CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 COMPANY DETAILS

Name of the company: Sadhana Construction
Managing Director :Mr.N.Prabhu
Company Location : Nanganallur, Chennai

1.2 PROJECT INFORMATION

Name of the project : Construction of Honda Show Room

Project Location : Nanganallur

Aproved By : Corporation of Chennai

Value of Project : Rs 8,450,400
Duration Of Project :8 months
Carpet Area : 806 sq.ft
Building area :896 sq.ft

1.3 NATURE OF WORK

Since this building consists the following type of work activity and the cost related to the
activity are also listed below
BILLS OF QUANTITIES (BOQ)

CIVIL WORKS AMOUNT

DEMOLTION WORK 50,000

EARTH WORK EXCAVATION & FILLING WORKS 150,000

BACK FILLING WORKS 44,280

DISPOSAL OF EXCESS EARTH 50,000

WATER PROOFING WORKS 99,640

SAND FILLING WORKS 21,188

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 PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE WORKS 44,000

REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE WORKS 1,674,540

FORM WORK & SHUTTERING WORK 532,025

REINFORCEMENT WORKS 1,560,000

BRICK WORK 265,440

PLASTERING WORK 434,266

JOINERY WORK 792,200

FLOOR TILLING WORK 398,900

GLAZED WALL TILING WORKS 87,500

SKIRTING WORK 21,250

PAINTING WORK 298,430

WEATHERING COURSE 192,500

ELECTRIFICATION 603,600

PLUMBING AND SANITARY 281,680

ELEVATION WORK 898962

GRAND TOTAL AMOUNT = 8,450,400

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF TRAINING:

The preliminary aim of the whole training was to get exposed to the real time activities
that take place at the site. The objective of the training session was to get to know the real
problems that are to be faced at the site and the decisions that have to be made while executing
the project at various stages of the work and to maintain the quality up to the required standards.

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1.5SCOPE OF TRAINING:

The scope of the work includes the following works :

 To understand the overall picture of the project.

 To understand the casting works of various elements.
 To get exposed to the difficult task of site supervision handling the labours.
 To take necessary decisions on how to perform a work .

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 CHAPTER 2

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
2.1 SITE PREPARATION
Site preparation is a fundamental and challenging activity in the organization and execution
of construction projects.
Site preparation includes following process
 Soil testing
 Site-plan designs
 Site clearing
Each step will be carefully investigated and eventually will go through a process of
approval, and finally put in to action.

Soil Testing
A soil test provides basic information on the composite of soil and its ability to support a
structure, as well as the absorption and drainage rate of the soil.
Site Plan Design
Site plan design indicates the anticipated placement of the building, septic tank and, well
location, and any other fixers. The site-plan design will also portray current vegetation will
be removed, surroundin wetland or protected areas, access roads for construction vehicles,
anticipated location of any paved driveway or road, and curb-cut locations
Site Clearence
The site shall be cleared from trees, vegetation etc.. Roots of the trees shall be removed from
atleast 30cm below foundation level. Other obstructions such as old foundation or any other
systems must be removed from site.

2.2 EARTHWORK EXCAVATION

Excavation is the preliminary activity of the construction project. It starts from the pits for
the building foundation and continues up to the handling over of the project.

Equipments Used

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  Excavator with dumpers
 Tipper
 Dewatering pump
 Breaker

Scope of the work

Procedure for excavation

1. The extent of soil and rock strata is found by making trial pits in the construction
site
2. The excavation and its depth decided according to soil condition and foundation
procedure
3. Marking appropriate excavation boundary, setting out the permanent bench mark
and recording initial ground level and check size of bottom.
4. Excavation can be started through the excavator upto the desired depth.
5. Transporting the excavated good earth to the stockyard and store it for future
backfill
6. Excavation carried upto the desired depth. After completing the excavation the
dressing must be made to prevent the soil collapse.

