* - f r + f r m ~ m h 8 1 m m & r ~ &
@ d & d & 3-rc-f zf ?it ?qygw (applied
linguistics) dl @ M 81 v-4 mmm M 3 m dl rn ;A m
33 **I
w ~ 9 ' 1 z f m & m 3 ; i b l & . m m m w % m & m
(monolithic structure) ;rft it1 WRFI 3 m dl @w
wj$3imT4;TI8,di%m~m3mM=rf3a3?Iftmm~
m,~ m ; r f t ; r f t l m m & ~ z f m m 3 ? I f t m m l
m m j ; m , m 3 ; j b r j ; d d ; '~ m 1 m m ~ ~ * ~
m ~ ~ m ~ ~ 3 ; i b l d ~ , * , ~ * ~ 3 t m d 3 l w
m m z f m * m & m & - m M m & m
781
im Wl WWd rn fhk! (census report) $ * W
- 3TrRl
6.2.1 VTW %
~ ~ V T ? T f % R m ~ ~ q q n M m ~ 3 i i b l $ d M & * 1 ~ 8
* * * m f i d m w m m Z i m ~ f T l m m W m
37m-mwm21
mmwwm**2- "&w&m;Rm*w
a - # l ' ~ * @ & i ; m ~ w Z i M m ~ - ~ m
~ ~ * l w & r t ~ ( ~ m $ m ) *
~ 4 ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ V l W & w ~ + r n J i ~
* * m r l r l m * l m & m $ T ~ 8 m 4 &
m ~ m - * l m ~ m & 2 % ~ 3 m s f
~ b i . q ; l 4 k ~ m r n & - F & - v r ~ ~ ~ r ; 7 m m
~ % l & m m * m d ~ m m * m * m l
m~,*m'mT1~mm*,mmm*
~ b i m w 3 W w m m b 1 m 4 ~ $ ~ : 3 3 1 ~ f m $
- * ~ h, ~~ ~ q~ m T & r n ~ z m m ~ ~
o r z r - r - M l ~ m m m * m 4 m m , & ,
~ h * d * R @ ~ * M ? T T B T W ~ h * l
d% bi 'LTT$T wd
d h k %(idiolect) 'cm
*I
n
m m 43% m drs (code) 81 3mn $ n?PI d&-$
wrcmdf?dm~~m~&d%?imd2r&i;&j;4ifdrs
W W ~(code matrix) rn m 2 M f%d$r@ma-rfi?~ v-q-gm+ $1
afGmTm
*
-----
2
3
4
alfhjT1 : ? m r r t * J m r r f f ( f l m )
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ? ~ Y ~ ~ I * R
&~*?pJ?pm3?Pfm-wmf*,Mmdm&
~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ R r n ~ * ~ ~ & j ; a r ~
6.2.2 Jth *
m $ p ~ W g - q q m a ~ ~ * ~ ~ - ~ + m m ~
iqmm~ aur m * M m
~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ m f d i f t m m m w f l m m ~ ; r A
- ~ l & ~ ~ ~ 3 m & ~ ~ 3 m m m d r r f b r m $ ~ P
3 W-'$$! Yil (variation) % ~ F l l $ m WK??$1 K ~ T q
- -
ah-63im~w*-, *&*&M*hm
81
K.har m m h-dt f%f$l%3 4 (1994)
*w*3;wrfwmTiii93:
m 1
1. ~ w - d+ m F r P v E F 6 M 3 r n 'm1a:3TFft?.
(superordinate) $k8 *I fl (subordinate)
2. rnrnrd3.rn*~*d~~
W B i l r n m d ~ m
faxpfm fl hfmztl
3.. ~m~m&*mfmW r- i n m - h m f m f ~
t*yrar*,*err,m
wf%*m**mm
fi
4. m.m*l*l*laym'm '~m*nPdarmmrrol*~~
afam S'ITB 31 m m m '3n?+bm1wm*
-2l
mmrrrdhdhmmm3fm itamrrr;ihm:x+mf%m35
5.
