a test Se Da wah 3 TEDTE WOT 1 Finish each of the following sentences in such a See | have been writing this composition way that it is as similar in meaning as possible to all evening, eee areal eyes =XAMI I've never had to work all throuc e couple of days? ume never Fat wen rough eae een oe This is the first time Ive had to work all through praia sale tea hobereny e | was asking her if she'd like to come to the Most of us have races on Saturday b Our current manager started working here ten years ago. cone | ‘Our current manager has [FOR CONTINUOUS TENSES, SEE SECTION 3. € | haven't heard from Sarah fora couple of months, The last 4 Fil cach of the blanks witha suitable word 4 used to find computers difcut before | stated eee taking these lessons ANE: Look out! We're going to hit the car in e Michael Owen is the best player I've seen so far in i , eee 2 At this rate, we'e be exhausted by the time a we fish bb The minute the train... standsil, get on and on try to find a seat. ron presen epee see stcnon 7, € By December, hell a... working therefor elghteen months 2 Fill each of the blanks with a suitable word They claim to be virtually on achieving or phrase everything they st out to do. Canis As $000 as he saw what had happened, © WE were just about... the house when Sue he switched off the electricity. seer 4 When I started working for this company. an architect for si years } far b She'd... studying marine biology but she 4 finaly decided on geography. lan They fon the road for a mere five minutes when they had a puncture d It’s almost half past nine: | would think they got there by now. fe My intention is fjnished my stupies by Tune Sel fon roueenec ras loc wo oni 4 2 3“& OVERVIEW 1 USES OF PERFECT TENSES Present Perfect ‘We use Present Pesfect to talk abour things that ook place: ‘© during a period that includes past and present: ‘They've been waiting here for an hour ‘+ in the past, bur we're not saying exactly when: Don’t tell me he’s bought another new ca! + in the past with an effect or result in the present: I'm afiaid Pve forgotten my key. + with the time adverb just meaning ‘a short time ‘ago’ (American English uses Past Simple here): ‘She's just gone owt Past Perfect We use Past Perfect to talk about things that took ace: * before something ese inthe past (ee Section 2.1); took the decision after I hal spoken to John + during a period before an event in the past All day Pa been feeling nervous but the feling vanished as soon as I saw her: Future Perfect We use Furure Perfect to talk about + something that will be finished before a specified time in the future (sce Section 2.2) PU have signed nearly a hunted eters by tonight For, since, already, yet, still, often, ete. We often use Perfect tenses with these time words. + Note important variations in their position: We still haven't heard from Olga. We'd still not heard from her by the time evening arrived. (= more formal) I haven’t heard a convincing explanation of her absence yet. She's phoned already. Has she phoned already? She's already phoned. She hasn’t already phoned, has she? 2 USES OF CONTINUOUS TENSES We use Continuous tenses to talk about things: + continuing over a period, and temporary. Continuous tenses show that we either view the event as incomplete, or that we don't know or don't need to say when it started or finished: We're studying Shakespeare at school at the moment, (= temporary activity during these weeks) PROBLEM TENSES It was raining when se left the building. (= we don’t know or aren't interested in when the rain started or when it will finish) ‘+ that are in the process of changing: William's piano playing was improving every day. think I'm getting more forgetful as I grow older. ‘© With verbs that describe a short action, e.g. hit, Jnock, blink, the action is repeated rather than continuous Pye been ringing him all morning but he never seems to be in + We often use Past Continuous and Past Perfect, Continuous to set the background to narrative events, Because it may not be clear when the activity begins or ends, they give the impression you are arriving in the middle of a scene: Jo had been working all morning and was now ‘spending a happy half hour doing nothing more taxing than staring into space. She was looking forward 10 her holiday in Scotland in a few days" time. 3 EXPRESSING THE FUTURE English does not have one furure tense. Instead, we use other tenses and modal verbs to refer to the future (see Section 4 This time next week we'll be sitting our exams (= we'll be in the middle of them) When you arrive, you are to go straight 10 the registration dest. We don’t use Present Perfect when an exact past time is mentioned and there is no connection with the present X there heen te trio rhe 1 We went to London in 1997 + But we can use the Present Perfect if the period ‘mentioned includes the past and present: We've been here since half past six. Thaven’t done much work today. I's been raining for ages. + We use Past Perfect for something that happened before something else. We can only use it with another Past tense: Lwent t0 sce him because his wife had asked me to + We omit will in time clauses (see Sections 1.4 and 42): XC Fik phone recess dane ard ¥ Fill phone you as soon as we have arrived.