GLOBAL SUCCESS 11

UNIT 5: GLOBAL WARMING

Ex 1. Rewrite the following sentences as long as the meaning is unchanged, using participles
1. He was accused of murder and arrested.
Accused ______________________________________________________________
2. She was shocked by the bad news and burst into tears.
Shocked ______________________________________________________________
3. The event is organised by our team and will surely be a great success.
Organised ______________________________________________________________
4. The film is based on real events and tells the story of a reporter.
Based ______________________________________________________________
5. She was born in Hollywood and knows all the famous movie stars.
Born ______________________________________________________________
6. The car was taken to the garage. It was repaired within an hour.
Taken ______________________________________________________________
7. She was admired by everyone and began to grow arrogant.
Admired ______________________________________________________________
8. He was dumped by his girlfriend and felt really depressed.
Dumped ______________________________________________________________

Ex 2. Rewrite the following sentences as long as the meaning is unchanged, using participles
1. She lay in her bed and wept bitter tears.
She ______________________________________________________________
2. She stood at the corner and talked to her friends.
She ______________________________________________________________
3. The children went from house to house. They played trick or treat.
The children ______________________________________________________________
4. He was very tall. He became a basketball player.
Being ______________________________________________________________
5. He was waiting in the hall. He overheard a conversation.
Waiting ______________________________________________________________
6. We were sitting in the bus shelter and waited for the rain to stop.
We ______________________________________________________________
7. We had great fun at the party. We played silly games.
We ______________________________________________________________
8. They were chatting along and didn't see the car coming.
Chatting ______________________________________________________________
9. He was picked up by his mother and didn't have to wait for the bus.
Picked ______________________________________________________________
10. She was listening to the radio and didn't hear the doorbell.
Listening ______________________________________________________________

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Ex 3. Rewrite the following sentences as long as the meaning is unchanged, using participles
1. As she was on holiday, she couldn't go to the party.
→ Being ______________________________________________________________
2. While she was preparing dinner, she cut her finger.
→ While ______________________________________________________________
3. When I travel around Ireland, I always stay in youth hostels.
→ When ______________________________________________________________
4. Since she didn't hear the doorbell, she missed the delivery.
→ Not ______________________________________________________________
5. Since he didn't feel well, he stayed in bed.
→ Not ______________________________________________________________
6. She held his hand and led him through the crowd.
Holding ______________________________________________________________
7. She opened the drawer and took out a book.
Opening ______________________________________________________________
8. As he feared that he did not have enough money to support his family, he worked overtime.
Fearing ______________________________________________________________
9. While I fully understand your problem, I can’t allow you to break the rules
While ______________________________________________________________
10. While I was walking along the street I saw an accident.
Walking ______________________________________________________________

Ex 4. Rewrite the following sentences as long as the meaning is unchanged, using participles
1. I often saw her at the disco. She was surrounded by her admirers.
I ______________________________________________________________
2. He was loved by all who knew her. He devoted his life to others.
Loved ______________________________________________________________
3. If I am accepted for the job, I’ll have to start at the beginning of next month.
Accepted ______________________________________________________________
4. I was exhausted through lack of sleep and fell asleep at my desk.
Exhausted ______________________________________________________________
5. Since it was written many years ago, the book is not suitable for youngsters now
Written ______________________________________________________________
6. Since I was promoted, I’ve had no time to go out.
Promoted ______________________________________________________________
7. When it is seen from the outside, the building looks a mess, but it is lovely inside.
Seen ______________________________________________________________
8. If we are elected, we will increase the value of pensions.
Elected ______________________________________________________________
9. Unless it is destroyed, this material could have damaging consequences.
Destroyed ______________________________________________________________

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Ex 5. Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer
1) According to the speaker, greenhouse gases are produced by...
a) heat from the sun b) the actions of people
c) the sun's rays, and also the actions of people d) the video doesn't say
2) Which of these things is a greenhouse gas?
a) carbon monoxide b) carbon dioxide
c) oxygen d) the video doesn't say
3) Which of these ways to generate power provides a clean source of energy?
a) gas b) oil c) wind power d) they are all clean sources of energy
4) Which of these things can help reduce levels of carbon dioxide?
a) driving to work b) heating with coal instead of gas
c) using public transport d) leaving your TV on standby, rather than switching it off
5) Which of these predictions about climate change does the audio make?
a) If the planet gets warmer, then polar bears will become extinct
b) If the planet gets warmer, then we can expect more floods
c) if the planet gets warmer, then fuel will become less expensive
d) if the planet gets warmer, then sea levels will rise
6) The word extinct means...?
a) to become scarce or rare b) in need of protection
c. to become endangered d) something that has died out and no longer exists
7) Choose the best answer to complete this statement:
If the planet continues to heat up, ____________ expect to experience more extreme weather.
a) then will we b) then can we
c) then we can d) then should we
8) Which of these things isn't mentioned in the audio?
a) wave energy b) car pooling
c) coral reefs d) heat waves

