PITMAN
SHORTHAND
INSTRUCTOR
AND KEY
A COMPLETE EXPOSITION
OF SIR ISAAC PITMAN’S
SYSTEM OF SHORTHAND
NEW ERA EDITION
WHEELER PUBLISHING Fist Indian reprint 1955
Sales Territory : India and Nepal
This book can be exported from India only by the
Publishers, A. H. Wheeler and Company Private Ltd.,
aad this constitutes a condition of its initial sale and its
subsequent sales. Infringement of this condition of
sale will lead to civil and/or criminal legal action and
prosecution.
Published by Y. P. CHOPRA for A, H. WHEELER
and COMPANY (P) LIMITED., ALLAHABAD and
peated by NEO-OFFSET, 119, VIVEKANAND
MARG, ALLAHABAD., —_ Bound at AGRAWAL
ROOK BINDERS, 22, D.N. MARG, ALLAHABAD has been subjected to tests so $0 diverse, and
80 severe as those which Pitman hend—es the
1s now }—has since its
Groducion Sih the moult that ft bat boon, most
successfully adapted to the practical requirements of ali
classes of shorthand writers.
Although students, a3 a rute, experionce no difficulty
10 nndortlandiog the coihod herent fasth of “wits
by sound,” it 1s desirable that they should have, at tho
beginning of their study, an intelligent of all that
is conveyed by that term. Therefore, before the
of the first chapter is attempted, the Introduction
follows this Preface should be read with care.
The advantage of practical abilty in the art of short-
>» hand ae a i iniversally in ine
present that it is unnecessary to emphasize it. It 1
obvious, u , that the value of shorthand, whether a PREFACE
best—were not employed. This important fact is now
generally > and statistics, the testimony of
public men, and general observation, concur in demon-
that the systera which Sir Isaac Pitman invented
and used as the shorthand par excellence for
ail wit epodk the Engiah language Further and very
evidence to the merits of his system is the
fact that if has been adapted to no fewer than twenty
foreign languages. . ' .
The Publishers take this unity of tendering
their sincere thanks to the number of
writers and teachers of Phonography who have offered
valuable suggestions for the improvement of the
Present edition. INTRODUCTION
HONOGRAPHY, the name originally given to
Pitman Shorthand, has been briefly but accurately
defined as “the art of ting sounds
by character; a system of shorthand> The first
question that will occur to the student will be, what is
tbe fundamental difference between the shorthand
characters and the letters in ordinary writing and print:
ing? To awe this quton taney come
the alphabet of the language. It is obvious that the
usual or Romanic alphabet of twenty-six letters cannot
St hes Coals ope. Aa a Coen
many of th eter ofthat ape are of neces wot
to represent different sounds. It is manifest, therefore,
that any system of shorthand founded on the common
bet would prove 8 very imperfect and cumbrous
tain and for recording ing SPOkeN urran cs w
pa Clef objec of shorthand. With
bet cither a single sign standing for one
Of the ltiexs would be requites to'do duty fer sovern
eee eee
represent « single sound, as is done ip
wn ter nd, he te comsommts
concemed with the ordinary spelling of the words gaol
and gale, in which the sounds of tho Gxst consonant are
different, al in longhand same
letter. if the omnaon palling were howed is
vt viin INTRODUCTION
shorthand, we should have the same shorthand symbols
for both words But the initial sounds in these words are
different; in the first.the sound 1s jay, in the second gay.
For these dissimilar sounds the Pitman system provides
dissimilar shorthand signs, The second illustration
deals with Vowels, as, for example, in the words tub and,
tube. If the shorthand symbols were the equivalents of’
the letters of the common alphabet (the final e of rube
being omitted because it is not sounded), the steno-
grapher would be obliged to wnte both words by
Precisely the same characters, namely, t-u-b. .Pitman
Shorthand, however, provides for the representation of
the different sounds @ and 4 heard in the respective
words, and these are indicated by different symbols.
The phonetic notation of the system of shorthand
developed in the present work has been found, after
widely extended use, to possess important practical
advantages. By the employment of the phonetic
alphabet, which has been termed the “alphabet of
nature,” spoken language can be recorded with one-
sixth of the trouble and time-that longhand requires, by
those who use Pitman Shorthand simply as a substitute
for the ordinary longhand writing. With the adoption
of the systematized methods of abbreviation developed
‘in the more advanced stages, this method of shorthand
can be written legibly with the speed of the most rapid
distinct articulation, and it may be read with the
certainty and ease of ordinary longhand writing.
An explanation on one point, however, is desirable:
fn the study and use of Pitman Shorthand it should
be borne in mind that although the system is phonetic
it is not designed to represent or record minute shades
of pronunciation. The Pitmanic alphabet, in the words
of Max-Miiller, “‘comprehends the thirty-six broad
typical sounds of the English language and assigas to
each a definite sign.” It does not seek to mark, for INTRODUCTION ix
example, the thirty or more variations of sound which
have been found to exist in the utterance of the twelve
simple vowels. The pronunciation of the vowels, as
Max-Miller has shown, varies greatly in different
localities and in the various countries of the world in
ehich the English language is spoken, ang in which
Pitman Shorthand 1s practised. The standard of
pronunciation, as exhibited in printed shorthand,
cannot, therefore, be expected to coincide minutely with
the pronunciation of English in all parts.
‘has abundantly proved that the representation of the
broad typical sounds of English as provided for in
Pitman Shorthand 1s ample for all stenographic
purposes.
The presence of r has a modifying effect upon a
preceding vowel. The student's aftention is, therefore,
directed to the followmg observations with regard to
the consonant r, to certain vowels when preceding r and
toa class of vrweis Winch may be described as more or
less obscure
(ay With the exception of warsted (the woollen material) and
& few proper names, as Jhurester, wherever the consonant ¢
occurs in a word, in Pitman shorthand it must be cepresented
as «7 consonant,
(6) In such words as bar, fur, mur, far, jar, the vowel-sign
for ah 1s to be used, but in such words as burrow, Farrow,
marry, carry, and Jarrow, the first vowel-sound is to be repre-
sented by the vowel-sign for a.
