INDEX

 CERTIFICATE
 DECLARATION
 AIM
 INTRODUCTION
 THEROY
 ANISEED OIL (SAUNF)
 CARUM OIL (AJWAIN)
 CARDAMOM (ILLAICHI)
 REQUIREMENTS
 PROCUDURE
 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
 OBSERVATION
 RESULT
 CONCLUSION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 AIM

Extraction of essential oils present in

Saunf (Aniseed), Ajwain (Carcum) and
Illaichi (Cardamom).
 INTRODUCTION
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile

aroma compounds from plants. They are also known as volatile oils, ethereal

oils, aetherolea etc. Essential oils are made up of highly volatile substances

which can be extracted from numerous plant species. Distillation based

recovery processes such as steam and vacuum distillation are preferred for the

extraction of essential oils from plant materials. Virtually all naturally occurring

essential oils are made up of hydrocarbons such as camphene, pinene, limonene,

phellandrene cedrene, and oxygenated hydrocarbons such as alcohols,

aldehydes, esters, ethers, ketones, lactones, phenols and organic acids. The

essential oil get their odours from the oxygenated compounds contained in them

and these confer stability on the oil against oxidation. The hydrocarbons are less

stable and they are responsible for the degradation observed in the oils. The

hydrocarbons contained in the essential oils are often removed so that the oils

can be more stable and still retain their odours and flavours.
 THEORY
Steam distillation is a type of distillation (a separation or extraction process)

for a temperature-sensitive plant such as natural aromatic compounds. It once

was a popular laboratory method for purification of organic compounds but has

become obsolete by vacuity distillation Steam distillation still important in

certain industrial sectors. Steam distillation is one of ancient and official

approved methods for isolation of essential oils from plant materials. The plant

materials charged in the alembic are subjected to the steam without maceration

in water. The injected steam passes through the plants from the base of the

alembic to the top. Steam distillation is a method where steam flows through the

material as shown in diagram below. This steam functions as agents that break

up the pores of the raw material and release the essential oil from it. The system

yields a mixture of a vapour and desired essential oil. This vapour is then

condensed further and the essential oil is collected The principle of this

technique is that the combined vapour pressure equals the ambient pressure at

about 100 °C so that the volatile components with the boiling points ranging

from 150 to 300 °C can be evaporated at a temperature close to that of water.

Furthermore, this technique can be also carried out under pressure depending on

the essential oils extraction difficulty.

 We are all familiar with the pleasant odours coming out from flowers, spices

and many trees. The essence or aromas of plants ane due to volatile cils present

in them. These smeling volatile oils present in plants are called essential oils.

Cinnamon, clove, cumin, eucalyptus, garlic, jasmine, peppermint, rose,

sandalwood, spearmint, thyme, wintergreen are a few familiar examples of

valuable essential oils. The term "essential oils" literally means "oils derived

from the essence of plants. Essential oils are mainly used for their pleasant

odours and flavors in perfumes and as flavoring agents in foods. Some are used

in medicines (eg, camphor, wintergreen, eucalyptus) others as insect repellants

(eg, citronela) Chemically essential oils are composed of complex mixtures of

ester, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones and hydrocarbons. They are

essentially non-polar compounds and are thus soluble in non-polar solvents such

as petroleum ether benzene etc. Essential oils may occur in all parts of the plant,

but they are often concentrated in the seeds or flowers. They are obtained from

the plants by the process of steam distillation and extraction. The technique of

steam distillation permits the separation of volatile components from non-

volatile materials without raising the temperature of the distillation above 100°

C Thus steam distillation reduces the risk of decomposition of essential oils.

 CAROM OIL (AJWAIN)

 Botanical name : Trachyspermum ammi.

 Common Method of Extraction : Distillation.

 Aroma : Warm, Pungent, Peppery.

 Extraction : Ajwain oil is extracted from the

crushed seeds of ajwain by the
method of steam distillation.
 Chemical composition : The main constituents of the
ajwain oil are thymol, gamma-terpinene, pcymene, and beta-pinene. Alpha-
pinene, alpha- thujene, beta-myrcene, carvacrol, limonene, and terpinene-4-
ol. There are variations in the composition of ajwain oils depending upon the
region where it is cultivated. For instance, ajwain oil collected from Southem
India is rich in thymol.