= “ee SECTION I Present Perfect often combines with other tenses in the same sentence, 1 USES WITH OTHER PRESENT TENSES We use Present Perfect with other Present tenses: + with report/comment verbs or phrases (guess, ‘nagine, suppose, etc.) reckon Gloria’s been held up in traffic. Do you suppose they've forgotten they're meant to be here? + with the phrase This is/It's/ That's the first/ second /only, etc. time This is the first time he’s been late It?s the only time I’ve ever really got angry with him. + when an event is unusual or unique in your life (often with a superlative and ever or never ve never met anybody who is 50 absent-minded However, we commonly use a Past tense to refer to somebody who is dead! Princess Diana was the most extraordinary person I've ever read about. + when commenting on the present results of something in the past (usually with appear, seem, sound, ete.) He sounds as he has run all the way here It seems they've already decided withou# consulting us. 2 USES WITH PAST TENSES We use Present Perfect with Past tenses: + to describe states or events that have continued since a time in the past (with since, ever since, et) He's been a bit more careful since he had that warning, Ever since I first heard it I've been trying to find a reconding of that song. + to describe long-term or repeated feelings and thoughts about past events: Pv often wondered wiry he decided ro hecome a teacher. Pve always felt we di the wrong thing when wwe took her om as at assistant 3 USE WITH ANOTHER PRESENT PERFECT We use Present Perfect with another Present Perfect: + to describe two states that have existed since a time in the past: Since Pve known him, he’s always worn the same sweater. 18 4 USE WITH FUTURE FORMS. In time clauses (after when, as soon as, until, before, ete.) we don't use will, and so the Future Perfect will have done is not possible, In these cases we use the Present Perfect to refer to the future: We'll continue the meeting when he’s recovered his composure 5 USE WITH SINCE AND YET Note the position and emphatic uses of since and yer: There was no news this morning but we've since learned that she's in Rome. Thaven’t met anyone yet who can run as fast as him. , or: Pve yet to meet anyone who 6 COMMON PHRASES They've maul il (= They've succeeded) I've had enough. (= I'm fed up. I don't want to do any more) You've had it! (= You're in trouble) That's torn it! (& You, we, etc. have done something that someone else will complain strongly about) Now you've done dt! (= You've done something seriously wrong) She's arrived, (= She's achieved fame, succes acceptance, ete at last) He's lost it patience or selfcontrol) You've got me there! (= Good point: I've no idea what the solution is) Correct these sentences a It’s the third time he missed a meeting b As soon as he will finish, he's going home. © This isthe best lasagne I ever have 4 Since we've known each other, he always shows ‘impeccable manners Since I've met her, I've never seen her lose her temperas. © Tick (V) the sentences that are correct. Correct those that are not. a. Do you think Vicky's always known che truth about us? b That's been the second time you've forgotten to post something, for me. ¢ haven't seen Peter since he begins seeing his new gislfriend Ever since we met, you néver asked me what I prefer to do. ¢ Inall my life, 'Sever spoke to someone who is quite so stupid £ [don’t think Paul and Carol have seen much of each other of late. {g This isthe only occasion that I've seen him wearing a tie hy Since he's lived here, he was usually extremely friendly. i They'll join us after they'll et a bite to eat j He says he hasn't yet come to a final decision. “Tie isthe ory ‘occasion that ve seen im wearing a ti Fill each of the gaps in this passage with one suitable word. Tve often (a) thar Stefan’s success as a teacher is due to his eccentricity as much as his knowledge of the subject. From the first time he ever (2) into a classroom, students have always loved him, They've probably (3) met anybody who displays such an extraordinary mixture of enthusiasm and great personal warmth. 1t (4) also probably the first time they've (5) somebody who always wears a leather jacket and a scarf even at the height of summer. © Fill each of the gaps in this passage with one suitable word. “When did you really begin to feel at home here?" Paul asked. “Oh, you've {I me there! Jonn replied. ‘Let’s just say you won't feel you truly belong until you've (2) out with your colleagues and then made it up several times. Over the summer I've (3) it with all of them countless times, often over quite trivial things. I've lost (4) of the times T've said to myself - That's itt Wve had (SI! But Fcome back the nextday, time ater time, Tye often (6) why Ido, As far asthe boss goes, just wait uni ‘you make a major mistake. Your colleagues will go "Oooh, now you've {8} i", and the boss comes in (9) it. Then (7) e" of “Um, that’s and just smiles at you. Then you'll know you've youll definitely have (10) © Fill cach of the blanks suitable word or phrase. Example: 'm not going to go out again until the storm has blown I'll phone him just as soon as typing all these letters, 1 looked for that book everywhere but I'm afraid across it yet ¢ This isn't the first time he away from home. 4 Tspoke to Sylvia last night: she sounds had a hard time recently. eI went to the new pizzeria last night: it does the eaten, F T've never understood what football so popular. g Since he got home from the camp, he but sleep. h I've yet over the shock of seeing her there. @ Finish each of the sentence: such a way that it is as similar in meaning as possible to the sentence printed before it. Example: Make sure you finish this, book before you start on the others. Don’t start the other books until you have finished this one. a Nobody has seen Jo for over a month, Jo was b “Bergkamp’s goal was the most extraordinary one I have ever seen. Ive yet No one has asked me that before This is the first time The journey to