(c) In such words as four, fore, roar, lore, wore, shore, door,
pour, core, gore, lore, sore, the vowcl-sign for o is tu be used.
& in such words as torch, morn, fork, the vowel-sign for 3
to be used.
{e) In such words as air, fair, lair, bare, the vowel-sign for a
is to be used.
(/) In such pairs of words as fir, fur; earth, worth; per,
Burr; Percy, pursy; the vowel-sound in the first word of the
pairs is to be represented by the vowel-sign for 2; the vowel-
sound in the second werd of the pairs is to be repr*sented by
the vowel-sign for a. x INTRODUCTION
(g) {In words like custody, custom, baron, felony, colour,
factory, the second vowel-sound is represented by the vowel-
sign for a.
(A) In words like viliage, cottage, breakage, the second vowel-
sound is represented bythe vowel-sign for é.
(i) In words like suppose, the second vowel-sound is repre-
sented by the, vowel-sign for d; but in words like supposition,:
disposition, tne second vowel-sound is represented by the
vowel-sign for d.
With the accurate employment of the phonographic
signs, there need be no uncertainty as to what those
employed for a particular word are intended to re
present, and, as Max-Milller has testified, ‘English can
be written rationally and read easily” with the Pitmanic
alphabet. To use Pitman Shorthand successfully, the
rules of the system must be thoroughly mastered. By
the employment of the various abbreviating devices,
the most important benefit to be derives from shorthand
will be attained, namely, the maximum of speed
combined with legibility. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT
The system of shorthand set forth in the following
pages received the name of Phonography (a term derived
irom two Greek words meaning “sound writing”)
“because it affords the means of recording the sounds of
spoken language. From the outset, therefore, the
student should remember that he is learning to write by
SOUND, Le., to write words as they are pronounced;
that each simple character represents one definite
‘sound and no other; and that the ordinary spelling—
with its many irregularities and inconsistencies—as
exhibited in printing and in longhand writing, is not
to be followed or imitated.
When the student has mastered the value of the
phonographic signs, he should use those which re
present the equivalent sounds in forming the characters
for the words he desires to write. For exampie, if he
wishes to write in Phonography the word knee (spelt
with four letters, though made up of only two sounds),
he uses but two phouographic signs, namely, that’ for
the consonant n and that for the vowel é. To spell in
this fashion, a mental analysis of the sounds of words
must be made, but the ability to do this is very easily
acquired, and is soon exercised without conscious
effort.
For working the exercises and for ordi
graphic writing, a pen aod ruled paper should be used.
eating generally, it 18 not so easy to acquire a neat
tyle of writing by the use of a pencil as rt is by the use
of a pen. No doubt, the pencil is frequently employed;
in some cases, indeed, it may be found impossible to
use a pen for note-taking. The student would do weil,
therefore, to accustom himself to write either with a
pen ot @ pencil in the more advanced stages of bis
Pt ai DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT
progress, though for writing the exercises given in this
book the pen only should be used.
The pen should be held lightly, and in such a manner
as to permit of the shorthand characters being easily
written. The wrist must not be allowed to rest upon the.
notebook ér desk. In order to secure the greatest
freedom of movement, the middle of the forearm should
test on the edge of the desk. The writer should sit in
front of his work, and should have the paper or note-
book parallel with the edge of the desk or table. For
shorthand writing, the nib employed should not be too
stiff, but should have a sufficiently fine and flexible
point to enable the thick and thin characters of the
system to be written so as clearly to distinguish the one
from the other. Paper with a fairly smooth surface is
absolutely essential.
The student should thoroughly mastor the explana-
tions and rules which precede the respective exercises,
and write out several times the illustrative words
appearing in the text, afterwards working the exercises.
As the secret of success in ‘shorthand is PRACTICE, it is
advisable that the various exercises should be written
and re-written until they can be done with perfect
freedom and accuracy. The perusal of progressive
reading lessons in printed shorthand will also be found
helpful to the student in forming a correct style of
writing; and the practice of writing the characters, at
first with careful accuracy, afterwards with gradually
accelerated speed, will materially assist him in forming :
a neat style of shorthand writing.
The system is explained in the following pages,
aod can be soquired frown the instruction ees
by anyone who is prepared to deyote ordinary per-
severance and application to the'study. With the
assistance of a teacher, however, more rapid and
satisfactory advance will be made in the mastery of the art. Should any difficulty be in finding s
teacher, the publishers will be to furnish any
student with the names and of the nearest
teachers of Pitman Shorthand. It should be pointed
out that satisfactory progress in iring the art of
shorthand will only be made if a Portion of time
is regularly devoted to the study EVERY DAY; or, in the
case of school or class instruction, by a and
punctual
forming the course. Study at irregular intervals of time
is of little value; but an hour, or a longer period,
devoted daily to the task will give the student a know-
ledge of the system in a comparatively short time, and
constant and careful practice will bring speed and
dexterity. BEd Pee eeacadeecge dunpda a <3 ooo
CONTENTS
race
THR CONSONANTS nooo . e
THE VOWELS. . . - . s
INTERVENING VOWELS AND Posrrion -
GRAMMALOGUES, PUNCTUATION : ‘ . 6
ALTERNATIVE SIGNS FOR r AND A 19
ABBREVIATED w . q : - @
PHRASBOGRAPHY . . . . | a6
TICK the . . - 2
CIRCLE s AND 2—LAFT AND RIGHT MOTION, =| I
STROKE 3 AND 2 . . . : . 38
LARGE CIRCLES sw AND 55 OR 5x 9
LOOPS sf AND Sfr “3
INITIAL HOOKS TO STRAIGHT STROKES AND CURVES 48
ALTERNATIVE FORMS FOR fr, oF, ETC. 7 e153
INTERVENING VOWELS. : -
CIRCLE OR LOOP PRECEDING naman. nook - 33
” AND f HOOKS ‘ - 6
CIRCLES AND LOOPS TO FINAL HOOKS - 67
THE shun ROOK A . = a2
THR ASPIRATE "
UPWARD AND DOWNWARD . 82
UPWARD AND DOWNWARD / AND sh a7
COMPOUND CONSONANTS . 92
VOWEL INDICATION 0 ”
THE HALVING PRINCIPLE (section 1) 7 - 102
TRE HALVING PRINCIPLE (s8CTION 2) - 107
THR DOUBLING PRINCIPLE g M2
DIFHONIC OR TWO-VOWEL SIGNS ne
MEDIAL SEMICIRCLE . . 13
PREFIXES : . . . : - 126
NEGATIVE WORDS . . . . . 127
SUFFIXES AND TERMINATIONS 132
CONTRACTIONS. 140
FIGURES, ETC. . 5 a : - 2
PROPER NAMES. . . . . . ist NOTE-TAKING, TRANSCRIPTION, ETC. . :
ESSENTIAL VOWELS. . + . + .
SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS . . : .
ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY - : : .
INTERSECTIONS =~. . . . . .
BUSINESS PHRASES . . . . . .
POLITICAL PHRAS®S .
BANKING AND STOCKAROKING PHRASES
INSURANCE AND SHIPPING PHRASES
TECHNICAL AND RAILWAY PHRASES .
LEGAL PHRASES). ‘ . ‘
THEOLOGICAL PHRASES . . a 2
SPECIAL LIST OF WORDS . a : 7
SHORTHAND IN PRACTICE . .
OUTLINES POR THE NAMES OF SOME comer CITSES
AND TOWNS . a -
‘GRAMMALOGUES ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY
GRAMMALOGUES ARRANGED PHONETICALLY :
SPECIAL LIST OF CONTRACTIONS . .
fNDeEX . 5 a 5 ac .
PAGE
1533
162
168
189
225
234
238
243
248
254
260
268
285
288
289
291
29)
297 CHAPTER 1
THE CONSONANTS
“Consonants are the result of audible triction or
stopp! pping of the breath in some part of the mouth or
throat.” (Prof. Sweet.)
Forms of Consonants. 1. For the representation of all
the consonant sounds, (except », y, and the aspirate A),
the simplest geometrical forms are used, namely, the
it line and the shallow curve, as shown in the
following diagrams—
“ © &
Arrangement of Groups. 2. The order of the arrange-
ment of each group of consonants, as exhibited in the
Table on a following page, follows the order of the oral
movements from the lips inwards in the utteranco of
their respective sounds. The first pair of consonants,
p, 5, are pronounced between the lips, and the next
seven pairs at the several barriers further back in the
mouth, in the succession indicated in the phonographic
alphabet.
Classes of Consonants, 3. The first eight consonants,
represented by straight strokes, are called “‘explodents,”
because, in pronouncing them, the outgoing breath is
in a sudden gust through barriers previously
closed.
4. The next eight, represented by upright or sloping
curves, are called “continuants,” because in uttering
these the outgoing breath, instead of being expelled
1 THE CONSONANTS J 5-10
\
in a continuous stream
through similar barriers Open.
5. The “nasals,” represented by a horizontal curve,
are produced by clasing the successive barriers in the
mouth against the outgoing air-stream, so that it has to
escape through the nose. ;
6. The. “hquids” flow into union with other con-
sonants, and thus make double consonants, as in the
words cliff, dry, where tho / or r blends with the pre-
ceding consonant. -
7. The “‘coalescents” precede vowels and coalesce or -
unite with them.
8. The “aspirate” is a breathing upon a following
vowel. Thus by a breathing upon the vowel 2 in the
word af, the word is changed into hat.
Pairs of Consonants. 9. The first sixteen consonants
form pairs; thus, p and 6; tandd; chand /; k and g;
fand 9; th and th; sand z; sk and zh, tthe articula-
0 pair are represented
by the same stroke, but for the second consonant this is
written thick instead of thin; as p, xb, 1.4, 1,
Mf, &. 9, etc. We have, therefore, a light sign for the
light sound, and a heavy sign for the heavy sound. In
this, as in the fact that each pair of consonants is re-
presented by kindred signs, a natural relation is Pre”
served between the spoken sound and the written sign.
Throughout this book whatever relates to the light‘
strokes applies also to the corresponding heavy strokes
unless the contrary is stated. eomy
Size of Strokes. 10. The consonants should be
written about one-sixth of an inch long, as in these
pages. It is of the utmost importance that from the qil THE CONSONANTS 3
outset the student should learn to form the whule of
the strokes uniformly as to length. Whatever size be
adopted, all the strokes should be made in length.
Later there will be introduced a principle for writing
strokes half the normal length, ang lator still another
for the making of strokes doub! ae length.
It is thus imperative that the student shou) obtan a
fixed anu strictly uniform length from the start. Care
should be taken to form the curved thick letters, when
standing alone, thus \_ u, ) z. Ifmade heavy through-
lout they look clumsy: they should be thick in the
middle only, and should taper off at each end, except
when a joining such as \__. vg or \_, 6 ng is made.
Thick strokes are never written upward. As an aid to
remembering the strokes for th and s, the student should
note that ) sis the curve on the right side of 2 5. The
consonants / and r form the /eft and right sides of an
arch (T\. The consonant / is most commonly written
upwards; but it may be written downward in certain
cases in accordance with rules which will be explained
later.
Names of Consonants. 11. "Joti! the student is
perfectly familiar with the names of the consonants and
the characters representing them, he should, in writing
out the exercises, name aloud each shorthaad stroke as
he writes it_ The strokes must always be celled by their
honetic names: thus, “ch” 1s to be named chay; “g”
‘ay; “ng” ing. The reason for this 1s that each phonetic
character has a fixed value and, therefore, requires to
be called by a name which indicates the sound that it
invariably represents. 4 TABLE OF CONSONANTS n
KR
g
i (
&é )
)
2
4
fw light tile
J
.
xi
3 Coalescents Liquids Nasals
&
\
4
-
ie n EXERCISES ON CONSONANTS 3
Exercise 1
(Zo be written by the student. The arrow —» shows the
direction tn which the stroke is to be written. The
curves 1, 0 and og and the straight strokes k and g
are written on the line.)