Points Considered in Excavation

 Excavation work done from inner to outer so that it facilitated to haul the excavated earth
easily
 Based on the soil the temporary supports must be provided to avoid collapse during or
after excavation
 Proper barriages and safety measures to be provided during excavation.

2.3SAND FILLING / BACK FILLING & COMPACTION

Sand filling

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 Sand filling is the process of filling the sand below the excavated earth surface. They are
filled in regular layers of not more than 250mm in thickness and consolidated by the action of
water to the each layer. The sand filling can be made upto pcc from excavated ground surface.

Backfilling/compaction:

The process of refilling the excavated material after completing the foundation is
backfilling. After backfilling the compaction has made to increase the shear strength of soil.

Points considered in backfilling & compaction

 The excavated surface over which the filling must be carried should be cleaned from all
debris such as grass,loose stones, rubbish and all other particles presents.
 If the water is llgged into excavated area, it should be cleaned by pumped.
 If the plinth depth doesn’t exceed 45cm above the ground level and if the exposed ground
is black cotton soil, then remove the black cotton soil completely to avoid uneven
settlement of the flooring.
 From the excavated stuff select the refilling material, estimate its quantity and stock it
separately for reuse whatever necessary
 The refilling material must be good condition and the quantity available for refilling is
upto limit. The refilling material shall be cleaned for all rubbish, large size stone
vegetation etc..
 The sides of concrete and masonry work in foundation trenches or in the column pits
should be filled with suitable excavated material.
 Filling should be made in layers: each layer being of 15cm to 20cm. Layers must be
watered and compacted with steel rammer or wooden logs.

2.4 FOUNDATION:

Foundation is used to transfer structural loads safetly from a structure to a

ground. At our site, Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large
area, normally the entire area of the structure. Normally raft foundation is used when large load
is to be distributed and it is not possible to provide individual footings due to space constraints
that is they would overlap on each other. Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing

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differential settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements between loading
positions. They are often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can
spread the loads over a larger area.
In laying of raft foundation, special care is taken in the reinforcement and construction of
plinth beams and columns. It is the main portion on which ultimately whole of the structure load
is to come. So a slightest error can cause huge problems and therefore all this is checked and
passed by the engineer in charge of the site.

2.4 CONSOLIDATION :

Consolidation is the decrease of volume due to release of water. In the site

consolidation was done to the basement. Usually consolidation takes about a day . About one
week the basement is made to dry, after that M Sand was placed in the top of the soil and then
PCC is laid for about 3-4 inches.

2.5 PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE

Materials required

 Batching machine
 Leveling instruments
 Measuring tape
 Vibrators

Procedures for constructing pcc

1. Excavation levels and dimensions must be verified and leveled. Remove all the particles
present in the pit.
2. Do water sprinkling and ramming the cleaned surface of pit by rammers.
3. According to the size shuttering must be provided with planks and runners.
4. Mix the concrete with required proportion and water cement ratio by mechanical mixer
machine and place the mixed material in to pits.
5. Poured surface must be vibrated using the vibrator.
6. The surface must be leveled with smoothy finished surface.

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2.6 PLINTH BEAM

The plinth beam is a wall immediately above the ground upto floor level.

Procedure for making PLINTH Beam:

1) After marking the measurements in site, formwork must be provided.

2) Reinforcement work must be carried as per given bar bending schedule.
3) Cover blocks should be tied with reinforcement by using binding wires for preventing
misplacement from its location during concreting.
4) Concrete can be done upto the given measurement and the surface must be properly
finished.

2.7 RCC COLUMNS:

Columns are structural elements used primarily to support compression

vertical members of building are column subjected to prove axial load are
concentrically loaded column such column rarely accuring practice compression
member of intermediate length with effective length less than or equal to 12 the
least lateral dimensions are short.A column form a very important component
structure. Column supports beams which in turn support wall . Failure of a column
results in the collapse of the structure.
Materials required

Concrete mixer

Vibrators

Reinforcement bars

Procedure for making RCC Column

1) Marking the coordinates of the columns or beam.