USES:

 It is used for skin alinments. Ajwain can help with pimples

 It is used as digestive aid. One can treat indigestion, ulcers, and various

other bacterial infections of the gut with ajwain seeds and essential oil

 It is Useful in aromatherapy, ajwain oil offers calming sensations that

relieves neuralgia and migraines

 CARDAMOM OIL (ELAICHI)

 Botanical Name : Elettaria cardamonum

 Common Method Of Extraction: Steam Distillation

 Aroma : Very complex and smooth spice

Aroma.

 Extraction : Cardarnom oil is extracted using

steam distillation method. For this, seeds of the fruit are used just before

they ripe. The yield through this process is normally 1 to 5 per cent.

 Chemical Composition : Cardamom oil contains sabinene,

myrcene, a-pinene, b-pinene, aphellandrene, limonene, p-cymene,

terpinolene, 1,8-cineole, y-terpinene, linalool, linalyl acetate, a-terpineol

acetate, citronellol, nerol, terpinen-4-oil, aterpineol, geraniol, methyl

eugenol and trans-nerolidol.

USES:

 Cardamom oil has a vast range of usage for treatment of sciatica, coughs,

abdominal pains, spasm and nervous disorders.

 Traditionally, it is used for pulmonary disease, fever, digestive and

urinary problems in india and China for over 3000 years.

 It is also used to flavour pharmaceutical products. Apart from

pharmaceutical usage, cardamom oil is also used as a fragrant in soaps,

perfumes and cosmetic products.

ANISEED OIL (SAUNF)

Botanical Name : Pimpinella anisum

Common Method of Extraction : Steam Distillation

Aromatic Description : Distinctive scent of licorice. Rich and

sweet.
Color : Clear

Constituents : a-pinene, camphene, B-pinene, linalool,

cis-anethole, trans-anethole, safrole,
anisaldehyde, acetoanisole.

USES:

 It most common flavouring applications include being added to liqueurs,

alcohol, gelatins, various candies, mints, chewing gum, and dairy products.

Oil of aniseed is also reported to be used as an aromatic carminative to

relieve flatulence, and as an ingredient of cough lozenges in combination

with liquorice.
 To add a richer and more robust scent, Aniseed Essential Oil is also often

added to cosmetic products such as shampoos, conditioners, creams, soaps,

and perfumes.

 Aniseed essential oil has aromatherapeutic benefits associated with relieving

asthma, colds or sinus symptoms, as well as quelling nausea and vomiting

 Aniseed essential oil contains anethol, which is an effective anti-viral

component.

 Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both hunting and

fishing. It is put on fishing lures to attract fish.

 Anethole, the principal component of anise oil, is a precursor that can

eventually produce 2, 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde which is can be used in

the clandestine synthesis of psychedelic drugs such as 2C-B, 2C-1 and DOB.
 ANISEED PLANT

 Aniseed, on steam distillation, yields an essential oil, known as 'Oil of

Aniseed, which has now replaced the fruits for medicinal and flavoring

purposes.

 Aniseed oil is a colorless or pale-yellow liquid having the characteristic

odor and taste of the fruit. The yield of oil generally varies from 1.9 to 3.1

per cent. Higher values up to 6 per cent have been reported from Syrian

aniseed. Crushing of fruits prior to distillation gives better yields of oil. The

material should be distilled soon after the crushing to prevent any loss of oil

due to evaporation. Aniseed oil is a highly refractive liquid, which solidifies

on cooling. The congealing point depends much on the anethole content and

is a valuable criterion for evaluating the oil. Exposure of the oil to air causes

polymerization, and some oxidation also takes place with the formation of

anisaldehyde and anisic acid.