P,BOAS ANN SN NS ANN NN OAK
7.D.4. Th a KL
* ex)
FV Wa NL
tH, TH LCE |
Gth) (Ghee)
8,2. dE
RN. Neo Ye
RL,
tay)
(way)
Ho? 2D.
Qa:
S, 6 EXERCISES ON CONSONANTS 12-13
Chay and Ruy. 12. Theso strokes are somewhat
similar. They differ, however, in slope and in the
direction in which they are written. It is scarcely
possible, moreover, to tristake one for the other, inas-
much as chay is always written DOWN at an angie of
30° from the perpendicalar, and ray is always written
up at an angle of 30° from the horizontal; thus f/. chay,
Z. ray. If the pupil cannot, at tho first trial, produce a
fair copy of the signs in Exercise 1, he should write
them several times, and vary the practice by writing the
strokes in irregular order; thus,
le
ale
Exercise 2
Read, copy, and transcribe as shown in line 1
INNA LA be Lodi L
pP bt d chj kK g wy hahr
2 DML LN Lol Lome Foe.
3. SMC) LL ee ee ee i Yo
4 Aum kow © media CAM fd.
SNA Led IA med Dd
6.
1
ee ee
PIN Y Cn wR OE.
Bb mek RN LN De Lol
Joined Strokes. 13. Strokes when joined must be
written without lifting the pen, the beginning of a
following stroke joining the end of a preceding stroke,
as in the following exercise. 13 JOINED STROKES 7
Exercise 3
Read and copy
Pp =pt, pd, poh, pj, pk.
bf. dth, ds, chs, jm, jt, Im.
ki, km, kn, kk, kd..
fr, fth fl, oft, fh, ff.
th m, th I, thr, th rfr, sk, kk.
6. < .
... ¢ar-ache, '
Position of Outlines. 23. Just as there are three
places in which to put the vowel-signs, so there are
three positions in which to write the outlines of words.
The st position is above the line; the second position
is on the line; and the third position is through the line.
The first sounded vowel in the word determines the
position of the outline.
When the first sounded vowel in a word is a first
place vowel, the outline is written in the first position;
a, > palm, Cc talk, a got, <\ rod, 1 wrought.
When the first sounded vowel in-a word is a second-
ae eee eee ee Ot een Oot eae
4 a INTERVENING VOWELS AND POSITION 1S
Whea the first sounded cowel in a word is a third-
place vowel, the outline is written in the third position;
ee of J- lead, 6}. lid, =}. keyed,
| B
It not to write a horizontal stroke
the line; therefore, when an outline consists
of borizoatal stokes ti written in the fra
if the first sounded vowel is a first-
fod in the second position ifthe fet sounded vowel b
either a second- or a third-place vowel; as,
mocking, <.—__ making, «>: meek, _—~1, cook.
Exercise 8
Read and copy
Oe
Paul, Polly, tall, Dolly, bought, body.
Pe A ‘tem
Coal, gull, wrote, rut, dome,
3. nae ne ip 2
Keyed, kid, giddy, leak, lick, —_— kill.
yy eee ee ee
Fade, fed, laid, ded, raid, red.
So Ne fC fence Yn Mf Mi
Peel, pill, pillow, pillowed, bully, bullied.
6 yy — tom | Sega
Heed, kid, hood, cheap, S reap.
, 16 INTERVENING VOWELS AND POSITION 25-26
Exercise 9
Reid, copy, and transcribe
Exercise 10
Write in shorthand
. Patch, batch, Pere ae shop, shoddy, jolly.
. Paid, ae, bake, beck, jail, jelly.
. Leap, lip, leave, live, lead, lid.
. Nave, navy, enough, bale, bell, below.
. May, make, name, oe bie comb, mb, money.
. Feed, food, sheep, ship, loom,
occurring words are
Grammalogues.
a sign, as Ss for be.
These words are called grammalogues or letter-words,
and the shorthand characters that represent them are’
called logograms, or word-letters. At tho head of the
following Exercises some logograms are given, which
must be committed to memory. These characters are
written above, on, or through the line, as, Aye
Punctuation, 26. The period, or full stop, is repre-
vented by a small cross; thus, x; tho chu,
AAPWHN a 26 INTERVENING VOWELS AND FOSITION it)
the note of interrogation and the note of exciamation
Band i respectively. Other punctuation marks sre
written as usual. Two short lines underneath an outline
indicate an initial capital.
GRAMMALOGUES
eee
LL on, 1. but; 1 (down) awe, ought, anght,
~4... (down) who; 2 (up) and, .. (up) should.
Exercise 11
Read, ccpy, and transcribe
Exercise 12
Write in shorthand
(THE WORDS PRINTED IN ITALIC TYPS ARB
Lae emer iene teed
the date.
2. Who took the padlock off the gato of the paddock? rt INTERVENING VOWELS AND PORTION 2%
3. Up to the date of the party she looked both rich and
¢ The bead of the bank may leave on Monday
ought to chakgo the date on the cheque fo the
1. Furst-pLacg and S8OOND-PLACE vowel-signs when
occurring between two strokes are written after
the first stroke; THIRD-PLACa vowel-signs are
ie ran, gore ied by the first
2. The 2 of an outline is governs
Nd vowel in the word. ¥
A grammalogue is a juently-occurring word
represented by 8 ng The for a
gramma is
4. The full stop is Lome, bya small cross,x; the
dash by-~; mark of interrogation and mark of
exclamation by @ and { respectively.
5. Two short lines undermeath an outhine indicate an
initial capital. CHAPTER IV
ALTERNATIVE SIGNS FOR R AND H
Consonant R. 27. The consonant r is provided
se ia forms it reo int in a
strokes together, and also for the purpose,
an initial or a final vowel-sound. ot
28. Initial r is written-dowoward when preceded by a
vowel-sound; as, 2. oar, -\_ array, .\.. Arab, In
other cases, the general rule is to write initial or final r
upward when it is followed by a vowel-sound, and down-
ward when it is net Sechaee by a vowel-sound; as, _<_
eu i SZ. parry but Soy, par;. | iv . tarry but
C.. tur; (E:, sherry but <- share.
