I.
Definition
Presupposition is “what speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the message already
knows”.
I. Định nghĩa
Tiền giả định là “điều mà người nói hoặc người viết cho rằng người nhận thông điệp đã
biết”.
Example: Mary’s brother bought three horses
The speaker has the presuppositions that a person called Mary exists and that she has
a brother
Presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an
utterance.
“Speaker, not sentences, have presuppositions”.
Example:
Marry has a brother. -> directly asserted that Mary has a brother.
Mary’s brother bought three horses. -> presupposed “Mary has a brother.”
All of these presuppositions belonged to the speaker so they can be wrong.
I.2. Characteristics
1. Presupposition is treated as a relationship between 2 propositions.
Example:
(a) Haru’s boyfriend is handsome. (=p)
(b) Haru’s has a boyfriend. (=q)
(c) P >> q
2. When we produce the opposite of the sentence by negating it, the relation of
presupposition doesn’t change.
2. Khi chúng ta tạo ra điều ngược lại của câu bằng cách phủ định nó, mối quan hệ
của tiền giả định không thay đổi
Example:
(a) Haru’s boyfriend isn’t handsome (=NOT p)
(b) Haru has a boyfriend. (=q)
(c) NOT p >> q
“Constancy under negation”: The presupposition of a statement will remain constant (i.i.
still true) even when that statement is negated.
“Constant under negation” can go to the same for the presupposition of an utterance
under its interrogation
TYPE OF PRESUPPOSITIONS
2.1. Existential presupposition
The possessive construction in English is associated with a presupposition
Existential presupposition is also in any definite noun phrase
2.2. Lexical presupposition
In using one word, the speaker can act as another meaning will be understood.
It is the assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act á another meaning
will be understood
Again, stop, start -> presuppose other (unstated) concepts
2.3.Structural presupposition
The use of certain structures assume something to be true
Wh-questions
Where did you buy the bike? >> You bought the bike
When did she get married? >> She got married.
When did he leave? >>> He left
Wh-embedded clauses
I wonder how he managed to get the job >>> He managed to get a job
I don’t know why I’ve got a bad mark >>> I’ve got a bad mark
2.4.FACTIVE PRESUPPOSITION
When the presupposed information (started after some certain words) is true
We have some verbs, like “know”, “realize”, and “regret”, or phrases like “be
aware”, “be odd”, and “be glad”.
2.5.NON-FACTIVE PRESUPPOSITION
‘assumed not to be true”.
Some verbs, like ‘dream’, ‘imagine’, or, ‘pretend’, identify a non-factive
presupposition
2.6.COUNTER-FACTUAL PRESUPPOSITION
“what is presupposed is not only not true, but is the opposite of what is true, or
contrary to facts.”
In the If clause
In the clause after “wish”
In the clause with a modal perfect verb form:
