps in reducing stress and anxiety, weight, hypertension, sleep disturbances,
symptoms of lower back pain and fatigue. The flexibility of the spine increases, joints become more mobile, the
lymphatic system and metabolism are stimulated, circulation of blood is boosted, blood pressure is normalized
and stabilized, the nervous system is soothed and sharpened, and the skin becomes clear and fresh.

Q.2 Write about the VAJRASANA.

A. Procedure:
• First kneel down on a flat surface.

• Your lower legs should stretch straight backwards with the toes crossing each other.
• Sit with your buttocks resting on the heels and the thighs of the calf muscles.
• Your spine should be straight and head should face forward.
• Your hands should be rested on the knees. • Take deep breaths.
Benefits:
• The most significant benefit of this asana for obese individuals is the improvement in digestion.
• It helps in case of gaseousness in the stomach and stops the formation of ulcers.
• It brings relief from constipation. • Alleviates lower back problems.
• Calm the nerves, strengthen the legs and thighs, makes the joints of the knees and ankles more flexible, and
corrects posture.
 Constraints:
• Beginners should take care not to overexert themselves to avoid straining the joints and breath.
• It might cause severe stiffness in the feet, ankles and knees.
• Patients of hernia, intestinal ulcers and other diseases of the small and large intestines should be extra careful.
• Patients of knee and back injuries should be extra careful while practising this position and should take it up
only under the guidance of trained experts
Q.3 Write about the ARDHA MATSYENDRASANA.
A. Procedure:
• First sit up with the legs stretched out straight in front of you. Keep the feet together and the spine erect.
• Bend your left leg. Place the heel of the left foot beside the right hip, and bring the right leg over the left knee.
• Place the left hand on the right knee and the right hand behind you.
• Gently twist your waist, shoulders and neck in this sequence to the right, looking over the right shoulder. Your
spine should be erect.
• Hold the position for a few seconds, keeping your breath steady.
• Exhale and release the right hand first, followed by the waist, chest and then finally the neck.
• Sit up relaxed yet straight. Repeat with the other side.
Benefits:
• The twisting position massages the abdominal organs, increasing the release of digestive juices and improving
the functioning of the digestive system.
• It brings relief from stiffness, stress and tension in the back. • It improves the circulation of blood.
• By opening up the chest, it greatly increases the supply of oxygen to the lungs.
• It also loosens up the hip and makes the spine more flexible.
• It improves the flexibility of the backmuscles, leg muscles, etc. and tones the muscles.
Constraints:
• Pregnant and menstruating women should avoid this position as the twisting of the abdomen might be too strong
for them
• People who have had heart, abdominal or brain surgeries, and those with spinal problems and slipped discs
should not practice this asana.
• People who have severe back or neck pain should practice carefully and under the supervision of an expert.
Q.4 Write about the BHUJANGASANA.
A. Procedure:
• First, you must lie flat on your stomach. Place your hands on the side and make sure the toe of each foot touches
each other.
• Move your hands to the front, keeping them at the shoulder level, and place your palms on the floor.
• Balancing your body’s weight on the palms, breathe in and slowly raise your head and trunk. Your arms should
be bent at your elbows at this stage.
• Work towards arching your neck backward. This is done to assume the pose of a cobra with a raised hood. It is
important that your shoulder blades remain firm and that your shoulders are away from your ears.

• Press your hips. thighs and feet to the floor.