Paris took much longer before they built the Channel Tunnel. Since the It’s almost a year since I stopped smoking, Tgave £ This café used to be a lot more popular before they opened the new one next door. Since 8SECTION 2 Other Perfect forms 1 PAST PERFECT Not always necessary Past Perfect emphasises that we are talking about a period before a time in the past. Ifthe time sequence is clear (e.g, because we use afte), both Past Simple and Past Perfect are possible. Ar other times Past Perfect is essential to understanding the sequence, and we often add already, as soon as, or until: got to work after Simon arrived / had arrived. When I arrived, they'd already started. (= they started before I arrived) When I arrived, they started. (= I arrived before they started) With defi Unlike Present Perfect, we can use Past Perfect with a definite time reference: T arrived at nine o'clock but he had got there at eight. time With before There is one exception to the time sequence rules on Past Perfect, When we use before, the verb in Past Simple can refer to something that takes place before the verb in Past Perfect. The first action may prevent the second from happening Te waiter took my plate away Before I'd finished cating 1 was blamed for it before I'd even had a chance 19 defend myself Unfulfilled plans : We use Past Perfect with report verbs and with hope, intend, expec, etc. to talk about plans that have not yet been fulfilled. Had is usually stressed in speech with this use: 1 had hoped to talk to him but he was too busy ro listen, Thad thought of phoning him but decided against it. 2 FUTURE PERFECT With by ‘We can often use Future Perfect with the preposition by or the phrase by the time meaning ‘at some point before the time mentioned or indicated It’s taking her so long to write that book that by the time she’s finished it people will have forgotten the incident it’s based on. 20 Predicting We can also use will have done to say what we think thas probably happened: There's mo point phoning: they'll have gone out. # We can use should /ought to or may / might instead of wil if there is some uncertainty about the prediction of present or future: I should have finished making this cate by the time Sue comes home. (= { think I will have, but I'm not sure. See Unit 4, Section 3.2 for modal Perfects) 3 USES OF PERFECT INFINITIVES We use Perfect infinitives: + after link verbs like seem and appear to refer to a previous time period (an ordinary to-infinitive will usually refer to the present or future) There seems to have been some sort of mistake. + after phrases expressing emotions and feelings: I'm sorry to have kept you waiting. ‘She was felt not to have met the standards required. 4 PERFECT -ING FORMS When talking about results and time, we can use a Perfect ing form to emphasise that one thing, happens before another: 1 didn’t remember having met her before. Having ‘finally grasped what I meant, he got down 10 work Perfect passives can sometimes be confusing because we use both be (= passive) and have (= Perfect) as auxiliaries: The refugees have been prevented from entering the country. This picture is thought to have been painted by a pupil of Rembrandt's ar Which of the points in this Section do these examples illustrate? ‘How did you become a teacher ‘Yd intended to be an actor, but things didn’t work out” b Turned on the computer, but before I had managed to log on there was a power cut ¢ After he told me what he wanted, we talked 7 about the plans for the next day. 4. The exhibition will hve finished by the time I get around to seeing it © They appear to have accepted most of your terms.© Match the beginnings (1-8) with a suitable ending (ah). Example: 0 +i (0 After Id finished teaching a and had come to ensure that earlier that morning) the school was run efficiently. 1 He told me that he had made a terrible mistake 2 Tasked him € that he wanted to enrol as a 3. He explained how a youny student ran 70U had come to reception 4 John had immediately € that the man was able to assumed explain there had been a 5 So, before the young man had _ misunderstanding had a chance to say anything what had happened 6 John, who Was in a terrible John had given him an hurry, then left the man to it,’ application form. 7 Ie wasn't until he returned ten -h_ wondering why he looked so ‘minutes later puzzled. 8 He was actually a school (Hound John standing outside inspector my classroom.) © Correct any sentences that are unacceptable. a By the time he is 50, he will live in this country for half his life b It’s a surprise party and they won't know anything about it until they got here They're probably planning a quiet evening together; I know they won't have guessed what we're doing The other seventy guests should be arrived before Mikis and Maria € By the time we wif have finished, everybody will have eaten and drunk as much as they can. © ross out and correct eight errors inthis extract from a composition. A ninth error has already been corrected, Dear Sie Thad Fecently been on a two-week holiday with your company to the island of Thassos, Tam sorry to have-said say that it was the worst holiday I've ever had. Over the years | went on many holidays to Greece, a country I have now come to know quite well. think I can safely say that, until this year, all of those holidays were wonderful. For example | have once spent six weeks on Crete, which | had not visited before. | had loved that holiday so much that | returned every spring for the last four years This year, however, was different. | honestly consider this to had been the worst holiday of my life. This is not the fault of