Ex 6. Listen to the recording and fill in the blank with the words you hear
THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is a major problem in the world today. Scientists believe that climate change is mainly (1)
___________________ by an excess of greenhouse gases, like methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide. Humans put
these into the atmosphere with our everyday activities. The excess of atmospheric carbon dioxide is caused by
burning (2) ___________________ , which we use to power our cars. Climate change is expected to cause many (3)
___________________ in the future, such as droughts, strong storms, and the loss of ecosystems. Scientists predict that the
Arctic ice will be completely (4) ___________________ by 2050. However, there are lots of simple ways to help prevent
this. Using less energy, taking public (5) ___________________ often and eating meat less are all easy ways to fight climate
change.

Ex 7. Read the following text and choose the best answer to fill in the blanks
Global warming refers to the rise in average surface temperatures on Earth. An overwhelming scientific consensus
maintains that climate change is due primarily to the human use of fossil fuels, which (1) __________ carbon dioxide

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and other greenhouse gases into the air. The gases trap heat within the atmosphere, which can have a range of
effects on ecosystems, (2) __________ rising sea levels, severe weather events, and droughts that render landscapes
more susceptible to wildfires.
While consensus among nearly all scientists, scientific organizations, and governments is (3)__________ climate
change is happening and is caused by human activity, a small minority of voices questions the validity of such
assertions and prefers to cast doubt on the preponderance of evidence. Climate change deniers often claim that
recent changes (4) __________ to human activity can be seen as part of the natural variations in Earth’s climate and
temperature, and that it is difficult or impossible to establish a direct connection between climate change and any
single weather event, such as a hurricane. While the latter is generally true, decades of data and analysis support the
reality of climate change and the human factor in this process. In any case, economists agree that acting to reduce
fossil fuel emissions would be far less expensive than (5) __________ with the consequences of not doing so.
(http://www.takepart.com/flashcards/what-is-climate-change/index.html)
1. A. returns B. repeats C. releases D. retakes
2. A. including B. making C. consisting D. containing
3. A. which B. what C. this D. that
4. A. attributed B. contributed C. believed D. talked
5. A. facing B. solving C. treating D. dealing

Ex 8. Read the following text and choose the best answer to fill in the blanks
Glaciers are melting, sea levels are rising, cloud forests are dying. More alarmingly, wildlife is scrambling to keep (1)
____. It’s becoming clear that humans have caused most of the past century’s warming by (2) ____ heat-trapping gases
as we power our modern lives. Called greenhouse gases, their levels are higher now than in the last 650,000 years.
We call the result global warming, but it is causing a set of changes to the Earth’s climate, or long-term weather
patterns, that varies from place to place. As the Earth spins each day, the new heat swirls with it, (3) ____ up moisture
over the oceans, rising here, settling there. It’s changing the rhythms of climate that all living things have come to
rely upon.
What will we do to slow this warming? How will we cope (4) ____ the changes we’ve already set into (5) ____? While
we struggle to figure it all out, the face of the Earth as we know it-coasts, forests, farms and snow-capped
mountains-hangs in the balance.
(https://www.nationalgeographic.com)
1. A. space B. pace C. rhythms D. step
2. A. relieving B. publishing C. releasing D. unraveling
3. A. pick B. to pick C. picking D. picks
4. A. with B. on C. at D. to
5. A. fluctuation B. direction C. movement D. motion

Ex 9. Read the following text and choose the best answer to fill in the blanks
Although the earth was formed about 4,500 million years ago, human beings have inhabited it for less than half a
million years. Within this time, population (1) __________ hugely and people have had a vast impact (2) ____ the earth.
They have long been able to put the forces of nature to use. Now, with modern technology, they have the power to
alter the balance of life on earth.