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 2) Reinforcement shall be cut and placed as per the structural drawings and approved
bar bending schedules. Specified cover blocks and stirrups should be provided at
regular spacing.
3) Cover blocks should be tied with reinforcement by using binding wires preventing
misplacement from its location during concreting.
4) Formwork or shuttering must be provided properly such that it cannot take any
misplacement or movement of supports.
5) Covers must be provided in-between the gaps in a forms for avoiding leekage.
6) Mixing shall be continued till materials are uniformly distributed and a uniform color
of the entire mass is obtained and each individual particle of the coarse aggregate
shows complete coating of mortar.
7) Concrete shall not be freely dropped into place from a height exceeding 1.50mts and
it shall be compacted in its final position within 30mts of its discharge from the
mixer.
8) While pouring the concrete no segregation must be taken place the concrete must be
thoroughly compacted by layers
9) Concrete must be poured up to the level given

2.8 FLOATING COLUMN:

The column used in this structure is floating column. A column is supposed to be a

vertical member starting from foundation level and transferring the load to the ground. The term
floating column is also a vertical element which (due to architectural design/ site situation) at its
lower level (termination Level) rests on a beam which is a horizontal member.

The beams in turn transfer the load to other columns below it. There are many projects
in which floating columns are adopted, especially above the ground floor, where transfer girders
are employed, so that more open space is available in the ground floor. These open spaces may
be required for assembly hall or parking purpose. The transfer girders have to be designed and
detailed properly, especially in earth quake zones.

2.9 RCC SLAB

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 Materials Required

 Batching plant
 Transit mixer
 Vibrators
 Chute and CI pipes

Scope of the work

 Marking the slab

 Placing the reinforcement
 Form work for slab
 Placing the concrete

Procedure for making RCC slab

1) Form work must provided in the roof up to the requirement height and proper wooden
battens are provided at bottom of sheet. To withstand the heavier load of the wet
concrete.
2) Checking whether the stock of material shall be sufficient to start the concreting work
in roof and all plant and machinery are checked.
3) Reinforcement shall be provided as per BBS prepared.
4) The reinforcement shifting and binding shall be started as soon as shuttering is
completed. Reinforcement binding shall continue as formwork and shuttering work is
progresses
5) Checking the reinforcement such that all rods are properly placed without any
defects.
6) Befor starting concrete the formwork must be checked for crack or leekage. If any
form must be replaced and provided correctly.
7) Concrete work must be started through the batch mixer with a ratio of 1:2:4
8) Sufficient carpenters along with supervisor shall inspect the behavior of supports
below the slab during the casting. Extra props shall be stocked below slab to provide
additional supports in case of any failure of supports.

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 9) The concrete can be transported and placed to a specified location. While transporting
or placing there should not be any segregation or misplacement on the concrete.
10) Poured concrete must be vibrated and leveled for obtaining the smooth surface.

2.10 RCC Beams:

Beams aquire most frequency in reinforcement concrete building construction

where floor,slab,beam&column are cast monolithically. The slabs are supported by
beams which in turn are supported by column. The analysis of beam for BM & S.F
is made by elastic theory.A beam is most important element in the framed
structure. Beam is designed after the analysis of the frame.

Procedure for making RCC Beam:

1) Marking the coordinates of the beam.

2) Reinforcement shall be cut and placed as per the structural drawings and approved
bar bending schedules. Specified cover blocks and stirrups should be provided at
regular spacing.
3) Cover blocks should be tied with reinforcement by using binding wires preventing
misplacement from its location during concreting.
4) Formwork or shuttering must be provided properly such that it cannot take any
misplacement or movement of supports.
5) Covers must be provided in-between the gaps in a forms for avoiding leakage.
6) Mixing shall be continued till materials are uniformly distributed and a uniform color
of the entire mass is obtained and each individual particle of the coarse aggregate
shows complete coating of mortar.
7) Concrete shall not be freely dropped into place from a height exceeding 1.50mts and
it shall be compacted in its final position within 30mts of its discharge from the
mixer.