Thassos: the fault lies entirely with your company whose inability to organise the simplest thing is quite unbelievable. {As both the outward and return flights have been delayed for several hours, there was nobody to meet us at the airport or transfer us to our hotel, and when we eventually did reach the hotel, we discovered it had been built over a mile fram the beach. Reading your brochure carefully, we feel this was not what we have expected, OTHER PERFECT FORMS. © Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it is a similar as possible to the Sentence printed before Example: Don't use that milk until you've finished this carton. Make sure you've finished this carton before you ise that mil a. I'm sure he will arrive before you get there By the time bb Lreckon the journey to Cornwall is over 200 miles By the time we get © After keying that report, could you perhaps check this order for When that 4. 'm sure Helen will have got there before everyone else Helen is We will fax you further details con receipt of your completed application form, Having © Fit each of the blanks with a suitable word or phrase. Example: All the best things will have gone if we don't get to the sale a Twas really happy when they announced... decided to get married, bb She proceeded to fix the faulty wiring, having first... been switched off It wasn't until he mentioned the conference that I... met before By next Christmas we decorating the house. © He is planning completed all his coursework by next week. / f Its six o'clock: | imagine they for the airport by now: g The suspect is believed fled the country, hh Afier he had lost his glasses, he but to buy another pair. aGRAMMAR SECTION 3 bantschad tise anced L was wondering ifyou wanted to go out this evening. Were you looking for anything in particular? Continuous forms CONTINUOUS TENSES focus on a past period that leads up to a later one, Perfect Continuous tenses, as with other Continuous Note we can’t use I was thinking with whether or if: tenses, show that an event continues and/or is X Fwas-thinking- whether you'd like-to-come-round-te temporary Pve been meaning to tell you about it since the ¥ Twas thinking — would you like to come round to weekend. Next October P' have been playing with my place for cofee? this team for ten years. He'd been driving for hours Tas wondering whether you'd like to come rownd and he needed a res. to my place fo cofee? _. "+ We use Past or Present Perfect Continuous to talk ae ‘bout something hat iinet, just nishing 4 CONTINUOUS INFINITIVES or abo "ee athe Past and Presemsatiect - colowe vy aoe can suggest the action is finished:__ Verb and other structures that can be followed by a toinfinitive can also be followed by a Continuous heen staring atthe computer sercn al evening infinitive to emphasise that something is still Senin ny ck ms Toe ben rnding, nite to emphasis “War and Peace’ again. (= 1 may not have finished) een ee eon ete ance sed Hern rin edi a Me cee Several cyclists are thought to have Been faking drags What have you been doing? (= tell me about your during the race. activities) "What have you done? (= tell me the result of your activities) + ‘The difference between choosing Continuous or Simple may only be a matter of emphasing that Tre Been waiting here for over an howe = emphasising that {stl arm) 2 USING PAST CORTHWOUS FOR PLANS ac We can use Past Continuous to talk about plans in the past We were meeting at & o'clock and I was already late + We use was going fo to talk about plans in the past that we still haven't carried out or that we no Tonger intend to carry out: I was going to phone you but I forgot. We can use J was thinking... to introduce vague future plans: Iwas thinking of going to London this weekend, 5 PERFECT CONTINUOUS PASSIVE The Perfect Continuous passive is very uncommon because it involves two forms of be: ‘The Botley Road has been being widened for the past six weeks, Match the example sentences (1-5) with the explanations (ae) of the uses of the Continuous 1 Twas going to try to finish this this evening. 2 Iwas wondering whether you'd thought of going to see that new film? 3. He was blinking rapidly in the unaccustomed sunlight 4 L was thinking of meeting Suzette later. 5. I've been thinking a lot recently about your idea, a repeated action 3 USING PAST CONTINUOUS FOR POLITE plans you no longer have or are no longer sure REQUESTS: about vague future plans polite suggestion © emphasising the continuing activity We often use Past Continuous to introduce polite requests, suggestions or inquiries so that they 2@ Tick (1) the correct semtence, a orb. Example: Which sentence would be ssid afer one particular mica a Tve gaten t00 much. 7b Ive been eating too much 1 Which sentence refers to a temporary (Yorre situation? my seat gp a That lamp sits on that table over thei aS b You're sitting in my seat. Dy 2. Which activity is probably not completed? a I've been writing this essay all evening b I've written to him asking for an appointment. 3. Which is a gradual process? a The increase in traffic noise is becoming a real nuisance. b John becomes President of Oxford Rotary Club in July. 4 Which would you say when you look out of the window early ‘one morning? a It’s been raining, b It was raining 5 Which is a more certain plan? a Iwas thinking of spending the weekend at my sister’ b I'm planning to spend the weekend at my sister's, 6 You saw a colleague waiting for a bus on your way to work, Which would you say to your other colleagues when you get to the office to explain why she was there? a She might have gone to see her dentist. 