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Reports helped eliminate the dangerous belief that the world had no boundaries and had limitless resources. (3)
_______________, ecologists have shown that all forms of life on earth are interconnected, so it follows that all human
activity has an effect on the natural environment.
In recent years, people have been (4) ________ the environment under stress. As a result, certain raw materials
such as timber, water and minerals are beginning to run short. Pollution and the (5) _______ of waste are already
critical issues, and the state of the environment is fast becoming the most pressing problem confronting us all. The
way we respond (6) _________ the challenge will have a profound effect on the earth and its life support system
However, despite all these threats, there are reassuring signs. (7) __________ the past few decades, the growth in
population has been more than matched by food production, indicating that we should be able to feed ourselves for
some time yet.
1. A, have increased B, has increased C, increased D, increases
2. A, in B, on C, at D, into
3. A, However B, Although C, Moreover D, But
4. A, taking B, having C, putting D, making
5. A, burning B, disposal C, absorbing D, applying
6. A, for B, in C, of D, to
7. A, Since B, At C, For D, About

Ex 10. Read the following text and choose the best answer to fill in the blanks
GLOBAL WARMING
Few people now (1) ___________ the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate. Many scientists
(2) ________ the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase in the world's temperatures and are convinced
that, more than (3) __________ before, the Earth is at (4) ___________ from the forces of the wind, rain and sun.
(5) ___________ to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and droughts, even
more (6) ___________ and causing sea levels all around the world to (7) ___________.
Environmental groups are putting (8) ___________ on governments to take action to reduce the amount of carbon
dioxide which is given (9) __________ by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are
in (10) ____________ of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could
then replace existing power (11) _________.
Some scientists, (12) ___________, believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the
atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait (13) ___________ hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it
seems, is to stay.
1. A. hesitate B. realize C. disagree D. concern
2. A. give B. put C. take D. have
3. A. yet B. never C. once D. ever
4. A. threat B. danger C. risk D. harm
5. A. Concerning B. Regarding C. Depending D. According
6. A. strict B. severe C. strong D. heavy
7. A. raise B. arise C. rise D. lift
8. A. force B. pressure C. persuasion D. encouragement
9. A. off B. away C. up D. over
10. A. belief B. request C. favour D. suggestion

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11. A. factories B. generations C. houses D. stations
12. A. but B. although C. despite D. however
13. A. several B. over C. numerous D. various

Ex 11. Read the following text and choose the best answer to fill in the blanks
Coal, oil, and natural gas supply modern civilization (1) __________ most of its power. However, not only are
supplies of these fuels limited, but they are a major source of pollution. If the energy demands of the future are to be
met without seriously harming the environment, existing (2) __________ energy sources must be improved or further
explored and developed. These include nuclear, water, solar, wind, and geothermal power, as well as energy from
new, (3) __________ types of fuels. Each of these alternatives, however, has advantages and disadvantages.
Nuclear power plants efficiently produce large amounts of electricity without polluting the atmosphere; however,
they are costly to build and maintain, and they pose the daunting problem of what to do with nuclear wastes.
Hydroelectric power is (4) __________ and environmentally safe, but impractical for communities located far from
moving water. Harnessing energy from tides and waves has similar drawbacks. Solar power holds great promise for
the future but methods of collecting and –concentrating sunlight are as yet (5) __________, as are methods of
harnessing wind power.
1. A. on B. for C. with D. of
2. A. alternate B. alternative C. alternatively D. alter
3. A. nonpolluting B. pollution C. polluted D. polluting
4. A. expensively B. inexpensively C. expensive D. inexpensive
5. A. efficient B. efficiently C. inefficient D. inefficiently

Ex 12. Read the following text and choose the best answer to fill in the blanks
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME
We are probably all (1) ____ at some point in our lives of not caring for the environment as much as we should.
Perhaps we drop litter without thinking, or cause (2) ____ by using our cars when it's not necessary. However, the
real environmental (3) ____ are those big businesses which ignore the law. For many years now, (4) ____ have
attempted to protect the environment by making businesses responsible for making sure that the chemical they use
don't add to the (5) ____ of the environment. The problem for businesses is that the (6) ____ of the environment costs
money, and businesses will always try to (7) ____ their costs if they can. Some of them do this by simply putting
chemical into rivers when they have finished with them, leading to the (8) ____ of major problems. Although
government (9) ____ may try to catch them doing it, it can be very difficult to get (10) ____ that a particular business is
responsible for an environmental problem. It really depends (11) ____ not only the government but also businesses
and individuals as well. All people need to contribute to (12) ____ the environment.
1. A. guilty B. proud C. sorry D. tired
2. A. damage B. pollution C. . accidents D. trouble
3. A. agents B. crimes C. criminals D. doers
4. A. politicians B. politics C. parties D. residents
5. A. induction B. construction C. instruction D. destruction
6. A. production B. protection C. destruction D. deforestation
7. A. stabilise B. raise C. lower D. save
8. A. creation B. creativity C. creator D. creature

