Certificate
This is to clarify that Sukruti Sourabh Agrawal student of
class XII of Progressive English School, Gondia Session 2024-
2025, has satisfactorily completed the required Chemistry
project work as per the syllabus of standard XII in the laboratory
of the school.
Date:
External Examiner Principal Chemistry Teacher
.................................................................. ................................................ .................................................................
EXTRACTION OF
ESSENTIAL OILS
FROM ANISEED(SAUNF) BY SUKRUTI AGRAWAL
Index
Requirements & Procedure & Result &
Introduction Theory
Setup Observation Conclusion
Aim of the experiment
Extraction of essential oils
present in Saunf(Aniseed),
Ajwain (Carom) and
Elaichi(Cardamom)
Introduction
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants.
They are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetherolea , etc. Essential oils are made up of highly
volatile substances which can be extracted from numerous plant species. Distillation-based recovery
processes such as steam and vacuum distillation are preferred for the extraction of essential oils from plant
materials. Virtually all naturally occurring essential oils are made up of hydrocarbons such as camphene,
pinene, limonene, phellandrene cedrene, and oxygenated hydrocarbons such as alcohols, aldehydes,
esters, ethers, ketones, lactones, phenols, and organic acids. The essential oil gets their odours from the
oxygenated compounds contained in them and these confer stability on the oil against oxidation. The
hydrocarbons are less stable and responsible for the degradation observed in the oils. The hydrocarbons
contained in the essential oils are often removed so that the oils can be more stable and still retain their
odors and flavors.
Theory
Steam Distillation
Steam distillation is a type of distillation (a separation or extraction process) for a temperature-sensitive
plant such as natural aromatic compounds. It once was a popular laboratory method for the purification of
organic compounds but has become obsolete by vacuity distillation. Steam distillation is still important in
certain industrial sectors. Steam distillation is one of the ancient and officially approved methods for the
isolation of essential oils from plant materials. The plant materials charged in the alembic are subjected to
the steam without maceration in water. The injected steam passes through the plants from the base of the
alembic to the top. Steam distillation is a method where steam flows through the material as shown in the
diagram below. This steam functions as agents that break up the pores of the raw material and release the
essential oil from it. The system yields a mixture of a vapor and desired essential oil. This vapor is then
condensed further and the essential oil is collected. The principle of this technique is that the combined
vapor pressure equals the ambient pressure at about 100 °C so that the volatile components with boiling
points ranging from 150 to 300 °C can be evaporated at a temperature close to that of water. Furthermore,
this technique can be also carried out under pressure depending on the essential oils extraction difficulty.
We are all familiar with the pleasant odors coming out of flowers, spices, and many trees. The essence of
aromas of plants is due to volatile oils present in them. These smelling volatile oils present in plants are
called essential oils. Cinnamon, clove, cumin, eucalyptus, garlic, jasmine, peppermint, rose, sandalwood,
spearmint, thyme, and wintergreen are a few familiar examples of valuable essential oils. The term "essential
oils" literally means "oils derived from the essence" of plants. Essential oils are mainly used for their
pleasant odors and flavors in perfumes and as flavoring agents in foods. Some are used in medicines (e.g.,
camphor, wintergreen, eucalyptus) others as insect repellants (e.g., citronella). Chemically essential oils are
composed of complex mixtures of ester, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, and hydrocarbons. They
are essentially non-polar compounds and are thus soluble in non-polar solvents such as petroleum ether,
benzene, etc. Essential oils may occur in all parts of the plant, but they are often concentrated in the seeds
or flowers. They are obtained from the plants by the process of steam distillation and extraction. The
technique of steam distillation permits the separation of volatile components from non-volatile materials
without raising the temperature of the distillation above 100° C. Thus steam distillation reduces the risk of
decomposition of essential oils.
Essential Oils:-
The main constituents of the ajwain oil are thymol, gamma-
terpinene, pcymene, and beta-pinene. Alpha-pinene,
alpha- thujene, beta-myrcene, carvacrol, limonene, and
terpinene-4-ol.There are variations in the composition of
ajwain oils depending upon the region where it is cultivated.
CAROM OIL For instance, ajwain oil collected from Southern India is rich
in thymol.
Trachyspermum ammi
Uses: It is used for skin ailments Ajwain can help with pimples. It is used as a digestive aid. One can treat
indigestion, ulcers, and various other bacterial infections with ajwain seeds and essential oil. It is Uusefulin
aromatherapy, ajwain oil offers calming sensations that relieve neuralgia and migraines
Cardamom oil contains sabinene, myrcene, a-pinene, b-
pinene, aphellandrene, limonene, p-cymene, terpinolene,
1,8-cineole, y-terpinene, linalool, linalyl acetate, a-terpineol
acetate, citronellol, nerol, terpinen-4-oil, aterpineol,
CARDAMOM OIL (ELAICHI) geraniol, methyl eugenol and trans-nerolidol.
Elettaria cardamonum
Uses: Cardamom oil has a vast range of uses for the treatment of sciatica, coughs, abdominal pains,
spasms, and nervous disorders. Traditionally, it has been used for pulmonary disease, fever, and digestive
and urinary problems in India and China for over 3000 years. It is also used to flavor pharmaceutical
products. Apart from pharmaceutical usage, cardamom oil is also used as a fragrant in soaps, perfumes,
and cosmetic products
Aniseed oil
Pimpinella Steam
Clear
anisum Distillation
Botanical name Common method of extraction Colour
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Uses:
Its most common flavoring applications include being added to liqueurs, alcohol, gelatins, various candies,
mints, chewing gum, and dairy products. Oil of aniseed is also reported to be used as an aromatic
carminative to relieve flatulence and as an ingredient of cough lozenges in combination with licorice.