1b She might have been going to see her dentist. @ Tick (7) the most suitable inderlined verb. Sometimes both may be possible. The first has been done for you. 1 don't normally go to the cinema. Not because I don’t like it but because it’s just a habit I have never got into. However, on this occasion I decided (V) / was deciding to go because my friends had been constandly going / had constantly gone ©) on about this film all week and eventually wore me down. It stared / was starring 2) some ephemeral Hollywood actor whom I had vaguely heard of but couldn't put a face to. We got to the cinema early to find people were already waiting / alteady waited °’ outside which suggested that iy friends weren’t the only ones who thought it was worth seeing ~ although I could still think of several other things I would rather having been doing / do’ at that moment. In the end, the film nurned out / was turning out "0 be not half as bad as expected, though I would have preferred / would have been preferring © something with a bit more action. The plot centred on ‘ovo men who were planning to carry out some immensely complicated robbery, though what they completely failed to realise were completely failing to realise was that all the time their plans ‘were being closcly monitored / were closely monitored by the police. Somewhat unpredictably, however, they got away with it because they changed / were changing ©” their plans at the last minute. It was okay but 'mnot thinking / Ldon‘t think“ of ‘going again. ‘CONTINUOUS FORMS. © March the questions (1-8) with suitable answers (2-1). 1 Why didnt you call 2 When do you think they'll be here? 3. Why did they look so hot and sweaty? Why couldn’ we use the rooms? Why are they s0 exhausted? Why did't the students respond? Why were they apprehended? What time are they setting off tomorrow? a. They could be arriving at any ‘moment b I think they'd been working out in the gym. © ‘They must have been doing something wrong. was going to, but I clean forgot ‘They weren't listening, Wall, they hope to have been driving for five hours by lunchtime. They were being cleaned hh They've been working all day up in the attic © Write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the word given. Example: My original intention was 10 drive all the way. going | was going to drive all the way. a Itoccurred to me that you might like to come round this evening, wondering b Our arguments over polities go back years. arguing © My son has finally come to accept that there's no such thing as a free lunch, ! dawning d Who is the organiser of this event? running € I think he’s at last beginning to agree with me. roundGRAMMAR SECTION 4 The future z, 1 WAYS OF REFERRING'TO THE FUTURE ‘The following table summarises the different structures we use to talk about the future. Example _ ell FI just go and get my coat will You'll be sick if you eat more chocolate be going to Pm going to stop in a minute be going to Present Continuous Present Simple ‘The coach leaves in ten minutes. will + Continuous the baby to bed. will + Continuous the year We're going to the café. Won't you join us? Don't phone too carly because Pll be putting We'll be working on this until the end of 1 give your letter to him ~1'U be seeing Meaning, = an immediate decision about what you ate going to do = a general prediction personal intention, Look out! We're going to hit the carin front. = a prediction after looking at what is happening now fixed plans (arrangements an unalterable arrangement or fact an action that will be in progress some time in the future an activity that will be happening, dluring a period in the future an action that will happen because it is him later regular or decided will + Perfect We'll have driven over five hundred miles = an event that will be finished before a by the time we get there specified time in the future will + Perfect We'll have been living here for ten years =a state of affairs in progress for a Continuous next May. period up to a specified time in the future be + to-infinitive He is to be given an award. + We use shall with I or we with the same meaning as, will. However, itis becoming increasingly formal its most common current use is in polite offers or to ask advice (see Unit 3, Section 1.1) Shall I open the door for you? What shall we do now? 2 WILL IN TIME CLAUSES AND JF-CLAUSES ‘We omit will in time clauses after wien, as soon as, sun, before, etc: T'm not going to speae to her until she’s apologised However, with conditional clauses (after if, unless, providing, etc.) we can use wil, but only: + when we want emphasis and will makes an intention or promise stronger: If you will insist on the best, then you must expect to pay more for it + in polite requests — will means ‘be willing to” If you'll hold these bags for me, I ean open the door Pa an official arrangement or order You're to stay here until you've apologise. ‘+ We use would instead of will in reported speech, and conditionals They promised they would work on it all weekend. Harry asked me if 1 would help him out 3 COMMON PHRASES Pm (just) about to go out. (= in a very short time) We were on the point of leaving when the bell rang, We're due to meet in half an hour Match the examples with the meanings in the table. a Are you going to the match tomorrow? b Are you going to go out this evening or not? My driving licence expires in 2030. I've had enough. I'll finish this tomorrow. © We'll be sending you more details in the post.Las a © Tick (7) the most appropriate of the underlined words. a >’ She looks very pale. I think she'll / she’s going to fai Lil’ :m_going to do that for you, if you like. ¢ LiLbe/ im going