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9. A. suspicion B. suspect C. inspection D. inspectors
10. A. improvement B. proof C. waterproof D. prove
11. A. over B. at C. on D. in
12. A. protecting B. protect C. protected D. protection

Ex 13. Read the following passage and circle A. B. C. or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
We are a planet of seven billion people, and this number is growing by about 370,000 people every day. This is
putting a huge strain on the planet's natural resources. For many governments and environmental organizations, the
race is on to drastically reduce our consumption of resources before they run out.
Water is one of our most precious resources. Our quality of life, as well as life itself, depends on the availability of
clean, fresh water. It is the most widely used resource in industry, and plays a major role in energy production.
Although 70 percent of the world is covered in water, only 2.5 percent of that is fresh water, and less than one
percent of that freshwater is readily available to us. Yet we often overestimate how much water we have, and reduce
it further through pollution or inefficient use.
Some 92 percent of all fresh water used annually is dedicated to growing plants and raising animals for food. This
means that if water runs out, our food supply might follow. In India, it is estimated that future water shortages could
reduce grain harvests by 25%. In a country where the population exceeds 1.2 billion people and is growing rapidly
every year, this is a huge concern. India, like many developing countries, is already struggling to provide for its
population. While most people in developed countries can get water at the turn of a tap, nearly four billion people
elsewhere lack access to safe water, according to United Nations Development Report.
Rain forests are another endangered resource. While rain forests are critically important to humanity, they are
rapidly being destroyed by human activities. The biggest cause of deforestation is conversion of forest land for
agriculture. Often called the "Lungs of the Planet”, rain forests once covered 14 percent of the Earth's land surface, but
this has shrunk to only six percent. Every second, an area of rain forest, the size of a football field, is destroyed at this
rate. Rain forests will possibly disappear completely in less than 40 years.
(Adapted from: Active Reading)
1. Which best serves as the title for the passage?
A. Resources for the future. B. Human and environment.
C. Awareness of conservation. D. Water pollution
2. The word "strain" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________
A. contradiction B. depletion C. harmony D. pressure
3. The word "overestimate" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________
A. increase B. reduce C. maintain D. exaggerate
4. In paragraph 2, water is one of our most precious resources because ________.
A. most parts of the world is covered in fresh water B. our quality of life depends on the availability of fresh
water
C. fresh water is hardly used for energy production. D. all freshwater on earth is readily available to us.
5. The word “they” in paragraph 3 refers to_________.
A. rain forests B. humanity C. human activities D. resources
6. Which of the following is NOT true, according to the passage?
A. Most of the fresh water is used to grow plants and raise animals for food.

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B. The availability of clean, fresh water greatly affects our quality of life.
C. Our forests, the "Lungs of the Planet”, are increasing quickly.
D. The deforestation has been caused mainly by conversion of forest land for agriculture.
7. The word “run out” is CLOSET in meaning to __________
A. are depleted B. go out C. travel D. are decreased
8. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4?
A. "The Lung of our Planet" once covered most of the Earth's surface.
B. Rain forests are unlimited resources.
C. Rain forests may disappear in the near future due to the interference of human beings.
D. The government must be responsible for the shrink of rain forests

Ex 14. Read the following passage and circle A. B. C. or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
Scientists believe that something very serious is happening to the Earth. It is becoming warmer. Scientists predict
that there will be major changes in the climate during the 21 st century. Coastal waters will have higher
temperatures. This will have a serious effect on agriculture. Farmers will have trouble producing good crops. In
warm regions, the weather will be too dry. The amount of water could decrease by 50 per cent. This would cause a
large decrease in agricultural production.
World temperatures could increase from 1.5 to 5.6 degrees Celsius by the middle of the 21 st century. And the
increase in temperature could be even greater in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. A rise in temperature could cause
the great ice sheets to melt, which, in turn would raise the level of oceans by one to two meters. Many coastal cities
would be underwater. Why is all this happening?
The Earth and its atmosphere are kept warm by the Sun. The atmosphere lets most of the light from the Sun pass
through to warm the Earth. The Earth is warmer by the sunlight and sends heat energy back into the atmosphere.
Much of this energy escapes from the Earth’s atmosphere. However, some of it remains. Gases such as carbon
dioxide, ozone and water vapor absorb this energy and create more heat. Then, this heat is sent back down to Earth,
and the Earth becomes warmer.
Recently, however, an increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is causing serious problems. Too much carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere prevents heat energy from escaping. Too much heat is sent back down to the Earth, and
the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continues to increase. When oil, gas, and coal burn, they create
large amounts of carbon dioxide. The destruction of rain forests that absorb carbon dioxide also helps to increase
the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. Some scientists believe that the amount of carbon dioxide in the
air will double by the late 2000s.
Scientists call this warming of the Earth and its atmosphere “the greenhouse effect”. A greenhouse, made of glass
and plastic, is a special place where plants are grown. The sunlight passes through the glass or plastic and warms
the air inside. The heat inside escapes very slowly, so the greenhouse remains very warm. This is exactly what is
happening on the Earth.
Another reason why the Earth is growing warmer is because of the amount of ozone in our atmosphere. Ozone is a
form of oxygen. In the upper atmosphere, very far from the Earth, a layer of ozone helps to protect the Earth from 95
percent of the harmful light that comes from the sun. If your skin receives too much of this light, you would develop
skin cancer. We need the ozone layer to protect ourselves. But the ozone layer is in trouble. Scientists have observed