29. Downward r is always written initially before m
tacause of the easier joining.
Consonant H. 30. The upward form of A is most
commonly used; but the downward form is written
when the letter staads alone or is immediately followed
by 2 6 OF ee Pal ay L hay, 1. hake, Ln. Haig.
Exercise 13
Read, copy, and transcribe GRAMMALOGUES
ny pitts Bes. tober Att: | had, | do,
| difference, different; L. nauch, |. whieh,
Exercise 15
Read, copy, and transcribe
t. a Ne SM clean
2 bry bb deger 30 = ALTERNATIVE SIGNS FOR “R" AND “H” 2
4. If they got the money it should make much difference
to the firm.
5. They had a heavy mail on Monday.
6. Tom saw the head of the firm leave at four of so.
Sammary
t. The consonant r initially is written downward if a
vowel precedes, and upward if a vowel docs not
2. The consonant r finally is written upward if a vowel
follows. and downward if no vowel follows.
3. Downward r is written before m.
4. The consonant A standing alone, or followed by k
or g, is written downward; io other cases the
upward form is written. CHAPTER V
DIPHTHONGS
shit Prof Shear) we Yowetsounde in one
ells,
‘ There are four common diphthongs,
Se eis
enjoy music.
tow fort
I‘}ow fa id,
eee of are written in the first
place; a a
Joined Diphthongs, 33. The diphthong-signs may
be joined to the consonant in many words; thus,
oe y nee 1 OM, — nigh am Now, bom,
~ avow, 4; dew, ao Matthew, } issue, ...
34. The semicircle representing 2 may be written
.for convenience in joining; thus, cue, . “Sargue,
owl,
zp. MEW, nes, new, —— value. The sign for fis abbre-
viated when. prefixed to / and m, and the sign for ow is
abbreviated when affixed to n, as shown in the examples
in paragraph 33.
Triphones. 35. A small Rae se tached (0.8 diphthong:
sign represents any vowel immediately following the
2 ; 36-37 DiperrEonas 3
diphhong; tons, O° dary, © loyal, 42. towel, ba.
attenuate, \..... fewer, annuity, 41 riot, =}... ngenuous.
Theso ‘es are eee because they re-
Abbreviated W. 36. The initial sound of w, before
k, g, m, r is represented by a right semicircle; thus,
a wake, + wig,’—. wear, 2. wary.
37. When w is preceded by a vowel, the stroke c/~
must be written; as, “_ awake, “<_. awoke,
aware.
Exercise 17
Read, copy, and transcribe
SOM
NP 4 PY YN
pre z
DIPRTHONGS 7
4. View, review, tunic, fury, mule.
5. Item, eyes, nigh, deny, voyage, argue, arguing,
genuine. -
6. Wear, wary, weary, woke, awoke, war, warm.
GRAMMALOGUES
Exercise 20
‘Write in shorthand
1, How can you attach the wire to the high chimney?
2. They wero duo so arrive at five, but were delayed a
Jong time at Wick.
3. You should verify each item on the bill,
4. Do you like the new tyre you have had put on the car?
5. Few of the party knew why you had to'go to Newquay
on the tenth of Suly.
6. A week ago I saw Doyle, but he had no time to give
to my work; ho had to hurry for the boat. 7 DIPHTHONGS 2
Summary
1. The four diphthongs are i, ow, oi, a.
2. The diphthongs / and o/ are put in the first vowel-
place, and ow and @ in the third vowel-place,
3. A diphthong may be joined to a stroke where
convenient. .
4. A small tick attached to a diphthong-sign indicates
the addition of a vowel to the diphthong.
5. Initial w before k, g, mt, 7, is represented by a right
semicircle. CHAPTER V1
PHRASEOGRAPHY
Phrasing. 38: Phraseography is the writing of two
or more words together without lifting the the
resulting outline being called a phraseogram. best
phraseograms are those which combine the qualities
of facility, lineality, and legibility. A phraseogram
should be easy to write; it should not ascend too far
above, nor descend too far below, the line; and it
must be legible when written. Subject to the observance
of these conditions, the practice of phrase writing will
greatly increase the writer's fluency and specd.
(a) The first word-form of a phraseogram must
occupy the position in which it would be written if it
stood alone. Thus, the phrase how can they would be
represented by the outline ay commencing on the line,
because how, if it stood alone, would be written on the
line. Similarly, “\_. have commences above the line,
because J, standing alone, would be written above the
line.
(6) A first-position word-form may be slightly
raised or lowered, however, to permit of a following
stroke being written above, on or through the line, a3,
at J thank you (and using the logogram ... with),
1 with much, £. with which, {. with each.
26 39 PHRASEOGRAPHY 27
nl Whee j ined to k, m, f (up), ™. may be
hua “ZL can, Se ee ew J
(d) With rare exceptions it is unnecessary to vocalize
hraseograms. The word he standing alone, or at the
fea of a phrase, is written 7.; butin the middle
of a phrase the word is represented by the logogram .1_;
a if he should know. For the sake of an easier
joining the word much is sometimes written in full io
phrases; as, sa much, n> how much, and were is
written either Wa or Sy; thus, LZ they were, n.
you were, Nor if they were, Se if he were. In
phrases, the word him should have the dot vowel in-
serted; thus, ~~. of him, xexx to him.
Tick the. 39. The word the may be expressed by 4 bya
light slanting sick, joinec to a preceding er and
written either downward (from right to left) or upward
(from left to right).
(a) Downwarp: 2. of the, 7. and the, 4. should
the, 5. with the, >. by the, i, if the, \.. have the.
(6) Upwarn: .™... beyond the, 2”. what the, 1. how
the, L _ at the, “L.. which the, 2... was the.