Aniseed Essential Oil is often added to cosmetic products such as shampoos, conditioners, creams, soaps,
and perfumes. to add a richer and more robust scent
Aniseed essential oil has aromatherapeutic benefits associated with relieving asthma, colds, or sinus
symptoms, as well as quelling nausea and vomiting.
Aniseed essential oil contains anethole, which is an effective anti-viral component.
Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both hunting and fishing. It is put on fishing
lures to attract fish.
Anethole, the principal component of anise oil, is a precursor that can eventually produce 2,5-
dimethoxybenzaldehyde which can be used in the clandestine synthesis of psychedelic drugs such as
2C-B, 2C-I, and DOB.
Aniseed Plant
➤ Aniseed, on steam distillation, yields an essential oil, known as 'Oil of Aniseed', which has now replaced
the fruits for medicinal and flavoring purposes.
➤ Aniseed oil is a colorless or pale-yellow liquid with the characteristic odor and taste The yield of oil
generally varies from 1.9 to 3.1 percent. Higher values of up to 6 percent have been reported from Syrian
aniseed. Crushing of fruits before distillation gives better yields of oil. The material should be distilled soon
after the crushing to prevent any loss of oil due to evaporation. Aniseed oil is a highly refractive liquid,
which solidifies on cooling. The congealing point depends much on the anethole content and is a
valuable criterion for evaluating the oil. Exposure of the oil to air causes polymerization, and some
oxidation also takes place with the formation of anisaldehyde and anisic acid.
➤ The chief constituent of aniseed oil is anethole, which is present to an extent of 80 to 90 percent and is
mainly responsible for the characteristic flavor of the oil. The oil also contains methyl chavicol, p-
methoxyphenyl acetone, and a small amount of terpenes and sulfur-containing compounds of a
disagreeable odor.
Requirements Experimental Setup
Steam generator (Copper Vessel),
Round bottom flask (500 ml), Conical
flask, Condenser, Glass tubes, Iron
stand, Sand bath, Separatory funnel,
Tripod stands, Burners,
Saunf(Aniseed). Ajwain(Carom)
Cardamom(Elaichi) Petroleum
ether(60-80°C)
Procedure
•Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of the Experimental Setup.
•The apparatus consists of a steam generator connected to the round bottom flask through a glass inlet
tube. The flask is connected to a water condenser through a glass outlet tube. The condenser is further
attached to a receiver through an adaptor.
•Take about 750 ml of water in the steam generator and start heating to produce steam. In the round
bottom flask take about 75 gm of crushed saunf.
•A vigorous current of steam from the steam generator is passed through the round bottom flask.
•A part of the steam condenses in the round bottom flask. As more and more steam is passed, the steam
volatile components of saunf pass through the condenser along with the team. These contents of
condensation are collected in the receiver.
•The contents in the round bottom flask may be heated by a bunsen burner to prevent excessive
condensation of steam.
•The process of steam distillation is continued for about half an hour. Transfer the distillate to a separating
funnel and extract with 20 ml portions of petroleum ether 3 times.
•Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a 250 ml conical flask and dry it with the help of anhydrous
sodium sulfate.
•Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate by careful distillation in a water bath.
•The essential oil is left behind in the distillation flask. Find the weight of the extracted essential oil. Note
the color, odor, and weight of the essential oil.
Observation
Saunf (Aniseed)
Weight of Saunf taken = 100 gm
Initial Weight of the bottle = 10gm(x)
Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11.25 gm(y)
Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1.25 gm
Percentage of essential oil = (y/100)*100=1.25%
Color of the oil = Colourless
Odor of the oil = Saunf-like smell.
Ajwain (Carom):-
Weight of ajwain taken = 75 gm
Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)
Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11 gm(y)
Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1 gm
Percentage of essential oil = (y/75)*100=1.33%
Colour of the oil = Colourless
Odor of the oil = Ajwain-like smell.
Cardamom(Elaichi):-
Weight of elaichi taken = 100 gm
Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)
Weight of bottle + essential oil 11.25gm(y)
Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1.25 gm
Percentage of essential oil = (y/100)*100=1.25%
Colour of the oil = Colourless
Odour of the oil = Elaichi-like smell.
Result
Essential oils present in Aniseed, Carom and Cardamom
are extracted from Steam Distillation method.
Conclusion
Essential oils smell great, reduce stress, treat fungal infections, and help you sleep. They are
concentrated extractions from plants. A process called distillation turns the "essence" of a plant into a
liquefied form for many medicinal and recreational uses.
Essential oils have many uses outside of aromatherapy. Many people use them to scent their homes
or freshen up things like laundry. They are also used as a natural scent in homemade cosmetics and
high-quality natural products
Essential oils enter the body primarily in three ways-applied to the skin, inhaled, or ingested. Within
each of these, there are many different kinds of application methods. For example, you can apply
essential oils topically using compresses, sprays, and baths, or massaging them into the skin.
Other most Essential Oils are: Lavender (Lavandula officinalis), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis),
Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), Lemon (Citrus limonum), Peppermint (Mentha piperita), Eucalyptus
(Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus sideroxylon and Eucalyptus torquata), Clove (Syzygium
aromaticum), Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), Frankincense (Boswellia carterii), Myrrh (Commiphora
myrrha), Grapefruit (Citrus paradise), Oregano (Origanum vulgare), Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Essential oil is also used externally as an insecticide against small insects such as head lice, mites and
vermin. It also has fungicidal properties.