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that the ozone layer is becoming thin, and above Antarctica there is a hole. This allows too much of the sun’s
dangerous light into our atmosphere and makes the Earth warmer.
Scientists say we must start making changes and planning now. We need to continue to do research, so we can
predict what will happen in the future. We must burn less coal, oil, and gas. Other scientists believe that the problem
is not so serious. They think that the Earth is growing warmer naturally, that we don’t need to worry about it now,
and that we should just get ready for life in the warmer climate. Most scientists agree that the causes of the world’s
climate are very complicated. They say that we must continue to measure the amount of carbon dioxide and ozone
in the atmosphere. Scientists also encourage people to learn about the changes that are occurring in the world and
how we can all help protect our atmosphere.
(https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/)
1. Which of the following will be one of the consequences of a warmer earth?
A. Crops will be poor unless they are grown in the green house.
B. The amount of water will be decreased by half.
C. Farmer will get into trouble because of the heat.
D. There will be no winter on earth.
2. A rise in temperature will be more remarkable ____.
A. in the Arctic and Antarctic regions B. in the coastal cities
C. by the year 2050 D. under the great ice sheets
3. The melting of the polar ice sheets will probably lead to ____.
A. a rise in global temperature B. the extinction of many polar animals
C. flooding of many coastal cities D. a serve winter all over the world
4. The Earth wouldn’t become warmer if ____.
A. the heat energy didn’t escape from the Earth’s atmosphere
B. sunlight didn’t pass through the atmosphere
C. the Earth didn’t send heat energy back into the atmosphere
D. carbon dioxide, ozone and water vapor didn’t retain the heat energy
5. When the rainforests are destroyed ____.
A. people have to burn coal, oil, gas instead of wood for fuel.
B. heat energy fails to escape from the atmosphere.
C. there is nothing to absorb carbon dioxide.
D. serious problems are caused for the scientists.
6. How useful is the ozone layer?
A. It protects the earth from the harmful radiation from the sun.
B. It absorbs much of the carbon dioxide.
C. It sends the extra heat energy back into space and thus keeps the earth cool.
D. It helps treat skin cancer.
7. The two factors that directly cause the greenhouse effects are ____.
A. the destruction of rain forests and the melting of the polar ice
B. the burning of fossil fuels and the changes of the climate
C. the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the decrease of the ozone layer
D. the ignorance of greenhouse owners and the development of skin cancer
8. Which is the best title for the passage?

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A. The global warming B. The greenhouse effect
C. The heat energy D. The change of climate in the poles