8l
6.. '4187-m-am
$1 * * m--
m *m.*
eI frar *I
7. m r n ~ ~ ~ m ibr?;ffm:STSPflBTbim+8qR
? ; h
& $ h T + - d ' 4 ~ ~ 1 m ~ * r n m r n$k8fl
4 'FmT'3ff3M4 ' y 1 l m & w m * 3 f 3 r n d m m /
~ m m m & m * m 3 1
&& (dialectology) m t
h 3;r
m 3 ~ m m * 1 - & , it;ibr3ff3m&&wh&~+m&wmm
~ ; f m 3 m r n $ r - t r ~ d r P d d l d ~ m 4 & ~ w m & ~ 1 M
bzim&,F t ; i d l 3 f h r n 3 i t r n ~ f r ' t c ; m * ,mVpm**1*
~ ~ & w z i Z f m r n )~m (m & ~ d, & r n * *
mm *I
* - ~ : & - w & m d ~ m ~ d ~ f r ~ 8 & ~
~ * % ~ * & & m ~ w 3 f ) 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ h '
3 1 r j ; m * m & ~ & * @ m * - m m m , ' ~
rn',I m 4 + p T 1 , '*ml, lem'*lm&rfKa '-St'w
-
srdm % TEV3 (tag questions) (m3TT %3$I)
71
~ ~ ? T T $ T ~ ~ ~ x . s ~ ~ + T * I ~ ~ ( ~ & ~ T ?
~'Lfj&8)a3fh93i~(m4m-mrn-it;ibrmsrdmfmr81
m*m:
!mmw mmm
'ml *-? F-
IG' #-3 mrn
IT' T-? T m W
'H' m-
3 r n m w
;rrmrf2rJi;ra3*:*m*m*&m*mifm-h
b r P ~ m m 3 T r a $ l ~ - & q m ~ f r ; i f % f & ~
' b r f m ~ s m ' 4 f S r R % ~ a ; r ~ 1 ~ d & & m ; i M ~ f i ,
~ m w ~ d f m r m w r l - m r l 8 m d * - m : ~ w ~ ~
mm%d&mmaw3fmM*lmmq%
i & R T i = F r 8 m m & ~ d m ~ * ~ ~ & m
~ 8 m & 8 % 1 s m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r t i % i i i T &
~ & r n * * l a m ~ m ~ - ~ ~
'~'zf~mm;rftlm;im+rpmtf~3fm~%f
& & & h ~ ~ 8 5 7 ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ a g y r r f $ m $ ? 6 5 d 3 f @
&%% $1 (People of India Project, K.S. Singh, 1993)
7Za
I
76
'
Km. 0
84'
- 200 400
88"
Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the.Surveyor General of India.
600 Km.
92'
'0
96O
The terr~torialwaters of lndia extend into the sea to a d~stanceof twelve nautical miles measured from
the appropriate Base line.
Responsibility for the correctness of the internal details rests with the Publishers.
The External Boundary and Coast-line of lndia shown on this map agree with the Record copy apbroved by
the Survey of India, Dehra Dun.
The Administrative Headqui t e r s of Chandigarh. Haryana and Punjab are a1 Chandigarh.
-
wwf3mi 6.3 ' if
Yhd (Languages in Contact)
r n m & * w m & * ~ s f m ~ f ~ ~ & ~ ~ l * m ~
~ j : v ~ s f * * m m m & * r n & m * ~ ~ l
~ w $ & s f 3 m m & & d s f & 8 1 d s f & M ~ y t ~
* d m m 8 1 ~ * w * * m d m s r d m ~ m 8 1 ~
d Sf m d 4 f&R d m (multilingualism) d 81?ma
~ k T h ~ h ~ w $ ~ a f i ; R ~ 8 1
~ m & m m dm ~ i t
7-rd-w* ~ ~
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x h R & d s f ~ $ , 4 f f f t ~ & & s f ~ < l * * * ~
m=dd d (multilingual) M m ml (ployglot)
~ $ 1 W r n ~ ~ 3 a 3 * ~ * 1
i) Mrn & m a'r6l sf M (Codes) m f4m &%
x M81
ii) 3 m d & d * m r n . ~ b f T m 8 1
iii) M r n d * m - m * m d 8 1
iv) f??~%;rmn*~rna~R%$'6f*l
$k+kiFJl & f q ~
6.3.2
~ ~ & m 4 m w ~ m ( *v ww2 m1) w i h
m $, T dS (code) m$1 f&nf$m & WTR & m F &
*marSt-arSt-\3sbmm$M:
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# d ara & 4 I He will help you.
3Trnf%qarn;r~l
n 4 dS & (code transfer) ain am $1
~ & w & ~ & m x m f r a m $ f S i ~ x ~
~ T T ~ R F F M W ~ W ~ Y - F W & ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T .
43md&*dS-mm*mm*lm&~
~fM&-fkrfkm*m&M&~#;A=mm&rda-r$.
'?mm without soft FFT?