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 8) While pouring the concrete no segregation must be taken place the concrete must be
thoroughly compacted by layers
9) Concrete must be poured up to the level given

Curing:

 The curing shall be started immediately after thumb set of the concrete laid.
 Plastic shall be covered over the set concrete to reduce moisture evorporation
from the concrete during hardening and thus to minimize shrinkage cracks.
 These cracks are inheriting property of the concrete specially appears during
casting of flat surfaces.

2.11 RAMP:

 A sloping route constructed in the construction is known as ramp.

 Usual ramp level is started from the road.
 The depth of ramp is of 4 feet.
 The ramp level is of about 1 feet from road.

2.12 BRICK MASONRY

Bricks bonded together with the mortar. It has been regarded as one of the longest lasting
and strongest building materials used throughout history.

2.13 MORTAR

Mortar is a homogeneous mixture of a binder and inert materials(such as sand). Water is

added to required amount to make a paste of required consistency. Normally for brickwork the
proportion of cement to sand by volume is about 1:6ratio. For measuring the sand the guage box
can be used of volume 0.035m3.

Procedure

1) All the bricks to use in construction are soaked in water to avoid water absorption from
mortar

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2) Mortar is spread on the top of the course over an area to be covered by the edges of the
wall. The corner of the wall is constructed first.
3) The layer of mortar is spread over the top to cover the full width of the wall for a suitable
length of the lower course.
4) The excess mortar from the sides will squeeze out, which is cleaned off with trowel.
5) The level and the alignment are checked using plumb bob.
6) If the brick is not in level, they are pressed gently further.
7) After having laid the first course at the corner, mortar is laid and spread over the first
course and the end stretcher is laid first and hammered it on the laid mortar.
8) Per ends must be kept vertical. This should be checked, as the work proceeds with the
help of straight edge and square.
9) After having constructed the wall, jointing and pointing is done. After construction, the
brick work should be kept wet for one to two week

Specifications for brick masonry

 The bricks shall be of first class, regular in shape, size and color. It should be free
from flaws, cracks and lumps of any kind.
 Shall have a minimum crushing strength of 10.5N/mm2
 The brick shall not absorb the water more than one sixth of the weight of the brick.
 The sand used shall be medium coarse, clean, sharp, free from clay, mica and other
organic matter.
 The cement used shall satisfy the requirement of BIS(Bureau of Indian Standards)
 The mortar is designated in specified proportion of cement and sand.
 The materials are weighed or measured and mixed on water tight platform after
allowing bulkage of sand.
 The bricks laid truly horizontal in course with frogs upwards.
 The brickwork shall be raised 1m in height at strength all around the building.
 Only fresh mortar within ½ hour mixing made shall be used.

Curing

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  Brick work curing is done by thoroughly saturating it with water after setting of
mortar for fourteen days.
 Once in a day is wetted once a day is to be continued for another 7 days
 In actual practice the curing is carried out by keeping the work moist for a
minimum period of 7 days only.

2.14 SHUTTERING OR FORMWORK

Formwork or shuttering are temporary material used to support wet concrete mix till it gets
strength for self support. It provides supports to horizontal, vertical and inclined surfaces and
also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size. The form work also
produces desired finish concrete surface. This formwork can be removed and reused. The press
removing the formwork is stripping or de shuttering. Stripped formwork can be reused.

Construction of formwork:

1. Propping and centering

2. Shuttering
3. Provision of camber
4. Cleaning and surface treatment

Points considered while shuttering

 Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support he weight of the wet
concrete mix.
 It should be rigid to prevent any deflection on the surface and also sufficient tight
 Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete
mix.
 It should be rigid to prevent any deflection on the surface and also sufficient tight to
prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete.
 Shuttering should be easy in handling, erection at siteand easy to remove when cement
concrete is sufficient hard.