Ex 15. Read the following passage and circle A. B. C. or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
Rains that are almost biblical, heat waves that don’t end - there’s been a change in the weather lately. What’s going
on?
Extreme weather is an unusual weather event such as rainfall, a drought or a heat wave in the wrong place or at the
wrong time. In theory, they are very rare. But these days, our TV screens are constantly showing such extreme
weather events. Take just three news stories from 2010: 28 centimetres of rain fell on Rio de Janeiro in 24 hours,
Nashville, USA, had 33 centimetres of rain in two days and there was record rainfall in Pakistan.
The effects of this kind of rainfall are dramatic and lethal. In Rio de Janeiro, landslides followed, burying hundreds
of people. In Pakistan, the floods affected 20 million people. Meanwhile, other parts of the world suffer devastating
droughts. Australia, Russia and East Africa have been hit in the last ten years. And then there are unexpected heat
waves, such as in 2003 in Europe. That summer, 35,000 deaths were said to be heat-related.
Peter Miller, a National Geographic columnist, says what is happening to our weather is probably a mixture of
numerous factors. On the one hand, the most important influences on weather events are natural cycles in the
climate. Two of the most famous weather cycles, EI Nino and La Nina, originate in the Pacific Ocean. The heat from
the warm ocean rises high into the atmosphere and affects weather all around the world. On the other hand, the
temperature of the Earth’s oceans is slowly but steadily going up. And this is a result of human activity. We are
producing greenhouse gases that trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. This heat warms up the atmosphere, land and
oceans. Warmer oceans produce more water vapour - think of heating a pan of water in your kitchen. Turn up the
heat, it produces steam more quickly. Satellite data tells us that the water vapour in the atmosphere has gone up by
four percent in 25 years. This warm, wet air turns into the rain, storms, hurricanes and typhoons that we are
increasingly experiencing.
Climate scientist, Michael Oppenheimer, says that we need to face the reality of climate change. And we also need to
act now to save lives and money in the future.
(https://www.ngllife.com/wild-weather)
1. The article says extreme weather is ________.
A. becoming more common B. not a natural occurrence
C. difficult for scientists to understand D. always affecting places where lots of people live
2. Extreme weather can be caused by _______.
A. very hot and rainy summers B. routine environmental phenomena
C. human beings’ manufacturing industry D. both natural and manmade activities
3. The underlined word “lethal” in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.
A. harmless B. deadly C. beneficial D. modest
4. By writing ‘Australia, Russia and East Africa have been hit in the last ten years’ in paragraph 3, the author means
________.
A. these countries also have drought in the last ten years
B. these countries have made some records in changing the climate
C. they are very populous areas in the world
D. they are also severely affected by extreme weather

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5. The underlined word “this” in the passage refers to ______.
A. the production of greenhouse gases B. the heat from the ocean
C. the growth of ocean temperature D. trapping heat in the atmosphere
6. What happened after pouring rain in Rio de Janeiro?
A. a bad summer B. a severe drought
C. slides of a large mass of dirt and rock D. a period of hot weather
7. Which of the following is considered normal?
A. greenhouse gases B. rising sea level
C. heat-related deaths D. EI Nino and La Nina
8. According to Michael Oppenheimer ________.
A. we cannot do anything to change the fact of climate change.
B. we can limit the effects of extreme weather.
C. we do not understand the reasons behind extreme weather.
D. we can adapt to the changes of global weather.

Ex 16. Read the following passage and circle A. B. C. or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
The costs and benefits of global warming will vary greatly from area to area. For moderate climate change, the
balance can be difficult to assess. But the larger the change in climate, the more negative the consequences will
become. Global warming will probably make life harder, not easier, for most people This is mainly because we have
already built enormous infrastructure based on the climate we now have.
People in some temperate zones may benefit from milder winters, more abundant rainfall, and expanding crop
production zones. But people in other areas will suffer from increased heat waves, coastal erosion, rising sea le vel
more erratic rainfall, and droughts.
The crops, natural vegetation, and domesticated and wild animals (including seafood) that sustain people in a
given area may be unable to adapt to local or regional changes in climate. The ranges of diseases and insect pests
that are limited by temperature may expand, if other environmental conditions are also favourable.
In its summary report on the impacts of climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change stated,
"Taken as a whole, the range of published evidence indicates that the net damage costs of climate change are likely
to be significant and to increase over time.”
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Environment pollution is real. B. Reasons why low-lying areas are flooded.
C. Solutions to global warming. D. Reasons why global warming is a problem.
2. Which of the following is TRUE as the result of global warming?
A. All people suffer from global warming. B. All people benefit from global warming.
C. Life is more difficult for the majority of people. D. Life is easier for most people.
3. In paragraph 1, the word “this” refers to ____.
A. harder life as a result of global warming B. easier life as a result of global warming
C. climate change on global scale D. flood in low-lying areas
4. In paragraph 2, the word “erratic” is closest in meaning to ____.
A. predictable B. unpredictable C. changeable D. unchangeable
5. According to the passage, all of the following are the results of global warming EXCEPT ____.

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A. higher temperature B. coastal erosion
C. increasing sea level D. stable rainfall
6. What may happen to diseases and insect pests as a result of global warming?
A. They will become extinct. B. They will increase in number.
C. They will not harm our planet. D. They will be under good control.