This tick for the must never be used initially,
Note—.” om the and &. but the should slope a little
to secure a better angle. B PHRASEOGRAPHY
o I thank you
Yn | a 1 think you should | €
‘A. Uhave the
T have had
“DT saw the
I seo
X 1 may be
_ Twill
SI will be
we... you should
£
on, You should be
nom YOU can
af... you will
> you will be
om you may be
a you were
vai you were
{-< they were
how can they
ae why do vou
PHRASES
he. why have you
.. with you
2. so much
“oT
el . with ovch
.. with which
w with each
.. when they
i
4
et
h .. what dg you
| : 3. what was
| *7\\ what can be
| |... it would be
it should be
|S it will bo
1
. it was
A
4. Which was
1 1 which wees
\ Ja he should be
| Y\ be will bs
a if he
.. if he were
(> too much 39 PHRASEOGRAPHY 2
= what, 2 5 would: ~~. O, oh, owe, 1... he.
Exercise 21
Read, copy, and transcribe
5. Ca, ee aoe “y ee ee
6. yt abe oben he ye x» PHRASEOGRAPHY 39
Exercise 22
Write m shorthand
(Phraseograms in the following letterpress exercises are
indicated by the hyphen.)
1, Why-do-you think he-was aware of-the likely failure
of-the firm?
2. I-thank-you for-the tube of coiour, which 1-think
should-be all-night.
3. They deny they-were at-the Tower at-the time of-the
fire.
4. I-think-you owe the Head an apology for-the way
you hurried away on-Monday.
5. If-he-were aware of-the date, he-would, I-think,
have come with us
6 Kenneth Doyle, whose view all of us sharg, wrote to
say he-would arive at five
7 J-think too-much time was-giren tu-the topic What-
do-you think?
Summary
1 Phraseography 1s the name given to the principle of
joing word-forms together The outhne thus
obtained 1s called a phraseogram
2 The following must be carefully noted—
(a) Awkward joinings must be avoided
(6) The first word-form im a phraseogram must
occupy its own position. A first-position word-
form may, however, be raised or lowered to
permit of a following stroke being written above,
on or through the line.
3. The word the may be expressed by a light slanting
tick joined to a preceding character and wnitten
either downward or upwatd ‘The uck for the w
ever used initially. CHAPTER Vil
CIRCLE S AND Z
Circle S and Z. 40. The consonanis S$ and Z are
represented not only by the strokes ).. and ) but alo
by a small circle o,. Initially the circle Tepresents the
light sound of s only; tnedially and finally it represents
the sound of s or z. The sound of z iaitialiy must be
represented by the stroke 2. as, -y. «eal, yz. zero,
,. Zenith,
Left and Right Motion, 41. In tt:s chapter, and
in the foliowing pages, the term Left Motion means
the motion of the hand in writing the longhaud
letter O ) , the opposite motion being termed the
Right Motion Q . The circle s, when standing alone,
is written with the deft motion.
42. The circle s is written (a) inside curves, (6)
outside angles formed by two straight strokes, and
(c) with the left motion when joined to straight strokes
not forming an angle; thus,
(a) Xo safes, ¢ soothes, J essays, a sashes,
SEEMS, .a:9 SENSE, 9D SINZS, E. slays, 2. source, Pa
fossit, b- thistle,
Cecil, << muscle, 7h. nestles,
des. désigns, Ng lisps.
(b) Po ga ~ a frm risk, fe . task, Nes
2
Biscay, . >. jus
. hasp,
.
(od) Sa space, = _— ¢ sages, ate soaks,®
ee Busby, } tactt,
ow i
Sorrows,
~ cask, 72... Fa20 wiser,
3 32 CRCLE “‘s” AND “Zz” 43-46
43. Initial circle s is always read fest; final circle s is
always read /ast; and vowel-signs are placed and read
in relation to the stroke, consonant, and not to the
circle, as in the foregoing examples.
44. The circle s may L. added to a stroke logogram,
as, __.. come, _». comes, ..... pit, .X,... puts.
Stroke L and Circle. 45. When the stroke / immedi-
ately precedes or follows a circle which is attached to a
curve, it is written in the same direction as the circlo;
thus, £2... lesson, ......_ cancel, Sa vessel, 7 loser.
46. A lightly-sounded vowel may be omiyed, as in
NN. poison, ANB refusal, 7 answer, hi desire.
Exercise 23 |
Read, copy, and transcribe
eS Se 46 CIRCLE “‘s” AND “‘z”* 33
Exercise 24
Write in shorthand
GRAMMALOGUES.
A... usual-ly; ...... a5, has, ..o.... is, his; <.. because;
oof itself; Wf. those, thyself, GQ... this, Ge thus,
Exercise 25
Read, copy, and transcribe » CIRCLE “8” AND “z” %
Exercise 26
Write i shorthand
If Miss Nelson wishes to seo-the works, she can come
to-this office on Tuesday or Wednesday of-this week,
and-l-shall-be, happy so show all-the details she may
desire to see. I-think-it-is but fair to say this is-the
busy season with us, and L-shall-have but a few minutes
to spare to Miss Nelson. My deputy can take charge
of-the lady. I-will thank-you if-you-will put-the facts
to-the lady as nicely as you-can, because she may think
I-am an idle fellow with-much ume at-my disposal.
I-know you-will excuse this appeal, and-I1 hope you-
will-do what | ask, as I should-be sorry to upset Miss
Nelson, or fo appear fo be rude when she comes.
Summary
1. A small circle used iniually represents s only
medially and jinully tt represents s or z.
2. The circle s is written outside angles, inside curves,
and with the left motion to straight strokes not
forming an angle.
3. An initial circle is always read first, a final circle 1s
always read fast.
4. The stroke /, immediately preceding or following a
circle attached to a curve, is written in the same
direction as the circle.