Economy in Formwork

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 The following points are to be kept in view to effect economy in the cost of formwork:

 The plan of the building should imply minimum number of vibrations in the size of
rooms,floor area etc so as to permit reuse of the formwork repeatedly.
 Design should be perfect to use slender sections only in a most economical way.
 Minimum sawing and cutting of wooden pieces should be made to enable reuse of the
material a number of times. The quantity of surface finish depends on the quality of
the formwork. Formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel, precast concrete
or fibre glass used separately or in combination

Recommended period for removal of shuttering

 48 hrs for sides of foundations, columns, beams and walls.

 7 days for underside of slab up to 4.5m span.
 14 days for underside of slab, beams ,arches above 4.5m upto 6m span.
 21days for underside of beams arches above 6m span and up to 9m span.
 28days for underside of beams arches above 9m span.

Defects found in shuttering or formwork

 The supports of formwork are not in plumb and are not cross braced.
 The ground supports of bellies are poor and therefore settle the formwork.
 There is insufficient thickness of shuttering plates or planks unable to bear lateral
pressure imposed by wet concrete especially in columns.
 Shuttering plates are not cleaned and oiled with dirty oil.
 There are many insufficient and loose connections in centering and shuttering.
 The formwork is removed before time. The work is not planned and designed
properly.
 In case of beam shuttering proper provision for retaining side is not made. Hence
the side of beam is not in proper line.
 The shuttering is poorly made with cracked and wrapped timber planks having
lots of holes and knots.

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  Through bolts for reinforced cement concrete walls formwork for an underground
tank is used. Later these holes made by bolts are not plugged.
 Ballies are resting on the bricks or brick pillars , ballies are not in one piece.
Small ballies are used and these are not properly jointed.
 Also no additional cross bracing is provided at the joint. The supports under
shuttering plates are not properly tight.

Order and method of removing formwork:

The sequence of orders and method of removal of formwork as follows:

 Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls beam and column sides should be
removed first as they bear no load but only retain the concrete.
 Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.
 Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering
should be removed in the end.
 Rapid hardening cement, warm weather and light loading conditions allow early
removal of formwork. The formwork should under no circumstances be allowed
to be removed until all the concrete reaches strength of at least twice the stresses
to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of formwork. All
formworks should be eased gradually and carefully in order to prevent the load
being suddenly transferred to concrete.

2.15 WOODEN DOOR FRAME:

Wood is the most popular choice for construction of door and window frames.
Wooden frame give architectural beauty to the building and are easy to maintain. There are many
types of wood according to the quality. The type of wood is used according to the requirement of
the building and availability of budget.

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2.16 WINDOW FRAME:

Window is an opening into the wall for providing daylight, ventilation and view outside
look.It has two parts, one is window frame and the other is shutters. All the other specifications
of window frame are the same as for door frames

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 CHAPTER 3

SAFETY

Safety is the state of being safe, the condition of being protected against physical, social,
financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological or other types or consequences of
failure, damage , error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-
desirable.

Safety can also be defined to be the control of recognized hazards to achieve an

acceptable level of risk. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from
exposure to something that causes health or economical losses. It can include protection of
people or of possessions.

3.1 SAFETY RELATED TO FALL PROTECTION

 Area or activities where fall protection is needed.

 Ramps, runways and other walkways.
 Excavations.
 Hoist areas.
 Formwork and reinforced steel.
 Leading edge work, unprotected sides and edges.
 Roofing works, precast concrete section.
 Residential construction and walking/working surfaces.

