BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Academic Session: 2023-2024

Name: Jaymit Nayak

Class: 12B

Roll.no:
 Certificate

This is to certify that Ma. Jaymit Nayak of class XII B has successfully completed this
Biology project on the topic “Diabetes Mellitus” prescribed by Dr. (Mrs.) Shipra
Chaudhary, during academic session 2023-24 as per the guidelines issues by Central
Board of Secondary Education.

Internal Examiner Principal External Examiner

 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Dr. (Mrs.) Shipra
Chaudhary as well as our Principal Mrs. Nirmal Tondon who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project of subject biology on the topic “Diabetes
Mellitus”, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about
so many new things I am really thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

Date: Jaymit Nayak

 
CONTENTS

 Introduction

 Types of Diabetes

 Signs and Symptoms

 Diagnosis

 Prevention

 Treatment

 Case Study
 Bibliography
INTRODUCTION

Diabetes Mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic

disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and
increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Acute
complications include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or
death.

Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic

kidney disease, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.

Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates the uptake of glucose from the blood
into most cells of the body, especially the liver, adipose tissue and muscle, except
smooth muscle. Therefore, deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its receptors
play a central inall forms of diabetic mellitus
 TYPES OF DIABETES

Insulin is released into the blood by beta cells, found in the islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas, in response to rising levels of bloodglucose, typically after eating. Insulin is
used by about two-thirds of the body’s cells to absorb glucose from the blood for use
as fuel, for conversion to other needed molecules, or for storage. Lower glucose levels
result in in decreased insulin release from the beta cells and in the breakdown of
glycogen into glucose. This process is mainly controlled bythe hormone glucagon,
which acts in the opposite manner to insulin.

Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells
of thebody not responding properly to the insulinproduced. There are three main
types of diabetes mellitus :-

 Type 1: DM results from the pancreas’ failureto produce enough insulin. This
form was previously referred to as “Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus”
(IDDM) or “Juvenile diabetes”. The cause is unknown.

 Type 2: DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to

respond to insulin properly. As the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also
develop. This from was previously referred to as “non-insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus” (NIDDM) or “adult-onset diabetes”. The most common cause is
excessive body weight and not enough exercise. Gestational diabetes is thethird
main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of
diabetes develop high blood sugar levels.
 FEATURE TYPE 1 TYPE 2
Sudden Gradual
Onset
Age at onset Mostly in Mostly in
children adults
Often obese
Body size Thin or

normal
Common Rare
Ketoacidosis
Absent
Autoantibodies Usually

Present
EndogenousInsulin Low or
absent Normal, decreased or

increased
0.69 to 0.88 0.47 to 0.77
Heritability
Prevalence (Age <2 per 1000
~6% (men),
standardized) ~5% (women)
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

 The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are unintended weight loss, polyuria
(increased urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).
Symptoms may develop rapidly (weeks or months) in type 1 diabetes, while they usually
develop much more slowly and may be subtle or absent in type 2 diabetes.

 Several other signs and symptoms can mark the onset of diabetes although they are not
specific to the disease. In addition to the known symptoms listed above, they blurred
vision, headache, fatigue, slow healing of cuts, and itchy skin. Prolonged high blood
glucose can cause glucose absorption in the lens of the eye, which leads to changes in its
shape, resulting in vision changes. Long term vision loss can also be caused by Diabetic
Retinopathy.
.
 DIAGNOSIS

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent high blood sugar, and is

diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:

 Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L(126mg/dL)

 Plasma glucose > 11.1 mmol/L (200mg/dL)
 Symptoms of high blood sugar and plasmaglucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200mg/dL)

A positive result, in an unequivocal high blood sugar, should be confirmed by any of

the above methods on a different day. It is preferred to measure a fasting glucose level
because of theease of measurement and the considerable time commitment of formal
glucose tolerance testing, which takes 2 hours to complete and offers no prognostic
advantage over the fasting test.