tobe a rocket scientist when I ij grow up. ‘Somebody's atthe door’ ‘II/ Lm going 10 se who itis {I need to be home early today so I Jeave /am. leaving at 4.00 We'llbe in plenty of time providing the traffic isnot / will nat be too bad She asked if | would / will be so kind as to give her a lif. What sort of job do you think you will do / will be dling in a few years time? By the time you get back, all the food will have gone / will go The two Prime Ministers are to / shall discuss the current economic crisis © Fill cach of the numbered gaps in this passage with one suitable word. B® a & FE No. No. rl rember that by the terms of the contract you le (1) to leave before midday” the voice said. “Yes. Yes, I know. I was when you rang, Midday, 1 know. As I said, Iwas on the ~ packing, then leaving, (2) about to pack the voice repeated. (3) of leaving That is ..... (4) you want to pay for another week,’ the voice continued. 5) out by twelve," I stammered a ‘Ie does say very clearly on your door that all & guests are... (6) vacate their rooms by midday.” the voice went on, quite unne sarily, | thought. @ (8) in less Look. I've told you,’1 shouted, "ll have before the clock strikes twelve! I'm than fifteen minutes. The flies, ants and cockroaches will soon... (9) partying in a punctually vacated apartment, Have no fear By By remember thatthe new occupans & (10) in at “1 know! Midday!” I screamed, and threw down the phone. © Fill each of the gaps in the following sentences with a suitable word or phrase. Example: | was just about to have a cup of coffee when Sue called, a He was resigning when the news of his promotion came through, b Our builder told me he materials as soon as he could. ¢ I think we'd better leave this restaurant as soon, the bill. If that little boy carries on like that, he accident before long, fe By the time I qualify, | £ ur company is best to get the law for six years ‘over by a multinational © A word is missing from most of the numbered pairs of lines in the passage. Mark the place with a line /, and weite the missing word on the right. If a pair of lines does not need a word added, put a tick (7). The first two have been done for you. Despite all the lessons we have learned from history, itis dificule to conceive what people are likely /be doing fo, 1 ahundred yearyfow: During this century, so many changes have 2 taken place that any idea as to what new invention is about become 3 an integral part of our lives has become more of a guessing game 4 than ever. For a start, m ten years’ time, today’s 5 innovations will probably have ‘out of date 6 ‘There litle doubt chat many of our habitual, taken-for granted 7. activities such as shopping and going to school will disappeared by 8 the year 2100, largely due to the growth of electronic media, But what 9 we have little idea about is how this affect ‘our personal relationships. 10 Or rather, not ours as this will be long after wwe left this earth. What 11 concerns us is how our great-great sgrandchildren/be living, 12 Will people stil talking to each other face to face, or 13 only via computers? Will they still be able to find a friendly shoulder 14 to cry on when they feeling low? In the long run, who knows? 4Unit one Vocabulary SECTION 5 Stative verbs 1 NOT NORMALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS. ‘Some verbs are not normally used in the Continuous. They describe states that stay the same rather than actions or events that change. The most common stative verb is be. Others include: + emotional states (e.g. love, doubt, care), and senses (eg. smelly only want to ask you a simple question Do you prefer to travel by bus or by train? + mental processes (e.g. believe, fcl, remember): Do you realise / Areyou-reatising what they're doing? 1 suspect ‘am-suspocting we're not making as much profit as we should. I understand /am- understanding everything you're saying, + verbs that describe a sense of permanence because they are not actions: How many cars does / your family own / owning? 1 think what we need /are-needing for the trip depends /is-depending on the weather. Who / does this book belonging / belong to? This dress fits/ fsfitting me perfectly. What é¢/ does that lorry containing /contain? * We use can or could with see, hear, taste, smell, understand and remember to describe what is or was. happening at the time: ‘That’ strange: I couldn’t smell anything burning when Tvent to bed last night ‘Tick (7) the verbs underlined below if they are stative. a The summary included all the main points contained in the article b In my opinion she deserves all the criticism she gets. © I prefer to use my old computer at home to the ones at work, 2 WHEN STATIVE VERBS CAN BE USED IN THE CONTINUOUS We can use some stative verbs in the Continuous: 2% + when they have an active meaning: Pm tasting this to see if there is enough salt. ‘She's being rather obstinate at the moment. ‘hen they emphasise change or development: More schools will be including Shakespeare on their syllabuses. + Sometimes using Simple or Continuous involves a change in meaning P'm thinking about going to see Hamlet, (= trying to reach a decision) I think Shakespeare’ brilliant. (E my opinion) Pm seeing her later ( = | have an appointment) 1 see what you're on about. (= I understand!) + We use verbs that refer to physical feelings (e.g. Inurt, ache, feel) in the Simple or Continuous with litele or no difference of meaning My head aches /is aching. How are you feeling / do ‘you feel now? 2 Tick (/) if the verb forms in these sentences are acceptable: a T think I'm now recognising the extent of the task — we have taken on. bb Shakespeare's plays are involving a relatively small number of female parts. A small group of verbs with meanings related to mental activity, e.g. admit, agree, deny, promise, etc., act like stative verbs, We don’t use them in the Continuous except for emphasis: Are you actually denying that you took my p. OC = © in the fottowing pairs of sentences decide if one or both are acceptable. Tick () those that are and put a cross (X) by those that are not. Example: 'm owning over 200 CDs. X Town over 200 CDs. ¥ 1a 'm not liking ice-cream, bb I don't like ice-cream. 