CONTENT

SR. NO CONTENT PAGE NO.

DECLARATION i
SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE ii
COPYRIGHT TRANSFER CERTIFICATE iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii
LIST OF CASES ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 – 25

1.1 Child Protection in India 2

1.1.1 Child Protection and UNICEF 3
1.1.2 Child Protection and National Human Rights Commission 5
1.1.3 Rights of Child 5
1.2 Principles of Child Centric Policies and Laws 7
1.3 National Policies and Legislations addressing Child Rights 8
1.4 International commitment towards Child Protection 9
1.5 Juvenile Justice system in India 11
1.6 Child Sexual Abuse in India 13
1.7 Some Specific Legislation to prevent sexual offences 15
1.8 Hypothesis of the Research work 18
1.9 Statement of Problem 18
1.10 Aims and Objective of the Research 21
1.11 Research Methodology 22
1.12 Data Collection 23
1.13 Scope of the Research 23
1.14 Significance of the Research 23
1.15 Chapterization Scheme 24

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CHAPTER II COCEPTUALISATION OF CHILD SEXUAL 26 - 42
OFFENCES IN INDIA AND ITS TYPES
2.1 Dynamics of Child Sexual Abuse 26
2.2 Risk factors for victimization 26
2.3 Physical and behavioral indicators of child sexual abuse 27
2.4 Forms of Child sexual Abuse 28
2.4.1 Physical Abuse 28
2.4.2 Sexual Abuse 28
2.4.3 Emotional Abuse 28
2.4.4 Neglect 28
2.4.5 Educational Neglect 29
2.4.6 Behaviours 29
2.5 India Country Experiences & Magnitude of Problem 31
2.6 Wider Implications of ‘Protection’ 31
2.7 The Root of child abuse 33
2.8 Child factors 33
2.8.1 Age 34
2.8.2 Gender 35
2.8.3 Children with Disability 35
2.8.4 Street Children 35
2.8.5 Family Factors 35
2.8.6 Poverty and Violence against Children 36
2.8.7 Divorce, Separation, and Child Custody 36
2.8.8 Large Families 37
2.8.9 Drugs and Alcohol 37
2.9 Cultural and Social Factors 37
2.10 Religious Factors 38

CHAPTER – III INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAME WORK AND

STANDARDS FOR THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL
OFFENCES 43 – 87

3.1 General International Instruments 43

3.1.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 43

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 3.1.2 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 44
3.1.3 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights 45
3.2 Special International Instrument 46
3.2.1 The Declaration on the Rights of the Child (1924) 46
3.2.2 The Declaration on the Rights of Child (1959) 46
3.2.3 The United Convention on the Rights of The Child (1989) 47
3.2.4 The Optional Protocols to the UN Convention of the Child
On Sex Trafficking 48
3.2.5 The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of
The Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflicts 49
3.2.6 The Hague Convention on Adoption 49
3.3 Child Sexual Abuse in The United Kingdom 50
3.3.1 Child Pornography: Legal Perspective 52
3.4 Child Sexual Abuse in USA 53
3.4.1 Historical Background 53
3.4.2 Development of Pornography Law in United States 54
3.4.3 Child Pornography Prevention Act 1996 54
3.4.5 Protect Act, 2003 56
3.5 Canada 56
3.5.1 Amendments to Canadian law after Sharpe’s decision 58
3.6 Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Africa 59
3.6.1 Africa’s International and Regional Commitments 61
3.6.2 Selected National Legal Frameworks 63
3.6.2.1 Enacting Consolidated Children’s Acts South Africa 63
3.6.2.2 Challenges in Existing National Laws 65
3.7 Sexual Abuse in South Asia 68
3.7.1 Afghanistan 68
3.7.2 Bangladesh 70
3.7.3 India 73
3.7.4 Nepal 76
3.7.5 Pakistan 79
3.7.6 Srilanka 83

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CHAPTER – IV THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL
OFFENCES ACT (POCSO ACT) 2012: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS 88- 113