 The chief constituent of aniseed oil is anethole, which is present to the extent

of 80 to 90 per cent and is mainly responsible for the characteristic flavor of

the oil. The oil also contains methyl chavicol, p- methoxyphenyl acetone,

and small amount of terpenes and sulfur containing compounds of

disagreeable odour.
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
 Steam generator (Copper Vessel)

 Round bottom flask (500 ml),

 Conical flask

 Condenser

 Glass tubes

 Iron stand

 Sand bath

 Separatory funnel

 Tripod stands

 Burners

 Ajwain (Carum)

 Petroleum ether(60-80°C)

 Saunf(Aniseed)
PROCEDURE:

1. Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of Experimental Setup. The

apparatus consists of a steam generator connected to the round bottom flask

through a glass inlet tube. The flask is connected to a water condenser

through a glass outlet tube. Condenser is further attached to a receiver

through an adaptor.

2. Take about 750ml of water in the steam generator and start heating to produce

steam.

3. In the round bottom flask take about 75g of crushed saunf (aniseed).

4. A vigorous current of steam from steam generator is passed through the round

bottom flask.

5. A part of the steam condenses in the round bottom flask. As more and more

steam is passed, the steam volatile components ofsaunf pass through condenser

along with steam. These contents on condensation are collected in the receiver.

6. The contents in the round bottom flask may be heated by a bunsen burner to

prevent excessive condensation of steam.

7. The process of steam distillation is continued for about half an hour.

8. Transfer the distillate to a separating funnel and extract with 20ml portions of

petroleum ether 3 times.

9. Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a 250ml conical flask and dry it with

the help of anhydrous sodium sulphate.

10. Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate by careful distillation in a water

bath. The essential oil is left behind in the distillation flask.

11. Find the weight of the extracted essential oil. Note the colour, odour and

weight of the essential oil.

OBSERVATION

1) Saunf (Aniseed):

 Weight of Saunf taken = 100 gm

 Initial Weight of the bottle = 10gm(x)

 Weight of bottle essential oil =11.25 gm(y)

 Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1.25 gm

 Percentage of essential oil (y/100)*100=1.25%

 Colour of the oil = Colourless

 Odour of the oil =Saunf like smell.

2) Ajwain (Carom):

 Weight of ajwain taken = 75 gm

 Initial Weight of the bottle= 10 gm(x)

 Weight of bottle + essential oil= 11 gm(y)

 Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1 gm

 Percentage of essential oil = (y/75)*100=1.33%

 Odour of the oil = Ajwain like smell.

3) Cardamom (Elaichi):-

 Weight of elaichi taken. = 100 gm

 Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)

 Weight of bottle essential oil 11.25gmiy)

 Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) = 1.25 gm

 Percentage of essential oil (y/100)*100=1.25%

 Colour of the oil = Colourless

 Odour of the oil = elaichi like smell

RESULT:

Essential oils present in aniseed, carom and cardamom are extracted from

Steam distillation method.

 CONCLUSION

 Essential oils smell great, reduce stress, treat fungal infections, and help

you sleep. They are concentrated extractions from plants. Aprocess called

distillation turns the essence" of a plant into a liquefied form for many

medicinal and recreational uses.

 Essential oils have many uses outside of aromatherapy. Many people use

them to scent their homes or freshen up things like laundry: They are also

used as a natural scent in homemade cosmetics and high-quality natural

products.

 Essential oils enter the body primarily in three ways-applied to the skin,

inhaled, or ingested. Within each of these, there are many different kinds

of application methods. For example, you can apply essential oils

topically using compresses, sprays, baths, or massaging them into the

skin.
  Other most Essential Oils are:

 Lavender (Lavandula officinalis)

 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
 Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)
 Lemon (Citrus limonum)
 Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus sideroxylon and Fucalyptus
torquata)
 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
 Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis)
 Frankincense (Boswellia carterii)
 Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha)
 Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
 Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Essential oil is also used externally as an insecticide against small insects such

as head lice, mites and vermin. It also has fungicidal properties.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise

 http://www.essentialoils.co.za/essential-oils/aniseed.htm

 http://www.ajbasweb.com/old/ajbas/2016/November/117-127.pdf

 https://in.iherb.com/blog/top-13-essential-oils-and-how-they-can-benefit-
your-health/236