2 a The verdict depends on whether the jury believed the key witness bb The verdict is depending on whether the jury believed the key witness3 a L-can see somebody moving in the trees over there. b I keep secing somebody moving in the trees over there 4a He is believing that aliens kidnapped his daughter, b He believes that aliens kidnapped his daughter. 5 a She has a baby boy. b She's having a baby boy. 6 a Are you still feeling sick? b Do you stil feel sick? 7 a ve been thinking about you for some time. b [think about you all the time. 8 a This box is containing all the relevant documents. bb This box contains all the relevant documents. 9 a He's an idiot b He's being an idiot. 10 a Understanding how to use the computer is essential in this job. b I understand how to use computers and so I can do this job. © Decide whether the underlined verbs are in the best tense. Tick (/) those that are acceptable and correct those that are not. Topic: Describe someone you like or dislike | don’t lke to admit to dsiking anyone, but I have to ‘confess that there Is one of my classmates who F am particulary dshking (1). We have studled (2) togete in the same class forthe las few years and | begin (3) to feel that | have been having (4) enough. I's not that he is an Unpleasant perso, in fact in other circumstances | am feeling (5) sure that we would get on fine. Iti just that ‘when you have sat (6) next to someone for so long in such an artificial envionment as a classroom, you nd {71 that the smalest thing can start to get on Your nerves. 1 ‘hous (8) about this only the other day after the person in question — let us call him George, though that is nat his real name ~ had been stving (9) to help me with an exercise in our text book, I as realising |10} immediately that he really wasn" knowing (11) what he talked (12) about. This was not a problem but what annoved (13) me was the fact that he refused (14) to listen to my explanations. The exercise was conssing (15) of reading a text and answering questions on it and | am.not thlnking (16) that he had been reading (17) the text. didn’t know what t0 say {was going to tell (18) him to stop being so stupid but that would have been sounding (19) rude. So in the end I just sat (20) and said nothing. STATIVE VERBS © For each of the following sentences, write a ‘ew sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence but using the word given. ‘This word must not be altered in any way. Example: 1 may go to work overseas. thinking I'm thinking of going to work overseas. aL was wondering whether to ask Richard to help me out suppose Reading between the lines, I think the honeymooners are enjoying themselves sounds I can't possibly finish this work without your help. depen 4. The new receptionist certainly has plenty of confidence. lack y My young niece was always tired because she was found to be without enough iron. lacking © Tick () the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. 1 Affer so many years, itis great to see him @. his ambitions. a get brrealise c possess d deserve 2 The review committee ...... three practising lawyers and a retired businessman. aconsists b comprises ¢ is made up d encloses 3 Don't worry: this is nothing that... you. a matters bentails cconcerns d complicates 4 As always, | am... with everything you say. aagree bagrecing ¢ agreeable din ageeement 51. doubt whether he will actually carry out his threats. ahighly bdecply c absolutely d seriously 6 It may be raining, but I'm ...... enjoying myself. a thoroughly bhighly ¢ extremely 4 desperately 7 1... hope there won't be a repetition of these unfortunate events. a deeply. b strongly sincerely d thoroughly 8 That voice sounds .....:'m sure I know her. aknown b usual ¢ familiar d remembered 9 He finally got the reward he so richly aowes bearns deserves d justifies 10 What happens nest... entirely on you.) adepends b revolves c trusts d relies 7VOCABULARY SECTION 6 Collocation: an introduction 1 WHAT IS COLLOCATION? Words that occur together frequently ‘collocate’ Words that don’t collocate never occur together. If we try, they sound unnatural and wrong XC Eames spendemtraneiereders eves | collocate) 1 Tine flies /goes by /wears on /passes. (= they collocate) they don't + There are no rules we can use to learn collocations, “There is often no logical reason why some words —— are possible and others are not We can talk about an academic year, (but not -e-studying-year) Discussions can be productive or “fruitful. (out nov protic + We learn a collocation by discovering it, earning it and using it~ in the same way as other vocabulary ‘SP 2 FIXED COLLOCATIONS In ‘fixed! collocations, particular words occur together, and the combination has a special meaning. Other words are not possible and so we can learn these compounds and common phrases as & combination of words. We can also think of idiomatic expressions and dependent prepositions as types of collocation: Thad to go on a crash course to learn Spanish. The childven arrived safe and sound. My boss usually arrives at 8 o'clock on the dot. I'll be back in a flash. + We can sometimes choose between fixed collocations that mean the same thing: ‘Ske was back in a flash or: She was back (as) quick as 4 flash + Fixed collocations can be changed by using different grammatical forms or making additions: You're in danger of pricing yourself out of the property ‘market. I want you back here on the precise dot of eleven. Will they honour their election pledges? 