• Hold the position for 15–30 seconds while breathing normally.
• To undo the pose, slowly bring your hands back to the sides. Rest your head on the ground by bringing your
forehead in contact with the floor. Place your hands under your head. Then slowly rest your head on one side
and breathe.
 Benefits:
• It puts the abdominal muscles and shoulders to work, increasing the circulation of the blood and oxygen in those
regions in which in turn raises the body temperature and boosts the body’s metabolism to levels that are
beneficial at controlling diabetes.
• It fights acidity, indigestion and constipation, and helps the practitioner lose weight.
• It enhances the function of the liver, kidney, pancreas and gall bladder.
• It strengthens the arms and shoulders.
Constraints:
• Those with severe back problems, neck problems, hernia and carpal tunnel syndrome and pregnant women
should avoid this yoga pose.
• Those suffering from stomach disorders like ulcers and intestinal tuberculosis should perform this under the
guidance of a trained expert.
Q.5 Write about the SHAVASANA
A. Procedure:
• Lie flat on the floor and make sure you are comfortable. Close your eyes.
• Place your legs in such a way that your toes are facing sideways. The legs should be placed comfortably apart.
• Place your arms along your body with open palms facing upwards. While doing so, leave a space between your
body and arms.
• After reaching a position direct your attention to every area of your body, starting from your toes.
• Take slow but deep breaths, allowing your body to go into a state of intense relaxation. Avoid falling asleep.
• Once your body feels relaxed and refreshed roll to one side keeping your eyes closed. Hold the position for a
minute and rise to sit in sukhasana.
• Breathing deeply, become aware of your surroundings before you open your eyes again.
Benefits:
• It replenishes and rejuvenates the body.
• It helps in reducing high blood pressure and also relaxes the heart which keeps anxiety in check.
• It improves concentration, memory retention and also repairs the cells and tissues.
• It boosts energy levels and enhances productivity.
Constraints:
• Shavasana can be done by anyone, unless they have been instructed by their doctor not to lie on their back.

**********
 Physical education and sports for (CWSN)
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
(20 TO 30 WORDS)
UNIT IV
MCQ (1 MARK)

Q1. Who is the first president of Indian Olympic Association (I.O.A.)?

(a) Sir Dorabji Tata (b) Jawaharlal Nehru

(c) Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel (d) M.K. Gandhi

Q2. When was the first special Olympic held?

(a) 1966 (b) 1968

(c) 1970 (d) 1972
Q3. What does the Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius, Commmunis means?

(a) character, attitude, fortitude, together (b) faster, higher, deeper, longer

(c) faster, higher, stronger, together (d) bigger, stronger, taller, longer

Q4. Special Olympics were first held in

(a) 1968 (b) 1984

(c) 1992 (d) 2004

Q5. ....is known as the father of Modern Olympic Games?

(a) Le Marques de Samaranch (b) Pierre de Coubertin

(c) Demetrius Vikelas (d) Ferenc Kemeny

Q20. When were first Olympic Games held?

(a) 1986 (b) 1896

(c) 1894 (d) 1984

Q6. Assertion-Reason Type Questions:

Given below are the two statements labelled Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
A: Olympic Games encourage the adoption of peace.
R: All individual differences are forgotten when participants arrive at the Games, and the event commences with
mutual respect and harmony.
In the context of the two statements given above, which one of the following is correct?
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Q7. Data-Based Questions:
Given below is the depiction of equal importance of the values of Olympics:

On the basis of the pie-chart given above, answer the following questions:

1. With the death of the 11 Israeli participants due to racism in 1972, which of the following value was violated?
(a) Friendship and Solidarity (b) Peace
(c) Equality (d) Fair Play

2. Which of the following values is represented by a dove above the Olympic symbol?
(a) Friendship and Solidarity (b) Peace
(c) Equality (d) Fair Play

3. Penalising a player for adopting any unfair means to win the games is an example of
(a) Friendship and Solidarity (b) Peace
(c) Equality (d) Fair Play

Q7. What is the goal of the Special Olympics?

(a) Organizing competitions and training for people with intellectual disabilities.
(b) All-round development of intellectually disabled.
(c) Providing opportunities for friendship to the Olympic community.
(d) All of the above.

Q8. Who started Paralympic games?