Ex 17. Read the following passage and circle A. B. C. or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
The Amazon rainforest is home to more than a third of all the world's species of plants, birds and animals.
Twenty per cent of all the birds in the world live in the rainforest. Scientists have discovered thousands of types of
plants and animals that can only be found there. There are thousands - probably millions more that we haven't
discovered yet. There are at least 2.5 million species of insects there. Imagine what would happen if they all lost
their home? It couldn't happen, could it? Unfortunately, it's happening right now. Yet, the rainforest is big. But it's
getting smaller. The problem is that people are cutting down the trees, mainly to make room for cows. These
provide meat and make money for their owners. This process of cutting down trees is called ‘deforestation'.
The good news is that it is slowing down. In 2004, for example, more than 27,000 square kilometres were cut
down. That's an area bigger than Wales. In 2006, because of all the campaigns to save rainforest, it dropped to just
over 13,000 square kilometres. The bad news is that it's not enough. Scientists predict that by 2030, the rainforest
will have become smaller by 40%. It's possible that by the end of the 21st century, the rainforest will have
completely disappeared. With deforestation, thousands of the animals, birds, fish and plants that live in the Amazon
rainforest lose their home, their natural habitat. Some of them move to other areas, but most of them die. Many
species have already become extinct, and many more will if deforestation continues. That will change the balance of
life in the rainforest and could cause enormous problems to the region's ecosystem.
There's another problem too. Trees and plants are a vital source of oxygen. If we cut them down, we lose that
oxygen. But it's worse than just that. With deforestation, the trees and plants are burnt. This sends gases into the
Earth's atmosphere, which stops some of the Earth's heat escaping. That then leads to the temperature here on the
ground going up. This increase in the world's temperature is called 'global warming', and most scientists believe it's
a very serious issue. If they stopped deforestation, it might help prevent global warming.
1. Which title best summarises the main idea of the passage?
A. Chances for owners of cow ranches B. Threats to Amazon rainforest
C. Global warming effects D. Habitat destruction
2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A. A fifth of all the birds in the world live in the rainforest.
B. 20% of all the animals in the world live in the rainforest.
C. Nearly two million species of insects are found in the Amazon rainforest.
D. Nearly half of the world's species of plants grow there.
3. In paragraph 1, the word "room” is closest in meaning to ____.
A. chamber B. flat C. area D. studio
127. In paragraph 2, the word "it” refers to ____.
A. room B. process C. rainforest D. deforestation
4. According the passage, which of the following is TRUE about Amazon rainforest?
A. It has become smaller by 40%. B. The deforestation is decreasing.

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C. 25% of animal species are extinct now. D. The deforestation is under control.
5. In paragraph 2, the word “enormous” is closest in meaning to ____.
A. serious B. important C. common D. insignificant
6. What might help to restrain global warming?
A. increasing deforestation B. stabilising deforestation
C. ceasing cutting down trees D. clearing more trees for farming

Ex 18. Read the following passage and circle A. B. C. or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
Right now, the biggest source of energy in the world is fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are oil, gas, and coal. More than 80
percent of the world's energy comes from fossil fuel. There are many problems with fossil fuel. One problem is that
when fossil fuel is burned, it pollutes the air. Also, when we take fossil fuel from the Earth, we often cause a lot of
damage. Another problem is that we are running out of it. That is why we need new sources of energy. A big source
of energy for many countries is nuclear power. Thirty-one countries use nuclear power. Many ships also use it.
Nuclear power has some advantages. First of all, we can't run out of nuclear power. Nuclear power does not make
the air dirty. Also, if a country has nuclear power, it doesn't need to buy as much as oil from other countries.
However, there are also a lot of problems that come with nuclear power. For example, nuclear accidents are very
serious. In 1986, there was a nuclear accident in Ukraine. In the next 20 years, about 4,000 people got sick and died.
In 2011, there was another very serious nuclear accident in Japan. Japan is still trying to clean up the nuclear waste
from the accident.
Many people don't want nuclear power in their countries. They say that it is not safe. A lot of people want their
countries to use safer and cleaner ways to get electricity. There have been protests against nuclear energy in the
United States, Russia, France, Taiwan, Japan, India, and many other countries.
Although many people hate nuclear energy, more and more countries are using it. One reason for this is that the
world is using more and more energy. We just don't have enough fossil fuel. However, if we use nuclear power, then
we may have more serious problems in the future.
1. Which of the following is NOT true about fossil fuel?
A. It can pollute the air. B. We don't use much of it.
C. Its sources are limited. D. Mining fossil fuel can bring harm to the environment.
2. All of the following are true about nuclear accidents EXCEPT that ______.
A. they have been very serious B. their effects can last many years
C. it doesn't take us much time to clean up the nuclear waste from the accident
D. there were serious nuclear accidents in Ukraine in 1986 and in Japan in 2011
3. The phrase "clean up" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. block B. evacuate C. disappear D. remove
4. What does the word "They" in paragraph 4 refer to?
A. countries B. protesters C. officials D. supporters
5. Which of the following statements would the author of the passage support most?
A. Some governments are wrong when they are using nuclear energy.
B. We should consider seriously nuclear power because it has both advantages and disadvantages.
C. We can continue using nuclear energy until there is an accident.
D. Many people don't want nuclear power in their countries and governments should follow their people.