5. The circle s may be added to stroke logograms. CHAPTER VIIL
STROKE S AND Z
Stroke S and Z. 47. Wherever there is an initial or a
final oowel-sound, there must be a stroke consonant, to
provide a place for the vowel-sign. Therefore, the stroke
5 must be written when a vowel precedes initial s, or
when a vowel follows final s or z; thus, -), ace, Say;
2} 00% } 200; » asp, but x sap} yu ask, but =.
sack; 4) racy, but Le race; y busy, but Ny bees.
48. Where tho stroke s is written initially in the root
word, it is retained in compounds and in derivatives
formed by means of a prefix; thus, y saw, = saw.
bench, 1 assailed, ~¥] unassailed, eases 5 disease,
The stroke is also written— 7
(a) In words like ve Science, ..).... sewer, where a
triphone immediately follows initial
(b) In words like ~~ cease, saucer, where initial s
is immediately followed by a vowel and another s or z.
() In words like $2. sinuous, ae tortuous,
f. joyous, where the final syllable -ous is ; immedi-
ately preceded by a diphthong.
35 36 STROKE “s” AND “z”* “a
Exercise 27
Read, copy, and scanscribe
" ~
Exercise 28
Write in shorthand
- Asp, aside, assess, Assam, assailing, asylum, assayed,
Base, basso, . gs Jeeacy, Soals, Sola.
: Soot pian seat htt ote Oscar, Isaac,
GRAMMALOGUES
TZ. me, am him; 2, myself, (ses) necessity; Oi (sez) passes;
XQ. (zes) possessi:e; £2. (zez) causes. When a vowel
other than é intervenes, it is indicated by placing the
vowel-sign within the circle; thus, =P. extst, “P.
exhaust, aa exercised, Final s is added thus, _. 2
exercises. The large circle is also used to express the
sounds of two s‘s in consecutive syllables, as in Px.
mis-spell.
_Pharals and Possessives. 51. As 7). Lucy,
N?). policy, .#5).. jealousy, etc., are writtén with the
stroke s, the stroke s is retained in the derived words
. an Lucy's, MO policies, KY . Jealousies. (See
also pars. 47 and 48.)
52, A few words ending in s-s are written with the
circle and stroke, or the stroke and circle, in order to
distinguish them from other words containing similar
consonants, and in which the large circle is employed;
39 40s LARGE cinciEs “sw” AND “ss” on “sz” = $3.
thus, ~S- possess, but °.. pauses; 2D access, but
=. axis; 2: recess, but. races.
Large Circles in Phraseography. 53. Tho sw circle
is used for the words as we in phrases like &__as we have,
O= as we can, and for as win Sas well as; and the ss
circle for the two s's in phrases like =p in this city,
4... this is, 2 as is, or as has, .Q_. is as or is his.
Exercise 31
Read, copy, and transcribe
hw,
a
3.
4,
3.
6...
2.
Exercise 32
Write in shorthand
1, Sweetly, sweetness, swig, swain, swing, swimmer.
2. Entices, reduces, revises, ounces, minces, laces.
3. Roses, peruses, terraces, essences, fences, romances.
4. Dazes, decisive, races, resist, misses, Mississippi.
5. Fallacy, fallacies, Morrissey, Morrissoy’s, curacy,
curacies.
6. Thesis, emphasis, paralysis, Genesis, Nemesis, axis. 53 Lance cincizs “sw” AND “ss” on “sz” = 4}
GRAMMALOGUES
him, any, pasture, = poster,
~p%.~ posture,
60. The circle s is added to a final loop as follows—
AE taste, 4. rastes; lustre, 2. lustres.
Exercise 35
Read, copy, and transcribe
a i
i
|
|
M.. fitsh, ~—. influence, ~?_ influenced, x2. next,
ZS most, SZ. language, owing, »—. thing, secey: YOUNG,
Le Lord, wel, we,
Exercise 37
Read, copy, and transcribe
Oc
2. “4 Loop “st” AND “str” @
Exercise 38
Write in shorthand
The language of-the young barrister in-the case was
most stately, and it-must influenced both
and jury. It almost \ooked as-if-the case was lost at-t
first, because of-the calm way in-which-the ing
counsel set out fo state-the facts for-his sido. *Bus-the
young barrister faced the test fairly, and-his language
and style, though different, showed him to be a master
of-law and logic. We-shall watch his career at-the bar,
and. we-think he-must succeed because of-his abilities.
Revisionary Exercise (A)
Write in shorthand
If-you-can put me up for a week ut August, I-shall-be
ceady to-go und stay with-you. You-can-have as much
walking as you-like. I-shall-be at-your disposal at
almost any hour, and-as \-am a@ rare walker myself,
I-think I-can say you-will-have all-the exercise you wish.
You ought-to be a different fellow when I-leave, if-you-
will-be influenced by-me. \-think I-can give-you a mile
in six and beat you. \-have-had some talk with young
Lord Robson several-times in-the past week, and he
says you-can-do five miles an hour. Those-who saw you
fast autumn and-know what you-can-do, all say-the
same thing. This-is all 1-know as to-your form. But-
we-shall-see for ourselves. 1-think-you-will own I-am
far beyond you in speed. /t-will-be a casb of-each for-
himself and-the tace to-the faster of-the two. Oh,
T-know I-shail beat you, unless you-are faster this year.
Those-who think poorly of-themselves only mduce those-
who know them to-think-the same. \ speak for-myself, @o Loop “sr” aND “str” “4
because I-know myself. 1-can say a deal on-this subject,
and-1 usually do-so. You ask why I-have stayed away
to-long. The answer is business keops me away. When
would-you like me to-come? The best of tuck to-you
and to-the rest of-the family! H-will-be nice to 906
them all, though I-saw most of-them a month or-ftwo
ago. 1283 words)
Sammary
)}, A small loop represents st; a large oop represents
str.
2. The st loop may be used initially, medially or finally.
3. The st loop may be employed finally to represent
the sound of zd.
4. The str loop may be used medially or finally, but
Dot initially.
5. The st loop cannot be employed when a vovel
occurs between s and /. nor can the loop be
written immediately before a final vowel.