(a) Eunice Kennedy Shriver (b) John F Kennedy
(c) Sir Ludwig Guttmann (d) M. Mahadeva
Paralympics

The wore Paralympics is compositions of two words para and Olympics. The word ‘Para’ has been
derived from preposition of Greek which means beside or along side which means that the Paralympics
are the parallel games to the Olympics and illustrate how the two movements assist side by side.
These events are held for the person with range of disabilities, including mused impaired, impaired range
of movements, limb deficiency, Leg length differences, short stature, hypertonia vision impalement. This
is similar to Olympic game for disabled sports person in 1960 first time it was organized in Rome. The
head quarter of international para Olympic is situated at Born, Gernmany. The international para Olympic
is responsible for organizing summer and winter Olympic games. At present it comprises of 176 National
Para Olympic Committees.
 Special Olympics

Special Olympics is the world's largest sports organization for children and adults with intellectual
disabilities and physical disabilities providing year round training and competitions to 5 million athletes
and unified sports patrons in 172 counties. Special Olympics competition are held every day all around
the world in clouding local, national and regional competitions, adding upto more than 1 Lakhs events a
year. like International Paralympics committee the special Olympic Organization is organized by IOC
called International special Olympic committee. The major special Olympic world Games is a major
went put on by the special Olympics. These games alternate between summer and winter games, in
two year cycles recurring every for the year. First special Olympics held on July 20, 1968 at Chicago.

Disability Etiquettes
Disability etiquettes is a set of guidelines to deal with the people facing physical or mental disabilities. It was
started as a clinical play on existing rule sheets, written for non-disabled audiences that were seen as demeaning
by civil rights activists in 1970s. The term serves to communicate people with disabilities more respectfully in
all types of situations. It refers to educate people regarding disabilities. It involves treating people with
disabilities with respect and care, and try to bring them into a normal life.

Disability Etiquettes in General

 Always respect the dignity of a disabled person, individuality and desire for independence.
 Treat a person with disability in the same manner and with the same respect and courtesy as with
others.
 Speak directly to the person rather than through the friend, attendant or sign-language interpreter
who may also be present.
 Never speak about the person as if they are invisible, can’t understand what is being said. .
 Don’t put people with a disability on a pedestal or talk to them in demeaning terms.

Disability Etiquette Guidelines

[i] ill Persons with Speech Difficulties

1. Give attention to the person who has difficulty

in speaking.
2. Keep manner to encourage rather than correcting.
3. Give extra time for the conversation and be patient.

If you have difficulty in understanding, don’t pretend that you do. Repeat as much as you do understand.
Advantage of Physical Activity for Children with Special Needs
Physical Activity
According to the Department of Health and Human Services, USA, physical activity generally refers to
movement that enhances health.
It means the movement of the body that uses energy. Walking, running, dancing, swimming, yoga and
gardening are a few examples of physical activity. For health benefits, physical activity should be moderate or
vigorous intensity.
Exercise is a type of physical activity that’s planned and structured. Lifting weights, taking an aerobics class
and playing on a sports team are examples of exercise.

Advantage of Physical Activity for Children with Special Needs

Regular physical activity is good for everyone but it’s particularly important for children with special needs.
These are most important for their growth and development. There are numbers of advantages of physical
activities.
These are as follows

 It strengthens the heart muscle thereby improving cardiovascular efficiency, lung efficiency and
exercise endurance. This helps in controlling repetative behaviours among disabled children.
 Besides improving fitness, physical activity develops social relationships with other children,
teammates and teachers.
 This brings positive changes in the social behaviour of these children.
 It helps to improve energy level in the body. Regular physical activity often makes children more
energetic, allows them to become active.
 It regulates blood pressure, cholesterol level and diabetes. Physical activity reduces stress level.
 It helps to control weight. The children with disabilities are not physically active or may have
deficit of calories, which takes fat away and lowers weight and regular exercises help in regulating
weight.
 Physical activities help in improving muscle strength, coordination and flexibility among disabled
children.
 This also improves motor skills, brings better balance and body awareness which is lacking in
these children.
 Physical exercise finds an outlet to channelise the physical energy which helps these children to
cope with stress, anxiety and depression.
 Physical activity enhances the metabolism of brain in the children. It leads to cognitive
improvement in children with special needs allowing them to acquire new skills, learn new things
and focus on specific goals.
 Physical activity decreases anxiety, reduces depression, and improves mood and outlook in
children. In addition, their
 quality of sleep is also improved.