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Ex 19. Read the following passage and circle A. B. C. or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
Globally we use more energy than ever before, and the demand is rapidly growing. Economic expansion of
emerging market economies, population growth and our increasing use of energy-consuming devices are among
the most important contributing factors.
About one-third of the radiation hitting Earth’s atmosphere is reflected back out into space by clouds, ice, snow,
sand and other reflective surfaces. The other two-thirds is absorbed by the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere. As
the land, oceans and atmosphere heat up, they re-emit energy as infrared thermal radiation, which passes through
the atmosphere. Heat-trapping gases like carbon dioxide (CO 2) absorb this infrared radiation and prevent it from
dissipating into space, giving rise to what we know as the greenhouse effect. The accumulation of CO 2 and other
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the dominating driver of recent climate change. CO 2 is estimated to be
responsible for 64 % of man-made global warming. Other greenhouse gases are released in much smaller amounts
but still contribute significantly to the overall warming effect, as they are much more potent heat-trapping gases
than CO2.
The EU is taking action on many levels. One example is on fluorinated gases that are contributing less than CO 2 but
still a particular point of concern in addressing climate change. They are used in several types of products, such as
in refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump equipment. While fluorinated gases are released into the
atmosphere in smaller quantities than other greenhouse gases, they are extremely potent – they produce a warming
effect 23 000 times greater than CO 2. For this reason the EU has decided to control their use. The EU’s regulation on
fluorinated greenhouse gases aims at cutting the Union’s emissions by two-thirds compared to 2014 levels.
Chemicals are not only part of the problem – they are also part of the solution. Sustainable energy sources like solar
power rely on chemical innovation using, for example, nanomaterials. One of the main challenges with renewable
energy is how to increase its viability with the help of energy storage solutions. For example, solar panels have the
best conditions in the desert, but that is not where most people live. Windmills also produce power during the night,
which is when our energy consumption is at its lowest. In other words, technologies to improve energy storage and
transportation is one of the important areas of research where innovation is needed.
(Source: https://chemicalsinourlife.echa.europa.eu/)
1. The passage mainly discusses_________.
A. Inspiration behind global protests. B. Disagreement between activists and scientists.
C. Controversial environmental policies. D. Chemicals and global warming.
2. The word “emerging” in paragraph 1 can be replaced by _______.
A. beginning B. problematic C. provisional D. developing
3. According to paragraph 2, why does part of the energy received from the sun remain on Earth?
A. The carbon dioxide absorbs and re-emits the thermal radiation from the Earth’s surface.
B. The infrared radiation is not capable of escaping the ozone layer with the help of human tools.
C. The heat is hindered from dispelling by clouds, ice, snow and sand.
D. Human forcefully keep the extra thermal energy for future use.
4. The word “potent” in paragraph 2 can be replaced by _______.
A. energetic B. dormant C. active D. lethargic
5. The word “They” in paragraph 3 refers to _____.
A. reflective surfaces B. fluorinated gases

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C. greenhouse gases D. energy sources
6. According to paragraph 3, what action has the EU take in response to global warming?
A. They keep track the emission of fluorinated gases to curb its release to an optimal level.
B. They analyse the statistics of each year’s carbon footprint of the world.
C. They introduce new legislations concerning the consumption of plastic.
D. They dismiss the issue as a natural process and neglect its evident impacts
7. Which of the following statements is TRUE, according to the passage?
A. Solar energy is easier to harness in the dynamic and populated cities.
B. There is a broad consensus that human activity is the main cause of global warming.
C. CO2 is reported to account for more than two-thirds of artificial warming effect.
D. Methane is the most powerful heat-trapping chemical substance.
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. We are coming closer to the next Ice Age more than ever.
B. The physical environment holds the capability of shaping life’s grand patterns.
C. Chemistry has to play a pivotal role in addressing the issue of climate change.
D. Most people do not believe in the occurrence of global warming despite abundant evidence.

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