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Presupposition Semantik

Presupposition in pragmatics refers to what a speaker assumes to be true before making a statement. There are several types of presupposition including: 1. Existential presupposition which assumes the existence of entities mentioned. 2. Factive presupposition which assumes something is true due to verbs like "know" or phrases involving being glad. 3. Lexical presupposition which assumes another meaning will be understood based on the use of one word. 4. Structural presupposition which assumes information associated with words like question words is already known.

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96 views2 pages

Presupposition Semantik

Presupposition in pragmatics refers to what a speaker assumes to be true before making a statement. There are several types of presupposition including: 1. Existential presupposition which assumes the existence of entities mentioned. 2. Factive presupposition which assumes something is true due to verbs like "know" or phrases involving being glad. 3. Lexical presupposition which assumes another meaning will be understood based on the use of one word. 4. Structural presupposition which assumes information associated with words like question words is already known.

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Enna Novyarty
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Destia ayu jomalda

18111028
SS18A
PRESUPPOSITION
In pragmatics Presupposition is what the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making
an utterance.
Presupposition
The concept of presupposition is often treated as the relationship between two
propositions. In the case below, we have a sentence that contains a proposition (p) and
another proposition (q), which is easily presupposed by any listener. However, the speaker
can produce a sentence by denying the proposition (p), obtaining as a result the same
presupposition (q).
Debora's cat is cute. (p)
Debora has a cat. (q)
When I say that Debora' s cat is cute, this sentence presupposes that Debora has a cat. In
Debora' s cat is not cute. (NOT p)

Types of Presupposition
The types of presupposition are:
Existential presupposition: it is the assumption of the existence of the entities named by
the speaker.
For example, when a speaker says "Tom's car is new", we can presuppose that Tom exists
and that he has a car.
Factive presupposition: it is the assumption that something is true due to the presence of
some verbs such as "know" and "realize" and of phrases involving glad, for example. Thus,
when a speaker says that she didn't realize someone was ill, we can presuppose that
someone is ill. Also, when she says "I'm glad it's over", we can presuppose that it's over.
Lexical presupposition: it is the assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act as
if another meaning (word) will be understood. For instance:
Andrew stopped running. (He used to run.)
You are late again. (You were late before.)
In this case, the use of the expressions "stop" and "again" are taken to presuppose another
(unstated) concept.
Structural presupposition: it is the assumption associated with the use of certain words
and phrases. For example, wh-question in English are conventionally interpreted with the
presupposition that the information after the wh-form (e.g. when and where) is already
known to be the case.
When did she travel to the USA? ( she traveled)
Where did you buy the book? ( you bought the book)
The listener perceives that the information presented is necessarily true rather than just
the presupposition of the person asking the question.
Non- factive presupposition: it is an assumption that something is not true. For example,
verbs like "dream", "imagine" and "pretend" are used with the presupposition that what
follows is not true.

I dreamed that I was rich. ( I am not rich)


We imagined that we were in London. (We are not in London)

Counterfactual presupposition: it is the assumption that what is presupposed is not only


untrue, but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts. For instance, some
conditional structures, generally called counterfactual conditionals, presuppose that the
information, in the if- clauses, is not true at the time of utterance.
If you were my daughter, I would not allow you to do this. ( you are not my daughter)

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