As per WHO, people with fasting glucose levels from 6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L (110 to
125mg/dL) are considered to have impaired fasting glucose at or above 7.8 mmol/L
(140mg/dL), but not over 11.1 mmol/L (200mg/dL), two hours after a 75-gram oral
glucose load are considered to have impaired glucose tolerance.
 OTHER TYPES

 MATURITY ONSET DIABETES OF THE YOUNG (MODY) is a rare autosomal

dominant inherited form of diabetes, due to one of the several single-gene mutations
causing defects in insulin production.

 It is significant less common than the three main types, constituting 1-2% of all
cases. The name of this disease refers to early hypotheses as to its nature. Being due
to a defective gene, this disease varies in age at presentation and in severity
according to the specific gene defect; thus, there are at least 13 subtypes of MODY.
People with MODY often can control it without using insulin.

 Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body’s tissue receptors nit responding to
insulin (evenwhen insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type 2
diabetes); this form is very uncommon. Genetic mutations can lead to defects in
beta cell function.
 PREVENTION

 Type 1 Diabetes: There is no known preventive measure for type 1 diabetes

 Type 2 Diabetes: which accounts for 85-90% of all cases worldwide- can often be
prevented or delayed by maintaining a normal body weight, engaging in physical
activity, and eating a healthy diet. Higher levels of physical activity (more than
90minutes per day) reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%. Dietary changes known to be
effective in helping to prevent diabetes include maintaining a rich diet in whole
grains and fibers, and choosing good fats such as the polyunsaturated fats in nuts,
vegetable oils, and fish. Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red meat and
other sources ofsaturated fat can also help prevent diabetes. Tobacco smoking is also
associated with increased risk of diabetes and its complications, so smoking
cessation can be an important preventive measure as well. The relationship between
type 2 diabetes and the main modifiable risk factors (excess weight, unhealthy diet,
physical inactivity and tobacco use) is similar in all regions of the world. There is
similar in all regions of the world. There is growing evidence that the underlying
determinants of diabetes area reflection of the major forcesdriving social, economic
and cultural change: globalization, urbanization, population ageing, and the general
health policy environment.
 TREATMENT

 Diabetes management concentrations on keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal,

without causing low blood sugar. This can usually be accomplished with dietary
changes, exercise, weight loss and use of appropriate medication (insulin, oral
medication).

LIFESTYLE

 People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease and treatment,
good nutrition to achieve a normal body weight, and exercise, with the goal of
keeping both short term and long- term blood glucose levels within acceptable
bounds.

MEDICATIONS

 Medications used to treat diabetes do so by lowering blood sugar levels. There are a
numberof different classes of antidiabetic medications. Some are available orally, such as
Metformin, while others are only available through vaccination such as GLP-1 agonists.
Type 1 diabetes can only be treated with insulin, typicallywith a combination of NPH
Insulin, or synthetic insulin analogues.
 SURGERY
 Weight loss surgery in those with obesity and type 2 diabetes is often an effective
measure. Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no
medications following surgery and long-term mortality is decreased. There is however a
short-term mortality risks of less than1% from the surgery.

 A pancreas transplant is considered for people with diabetes 1 who have severe
complication of their disease, including end stage kidney disease requiring kidney
transplantation.

SELF MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT

 In countries using a general practitioner system such as UK, care may take place
outside hospitals, with hospital-based care only taking place in case of complications,
difficult blood sugar level or research project. In other circumstances, general
practitioners and specialist share care in team approach. Home telepath support can
be an effective management technique.

 Yoga asana useful of diabetes are those bring which about a stretch and twist in lower
thoracic and upper lumbar region, where pancreas is located. These yoga asanas are
believed to increase the blood supply, massage the organs, activate its cells and
thereby cause an increase in secretion of insulin; reducing high blood sugar.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes

 https://www.netce.com/casestudies.php?courseid=2488