* party without boys1 (ponds cream)
f4m (code mixing) 6%=8 m ifh md 4 fi m f I 4 (1982
: 59) *-f4m $3 6Rm-r M 3 'm w 8 ?TW (utterance) 4 3 IWF=I
md&-3fhm--mwmfi1lmmd
4*-f4mrn~s3fhrnwhw$lw;Am4m~
fim*3fhm;Tft,*-m&**3fh~fqm3imm
8, - m k m w * - w d * m 4 * - f 4 m m * 3 f t 3 * - w
iqiqm43TTFaNmfmm*wmhm*lF
~&-f4m&f*P4)1mdwfm8~rmsrrm;Tft~m;,3
f@%=r~mdrRdr&~~~dfimt3-fqmw$t~sn;l
f (-.h41- 1989: 1 1 1 ) 1 - . h 4 1 - $ & ' d & h ~ ~ ~ F @ V h 3 l f & ~
m w ~ s h 3 f h ~ M w ~ f S i m w w m m d f S r
h43ia4h~+krrvm4?wm*rnd&&imdm-m
~ f i f m & & f l ~ m f S r ~ ~ - w - ~ ~ ~
~ m r r n * , k ~ 4 M * h ~ r n * l ~ & ~ ~ :
1. Parents depend F k I T
'?r&m-fb-dTwR.-f3*'
2. d rnown lan$uage 3 look down upon m l
'amrarn.Amd**'
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'mfid*m&*, a m d f l '
\
~ s l l * ~ * m M * r n M * * & * *
T S T $ F Z ~ T @ T $ ~ ~ ~ ~ , & ~ B * ~ & ~ ~ J T
~d&arS4fim-smhwm*12f3ffSrw*
W%dFb TkJR (copjunct verbs) d fSr %?FVT/ Fkll + h4 f
-~m*m*m*&***-fimfl
-:
(q) work a $I v. (d.) + h(fir.)]
(a) hard work a $1 m., V. (a.) + h(fir.)]
(T) daily hard work a <I Iffi.fT., fT.,??. (d.) +h
(fir.)]
(4) exam pass + h.
(d.) + operator (fir.)]
Tff3*,
(4)4&h ' m 1 d 8 m & h p a s s m ~ ~ & M *
f$3 & operator h'+FIT'
i%~& FFT M*I
(UEIuaaq urfy .@) 4 iik = ,UEI ay, y & .9
(poo8 ou 8uglai .@) m = pap, rf; J.LEJE .s
(poo8 ou aLa .@) rn@ = ,pugq, rf; & $t .b
(dn ICllaq .@) a q = , y x q noL uo, htcw 'E
(un Lpaq @) LW = ,Eaoym!p, .z
, 2 w ~ u w w 1
~ - ,seolelod AIUO tea aldoad ~ o o daqt,
@I~C& w)lee oletod (le aldoad ~ o o daql
(~-w)*m@w~ .L ~fi
:QJ$LtYtt&
wGlnlhlw~12a~wwMa*ww'&
'w '='J=F 'w Itw1*w-* 1% hu-mw*
w w ~ = w : ~ l 3 4 ~ ~ m - * & ~
w~e-mbl"lhl%-ww'w@-&w~~nlhl
% - l g ~ ~ I * h r l P + ~ w w e I 2 w w P m ~
l g l @ ~ ~ + ~ & w ~ ~ ~ w
~ ! 4 h ~ u ~ @ & ~ + ~ ~ u
# ~ * w @ & m m w ~ - - w - w ' & m
L t A l i ? m - ~ ~ * w @ u & m m & ! 4 h l g * @ ~ ~
a - ! 4 h n u ! 4 h & - m + p ~ w ~ k ~ ~ 1 @
~ b C r ~ w @ + w & @ m # ~ w % w -
w ~ ~ * w w ~ ~ w @ w w w ~ I t w ~
w k ~ * ~ - w ~ w ~ w ~ ~ ~
~w ~
-*mdd*mmm*ldM~frd
8,Wmmm81*,m~+@~h$&~3m;ft
L mdd*sr*3tt3*qwTl-Tr&rn**l%mm&
d-%drn*q~~~~~md&&~, f++m~qwf%~,
f3& 4 md & (maintenance) w Ift M31M qc~
, 3$&m~*&~*d*mm*mmd*m%133f
' ~ m ' m M 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o o a d & ~ ~
~ ? r m ~ ~ ~ * m a ' ~ ' &
m 8 f S i m r n a ~ h m ~ T ; l z f f T ; F t * f S ; ( * ~ ~
~ ~ * m * f S i ) ? ~ ~ $ l d w 3 1 ~ ~ m * f T m * l
?~~$lm*q*,mm~m*1-qqmm3l'km&
x P F T d E T ~ a n ~ w 8 l ~ m ~ m ~ 3 T T R m 4 ~
m m d I f t ~ ~ ~ . m w 2 1 ~ 3 T r f * m l * w ~ m
(social institution) $1 -qq v$i 3 ST m & m aC
c-f& m +I +$
id&?