6. The str loop cannot be written when a strongly
sounded vowel occurs between st and CHAPTER XJ
INITIAL mana TO STRAIGHT STROKES
AND CURVES
Donble Consonants. 61. Tho liquids r and / fre-
GEraily blend with other consonants so as to form a
ible consonant, as in the words pray, blow, drink,
gare. fry, fly, or aro separated from con-
ec obscure vowel caly, as inp 3 maker,
smpraseated These hook to
to the thorthand
arnt t9 eice ve with reed
R Hook to Straight Strokes. 62. A smail initial
hook, written with the Right motion, ads R to straight
strokes; thus,
SKRUKR TPP ee tee
Pp. pr, or, tr, «dr, chr, jr, er, gr.
L Hook to Straight Strokes. 63. A small initial
hook, written with the Left motion, adds L to straight
strokes; thus,
errr kil, gh
R Hook to Carved Strokes, 64. A small initizi
hook, written inside the curve, adds r to a curved
stroke; thus,
KS dD eee
f fy oo, th, Tar, sh, thr, me, ow.
a 65-71 INITIAL HOOKS »
L Hook to Curved Strokes, 65. A large initial hook,
written inside the curve, adds / to a curved stroke;
thus,
wd Levin Crean Oc. (upward) >.
f fh of, thi, ou ‘ml, ne
ee ee
the characters and .<~ are employed for w and y.
SHR and SHL, 67. Tho double consonant —2_ shr
és always written downward, and the double consonant
cd. shl is always written upward.
Smali Hook to NG. 68. The hooked form <<.
represents ng-kr or ny-gr, as heard in tho words banker,
69. The hooked forms should be called by their
syliabic names; as, S\.. per, Spel, S_ fer, S_ fel, etc,
Vowels and Double Consonants. 70. Vowels aro
Placed nd read to the hooked forme &% they 0 Placed
and read to the simple forms; thus, \- ple, S_ ply,
erly: bad. lal, 9. ees
pity, x. pretty; >. Peter, \__. Peterloo; _'. tie,
Thy, Tle aii mas
4 Extended Use of L Hook, 71. In order to obtain
easier forms the ! hook is sometimes used in words in
which the / properly belongs following ible,
which tbe 7 propa bong ts fog yal
a = briefly, S— —
‘hil, £ oA Diener en &
3 53” INITIAL HOOKS 1
Exercise 39
Read, copy, and transcribe
LASS SST oc 2.
Exervise 40
Write in sherthand
1. Pry, pride, preach, preacher, bray, break, breaker.
2. Crow, croak, cricket, grew, pcoup, grape, bigger.
3.. Ply, plied, played, plum. place, replace, replaces,
4. Problem, enclose, enclosure, blow, blows, oluster,
5. Double; pedal, fiddle, model, Sickie, giow, gloat.
6, Fred, afraid, tougher, other, otherwise, every, usher,
pressure, inner.
7. Honour, honourable, favour, flowor, Ficicher,
faithful, privilege, Marshall, specialize.
GRAMMALOGUFS
“\. principle, principally: °™., tiberty, Ss. member,
‘4. . a Dr,
_ heer;
remember-ed, ~\. nuniber-ed; truth;
doctor, A . dear, 4 during; chair,
. larger; o-~, care. 1 INITIAL HOOKS i
Exercise 41
Read, copy, and transcribe
% Aa AN.
o “ BS on (,. ¢ Se ee ee i] K.
Nr ‘
7.
Exercise 42
Write in shorthand
Dear-Sir,
Thank-you for-yours of-the first of April, and-for
Auling me your’ price-lists and samples of tine and
black inks and glue in-the several sizes of boities. i+
think-she tabels are better and brighter now. I-shall
give-the samples a fair trial during-the next few weeks,
and, if suitable, 1-may-be able to stock a lange number
of-the smaller sizes, As J-think-you know, my pringipal
business is with offices, and, as you-will agreo, it-is
essential fo offer them only first-class inks.
Yours-truly, 2 INITIAL HOOKS n
Summary
1. A small initial hook written with the Right motion
adds r to iia boa wet strokes except
2. A small initial written with the Left motion
adds ! to simple straight strokes except
3. The hooked signs be called by their ayiiabic
names,
4. A small initial hook to curves adds r; a largo initial
hook to curves adds J.
5. Sar is always written downward, and shi is always
written
6 Ng with a small initial hook represents the sounds
1 Hooke forms may be considered as representing
syllables. CHAPTER XII
ALTERNATIVE FORMS
Additional Signs for FR, VR, etc. 72. Tho strokes
7, ..).... 5, are not hooked for the addition of r or
are, however, hooked to provide alternative forms
for fr, or, fi, ol, thr, Tar; thus,
AD 8D SS 8
th or, thr, um, f, ol,
The first form of each pair is called a left curve,
because it is made with the Loft motion; the second
form of each pair is called a curve, because it is
mado with the Right motion. is only one form
for thl C__, namely, the left curve,
73. When standing the curves {
fro yas used if a rome precetea andthe ria
curves if a vowel does not precede; thus, “<_ affray,
=X. fray, f- ether, 9, three.
(6) When joined to another stroke, the form is used
which gives the easier joining, preference being given
to the right forms; thus, “S)_. Friday, § virtue, Som
» Nez verba ol thermal, .€. leather,
» LL». lover. Generally, it will be found that the
ti rpt right curves with strokes written towards
FL and VL. 74, The right curves S). ff, S\. of are
used only after straight upstrokes and the horizontals
wn hy ee. By ee. thus, —) caoll, 35). navel,
33 ALTERNATIVE FORMS 75
©) rife, 2) weevil, eee aaa
S.A, S. of are used; thus, G. flow, =. & . aftow,
Q_ flake, ue flicker, cf” joyful, 2. arrival,
Vowels, 75. (a) in order to obtain a
briefer or an easier outline, an initially booked form
may be used even when a vowel separates / or r.from
the stroke consonant. Where necessary, an intervening
dot vowel between a stroke and an initial hook may be
indicated by writing a small circle, instead of a dot,
either after or perore the stroke: thus, NX barley,
&. challenge, |. narraic,