4.1 National Crime Records Bureau for Data Analysis 89

4.2 Survey of Ministry of Women and Child Development 90
4.3 Objectives of POSCO Act 91
4.4 Salient features of POSCO Act 93
4.5 Types of Sexual Offences and Punishments 95
4.6 Detailed Analysis of POSCO: Menace that act seeks to cure 98
4.7 Role of Child welfare committees (CWC) 99
4.8 Role of State commissions for protection of child rights 99
4.8.1 Duty on State to spread Awareness 99
4.8.2 Criteria of Compensation 100
4.8.3 Trafficking of Children 100
4.8.4 Mandatory Reporting of Sexual Offences 100
4.9 Role of Police 100
4.9.1 Unmistakable Duties of Police During the First 24 Hours 101
4.10 Role of Doctors 102
4.10.1 Duties of Hospitals or Doctors during the First 24 Hours 102
4.10.2 Doctors Seek Parents Co-operation to Report Child
Sexual Abuse 102
4.10.3 Medical Examination of the Child 103
4.10.4 Provision to avoid re-victimization of the Child 103
4.11 Role of State Government under Section 39 of the POSCO 103
4.12 Designation by State Government of a Special Court Under section 103
28 of POSCO
4.13 Critical Appraisal and Best Practices Under POSCO Act 103
4.14 Loopholes in the Law 105
4.15 Strong Provisions, Weak Implementation 107
4.16 Research Questions 109

CHAPTER – V JUVENILE JUSTICE VIS-À-VIS POCSO ACT 2012

AND JUDICIAL TREND AND RECENT DEVELOPMENT 114 – 164

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5.1 Journey from IPC To Juvenile Justice (JJ) Act 2015 And POSCO
Act 2012 115
5.2 Relationship Between IPC, JJ and POSCO 123
5.3 Conflict between IPC and JJ Act 124
5.4 Conflict between IPC and POSCO 124
5.5 Conflict between Juvenile Justice Act and POSCO 126
5.6 Harmonious Construction of Child Pornography Laws Under 127
5.6.1 The POSCO Act 127
5.6.2 Information Technology Act 128
5.6.3 Indian Penal Code and Intermediary Guidelines under IT Act 128
5.7 Relevant Cases 130
5.8 Need for Balanced Approach 132
5.9 Weak Implementation of Child laws 133
5.10 Authorities Obligation for the End of juvenile Justice Under
POSCO Act 2012 134
5.11 Supreme Court guidelines to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse 137
5.12 Judicial Trends in safeguarding the Interest of the Child during
Trial in cases of Rape and Sex Abuse. 139
5.13 Directions for Magistrate / Juvenile Justice Board / Legal Service
Authority 140
5.14 Judicial Process: Towards a Victim – Centric Approach 141
5.14.1 Double trauma 142
5.14.2 Issue of victim’s past 143
5.14.3 On child victims 144
5.14.4 Monitoring Courts 144
5.15 Leading cases on Child Sexual Abuse 145
5.16 Recent Judicial Pronouncement Under POSCO 146
5.17 Recent Development under POSCO Act 160

CHAPTER – VI INVESTIGATING CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE

FROM AN EMPRICIAL LENS 165 – 178

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6.1 Empirical Study 165
6.2 Aim of the Empirical Study 165
6.3 Selection of schools 166
6.4 Sampling 166
6.5 Data Collection 167
6.6 Sample Collection 167
6.7 Key Findings 167
6.7.1 Prevalence of Sexual Abuse 167
6.7.2 Child Sexual Abuse with Respect to Socio-Economic Class 169
6.7.3 Sexual Abuse with respect to Family type 169
6.7.4 Prevalence of different forms of sexual abuse 170
6.7.5 The Abusers 171
6.7.6 Frequency of Abuse 174
6.7.7 Age of onset of Abuse 175
6.7.8 Disclosure and seeking help 175
6.7.9 Assistance and Information Needed to Children 176

CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 179 – 194

7.1 Diagnostic Tools for Examining Child Sexual Abuse and

Follow - Up Treatment Diagnostic Conclusion Evidence 181
7.2 The Researcher Has Put Forth Certain Recommendations
Which Can Be Broadly Classified Under Two Heads 189
7.2.1 General Recommendations 189
7.2.2 Specific Recommendations 192

BIBLIOGRAPHY 195-209
ANNEXURE 201-212

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