1 Circle the only word that completes the fixed collocation in this sentence. Please arrive in... time for the meeting. afine b great ebest_d good 3 OPEN COLLOCATIONS In ‘open’ collocations, we can choose from a limited set of words to combine with another word. We need. a full understanding of the meanings of individual Fy words, but there is often no logical reason why some words collocate and others don't: We can tal about a fragile peace, or an uneasy peace. (but not #tender peace, arunstendy-peace or -e-weak peace) + Sometimes choosing which collocation to use depends on the position of the word in the sentence: We may agree unconditionally, but we dow't normally unconditionally agree, 2 Circle any words we can combine with timing in this sentence: The police arrived with leaving the bank a best b perfect c immaculate d total e exquisite timing just as the gang were 4 GRAMMATICAL FORMS + adjective + noun: I remember my formative years + adverb + adjective: I'm hopelessly addicted to coffe. + noun + noun: The government have just unveiled their policy review. * verb + noun: We will honour our pledge to reduce unemployment. + dependent preposition: Personally, I think they should be ashamed of themselves. + part ofa longer phrase: It's always interesting to delve into the past 3 Circle the word which fills the gap. 1 People were moved by the photographs in the newspapers. agenuinely brotally earnestly d lovingly 2 Nothing you say will make a of difference to my decision. afragment bscrap egram grain 3 Paul is a real introvert in contrast his brother Andrew awith bby cto against x= ls” © Undestine the words (a orb) that collocate in these sentences. 1 There's a time a barrier b limit 2 Wine growers in Bordeaux recorded a this year. abumper b boom for completing this task. harvest3 Td better you on the latest developments. a update b acquaint 4 Trecall learning about such things in the... and distant past. adark b dim 5 1989 was a... year for Europe. a monumental b momentous 6 They all... watches before setting off in different directions. a standardised b synchronised 7 1. agree with everything you said. a whole-heartedly b unconditionally 8 I'm satisfied ... your progress so far. afor b with 9 I think her performance was behaviour of the crowd. a adversely b wrongly 10 Tm... committed to the idea of equality of ‘opportunity. lovingly b passionately affected by the © Pur one of the following words in each of the sentences below. next time-consuming matter surely tovinkling ick — immemorial ell long-standing time 1 Let's leave it at that for the 2 Slowly but... the band is becoming more and more popular. 3 Inthe... of an eye the swindler had vanished, never fo seturn, 4 In..." tono time they had become the best of friends. 5 The Whittington family have lived there since time 6 Larrived in the potential disasteg- 7 Twandered around the city centre to... ime before my appointment 8 Cooking good French food can be a very job. 9 ‘They hada. agreement to keep each other fully informed of developments, 10 Ina... of minutes the whole building had been razed to the ground @© in the following text, circle the underlined ‘word that collocates with those around it being and, of time to prevent a For the past eight years or so, Lecturer in Zoology ‘Tim Guilford and his colleagues have spent / uscd (1) a lot of time anxiously scrutinising / scanning (2) the COLEQCATION: AN INTRODUCTION horizon, stopwatch in hand, waiting for the return of a pigeon to the loft at the University Field Station in Wytham. The research is devoted / allocated (3) 10 understanding the clues that pigeons use to enable them to navigate around their home land, reritory (4). The experiments involve releasing. discharging (5) pigeons from a variety of sites up to 35 kilometres away, and measuring how long it takes, them to get home / go home (6) under different conditions. They are not studying the pigeon for what i's traditionally famed in / for (7), which is its navigation abilities from unfamiliar areas. Rather, it seems there is a huge space / gap (8) between what ‘we know about birds and other large vertebrates ‘migrating over very long distances, and what we know about how rats and birds get their bearings positions (9) in small areas. It seems we do not know much about what most animals fill/ pack (10) their time with ~ that is, finding their direction / way (11) around their familiar area in relation to each other and to home. © Undertine the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. 1 “The team won the championship four years arunning b passing c following d rotating 2. [still see my old classmates now and a occasionally bthen c sometimes d here 3. My watch seems to be several minutes a day. a forwarding b gaining ¢ progressing d moving on 4 I'm afraid I'm really for time at the moment. ahurried bshort ¢ pulled d pressed 5 This iniquitous system of taxation is unlikely to change in the future. afar belose ¢ predictable foreseeable 6 The music increases in towards the end of the movement, atempo brime erhythm d bear 7 He was wounded in the stages of the battle. aclosing b middle c intermediate d end 8 The performance will start... on six. aexactly bpunctually edead d just