6.5.1 T h h F i & ?lG
~ m ~ m w ~ f & i w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ m
~dETp3lM-Mmif+f;SF;;T-f;SF;;Tm&mm*2
3l'k 8 3 i a : b (social interaction)
mdTfhh*fsim3m;$w,~,d,&3tt3m*~
*
&d h 81 *
m m 3 $ m m m ~ m & 8 3 t t 3 ~ ? m m f T d
m ~ ~ ~ ~ m & a m n t ~ m m 3 m i ~ & w h w & r d :
wlllfhm - .rf 3-S"r m.....
- m.....
- m,w m .....
- 31'I'r ......
-
me ( * ) d 3 f h d & m * & q 7 s m , ~FTErqq3fh*rn
(surname), WRIT@ TR @ -3
(q. 2) 3~wd=?Tm&dm:
*
?K 3;T fi & Wd (q. I ) 3fh @&
(M m
1) m (*I2
I?Q
6.5.2 *-fMSF?I FFgiFFl Fkl?m
d f?& d & % 3 -& 3 3 M TR 4T 8 (non-affinal)
dk@*fh$-m
W 8l
(affina~)frl~d=?Tm.j;f??d&~~-*
FCJ EF& d
aTrzm3;rn*m-1.
WZKR8 (referenced terms) *
k-fih ?I!
*
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(*)
Ri?
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m m
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$& J J *m
vm J J J J
m ' T $ J J J J
m rc mFftTF6FTJ J
3 m 3m8ftJ J
d m m a ~ $ f 3 s M h ~ m - d & ; t ~ w ~ ~ 1 m i l
*
f & ~ T ?'ha (K.S. Sing, 'people of India')
it;rrawm~w8fSih6?m~osrPdma~Mmmh
m FI? M
TE~
'srwmI&wilm814R&m~1.m-m~*ff+dw
~ ~ ' r n '' ~v' m
r & m * & 3 * i f * * r n 1
a + w m ~ 8 f S i ~ ~ ~ * m ~ ~ h mm * ~ - ; t 8 ,
q~~3TitBUT&mrrdmm**it*Mffft3fi3rnml
m * r n m m m s r d m ~ * & ~ & * m M ~ ; m ~
~ w ~ d - d t ~ ~ m M * m 3 F i t ; ; l i 7 ~ f m r i t 1 ~ m ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m m ~ r n * l ~ r T R 9 T ;
w m - q 'mr w
' mm~3f&i w Y K - J - T ~ '-mi' ffft &
w m 8 1 ~ ~ 1 M r n ~ m m m m ~ ~ 8 1 M &
' s ' m * w m & g S ~ m ~ m ~ m *
?T=iI*
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fa-$haT81m. +5=l-l(@T),
(w). (TO, m (urn), h (hm~
(T), h (rn~),
)
k (m),
813Ta;If
p
?bm
*
q?mz3f;F;n w 8 * f%a-aT (h), (?-as), *I
+ TKFFJI
i
(m)3nR1qCr8
&-m&m*&3fm$m&j:&'3ii1-Fmr;t3f
$ . r ~ 4 s f t . r i * a f r ~ d i ~ : r n : ~ , ~ : f ~
*:M&lmmzf '?'rnrrdm?A~tm*~*l
m: ' Q - m m 7 m 1 ~ - r s f t = & ~ * f & 3 $ t ~ d ~ 3 m n m
M ?Em3 f%=T 81FFa-Rmm - & (m), 4-qa
(m),
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1986,
Y ?
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1981) W Wfl d $1
*ael-Rmmm, x m ; ~ ~ m m w J i . f f f t w
' ~ ~ ' & w ~ + R ~ ~ G u I ~ ~ & w ~ & ~ E T & ~ *
* f3i f30-a rn M 4 *-m, h-m, *-m,
m-M* * *
?F?fl-m, M-m,
m-Tft3l-r T R *I q+l R 9 c l G ~ l c l 4Ji.~ m-mffft
xrrR.npii~~m7ft~$1~:w&~im~mm
m r n $ 3 f h ~ * M m b m m e , m r ~ ,
F?hfm,-*M&m~Me-ehrm;r
m * l ~ m d ~ * f & m * ~ m 3 f i 4 M ( 3 f h ~
m'L)ftww***m4h**&mmm*l~
. r f t ~ 3 ; ~ M ~ & ~ d k ~ m * m ~ ~ p i
a - d G q i R * ~ . n l