4.6 Strategies to Make Physical Activities Accessible for Children with Special Need
The various strategies or ways by which physical activities can be made accessible for children with special
needs are as follows
 1. Inclusive Classrooms It means development of education laws in such a way that children with
special needs get education within the normal classrooms along with other children so that they
are well accepted in society.
2. Assistive Technology It refers to creating devices, tools or equipments that help children with
special needs to participate in learning activities like bigger balls, balls with bells, balls attached to
strings to bring it back to the students etc.
3. Adaptive Physical Education Depending on student’s disability, a separate, adaptive class or
modifications within a game, changing the rules of the game or sport to some extent can help the
students in a big way.
4. Creating Specific Environment Students with special needs can be provided with specific play
area with special requirements as needed by them. Loud music, glaring lights often cannot be
tolerated by these children, so a lot of natural lighting should be there.
5. Positive Behaviour In physical education classes, teachers should show positive behaviour and
healthy interactions and prevent negative behaviours. The method is to “Prevent, Teach,
Reinforce”. This means class material taught through positive interactions, lesson reinforced by
referring back to behavioural expectations and evaluating progress.
6. Focus on Creative Games Instead of competitive games and physical activities, the strategy is to
develop creative games. This helps in team building and cooperation and prevents unnecessary
competition and boosts the confidence of these children.
7. Accomodations and Modification Since the individual needs of the children with special needs
ard different^ it is essential for . the teachers to modify the teaching strategies in order to
accommodate the children with disabilities. Therefore constant modification and accommodation
is required.
8. Professional Courses Developing more professional courses and teacher certification programs
for teaching physical education to children with special needs is essential to popularise the
adaptive physical education programme.

We hope the given CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Notes Chapter 4 Physical Education and Sports for
CWSN – Children with Special Needs : Divyangs will help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT
Physical Education Class 12 Notes Chapter 4 Physical Education and Sports for CWSN – Children with Special
Needs : Divyangs, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest

Meaning of inclusive education

The word “inclusion” means the practice of including a person in group activities so that he can get access to all
the opportunities like any other member of the group.In other words inclusion is the acceptance of all type of
learners whether disabled, Non disabled, gifted, backward, maladjusted etc.

After knowing the meaning of inclusion let us discuss the concept of inclusive education.

What is Inclusive education ?

inclusive education means providing equal opportunities to all the learners whether disabled or disabled in a
regular classroom setting. In an inclusion setting all students learn together and main emphasis is on the abilities
of the learners rather than disabilities. In inclusive education all the learners equally participate in curricular and
co curricular activities. In an inclusive environment children with special needs spend most of their time with
normal children.
Definition of inclusive education:

According to national commission of special needs in education and training (NCSNET), Inclusive education is
define as a learning environment that promotes the full personal, academic and professional development of all
learners irrespective of race, class, gender, disability, religion, sexual preference, learning styles and language.

Scope of inclusive education

Inclusion in education demands an inclusive society, an inclusive school, an inclusive teacher, and an inclusive
curriculum. Thus, the scope of inclusive education is wider.

The following points cover the scope of inclusive education:

1. Involve all children, i.e., normal children, children with illness, children of migrant labourers, children from
tribal areas etc.
2. Inclusive education provides a friendly environment for all the learners.
3. promote education for disabled girls.
4. promote ICT-based technologies for disabled learners.
5. Include a curriculum adaptation strategy.
6. Need-based education is provided to all learners.
7. Special programmes to be run by the school for disabled learners
8. Aids and equipment are to be provided to the disabled learners so that their basic needs can be fulfilled.

Need and importance of inclusive education

Qualitative education is more beneficial than quantitative education. Inclusive education is necessary to bring
quality in education. Quality education is possible if equal educational opportunities are provided to all learners.
Following are the points which indicates the need and important of inclusive education:
1. Development of skills:
Inclusive environment helps to develop the various skills in learners such as cooperative skills, tolerance etc.
Students may know about each other’s personality in an inclusive environment.
2. Development of confidence:
Inclusive education provides the least restrictive environment for disabled learners where they can easily share
their views with other children and can participate in activities like normal children. As a result, it aids in the
development of confidence in disabled students.
3. Development of society:
society develops with the strengthening of the capacity of the education system. The improvement of the
educational system is made possible by inclusive education. With better education system, the growth of
students takes place in a better way and they can have a positive impact on society.

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