General requirements of fall protection

 The rule sets a uniform threshold height of 6 feet, thereby providing consistent
protection.
 Employers must assess the workplace to determine if the walking or working
surfaces have the strength and structural integrity to safety support workers,
 Select the proper fall protection system to protect exposed employees at 6 feet or
more.
 Provide proper training.
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  Protection also must be provided for construction workers who are exposed to the
hazard of falling into dangerous equipement.

3.2 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE AND LIFE SAVING EQUIPMENT:

The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) program has been developed to provide
employees and workers with the necessary information to identify work situations that require
the use of PPE.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes a variety of devices and garments to

protect workers from injuries. PPE includes

 Googles
 Face shields
 Safety glasses
 Hard hat
 Safety shoes
 Gloves
 Safety belt
 Ear plugs, ear muffs
 Restrictors
 Aprons and body protection.

Personal Protective Equipment should be used in conjunction with permanent protective

measures, such as engineered guards, substitution of less hazards chemicals, and prudent
work practices.

3.3 SAFETY RELATED TO SCAFFOLDINGS:

General requirements of scaffoldings

 The footing or anchorage for scaffolds shall be sound,rigid,and capable of

carrying the maximum intended load without settling or displacement. Unstable

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 objects such as barrels , boxes, and loose bricks, concrete blocks shall not be used
to support scaffolds.
 Scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting without failure at
least 4 times the maximum intended load.
 Any scaffold damaged or weekend from any cause shall be immediately repaired.
Scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of the working load for which they are
intended.
 Nails or bolts used in the construction of scaffolds shall be of adequate size and in
sufficient numbers at each connection to develop the designed strength of the
scaffolds.
 All planking or platforms shall be overlapped (minimum 12inches) or secured
from movement .An access ladder or equivalent safe access shall be provided.

3.4 SAFETY RELATED TO EXCAVATION:

General requirements the excavation

 The following specific site conditions should be taken into accounts for
safe excavations: traffic, nearness of structure and their conditions, soil,
surface and ground water table, over head and underground utilities,
weather.
 Before any excavation actually begins, the standard requires the employer
to determine the estimated location of utility installations: sewer,
telephone, fuel, electric, water lines or any other underground installations
that may be encountered during digging. Adequate protective systems will
be utilized to protect employees. This can be accomplished through
sloping, shoring or shielding.
 Excavations and trenches 4feet or deeper that have the potential for toxic
substances or hazardous atmosphere will be tested at least daily. If the
atmosphere is inadequate, protective systems will be utilized.

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3.5 SAFETY RELATED TO STAIRWAYS AND LADDERS

General requirements of stairways and ladders,

 A stairways or ladders must be provided at all the workers point of access where
there is a break in elevation of 19 inches or more and no ramp, runway,
embankement or personal hoist is provided.
 When there is only one point of access between levels, it must be kept clean to
permit free passages by workers
 If free passages become restricted, a second point of access must be provided and
used.
 All stairway and ladder fall protection system required by these rules must be
installed and all duties required by the stairway and ladder rules must be
performed before employees begin work that requires them to use stairways or
ladders and their respective fall protection system.

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 CHAPTER 4

Building Drawing

4.1 Basement plan:

Figure 1 BASEMENT PLAN

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4.2 Ground floor plan

Figure 2 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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4.3 First Floor plan:

Figure 3 FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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4.4 Elevation

CHAPTER 5
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 SITE PHOTOS

5.1 Consolidation

5.2 Floating Column:

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5.3 Ramp:

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5.4 Roof Shuttering

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 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

The in plant training attended by me in Sadhana Construction was very useful for
strengthening my technical skills as well as gathering newest technological ideas for the current
construction world.

The Honda Show room constructed by them was in such a way that it meets all standards
and quality controls up to date, then and there by view of conducting all fields for concreting as
wells as cement tests.

The structure was designed to meet all the requirements of the consumer. Quality control
measures are adopted for making the structure sound and long lasting for strength. The training
has given me enough knowledge about the construction techniques and quality measures of
modern structures.

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